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Wang S, Wang B, Drury V, Drake S, Sun N, Alkhairo H, Arbelaez J, Duhn C, Bal VH, Langley K, Martin J, Hoekstra PJ, Dietrich A, Xing J, Heiman GA, Tischfield JA, Fernandez TV, Owen MJ, O'Donovan MC, Thapar A, State MW, Willsey AJ. Rare X-linked variants carry predominantly male risk in autism, Tourette syndrome, and ADHD. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8077. [PMID: 38057346 PMCID: PMC10700338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43776-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Tourette syndrome (TS), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) display strong male sex bias, due to a combination of genetic and biological factors, as well as selective ascertainment. While the hemizygous nature of chromosome X (Chr X) in males has long been postulated as a key point of "male vulnerability", rare genetic variation on this chromosome has not been systematically characterized in large-scale whole exome sequencing studies of "idiopathic" ASD, TS, and ADHD. Here, we take advantage of informative recombinations in simplex ASD families to pinpoint risk-enriched regions on Chr X, within which rare maternally-inherited damaging variants carry substantial risk in males with ASD. We then apply a modified transmission disequilibrium test to 13,052 ASD probands and identify a novel high confidence ASD risk gene at exome-wide significance (MAGEC3). Finally, we observe that rare damaging variants within these risk regions carry similar effect sizes in males with TS or ADHD, further clarifying genetic mechanisms underlying male vulnerability in multiple neurodevelopmental disorders that can be exploited for systematic gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Belinda Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Vanessa Drury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Sam Drake
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Nawei Sun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Hasan Alkhairo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Juan Arbelaez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Clif Duhn
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Vanessa H Bal
- Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Kate Langley
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Joanna Martin
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Dietrich
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Accare Child Study Center, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jinchuan Xing
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Gary A Heiman
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Jay A Tischfield
- Department of Genetics and the Human Genetics Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas V Fernandez
- Yale Child Study Center and Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael J Owen
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Anita Thapar
- Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Matthew W State
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - A Jeremy Willsey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCSF Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute (QBI), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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Microglial Pruning: Relevance for Synaptic Dysfunction in Multiple Sclerosis and Related Experimental Models. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030686. [PMID: 33804596 PMCID: PMC8003660 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, besides being able to react rapidly to a wide range of environmental changes, are also involved in shaping neuronal wiring. Indeed, they actively participate in the modulation of neuronal function by regulating the elimination (or “pruning”) of weaker synapses in both physiologic and pathologic processes. Mounting evidence supports their crucial role in early synaptic loss, which is emerging as a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS) and its preclinical models. MS is an inflammatory, immune-mediated pathology of the white matter in which demyelinating lesions may cause secondary neuronal death. Nevertheless, primitive grey matter (GM) damage is emerging as an important contributor to patients’ long-term disability, since it has been associated with early and progressive cognitive decline (CD), which seriously worsens the quality of life of MS patients. Widespread synapse loss even in the absence of demyelination, axon degeneration and neuronal death has been demonstrated in different GM structures, thus raising the possibility that synaptic dysfunction could be an early and possibly independent event in the neurodegenerative process associated with MS. This review provides an overview of microglial-dependent synapse elimination in the neuroinflammatory process that underlies MS and its experimental models.
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Crosstalk among Calcium ATPases: PMCA, SERCA and SPCA in Mental Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062785. [PMID: 33801794 PMCID: PMC8000800 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium in mammalian neurons is essential for developmental processes, neurotransmitter release, apoptosis, and signal transduction. Incorrectly processed Ca2+ signal is well-known to trigger a cascade of events leading to altered response to variety of stimuli and persistent accumulation of pathological changes at the molecular level. To counterbalance potentially detrimental consequences of Ca2+, neurons are equipped with sophisticated mechanisms that function to keep its concentration in a tightly regulated range. Calcium pumps belonging to the P-type family of ATPases: plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA), sarco/endoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) and secretory pathway Ca2+-ATPase (SPCA) are considered efficient line of defense against abnormal Ca2+ rises. However, their role is not limited only to Ca2+ transport, as they present tissue-specific functionality and unique sensitive to the regulation by the main calcium signal decoding protein—calmodulin (CaM). Based on the available literature, in this review we analyze the contribution of these three types of Ca2+-ATPases to neuropathology, with a special emphasis on mental diseases.
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Rim J, Byler M, Soldatos A, Notarangelo L, Leibovitch E, Jacobson S, Gorman M, Lebel RR, Werner K. Opinion and Special Articles: Cerebellar Ataxia and Liver Failure Complicating IPEX Syndrome. Neurology 2020; 96:e956-e959. [PMID: 33168705 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000011195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Rim
- From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (J.R.), Neurological Institute, OH; SUNY Upstate Medical University Genetics Section (M.B., R.R.L.), Syracuse, NY; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (A.S., E.L., S.J.), Bethesda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (L.N.), Bethesda, MD; Boston Children's Hospital (M.G.), Pediatric MS and Related Disorders and Neuro-immunology, MA; and Duke University (K.W.), Department of Pediatrics, Durham, NC.
| | - Melissa Byler
- From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (J.R.), Neurological Institute, OH; SUNY Upstate Medical University Genetics Section (M.B., R.R.L.), Syracuse, NY; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (A.S., E.L., S.J.), Bethesda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (L.N.), Bethesda, MD; Boston Children's Hospital (M.G.), Pediatric MS and Related Disorders and Neuro-immunology, MA; and Duke University (K.W.), Department of Pediatrics, Durham, NC
| | - Ariane Soldatos
- From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (J.R.), Neurological Institute, OH; SUNY Upstate Medical University Genetics Section (M.B., R.R.L.), Syracuse, NY; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (A.S., E.L., S.J.), Bethesda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (L.N.), Bethesda, MD; Boston Children's Hospital (M.G.), Pediatric MS and Related Disorders and Neuro-immunology, MA; and Duke University (K.W.), Department of Pediatrics, Durham, NC
| | - Luigi Notarangelo
- From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (J.R.), Neurological Institute, OH; SUNY Upstate Medical University Genetics Section (M.B., R.R.L.), Syracuse, NY; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (A.S., E.L., S.J.), Bethesda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (L.N.), Bethesda, MD; Boston Children's Hospital (M.G.), Pediatric MS and Related Disorders and Neuro-immunology, MA; and Duke University (K.W.), Department of Pediatrics, Durham, NC
| | - Emily Leibovitch
- From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (J.R.), Neurological Institute, OH; SUNY Upstate Medical University Genetics Section (M.B., R.R.L.), Syracuse, NY; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (A.S., E.L., S.J.), Bethesda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (L.N.), Bethesda, MD; Boston Children's Hospital (M.G.), Pediatric MS and Related Disorders and Neuro-immunology, MA; and Duke University (K.W.), Department of Pediatrics, Durham, NC
| | - Steven Jacobson
- From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (J.R.), Neurological Institute, OH; SUNY Upstate Medical University Genetics Section (M.B., R.R.L.), Syracuse, NY; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (A.S., E.L., S.J.), Bethesda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (L.N.), Bethesda, MD; Boston Children's Hospital (M.G.), Pediatric MS and Related Disorders and Neuro-immunology, MA; and Duke University (K.W.), Department of Pediatrics, Durham, NC
| | - Mark Gorman
- From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (J.R.), Neurological Institute, OH; SUNY Upstate Medical University Genetics Section (M.B., R.R.L.), Syracuse, NY; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (A.S., E.L., S.J.), Bethesda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (L.N.), Bethesda, MD; Boston Children's Hospital (M.G.), Pediatric MS and Related Disorders and Neuro-immunology, MA; and Duke University (K.W.), Department of Pediatrics, Durham, NC
| | - Robert Roger Lebel
- From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (J.R.), Neurological Institute, OH; SUNY Upstate Medical University Genetics Section (M.B., R.R.L.), Syracuse, NY; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (A.S., E.L., S.J.), Bethesda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (L.N.), Bethesda, MD; Boston Children's Hospital (M.G.), Pediatric MS and Related Disorders and Neuro-immunology, MA; and Duke University (K.W.), Department of Pediatrics, Durham, NC
| | - Klaus Werner
- From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation (J.R.), Neurological Institute, OH; SUNY Upstate Medical University Genetics Section (M.B., R.R.L.), Syracuse, NY; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (A.S., E.L., S.J.), Bethesda; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (L.N.), Bethesda, MD; Boston Children's Hospital (M.G.), Pediatric MS and Related Disorders and Neuro-immunology, MA; and Duke University (K.W.), Department of Pediatrics, Durham, NC
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López A, Ferrero F, Postolache O. An Affordable Method for Evaluation of Ataxic Disorders Based on Electrooculography. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E3756. [PMID: 31480331 PMCID: PMC6751503 DOI: 10.3390/s19173756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ataxias are a group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by cerebellar dysfunction that cause irregularities in the rate, rhythm, amplitude, and force of voluntary movements. The electrooculogram (EOG) may provide clues about ataxic disorders because most of these patients have difficulty with visual tracking and fixing their gaze. Using electrodes, EOG records the biopotentials generated by eye movements. In this paper, three surface electrodes are placed around the eye socket, and the biopotentials generated by eye movements are acquired using a commercial bioamplifier device. Next, the signals are sent to the computer to be digitally processed to extract the rate of saccades as well as the delay and deviation of the gaze in response to a stimulus. These features are analysed in a novel software application designed to help physicians in evaluating ataxia. After applying several tests to both healthy and ataxia-affected patients, differences in EOG results were found. The evaluation of the reliability of the designed software application is made according to three metrics: sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. The results indicate the proposed system's viability as an affordable method for evaluation of ataxic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto López
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica, Computadores y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Campus de Gijón, 33204 Gijón, Spain
| | - Francisco Ferrero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica, Computadores y Sistemas, Universidad de Oviedo, Campus de Gijón, 33204 Gijón, Spain.
| | - Octavian Postolache
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
- ISCTE-Instituto Universitario de Lisboa, Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-026 Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Bergin SM, Dunn AL, Smith LGF, Drapeau AI. Management of hydrocephalus in infants with severe hemophilia A: report of 2 cases. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2018; 23:159-163. [PMID: 30485223 DOI: 10.3171/2018.8.peds18409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The authors report on the clinical course of two infants with severe hemophilia A (HA) and concomitant progressive hydrocephalus that required management with a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The first child, with known HA, presented with a spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage and acquired hydrocephalus. He underwent cerebrospinal fluid diversion with a temporary external ventricular drain, followed by placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The second child had hydrocephalus secondary to a Dandy-Walker malformation and was diagnosed with severe HA during preoperative evaluation. He underwent placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt after progression of the hydrocephalus. The authors also review the treatment of hydrocephalus in patients with HA and describe the perioperative protocols used in their two cases. Treatment of hydrocephalus in infants with HA requires unique perioperative management to avoid complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Bergin
- 1Department of Neurosurgery.,2Medical Scientist Training Program
| | - Amy L Dunn
- 3Nationwide Children's Hospital Division of Hematology, Oncology & BMT; and
| | | | - Annie I Drapeau
- 1Department of Neurosurgery.,4Nationwide Children's Hospital Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
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Zou Z, Huang L, Lin S, He Z, Zhu H, Zhang Y, Fang Q, Luo Y. Prenatal diagnosis of posterior fossa anomalies: Additional value of chromosomal microarray analysis in fetuses with cerebellar hypoplasia. Prenat Diagn 2018; 38:91-98. [PMID: 29171036 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the relationship between copy number variations (CNVs) detected by high-resolution chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and the type of prenatal posterior fossa anomalies (PFAs), especially cerebellar hypoplasia (CH). METHODS This study involved 77 pregnancies with PFAs who underwent CMA. RESULTS Chromosomal aberrations including pathogenic CNVs and variants of unknown significance were detected in 31.2% (24/77) of all cases by CMA and in 18.5% (12/65) in fetuses with normal karyotypes. The high detection rate of clinically significant CNVs was evident in fetuses with cerebellar hypoplasia (54.6%, 6/11), vermis hypoplasia (33.3%, 1/3), and Dandy-Walker malformation (25.0%, 3/12). Compare with fetuses without other anomalies, cases with CH and additional malformations had the higher CMA detection rate (33.3% vs 88.9%). Three cases of isolated unilateral CH with intact vermis and normal CMA result had normal outcomes. The deletion of 5p15, 6q terminal deletion, and X chromosome aberrations were the most frequent genetic defects associated with cerebellar hypoplasia. CONCLUSION Among fetuses with PFA, those with cerebellar hypoplasia, vermis hypoplasia, or Dandy-Walker malformation are at the highest risk of clinically significant CNVs. Chromosomal microarray analysis revealed the most frequent chromosomal aberrations associated with CH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Linhuan Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaobin Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming He
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qun Fang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Urkasemsin G, Nielsen DM, Singleton A, Arepalli S, Hernandez D, Agler C, Olby NJ. Genetics of Hereditary Ataxia in Scottish Terriers. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:1132-1139. [PMID: 28556454 PMCID: PMC5508367 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scottish Terriers have a high incidence of juvenile onset hereditary ataxia primarily affecting the Purkinje neuron of the cerebellar cortex and causing slowly progressive cerebellar dysfunction. OBJECTIVE To identify chromosomal regions associated with hereditary ataxia in Scottish Terriers. ANIMALS One hundred and fifty-three Scottish Terriers were recruited through the Scottish Terrier Club of America. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prospective study. Dogs were classified as affected if they had slowly progressive cerebellar signs. When possible, magnetic resonance imaging and histopathological evaluation of the brain were completed as diagnostic aids. To identify genomic regions connected with the disease, genome-wide mapping was performed using both linkage- and association-based approaches. Pedigree evaluation and homozygosity mapping were also performed to examine mode of inheritance and to investigate the region of interest, respectively. RESULTS Linkage and genome-wide association studies in a cohort of Scottish Terriers both identified a region on CFA X strongly associated with the disease trait. Homozygosity mapping revealed a 4 Mb region of interest. Pedigree evaluation failed to identify the possible mode of inheritance due to the lack of complete litter information. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE This finding suggests that further genetic investigation of the potential region of interest on CFA X should be considered in order to identify the causal mutation as well as develop a genetic test to eliminate the disease from this breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Urkasemsin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - D M Nielsen
- Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - A Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD
| | - S Arepalli
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD
| | - D Hernandez
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD
| | - C Agler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - N J Olby
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Braga Neto P, Pedroso JL, Kuo SH, Marcondes Junior CF, Teive HAG, Barsottini OGP. Current concepts in the treatment of hereditary ataxias. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2017; 74:244-52. [PMID: 27050855 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20160038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary ataxias (HA) represents an extensive group of clinically and genetically heterogeneous neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive ataxia combined with extra-cerebellar and multi-systemic involvements, including peripheral neuropathy, pyramidal signs, movement disorders, seizures, and cognitive dysfunction. There is no effective treatment for HA, and management remains supportive and symptomatic. In this review, we will focus on the symptomatic treatment of the main autosomal recessive ataxias, autosomal dominant ataxias, X-linked cerebellar ataxias and mitochondrial ataxias. We describe management for different clinical symptoms, mechanism-based approaches, rehabilitation therapy, disease modifying therapy, future clinical trials and perspectives, genetic counseling and preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Braga Neto
- Center of Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José Luiz Pedroso
- Departmento de Neurologia e Neurocirurgia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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Klein H, Rabe GK, Karacay B, Bonthius DJ. T-Cells Underlie Some but Not All of the Cerebellar Pathology in a Neonatal Rat Model of Congenital Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:1031-1047. [PMID: 27667772 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection during pregnancy injures the human fetal brain. Neonatal rats inoculated with LCMV are an excellent model of congenital LCMV infection because they develop cerebellar injuries similar to those in humans. To evaluate the role of T-lymphocytes in LCMV-induced cerebellar pathology, congenitally athymic rats, deficient in T-lymphocytes were compared with euthymic rats. Peak viral titers and cellular targets of infection were similar, but viral clearance from astrocytes was impaired in the athymic rats. Cytokines and chemokines rose to higher levels and for a greater duration in the euthymic rats than in their athymic counterparts. The euthymic rats developed an intense lymphocytic infiltration, accompanied by destructive lesions of the cerebellum and a neuronal migration defect because of T-cell-mediated alteration of Bergmann glia. These pathologic changes were absent in the athymic rats but were restored by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes. Athymic rats were not free of pathologic effects, however, as the virus induced cerebellar hypoplasia. Thus, T-lymphocytes play key roles in LCMV clearance, cytokine/chemokine responses, and pathogenesis of destructive lesions and neuronal migration disturbances but not all pathology is T-lymphocyte-dependent. Cerebellar hypoplasia from LCMV occurs even in the absence of T-lymphocytes and is likely due to the viral infection itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Klein
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
| | - Glenda K Rabe
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
| | - Bahri Karacay
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
| | - Daniel J Bonthius
- From the Department of Neurology (HK, DJB); Department of Pediatrics (GKR, BK); and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa (HK, DJB)
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Barresi S, Niceta M, Alfieri P, Brankovic V, Piccini G, Bruselles A, Barone MR, Cusmai R, Tartaglia M, Bertini E, Zanni G. Mutations in the IRBIT domain of ITPR1 are a frequent cause of autosomal dominant nonprogressive congenital ataxia. Clin Genet 2016; 91:86-91. [PMID: 27062503 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Congenital ataxias are nonprogressive neurological disorders characterized by neonatal hypotonia, developmental delay and ataxia, variably associated with intellectual disability and other neurological or extraneurological features. We performed trio-based whole-exome sequencing of 12 families with congenital cerebellar and/or vermis atrophy in parallel with targeted next-generation sequencing of known ataxia genes (CACNA1A, ITPR1, KCNC3, ATP2B3 and GRM1) in 12 additional patients with a similar phenotype. Novel pathological mutations of ITPR1 (inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor, type 1) were found in seven patients from four families (4/24, ∼16.8%) all localized in the IRBIT (inositol triphosphate receptor binding protein) domain which plays an essential role in the regulation of neuronal plasticity and development. Our study expands the mutational spectrum of ITPR1-related congenital ataxia and indicates that ITPR1 gene screening should be implemented in this subgroup of ataxias.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barresi
- Department of Neurosciences, Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Niceta
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - P Alfieri
- Department of Neurosciences, Child Neuropsychiatry, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - V Brankovic
- Clinic for Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - G Piccini
- Department of Neurosciences, Child Neuropsychiatry, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - A Bruselles
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M R Barone
- Centro ambulatoriale di Riabilitazione, Fondazione Betania Onlus, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - R Cusmai
- Department of Neurosciences, Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - M Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - E Bertini
- Department of Neurosciences, Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - G Zanni
- Department of Neurosciences, Unit of Molecular Medicine for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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13
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Campbell A, Krupp B, Bushman J, Noble M, Pröschel C, Mayer-Pröschel M. A novel mouse model for ataxia-telangiectasia with a N-terminal mutation displays a behavioral defect and a low incidence of lymphoma but no increased oxidative burden. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6331-49. [PMID: 26310626 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare multi-system disorder caused by mutations in the ATM gene. Significant heterogeneity exists in the underlying genetic mutations and clinical phenotypes. A number of mouse models have been generated that harbor mutations in the distal region of the gene, and a recent study suggests the presence of residual ATM protein in the brain of one such model. These mice recapitulate many of the characteristics of A-T seen in humans, with the notable exception of neurodegeneration. In order to study how an N-terminal mutation affects the disease phenotype, we generated an inducible Atm mutant mouse model (Atm(tm1Mmpl/tm1Mmpl), referred to as A-T [M]) predicted to express only the first 62 amino acids of Atm. Cells derived from A-T [M] mutant mice exhibited reduced cellular proliferation and an altered DNA damage response, but surprisingly, showed no evidence of an oxidative imbalance. Examination of the A-T [M] animals revealed an altered immunophenotype consistent with A-T. In contrast to mice harboring C-terminal Atm mutations that disproportionately develop thymic lymphomas, A-T [M] mice developed lymphoma at a similar rate as human A-T patients. Morphological analyses of A-T [M] cerebella revealed no substantial cellular defects, similar to other models of A-T, although mice display behavioral defects consistent with cerebellar dysfunction. Overall, these results suggest that loss of Atm is not necessarily associated with an oxidized phenotype as has been previously proposed and that loss of ATM protein is not sufficient to induce cerebellar degeneration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, Rochester, NY 14642, USA, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA and
| | - Brittany Krupp
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jared Bushman
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wyoming School of Pharmacy, 1000 East University Ave., Dept. 3375, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 633, Rochester, NY 14642, USA,
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14
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Di Gregorio E, Bianchi FT, Schiavi A, Chiotto AMA, Rolando M, Verdun di Cantogno L, Grosso E, Cavalieri S, Calcia A, Lacerenza D, Zuffardi O, Retta SF, Stevanin G, Marelli C, Durr A, Forlani S, Chelly J, Montarolo F, Tempia F, Beggs HE, Reed R, Squadrone S, Abete MC, Brussino A, Ventura N, Di Cunto F, Brusco A. A de novo X;8 translocation creates a PTK2-THOC2 gene fusion with THOC2 expression knockdown in a patient with psychomotor retardation and congenital cerebellar hypoplasia. J Med Genet 2013; 50:543-51. [PMID: 23749989 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2013-101542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM We identified a balanced de novo translocation involving chromosomes Xq25 and 8q24 in an eight year-old girl with a non-progressive form of congenital ataxia, cognitive impairment and cerebellar hypoplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS Breakpoint definition showed that the promoter of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase 2 (PTK2, also known as Focal Adhesion Kinase, FAK) gene on chromosome 8q24.3 is translocated 2 kb upstream of the THO complex subunit 2 (THOC2) gene on chromosome Xq25. PTK2 is a well-known non-receptor tyrosine kinase whereas THOC2 encodes a component of the evolutionarily conserved multiprotein THO complex, involved in mRNA export from nucleus. The translocation generated a sterile fusion transcript under the control of the PTK2 promoter, affecting expression of both PTK2 and THOC2 genes. PTK2 is involved in cell adhesion and, in neurons, plays a role in axonal guidance, and neurite growth and attraction. However, PTK2 haploinsufficiency alone is unlikely to be associated with human disease. Therefore, we studied the role of THOC2 in the CNS using three models: 1) THOC2 ortholog knockout in C.elegans which produced functional defects in specific sensory neurons; 2) Thoc2 knockdown in primary rat hippocampal neurons which increased neurite extension; 3) Thoc2 knockdown in neuronal stem cells (LC1) which increased their in vitro growth rate without modifying apoptosis levels. CONCLUSION We suggest that THOC2 can play specific roles in neuronal cells and, possibly in combination with PTK2 reduction, may affect normal neural network formation, leading to cognitive impairment and cerebellar congenital hypoplasia.
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15
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Vedolin L, Gonzalez G, Souza CF, Lourenço C, Barkovich AJ. Inherited cerebellar ataxia in childhood: a pattern-recognition approach using brain MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34:925-34, S1-2. [PMID: 22595899 PMCID: PMC7964648 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia is the principal symptom of many common neurologic diseases in childhood. Ataxias caused by dysfunction of the cerebellum occur in acute, intermittent, and progressive disorders. Most of the chronic progressive processes are secondary to degenerative and metabolic diseases. In addition, congenital malformation of the midbrain and hindbrain can also be present, with posterior fossa symptoms related to ataxia. Brain MR imaging is the most accurate imaging technique to investigate these patients, and imaging abnormalities include size, shape, and/or signal of the brain stem and/or cerebellum. Supratentorial and cord lesions are also common. This review will discuss a pattern-recognition approach to inherited cerebellar ataxia in childhood. The purpose is to provide a comprehensive discussion that ultimately could help neuroradiologists better manage this important topic in pediatric neurology.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vedolin
- Neuroradiology Section, Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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16
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Swingland JT, Durrenberger PF, Reynolds R, Dexter DT, Pombo A, Deprez M, Roncaroli F, Turkheimer FE. Mean Expression of the X-Chromosome is Associated with Neuronal Density. Front Neurosci 2012; 6:161. [PMID: 23162423 PMCID: PMC3495263 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2012.00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by key features such as loss of neurons, astrocytosis, and microglial activation/proliferation. These changes cause differences in the density of cell types between control and disease subjects, confounding results from gene expression studies. Chromosome X (ChrX) is known to be specifically important in the brain. We hypothesized the existence of a chromosomal signature of gene expression associated with the X-chromosome for neurological conditions not normally associated with that chromosome. The hypothesis was investigated using publicly available microarray datasets from studies on Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and Huntington’s disease. Data were analyzed using Chromowave, an analytical tool for detecting spatially extended expression changes along chromosomes. To examine associations with neuronal density and astrocytosis, the expression of cell specific reporter genes was extracted. The association between these genes and the expression patterns extracted by Chromowave was then analyzed. Further analyses of the X:Autosome ratios for laser dissected neurons, microglia cultures and whole tissue were performed to detect cell specific differences. Results: We observed an extended pattern of low expression of ChrX consistent in all the neurodegenerative disease brain datasets. There was a strong correlation between mean ChrX expression and the pattern extracted from the autosomal genes representing neurons, but not with mean autosomal expression. No chromosomal patterns associated with the neuron specific genes were found on other chromosomes. The chromosomal expression pattern was not present in datasets from blood cells. The X:Autosome expression ratio was also higher in neuronal cells than in tissues with a mix of cell types. Conclusions: The results suggest that neurological disorders show as a reduction in mean expression of many genes along ChrX. The most likely explanation for this finding relates to the documented general up-regulation of ChrX in brain tissue which, this work suggests, occurs primarily in neurons. If validated, this cell specific ChrX expression warrants further research as understanding the biological reasons and mechanisms for this expression, may help to elucidate a connection with the development of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Mutation of plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase isoform 3 in a family with X-linked congenital cerebellar ataxia impairs Ca2+ homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:14514-9. [PMID: 22912398 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207488109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+) in neurons is vital to processes such as neurotransmission, neurotoxicity, synaptic development, and gene expression. Disruption of Ca(2+) homeostasis occurs in brain aging and in neurodegenerative disorders. Membrane transporters, among them the calmodulin (CaM)-activated plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPases (PMCAs) that extrude Ca(2+) from the cell, play a key role in neuronal Ca(2+) homeostasis. Using X-exome sequencing we have identified a missense mutation (G1107D) in the CaM-binding domain of isoform 3 of the PMCAs in a family with X-linked congenital cerebellar ataxia. PMCA3 is highly expressed in the cerebellum, particularly in the presynaptic terminals of parallel fibers-Purkinje neurons. To study the effects of the mutation on Ca(2+) extrusion by the pump, model cells (HeLa) were cotransfected with expression plasmids encoding its mutant or wild-type (wt) variants and with the Ca(2+)-sensing probe aequorin. The mutation reduced the ability of the PMCA3 pump to control the cellular homeostasis of Ca(2+). It significantly slowed the return to baseline of the Ca(2+) transient induced by an inositol-trisphosphate (InsP(3))-linked plasma membrane agonist. It also compromised the ability of the pump to oppose the influx of Ca(2+) through the plasma membrane capacitative channels.
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