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Earnshaw R, Zhang YT, Heymann G, Fujisawa K, Hui S, Kapadia M, Kalia LV, Kalia SK. Disease-associated mutations in C-terminus of HSP70 interacting protein (CHIP) impair its ability to negatively regulate mitophagy. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 200:106625. [PMID: 39117117 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
C-terminus of HSP70 interacting protein (CHIP) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and HSP70 cochaperone. Mutations in the CHIP encoding gene are the cause of two neurodegenerative conditions: spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal dominant type 48 (SCA48) and autosomal recessive type 16 (SCAR16). The mechanisms underlying CHIP-associated diseases are currently unknown. Mitochondrial dysfunction, specifically dysfunction in mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), is increasingly implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and loss of CHIP has been demonstrated to result in mitochondrial dysfunction in multiple animal models, although how CHIP is involved in mitophagy regulation has been previously unknown. Here, we demonstrate that CHIP acts as a negative regulator of the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin-mediated mitophagy pathway, promoting the degradation of PINK1, impairing Parkin translocation to the mitochondria, and suppressing mitophagy in response to mitochondrial stress. We also show that loss of CHIP enhances neuronal mitophagy in a PINK1 and Parkin dependent manner in Caenorhabditis elegans. Furthermore, we find that multiple disease-associated mutations in CHIP dysregulate mitophagy both in vitro and in vivo in C. elegans neurons, a finding which could implicate mitophagy dysregulation in CHIP-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Earnshaw
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yu Tong Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gregory Heymann
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Kazuko Fujisawa
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Sarah Hui
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Minesh Kapadia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - Lorraine V Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network, 550 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada
| | - Suneil K Kalia
- Krembil Research Institute, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, ON M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; CRANIA, University Health Network, 550 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 2A2, Canada; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto M5T 2S8, ON, Canada.
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2
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Scaravilli A, Tranfa M, Pontillo G, Brais B, De Michele G, La Piana R, Saccà F, Santorelli FM, Synofzik M, Brunetti A, Cocozza S. A Review of Brain and Pituitary Gland MRI Findings in Patients with Ataxia and Hypogonadism. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:757-774. [PMID: 37155088 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-023-01562-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The association of cerebellar ataxia and hypogonadism occurs in a heterogeneous group of disorders, caused by different genetic mutations often associated with a recessive inheritance. In these patients, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a pivotal role in the diagnostic workflow, with a variable involvement of the cerebellar cortex, alone or in combination with other brain structures. Neuroimaging involvement of the pituitary gland is also variable. Here, we provide an overview of the main clinical and conventional brain and pituitary gland MRI imaging findings of the most common genetic mutations associated with the clinical phenotype of ataxia and hypogonadism, with the aim of helping neuroradiologists in the identification of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Scaravilli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Tranfa
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pontillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology (DIETI), University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Bernard Brais
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Giovanna De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta La Piana
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Hospital and Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Francesco Saccà
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Matthis Synofzik
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany
- Division Translational Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Strasse 27, 72076, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Sirio Cocozza
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
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Tedesco B, Vendredy L, Timmerman V, Poletti A. The chaperone-assisted selective autophagy complex dynamics and dysfunctions. Autophagy 2023:1-23. [PMID: 36594740 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2160564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Each protein must be synthesized with the correct amino acid sequence, folded into its native structure, and transported to a relevant subcellular location and protein complex. If any of these steps fail, the cell has the capacity to break down aberrant proteins to maintain protein homeostasis (also called proteostasis). All cells possess a set of well-characterized protein quality control systems to minimize protein misfolding and the damage it might cause. Autophagy, a conserved pathway for the degradation of long-lived proteins, aggregates, and damaged organelles, was initially characterized as a bulk degradation pathway. However, it is now clear that autophagy also contributes to intracellular homeostasis by selectively degrading cargo material. One of the pathways involved in the selective removal of damaged and misfolded proteins is chaperone-assisted selective autophagy (CASA). The CASA complex is composed of three main proteins (HSPA, HSPB8 and BAG3), essential to maintain protein homeostasis in muscle and neuronal cells. A failure in the CASA complex, caused by mutations in the respective coding genes, can lead to (cardio)myopathies and neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the CASA complex and its dynamics. We also briefly discuss how CASA complex proteins are involved in disease and may represent an interesting therapeutic target.Abbreviation ALP: autophagy lysosomal pathway; ALS: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; AMOTL1: angiomotin like 1; ARP2/3: actin related protein 2/3; BAG: BAG cochaperone; BAG3: BAG cochaperone 3; CASA: chaperone-assisted selective autophagy; CMA: chaperone-mediated autophagy; DNAJ/HSP40: DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40); DRiPs: defective ribosomal products; EIF2A/eIF2α: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2A; EIF2AK1/HRI: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 1; GABARAP: GABA type A receptor-associated protein; HDAC6: histone deacetylase 6; HSP: heat shock protein; HSPA/HSP70: heat shock protein family A (Hsp70); HSP90: heat shock protein 90; HSPB8: heat shock protein family B (small) member 8; IPV: isoleucine-proline-valine; ISR: integrated stress response; KEAP1: kelch like ECH associated protein 1; LAMP2A: lysosomal associated membrane protein 2A; LATS1: large tumor suppressor kinase 1; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MTOC: microtubule organizing center; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; NFKB/NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; NFE2L2: NFE2 like bZIP transcription factor 2; PLCG/PLCγ: phospholipase C gamma; polyQ: polyglutamine; PQC: protein quality control; PxxP: proline-rich; RAN translation: repeat-associated non-AUG translation; SG: stress granule; SOD1: superoxide dismutase 1; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STUB1/CHIP: STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1; STK: serine/threonine kinase; SYNPO: synaptopodin; TBP: TATA-box binding protein; TARDBP/TDP-43: TAR DNA binding protein; TFEB: transcription factor EB; TPR: tetratricopeptide repeats; TSC1: TSC complex subunit 1; UBA: ubiquitin associated; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system; WW: tryptophan-tryptophan; WWTR1: WW domain containing transcription regulator 1; YAP1: Yes1 associated transcriptional regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Tedesco
- Laboratory of Experimental Biology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Leen Vendredy
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Vincent Timmerman
- Peripheral Neuropathy Research Group, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Angelo Poletti
- Laboratory of Experimental Biology, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Dipartimento di Eccellenza 2018-2027, Università degli studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Ju DT, Van Thao D, Lu CY, Ali A, Shibu MA, Chen RJ, Day CH, Shih TC, Tsai CY, Kuo CH, Huang CY. Protective effects of CHIP overexpression and Wharton's jelly mesenchymal-derived stem cell treatment against streptozotocin-induced neurotoxicity in rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:1979-1987. [PMID: 35442559 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy is a common complication of diabetes mellitus, posing a challenge in treatment. Previous studies have indicated the protective role of mesenchymal stem cells against several disorders. Although they can repair nerve injury, their key limitation is that they reduce viability under stress conditions. We recently observed that overactivation of the carboxyl terminus of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) interacting protein (CHIP) considerably rescued cell viability under hyperglycemic stress and played an essential role in promoting the beneficial effects of Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs). Thus, the present study was designed to unveil the protective effects of CHIP-overexpressing WJMSCs against neurodegeneration using in vivo animal model based study. In this study, western blotting observed that CHIP-overexpressing WJMSCs could rescue nerve damage observed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by activating the AMPKα/AKT and PGC1α/SIRT1 signaling pathway. In contrast, these signaling pathways were downregulated upon silencing CHIP. Furthermore, CHIP-overexpressing WJMSCs inhibited inflammation induced in the brains of diabetic rats by suppressing the NF-κB, its downstream iNOS and cytokines signaling nexus and enhancing the antioxidant enzyme system. Moreover, TUNEL assay demonstrated that CHIP carrying WJMSCs suppressed the apoptotic cell death induced in STZ-induced diabetic group. Collectively, our findings suggests that CHIP-overexpressing WJMSCs might exerts beneficial effects, which may be considered as a therapeutic strategy against diabetic neuropathy complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Tong Ju
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dao Van Thao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-You Lu
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondria Related Diseases Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ayaz Ali
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondria Related Diseases Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Marthandam Asokan Shibu
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondria Related Diseases Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Jade Chen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Tzu-Ching Shih
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Science College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Tsai
- Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Beigang Hospital, Yunlin, Taiwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science & Technology College of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hua Kuo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular and Mitochondria Related Diseases Research Center, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Holistic Education Center, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
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5
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Umano A, Fang K, Qu Z, Scaglione JB, Altinok S, Treadway CJ, Wick ET, Paulakonis E, Karunanayake C, Chou S, Bardakjian TM, Gonzalez-Alegre P, Page RC, Schisler JC, Brown NG, Yan D, Scaglione KM. The molecular basis of spinocerebellar ataxia type 48 caused by a de novo mutation in the ubiquitin ligase CHIP. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101899. [PMID: 35398354 PMCID: PMC9097460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) are a class of incurable diseases characterized by degeneration of the cerebellum that results in movement disorder. Recently, a new heritable form of SCA, spinocerebellar ataxia type 48 (SCA48), was attributed to dominant mutations in STIP1 homology and U box-containing 1 (STUB1); however, little is known about how these mutations cause SCA48. STUB1 encodes for the protein C terminus of Hsc70 interacting protein (CHIP), an E3 ubiquitin ligase. CHIP is known to regulate proteostasis by recruiting chaperones via a N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat domain and recruiting E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes via a C-terminal U-box domain. These interactions allow CHIP to mediate the ubiquitination of chaperone-bound, misfolded proteins to promote their degradation via the proteasome. Here we have identified a novel, de novo mutation in STUB1 in a patient with SCA48 encoding for an A52G point mutation in the tetratricopeptide repeat domain of CHIP. Utilizing an array of biophysical, biochemical, and cellular assays, we demonstrate that the CHIPA52G point mutant retains E3-ligase activity but has decreased affinity for chaperones. We further show that this mutant decreases cellular fitness in response to certain cellular stressors and induces neurodegeneration in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans model of SCA48. Together, our data identify the A52G mutant as a cause of SCA48 and provide molecular insight into how mutations in STUB1 cause SCA48.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Umano
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - K Fang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Z Qu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - J B Scaglione
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - S Altinok
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - C J Treadway
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - E T Wick
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - E Paulakonis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - C Karunanayake
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - S Chou
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - T M Bardakjian
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - P Gonzalez-Alegre
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - R C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, USA
| | - J C Schisler
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - N G Brown
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - D Yan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - K M Scaglione
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Center for Neurodegeneration and Neurotherapeutics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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6
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Reis MC, Patrun J, Ackl N, Winter P, Scheifele M, Danek A, Nolte D. A Severe Dementia Syndrome Caused by Intron Retention and Cryptic Splice Site Activation in STUB1 and Exacerbated by TBP Repeat Expansions. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:878236. [PMID: 35493319 PMCID: PMC9048483 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.878236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous pathogenic variants in the STIP1 homologous and U-box containing protein 1 (STUB1) gene have been identified as causes of autosomal dominant inherited spinocerebellar ataxia type 48 (SCA48). SCA48 is characterized by an ataxic movement disorder that is often, but not always, accompanied by a cognitive affective syndrome. We report a severe early onset dementia syndrome that mimics frontotemporal dementia and is caused by the intronic splice donor variant c.524+1G>A in STUB1. Impaired splicing was demonstrated by RNA analysis and in minigene assays of mutated and wild-type constructs of STUB1. The most striking consequence of this splicing impairment was retention of intron 3 in STUB1, which led to an in-frame insertion of 63 amino acids (aa) (p.Arg175_Glu176ins63) into the highly conserved coiled-coil domain of its encoded protein, C-terminus of HSP70-interacting protein (CHIP). To a lesser extent, activation of two cryptic splice sites in intron 3 was observed. The almost exclusively used one, c.524+86, was not predicted by in silico programs. Variant c.524+86 caused a frameshift (p.Arg175fs*93) that resulted in a truncated protein and presumably impairs the C-terminal U-box of CHIP, which normally functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase. The cryptic splice site c.524+99 was rarely used and led to an in-frame insertion of 33 aa (p.Arg175_Glu176ins33) that resulted in disruption of the coiled-coil domain, as has been previously postulated for complete intron 3 retention. We additionally detected repeat expansions in the range of reduced penetrance in the TATA box-binding protein (TBP) gene by excluding other genes associated with dementia syndromes. The repeat expansion was heterozygous in one patient but compound heterozygous in the more severely affected patient. Therefore, we concluded that the observed severe dementia syndrome has a digenic background, making STUB1 and TBP important candidate genes responsible for early onset dementia syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlen Colleen Reis
- Institut für Humangenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Julia Patrun
- Institut für Humangenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nibal Ackl
- Psychiatrische Dienste Thurgau, Münsterlingen, Switzerland
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Pia Winter
- Institut für Humangenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Nolte
- Institut für Humangenetik, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Dagmar Nolte,
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7
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With or without You: Co-Chaperones Mediate Health and Disease by Modifying Chaperone Function and Protein Triage. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113121. [PMID: 34831344 PMCID: PMC8619055 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of molecular chaperones that regulate essential protein refolding and triage decisions to maintain protein homeostasis. Numerous co-chaperone proteins directly interact and modify the function of HSPs, and these interactions impact the outcome of protein triage, impacting everything from structural proteins to cell signaling mediators. The chaperone/co-chaperone machinery protects against various stressors to ensure cellular function in the face of stress. However, coding mutations, expression changes, and post-translational modifications of the chaperone/co-chaperone machinery can alter the cellular stress response. Importantly, these dysfunctions appear to contribute to numerous human diseases. Therapeutic targeting of chaperones is an attractive but challenging approach due to the vast functions of HSPs, likely contributing to the off-target effects of these therapies. Current efforts focus on targeting co-chaperones to develop precise treatments for numerous diseases caused by defects in protein quality control. This review focuses on the recent developments regarding selected HSP70/HSP90 co-chaperones, with a concentration on cardioprotection, neuroprotection, cancer, and autoimmune diseases. We also discuss therapeutic approaches that highlight both the utility and challenges of targeting co-chaperones.
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8
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Karunanayake C, Page RC. Cytosolic protein quality control machinery: Interactions of Hsp70 with a network of co-chaperones and substrates. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:1419-1434. [PMID: 33730888 PMCID: PMC8243209 DOI: 10.1177/1535370221999812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The chaperone heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and its network of co-chaperones serve as a central hub of cellular protein quality control mechanisms. Domain organization in Hsp70 dictates ATPase activity, ATP dependent allosteric regulation, client/substrate binding and release, and interactions with co-chaperones. The protein quality control activities of Hsp70 are classified as foldase, holdase, and disaggregase activities. Co-chaperones directly assisting protein refolding included J domain proteins and nucleotide exchange factors. However, co-chaperones can also be grouped and explored based on which domain of Hsp70 they interact. Here we discuss how the network of cytosolic co-chaperones for Hsp70 contributes to the functions of Hsp70 while closely looking at their structural features. Comparison of domain organization and the structures of co-chaperones enables greater understanding of the interactions, mechanisms of action, and roles played in protein quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard C Page
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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9
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Clinical and Genetic Characterization of Autosomal Recessive Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 16 (SCAR16) in Taiwan. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 19:544-549. [PMID: 32367277 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-020-01136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in STUB1 have been identified to cause autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 16 (SCAR16), also named as Gordon Holmes syndrome, which is characterized by cerebellar ataxia, cognitive decline, and hypogonadism. Additionally, several heterozygous mutations in STUB1 have recently been described as a cause of autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia type 48. STUB1 encodes C-terminus of HSC70-interacting protein (CHIP), which functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and co-chaperone and has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we identified two SCAR16 pedigrees from 512 Taiwanese families with cerebellar ataxia. Two compound heterozygous mutations in STUB1, c.[433A>C];[721C>T] (p.[K145Q];[R241W]) and c.[433A>C];[694T>G] (p.[K145Q];[C232G]), were found in each SCAR16 family by Sanger sequencing, respectively. Among them, STUB1 p.R241W and p.C232G were novel mutations. SCAR16 seems to be an uncommon ataxic syndrome, accounting for 0.4% (2/512) of our cohort with cerebellar ataxia. Clinically, the three patients from the two SCAR16 families presented with cerebellar ataxia alone or in combination with cognitive impairment. The brain MRIs showed a marked cerebellar atrophy of the patients. In conclusion, SCAR16 is an important but often neglected diagnosis of cerebellar ataxia of unknown cause, and the isolated cerebellar ataxia without involvement of other systems cannot be a basis to exclude the possibility of STUB1-related disease.
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10
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Mengel D, Traschütz A, Reich S, Leyva-Gutiérrez A, Bender F, Hauser S, Haack TB, Synofzik M. A de novo STUB1 variant associated with an early adult-onset multisystemic ataxia phenotype. J Neurol 2021; 268:3845-3851. [PMID: 33811518 PMCID: PMC8463406 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10524-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Biallelic STUB1 variants are a well-established cause of autosomal-recessive early-onset multisystemic ataxia (SCAR16). Evidence for STUB1 variants causing autosomal-dominant ataxia (SCA48) so far largely relies on segregation data in larger families. Presenting the first de novo occurrence of a heterozygous STUB1 variant, we here present additional qualitative evidence for STUB1-disease as an autosomal-dominant disorder. Methods Whole exome sequencing on an index patient with sporadic early-onset ataxia, followed by Sanger sequencing in all family members, was used to identify causative variants as well as to rule out alternative genetic hits and intronic STUB1 variants. STUB1 mRNA and protein levels in PBMCs in all family members were analysed using qRT-PCR and Western Blot. Results A previously unreported start-lost loss-of-function variant c.3G>A in the start codon of STUB1 was identified in the index case, occurring de novo and without evidence for a second (potentially missed) variant (e.g., intronic or copy number) in STUB1. The patient showed an early adult-onset multisystemic ataxia complicated by spastic gait disorder, distal myoclonus and cognitive dysfunction, thus closely mirroring the systems affected in autosomal-recessive STUB1-associated disease. In line with the predicted start-lost effect of the variant, functional investigations demonstrated markedly reduced STUB1 protein expression in PBMCs, whereas mRNA levels were intact. Conclusion De novo occurrence of the loss-of-function STUB1 variant in our case with multisystemic ataxia provides a qualitatively additional line of evidence for STUB1-disease as an autosomal-dominant disorder, in which the same neurological systems are affected as in its autosomal-recessive counterpart. Moreover, this finding adds support for loss-of-function as a mechanism underlying autosomal-dominant STUB1-disease, thus mirroring its autosomal-recessive counterpart also in terms of the underlying mutational mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mengel
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Traschütz
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Selina Reich
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Alejandra Leyva-Gutiérrez
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedemann Bender
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,Centre for Rare Diseases, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. .,German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
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11
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Ravel JM, Benkirane M, Calmels N, Marelli C, Ory-Magne F, Ewenczyk C, Halleb Y, Tison F, Lecocq C, Pische G, Casenave P, Chaussenot A, Frismand S, Tyvaert L, Larrieu L, Pointaux M, Drouot N, Bossenmeyer-Pourié C, Oussalah A, Guéant JL, Leheup B, Bonnet C, Anheim M, Tranchant C, Lambert L, Chelly J, Koenig M, Renaud M. Expanding the clinical spectrum of STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1-associated ataxia. J Neurol 2021; 268:1927-1937. [PMID: 33417001 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-10348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND STUB1 has been first associated with autosomal recessive (SCAR16, MIM# 615768) and later with dominant forms of ataxia (SCA48, MIM# 618093). Pathogenic variations in STUB1 are now considered a frequent cause of cerebellar ataxia. OBJECTIVE We aimed to improve the clinical, radiological, and molecular delineation of SCAR16 and SCA48. METHODS Retrospective collection of patients with SCAR16 or SCA48 diagnosed in three French genetic centers (Montpellier, Strasbourg and Nancy). RESULTS Here, we report four SCAR16 and nine SCA48 patients from two SCAR16 and five SCA48 unrelated French families. All presented with slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia. Additional findings included cognitive decline, dystonia, parkinsonism and swallowing difficulties. The age at onset was highly variable, ranging from 14 to 76 years. Brain MRI showed marked cerebellar atrophy in all patients. Phenotypic findings associated with STUB1 pathogenic variations cover a broad spectrum, ranging from isolated slowly progressive ataxia to severe encephalopathy, and include extrapyramidal features. We described five new pathogenic variations, two previously reported pathogenic variations, and two rare variants of unknown significance in association with STUB1-related disorders. We also report the first pathogenic variation associated with both dominant and recessive forms of inheritance (SCAR16 and SCA48). CONCLUSION Even though differences are observed between the recessive and dominant forms, it appears that a continuum exists between these two entities. While adding new symptoms associated with STUB1 pathogenic variations, we insist on the difficulty of genetic counselling in STUB1-related pathologies. Finally, we underscore the usefulness of DAT-scan as an additional clue for diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Ravel
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux de Brabois, CHRU de Nancy, Rue du Morvan, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- University of Lorraine, INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Mehdi Benkirane
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, EA7402, Montpellier, France
- EA7402 Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université de Montpellier, 641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34093, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Nadège Calmels
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale D'Alsace (IGMA), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Cecilia Marelli
- Expert Centre for Neurogenetic Diseases and Adult Mitochondrial and Metabolic Diseases, University Montpellier, CHU, Montpellier, France
- MMDN, University Montpellier, EPHE, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Claire Ewenczyk
- Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière (ICM), AP-HP, INSERM, CNRS, University Hospital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- Service de génétique clinique, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Yosra Halleb
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, EA7402, Montpellier, France
- EA7402 Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université de Montpellier, 641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34093, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - François Tison
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux, France
- Centre Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches, CHU de Bordeaux, Pôle de Neurosciences Cliniques, Bordeaux, France
| | - Claire Lecocq
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de Haguenau, Haguenau, France
| | - Guillaume Pische
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier de Haguenau, Haguenau, France
| | | | - Annabelle Chaussenot
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre de Référence des Maladies Mitochondriales, Hôpital de l'Archet 2, Nice, France
| | | | | | - Lise Larrieu
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, EA7402, Montpellier, France
- EA7402 Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université de Montpellier, 641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34093, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Morgane Pointaux
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, EA7402, Montpellier, France
- EA7402 Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université de Montpellier, 641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34093, Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Nathalie Drouot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Carine Bossenmeyer-Pourié
- University of Lorraine, INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Abderrahim Oussalah
- University of Lorraine, INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, University Hospital of Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Louis Guéant
- University of Lorraine, INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Division of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, University Hospital of Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Bruno Leheup
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux de Brabois, CHRU de Nancy, Rue du Morvan, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- University of Lorraine, INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Céline Bonnet
- University of Lorraine, INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
- Laboratoire de génétique médicale, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, 1 avenue Molière, 67098, Cedex, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Hautepierre, 1 avenue Molière, 67098, Cedex, Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laëtitia Lambert
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux de Brabois, CHRU de Nancy, Rue du Morvan, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- University of Lorraine, INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Laboratoires de Diagnostic Génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale D'Alsace (IGMA), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Michel Koenig
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Montpellier, EA7402, Montpellier, France.
- EA7402 Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique, Université de Montpellier, 641 Avenue du Doyen Gaston Giraud, 34093, Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Mathilde Renaud
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpitaux de Brabois, CHRU de Nancy, Rue du Morvan, 54500, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
- University of Lorraine, INSERM UMR_S 1256, Nutrition, Genetics, and Environmental Risk Exposure (NGERE), Faculty of Medicine of Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France.
- Service de Neurologie, CHRU Nancy, Nancy, France.
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12
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Rossi M, van der Veen S, Merello M, Tijssen MAJ, van de Warrenburg B. Myoclonus-Ataxia Syndromes: A Diagnostic Approach. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2020; 8:9-24. [PMID: 33426154 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A myriad of disorders combine myoclonus and ataxia. Most causes are genetic and an increasing number of genes are being associated with myoclonus-ataxia syndromes (MAS), due to recent advances in genetic techniques. A proper etiologic diagnosis of MAS is clinically relevant, given the consequences for genetic counseling, treatment, and prognosis. Objectives To review the causes of MAS and to propose a diagnostic algorithm. Methods A comprehensive and structured literature search following PRISMA criteria was conducted to identify those disorders that may combine myoclonus with ataxia. Results A total of 135 causes of combined myoclonus and ataxia were identified, of which 30 were charted as the main causes of MAS. These include four acquired entities: opsoclonus-myoclonus-ataxia syndrome, celiac disease, multiple system atrophy, and sporadic prion diseases. The distinction between progressive myoclonus epilepsy and progressive myoclonus ataxia poses one of the main diagnostic dilemmas. Conclusions Diagnostic algorithms for pediatric and adult patients, based on clinical manifestations including epilepsy, are proposed to guide the differential diagnosis and corresponding work-up of the most important and frequent causes of MAS. A list of genes associated with MAS to guide genetic testing strategies is provided. Priority should be given to diagnose or exclude acquired or treatable disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malco Rossi
- Movement Disorders Section Neuroscience Department Buenos Aires Argentina.,Argentine National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Sterre van der Veen
- Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA) Buenos Aires Argentina.,Department of Neurology University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Marcelo Merello
- Movement Disorders Section Neuroscience Department Buenos Aires Argentina.,Argentine National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina.,Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina (UCA) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Marina A J Tijssen
- Department of Neurology University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands.,Expertise Center Movement Disorders Groningen University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition & Behaviour Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen The Netherlands
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13
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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 48: last but not least. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:1613-1614. [PMID: 33123922 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04811-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Chen BH, Chang YJ, Lin S, Yang WY. Hsc70/Stub1 promotes the removal of individual oxidatively stressed peroxisomes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5267. [PMID: 33077711 PMCID: PMC7573593 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes perform beta-oxidation of branched and very-long chain fatty acids, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within the peroxisomal lumen. Peroxisomes are therefore prone to ROS-mediated damages. Here, using light to specifically and acutely induce ROS formation within the peroxisomal lumen, we find that cells individually remove ROS-stressed peroxisomes through ubiquitin-dependent pexophagy. Heat shock protein 70 s mediates the translocation of the ubiquitin E3 ligase Stub1 (STIP1 Homology and U-Box Containing Protein 1) onto oxidatively-stressed peroxisomes to promote their selective ubiquitination and autophagic degradation. Artificially targeting Stub1 to healthy peroxisomes is sufficient to trigger pexophagy, suggesting a key role Stub1 plays in regulating peroxisome quality. We further determine that Stub1 mutants found in Ataxia patients are defective in pexophagy induction. Dysfunctional peroxisomal quality control may therefore contribute to the development of Ataxia. Pexophagy removes damaged peroxisomes, which are particularly prone to ROS formation. Here, the authors use light to induce peroxisome turnover by local ROS generation, showing STUB1 translocation is critical and might contribute to human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Hua Chen
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Jen Chang
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Steven Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan
| | - Wei Yuan Yang
- Chemical Biology and Molecular Biophysics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 106, Taiwan.
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15
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Schuster S, Heuten E, Velic A, Admard J, Synofzik M, Ossowski S, Macek B, Hauser S, Schöls L. CHIP mutations affect the heat shock response differently in human fibroblasts and iPSC-derived neurons. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:13/10/dmm045096. [PMID: 33097556 PMCID: PMC7578354 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
C-terminus of HSC70-interacting protein (CHIP) encoded by the gene STUB1 is a co-chaperone and E3 ligase that acts as a key regulator of cellular protein homeostasis. Mutations in STUB1 cause autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 16 (SCAR16) with widespread neurodegeneration manifesting as spastic-ataxic gait disorder, dementia and epilepsy. CHIP-/- mice display severe cerebellar atrophy, show high perinatal lethality and impaired heat stress tolerance. To decipher the pathomechanism underlying SCAR16, we investigated the heat shock response (HSR) in primary fibroblasts of three SCAR16 patients. We found impaired HSR induction and recovery compared to healthy controls. HSPA1A/B transcript levels (coding for HSP70) were reduced upon heat shock but HSP70 remained higher upon recovery in patient- compared to control-fibroblasts. As SCAR16 primarily affects the central nervous system we next investigated the HSR in cortical neurons (CNs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells of SCAR16 patients. We found CNs of patients and controls to be surprisingly resistant to heat stress with high basal levels of HSP70 compared to fibroblasts. Although heat stress resulted in strong transcript level increases of many HSPs, this did not translate into higher HSP70 protein levels upon heat shock, independent of STUB1 mutations. Furthermore, STUB1(-/-) neurons generated by CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing from an isogenic healthy control line showed a similar HSR to patients. Proteomic analysis of CNs showed dysfunctional protein (re)folding and higher basal oxidative stress levels in patients. Our results question the role of impaired HSR in SCAR16 neuropathology and highlight the need for careful selection of proper cell types for modeling human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schuster
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - E Heuten
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Velic
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - J Admard
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - M Synofzik
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Ossowski
- Institute for Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - B Macek
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - S Hauser
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany .,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - L Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany .,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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16
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CHIP as a therapeutic target for neurological diseases. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:727. [PMID: 32908122 PMCID: PMC7481199 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02953-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carboxy-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP) functions both as a molecular co-chaperone and ubiquitin E3 ligase playing a critical role in modulating the degradation of numerous chaperone-bound proteins. To date, it has been implicated in the regulation of numerous biological functions, including misfolded-protein refolding, autophagy, immunity, and necroptosis. Moreover, the ubiquitous expression of CHIP in the central nervous system suggests that it may be implicated in a wide range of functions in neurological diseases. Several recent studies of our laboratory and other groups have highlighted the beneficial role of CHIP in the pathogenesis of several neurological diseases. The objective of this review is to discuss the possible molecular mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of neurological diseases in which CHIP has a pivotal role, such as stroke, intracerebral hemorrhage, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and polyglutamine diseases; furthermore, CHIP mutations could also cause neurodegenerative diseases. Based on the available literature, CHIP overexpression could serve as a promising therapeutic target for several neurological diseases.
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17
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Clinical, neuropathological, and genetic characterization of STUB1 variants in cerebellar ataxias: a frequent cause of predominant cognitive impairment. Genet Med 2020; 22:1851-1862. [PMID: 32713943 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-0899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Pathogenic variants in STUB1 were initially described in autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 16 and dominant cerebellar ataxia with cerebellar cognitive dysfunction (SCA48). METHODS We analyzed a large series of 440 index cerebellar ataxia cases, mostly with dominant inheritance. RESULTS STUB1 variants were detected in 50 patients. Age at onset and severity were remarkably variable. Cognitive impairment, predominantly frontal syndrome, was observed in 54% of STUB1 variant carriers, including five families with Huntington or frontotemporal dementia disease-like phenotypes associated with ataxia, while no STUB1 variant was found in 115 patients with frontotemporal dementia. We report neuropathological findings of a STUB1 heterozygous patient, showing massive loss of Purkinje cells in the vermis and major loss in the cerebellar hemispheres without atrophy of the pons, hippocampus, or cerebral cortex. This screening of STUB1 variants revealed new features: (1) the majority of patients were women (70%) and (2) "second hits" in AFG3L2, PRKCG, and TBP were detected in three families suggesting synergic effects. CONCLUSION Our results reveal an unexpectedly frequent (7%) implication of STUB1 among dominantly inherited cerebellar ataxias, and suggest that the penetrance of STUB1 variants could be modulated by other factors, including sex and variants in other ataxia-related genes.
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18
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Spinocerebellar ataxia type 48: last but not least. Neurol Sci 2020; 41:2423-2432. [PMID: 32342324 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04408-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biallelic mutations in STUB1, which encodes the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP, were originally described in association with SCAR16, a rare autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia, so far reported in 16 kindreds. In the last 2 years, a new form of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA48), associated with heterozygous mutations in the same gene, has been described in 12 kindreds with autosomal dominant inheritance. METHODS We reviewed molecular and clinical findings of both SCAR16 and SCA48 described patients. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION SCAR16 is characterized by early onset spastic ataxia and a wide disease spectrum, including cognitive dysfunction, hyperkinetic disorders, epilepsy, peripheral neuropathy, and hypogonadism. SCA48 is an adult-onset syndrome characterized by ataxia and cognitive-psychiatric features, variably associated with chorea, parkinsonism, dystonia, and urinary symptoms. SCA48, the last dominant ataxia to be described, could emerge as the most frequent among the SCAs due to conventional mutations. The overlap of several clinical signs between SCAR16 and SCA48 indicates the presence of a continuous clinical spectrum among recessively and dominantly inherited mutations of STUB1. Different kinds of mutations, scattered over the three gene domains, have been found in both disorders. Their pathogenesis and the relationship between SCA48 and SCAR16 remain to be clarified.
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Olszewska DA, Kinsella JA. Extending the Phenotypic Spectrum Associated with STUB1 Mutations: A Case of Dystonia. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2020; 7:318-324. [PMID: 32258232 PMCID: PMC7111583 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 gene were first described in 2013 and lead to disorders with symptoms including ataxia and dysarthria, such as spinocerebellar autosomal-recessive ataxia type 16 (SCAR16), Gordon-Holmes syndrome, and spinocerebellar ataxia type 48. There have been 15 families described to date with SCAR16. CASES We describe a 45-year-old right-handed woman with dysarthria, ataxia, and cervical dystonia with SCAR16 with 2 compound heterozygous variants in the STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 gene, and a family history significant for her 47-year-old sister with dysarthria and cognitive problems. CONCLUSION We present a comprehensive overview of the phenotypic data of all 15 families with SCAR16 and expand the phenotype by describing a third patient with SCAR16 and dystonia reported to date in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A. Olszewska
- Department of NeurologyDublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University HospitalDublinIreland
- Department of NeurologySt. Vincent's University HospitalDublinIreland
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20
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Chen DH, Latimer C, Yagi M, Ndugga-Kabuye MK, Heigham E, Jayadev S, Meabon JS, Gomez CM, Keene CD, Cook DG, Raskind WH, Bird TD. Heterozygous STUB1 missense variants cause ataxia, cognitive decline, and STUB1 mislocalization. Neurol Genet 2020; 6:1-13. [PMID: 32211513 PMCID: PMC7073456 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the genetic cause of autosomal dominant ataxia complicated by behavioral abnormalities, cognitive decline, and autism in 2 families and to characterize brain neuropathologic signatures of dominant STUB1-related ataxia and investigate the effects of pathogenic variants on STUB1 localization. METHODS Clinical and research-based exome sequencing was used to identify the causative variants for autosomal dominant ataxia in 2 families. Gross and microscopic neuropathologic evaluations were performed on the brains of 4 affected individuals in these families. RESULTS Mutations in STUB1 have been primarily associated with childhood-onset autosomal recessive ataxia, but here we report heterozygous missense variants in STUB1 (p.Ile53Thr and p.The37Leu) confirming the recent reports of autosomal dominant inheritance. Cerebellar atrophy on imaging and cognitive deficits often preceded ataxia. Unique neuropathologic examination of the 4 brains showed the marked loss of Purkinje cells (PCs) without microscopic evidence of significant pathology outside the cerebellum. The normal pattern of polarized somatodendritic STUB1 protein expression in PCs was lost, resulting in aberrant STUB1 localization in the distal PC dendritic arbors. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms a dominant inheritance pattern in STUB1-ataxia in addition to a recessive one and documents its association with cognitive and behavioral disability, including autism. In the most extensive analysis of cerebellar pathology in this disease, we demonstrate disruption of STUB1 protein in PCs as part of the underlying pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hui Chen
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Caitlin Latimer
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mayumi Yagi
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Mesaki Kenneth Ndugga-Kabuye
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Elyana Heigham
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - James S Meabon
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Christopher M Gomez
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - David G Cook
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Wendy H Raskind
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Thomas D Bird
- Department of Neurology (D.-H.C., E.H., S.J., T.D.B.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Pathology (C.L., C.D.K.), Neuropathology Division, University of Washington, Seattle; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC) (M.Y., D.G.C., W.H.R., T.D.B.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Medicine (M.K.N.-K., W.H.R., T.D.B.), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC) (J.S.M., W.H.R.), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (J.S.M., W.H.R.), University of Washington, Seattle; Department of Neurology (C.M.G.), University of Chicago, IL; Department of Medicine (D.G.C.), Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle; and Department of Pharmacology (D.G.C.), University of Washington, Seattle
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21
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Mol MO, van Rooij JGJ, Brusse E, Verkerk AJMH, Melhem S, den Dunnen WFA, Rizzu P, Cupidi C, van Swieten JC, Donker Kaat L. Clinical and pathologic phenotype of a large family with heterozygous STUB1 mutation. NEUROLOGY-GENETICS 2020; 6:e417. [PMID: 32337344 PMCID: PMC7164971 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective To describe the clinical and pathologic features of a novel pedigree with heterozygous STUB1 mutation causing SCA48. Methods We report a large pedigree of Dutch decent. Clinical and pathologic data were reviewed, and genetic analyses (whole-exome sequencing, whole-genome sequencing, and linkage analysis) were performed on multiple family members. Results Patients presented with adult-onset gait disturbance (ataxia or parkinsonism), combined with prominent cognitive decline and behavioral changes. Whole-exome sequencing identified a novel heterozygous frameshift variant c.731_732delGC (p.C244Yfs*24) in STUB1 segregating with the disease. This variant was present in a linkage peak on chromosome 16p13.3. Neuropathologic examination of 3 cases revealed a consistent pattern of ubiquitin/p62-positive neuronal inclusions in the cerebellum, neocortex, and brainstem. In addition, tau pathology was present in 1 case. Conclusions This study confirms previous findings of heterozygous STUB1 mutations as the cause of SCA48 and highlights its prominent cognitive involvement, besides cerebellar ataxia and movement disorders as cardinal features. The presence of intranuclear inclusions is a pathologic hallmark of the disease. Future studies will provide more insight into its pathologic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel O Mol
- Department of Neurology (M.O.M., J.G.J.v.R., E.B., S.M., J.C.v.S., L.D.K.); Department of Internal Medicine (J.G.J.v.R., A.J.M.H.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (W.F.A.d.D.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (P.R.), Tuebingen, Germany; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.C), Messina, Italy; and Department of Clinical Genetics (L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen G J van Rooij
- Department of Neurology (M.O.M., J.G.J.v.R., E.B., S.M., J.C.v.S., L.D.K.); Department of Internal Medicine (J.G.J.v.R., A.J.M.H.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (W.F.A.d.D.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (P.R.), Tuebingen, Germany; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.C), Messina, Italy; and Department of Clinical Genetics (L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Brusse
- Department of Neurology (M.O.M., J.G.J.v.R., E.B., S.M., J.C.v.S., L.D.K.); Department of Internal Medicine (J.G.J.v.R., A.J.M.H.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (W.F.A.d.D.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (P.R.), Tuebingen, Germany; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.C), Messina, Italy; and Department of Clinical Genetics (L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke J M H Verkerk
- Department of Neurology (M.O.M., J.G.J.v.R., E.B., S.M., J.C.v.S., L.D.K.); Department of Internal Medicine (J.G.J.v.R., A.J.M.H.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (W.F.A.d.D.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (P.R.), Tuebingen, Germany; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.C), Messina, Italy; and Department of Clinical Genetics (L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shamiram Melhem
- Department of Neurology (M.O.M., J.G.J.v.R., E.B., S.M., J.C.v.S., L.D.K.); Department of Internal Medicine (J.G.J.v.R., A.J.M.H.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (W.F.A.d.D.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (P.R.), Tuebingen, Germany; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.C), Messina, Italy; and Department of Clinical Genetics (L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wilfred F A den Dunnen
- Department of Neurology (M.O.M., J.G.J.v.R., E.B., S.M., J.C.v.S., L.D.K.); Department of Internal Medicine (J.G.J.v.R., A.J.M.H.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (W.F.A.d.D.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (P.R.), Tuebingen, Germany; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.C), Messina, Italy; and Department of Clinical Genetics (L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Rizzu
- Department of Neurology (M.O.M., J.G.J.v.R., E.B., S.M., J.C.v.S., L.D.K.); Department of Internal Medicine (J.G.J.v.R., A.J.M.H.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (W.F.A.d.D.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (P.R.), Tuebingen, Germany; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.C), Messina, Italy; and Department of Clinical Genetics (L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chiara Cupidi
- Department of Neurology (M.O.M., J.G.J.v.R., E.B., S.M., J.C.v.S., L.D.K.); Department of Internal Medicine (J.G.J.v.R., A.J.M.H.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (W.F.A.d.D.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (P.R.), Tuebingen, Germany; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.C), Messina, Italy; and Department of Clinical Genetics (L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology (M.O.M., J.G.J.v.R., E.B., S.M., J.C.v.S., L.D.K.); Department of Internal Medicine (J.G.J.v.R., A.J.M.H.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (W.F.A.d.D.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (P.R.), Tuebingen, Germany; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.C), Messina, Italy; and Department of Clinical Genetics (L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Donker Kaat
- Department of Neurology (M.O.M., J.G.J.v.R., E.B., S.M., J.C.v.S., L.D.K.); Department of Internal Medicine (J.G.J.v.R., A.J.M.H.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam; Department of Pathology and Medical Biology (W.F.A.d.D.), University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (P.R.), Tuebingen, Germany; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.C), Messina, Italy; and Department of Clinical Genetics (L.D.K.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Rattay TW, Lindig T, Baets J, Smets K, Deconinck T, Söhn AS, Hörtnagel K, Eckstein KN, Wiethoff S, Reichbauer J, Döbler-Neumann M, Krägeloh-Mann I, Auer-Grumbach M, Plecko B, Münchau A, Wilken B, Janauschek M, Giese AK, De Bleecker JL, Ortibus E, Debyser M, Lopez de Munain A, Pujol A, Bassi MT, D'Angelo MG, De Jonghe P, Züchner S, Bauer P, Schöls L, Schüle R. FAHN/SPG35: a narrow phenotypic spectrum across disease classifications. Brain 2020; 142:1561-1572. [PMID: 31135052 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum enzyme fatty acid 2-hydroxylase (FA2H) plays a major role in the formation of 2-hydroxy glycosphingolipids, main components of myelin. FA2H deficiency in mice leads to severe central demyelination and axon loss. In humans it has been associated with phenotypes from the neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration, FAHN), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP type SPG35) and leukodystrophy (leukodystrophy with spasticity and dystonia) spectrum. We performed an in-depth clinical and retrospective neurophysiological and imaging study in a cohort of 19 cases with biallelic FA2H mutations. FAHN/SPG35 manifests with early childhood onset predominantly lower limb spastic tetraparesis and truncal instability, dysarthria, dysphagia, cerebellar ataxia, and cognitive deficits, often accompanied by exotropia and movement disorders. The disease is rapidly progressive with loss of ambulation after a median of 7 years after disease onset and demonstrates little interindividual variability. The hair of FAHN/SPG35 patients shows a bristle-like appearance; scanning electron microscopy of patient hair shafts reveals deformities (longitudinal grooves) as well as plaque-like adhesions to the hair, likely caused by an abnormal sebum composition also described in a mouse model of FA2H deficiency. Characteristic imaging features of FAHN/SPG35 can be summarized by the 'WHAT' acronym: white matter changes, hypointensity of the globus pallidus, ponto-cerebellar atrophy, and thin corpus callosum. At least three of four imaging features are present in 85% of FA2H mutation carriers. Here, we report the first systematic, large cohort study in FAHN/SPG35 and determine the phenotypic spectrum, define the disease course and identify clinical and imaging biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim W Rattay
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Center for Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tobias Lindig
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Neurogenetics Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katrien Smets
- Neurogenetics Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tine Deconinck
- Neurogenetics Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne S Söhn
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Kathrin N Eckstein
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Center for Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Center for Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Reichbauer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Center for Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marion Döbler-Neumann
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Children's Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Michaela Auer-Grumbach
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma-Surgery, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Plecko
- Division of Child Neurology, University Childrens Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Münchau
- Department of Pediatric and Adult Movement Disorders and Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bernd Wilken
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Klinikum Kassel, Germany
| | - Marc Janauschek
- Department for Social Pediatrics, Kinderhospital Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Anne-Katrin Giese
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Els Ortibus
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Debyser
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- CIBERNED, Center for Networked Biomedical Research into Neurodegenerative Diseases, Madrid, Spain.,Neuroscience Area, Institute Biodonostia, and Department of Neurosciences, University of Basque Country EHU-UPV, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aurora Pujol
- Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, 08908, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Lecco, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia D'Angelo
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Neuromuscular Unit, 23842 Bosisio Parini , Lecco, Italy
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Neurogenetics Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stephan Züchner
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, FL33136 Miami, USA.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, FL33136 Miami, USA
| | - Peter Bauer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,CENTOGENE AG, Rostock, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Center for Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, and Center for Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.,German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
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23
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Madrigal SC, McNeil Z, Sanchez-Hodge R, Shi CH, Patterson C, Scaglione KM, Schisler JC. Changes in protein function underlie the disease spectrum in patients with CHIP mutations. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:19236-19245. [PMID: 31619515 PMCID: PMC6916485 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monogenetic disorders that cause cerebellar ataxia are characterized by defects in gait and atrophy of the cerebellum; however, patients often suffer from a spectrum of disease, complicating treatment options. Spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive 16 (SCAR16) is caused by coding mutations in STUB1, a gene that encodes the multifunctional enzyme CHIP (C terminus of HSC70-interacting protein). The disease spectrum of SCAR16 includes a varying age of disease onset, cognitive dysfunction, increased tendon reflex, and hypogonadism. Although SCAR16 mutations span the multiple functional domains of CHIP, it is unclear whether the location of the mutation and the change in the biochemical properties of CHIP contributes to the clinical spectrum of SCAR16. In this study, we examined relationships between the clinical phenotypes of SCAR16 patients and the changes in biophysical, biochemical, and functional properties of the corresponding mutated protein. We found that the severity of ataxia did not correlate with age of onset; however, cognitive dysfunction, increased tendon reflex, and ancestry were able to predict 54% of the variation in ataxia severity. We further identified domain-specific relationships between biochemical changes in CHIP and clinical phenotypes and specific biochemical activities that associate selectively with either increased tendon reflex or cognitive dysfunction, suggesting that specific changes to CHIP-HSC70 dynamics contribute to the clinical spectrum of SCAR16. Finally, linear models of SCAR16 as a function of the biochemical properties of CHIP support the concept that further inhibiting mutant CHIP activity lessens disease severity and may be useful in the design of patient-specific targeted approaches to treat SCAR16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina C Madrigal
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Zipporah McNeil
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Rebekah Sanchez-Hodge
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Chang-He Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China
| | - Cam Patterson
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | | | - Jonathan C Schisler
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- Department of Pharmacology and Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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24
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Beaudin M, Matilla-Dueñas A, Soong BW, Pedroso JL, Barsottini OG, Mitoma H, Tsuji S, Schmahmann JD, Manto M, Rouleau GA, Klein C, Dupre N. The Classification of Autosomal Recessive Cerebellar Ataxias: a Consensus Statement from the Society for Research on the Cerebellum and Ataxias Task Force. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:1098-1125. [PMID: 31267374 PMCID: PMC6867988 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
There is currently no accepted classification of autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias, a group of disorders characterized by important genetic heterogeneity and complex phenotypes. The objective of this task force was to build a consensus on the classification of autosomal recessive ataxias in order to develop a general approach to a patient presenting with ataxia, organize disorders according to clinical presentation, and define this field of research by identifying common pathogenic molecular mechanisms in these disorders. The work of this task force was based on a previously published systematic scoping review of the literature that identified autosomal recessive disorders characterized primarily by cerebellar motor dysfunction and cerebellar degeneration. The task force regrouped 12 international ataxia experts who decided on general orientation and specific issues. We identified 59 disorders that are classified as primary autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. For each of these disorders, we present geographical and ethnical specificities along with distinctive clinical and imagery features. These primary recessive ataxias were organized in a clinical and a pathophysiological classification, and we present a general clinical approach to the patient presenting with ataxia. We also identified a list of 48 complex multisystem disorders that are associated with ataxia and should be included in the differential diagnosis of autosomal recessive ataxias. This classification is the result of a consensus among a panel of international experts, and it promotes a unified understanding of autosomal recessive cerebellar disorders for clinicians and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beaudin
- Axe Neurosciences, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Antoni Matilla-Dueñas
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bing-Weng Soong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital and Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jose Luiz Pedroso
- Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Orlando G Barsottini
- Ataxia Unit, Department of Neurology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoji Tsuji
- The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- International University of Health and Welfare, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, Médiathèque Jean Jacquy, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, UMons, Mons, Belgium
| | | | | | - Nicolas Dupre
- Axe Neurosciences, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada.
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25
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Cerebellar cognitive-affective syndrome preceding ataxia associated with complex extrapyramidal features in a Turkish SCA48 family. Neurogenetics 2019; 21:51-58. [PMID: 31741143 DOI: 10.1007/s10048-019-00595-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SCA48 is a novel spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) originally and recently characterized by prominent cerebellar cognitive-affective syndrome (CCAS) and late-onset ataxia caused by mutations on the STUB1 gene. Here, we report the first SCA48 case from Turkey with novel clinical features and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings, used for the first time to evaluate a SCA48 patient. A 65-year-old female patient with slowly progressive cerebellar ataxia, cognitive impairment, behavioral changes, and a vertical family history was evaluated. Following the exclusion of repeat expansion ataxias, whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including DTI, and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were used to study the primarily affected tracts and regions. WES revealed the previously reported heterozygous truncating mutation in ubiquitin ligase domain of STUB1 (ENST00000219548:c.823_824delCT, ENSP00000219548:p.L275Dfs*16) leading to a frameshift. Patient's cognitive status was compatible with CCAS. Novel clinical features different from the original report include later onset chorea, dystonia, general slowness of movements, apraxia, and palilalia, some of which have been recently reported in two families with different STUB1 mutations. CCAS is a prominent and often early feature of SCA48 which may be followed years after the onset of the disease by other complex neurological signs and symptoms. DTI may be helpful for demonstrating the cerebello-frontal tracts, involved in CCAS-associated SCA48, the differential diagnosis of which may be challenging especially in its early years.
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26
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Lieto M, Riso V, Galatolo D, De Michele G, Rossi S, Barghigiani M, Cocozza S, Pontillo G, Trovato R, Saccà F, Salvatore E, Tessa A, Filla A, Santorelli FM, De Michele G, Silvestri G. The complex phenotype of spinocerebellar ataxia type 48 in eight unrelated Italian families. Eur J Neurol 2019; 27:498-505. [PMID: 31571321 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Heterozygous mutations in the STUB1 gene have recently been associated with an autosomal dominant form of spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) associated with cerebellar cognitive-affective syndrome (CCAS), named SCA48. METHODS Molecular screening was performed in a cohort of 235 unrelated patients with adult-onset, autosomal dominant (17) or sporadic (218) cerebellar ataxia, negative for pathological trinucleotide expansions in the common SCAs, FRDA and FXTAS loci, by using targeted multigene panels or whole-exome sequencing. Bioinformatics analyses, detailed neurological phenotyping and family segregation studies corroborated the pathogenicity of the novel STUB1 mutations. Clinico-diagnostic findings were reviewed to define the phenotypic spectrum. RESULTS Eight heterozygous STUB1 mutations were identified, six of which were novel in 11 patients from eight index families, giving an estimated overall frequency of 3.4% (8/235) for SCA48 in our study cohort, rising to 23.5% (4/17) when considering only familial cases. All our SCA48 patients had cerebellar ataxia and dysarthria associated with cerebellar atrophy on brain magnetic resonance imaging; of note, many cases were also associated with parkinsonism, chorea and dystonia. CCAS also occurred frequently, whereas definite signs of pyramidal tract dysfunction and peripheral nervous system involvement were absent. One SCA48 patient presented with hypogonadism, associated with other autoimmune endocrine dysfunctions. CONCLUSIONS Our results support SCA48 as a significant cause of adult-onset SCA. Besides CCAS, our SCA48 patients often showed movement disorders and other clinical manifestations previously described in SCAR16, linked to biallelic variants in the same gene, thus suggesting a continuous clinical spectrum and significant overlap amongst recessive and dominantly inherited mutations in STUB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lieto
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - V Riso
- Area of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - D Galatolo
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - G De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - S Rossi
- Area of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - S Cocozza
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Pontillo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - R Trovato
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - F Saccà
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - E Salvatore
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - A Tessa
- IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Filla
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | | | - G De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - G Silvestri
- Area of Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A.Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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27
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Genis D, Ortega-Cubero S, San Nicolás H, Corral J, Gardenyes J, de Jorge L, López E, Campos B, Lorenzo E, Tonda R, Beltran S, Negre M, Obón M, Beltran B, Fàbregas L, Alemany B, Márquez F, Ramió-Torrentà L, Gich J, Volpini V, Pastor P. Heterozygous STUB1 mutation causes familial ataxia with cognitive affective syndrome (SCA48). Neurology 2018; 91:e1988-e1998. [PMID: 30381368 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000006550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a new spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA48) characterized by early cerebellar cognitive-affective syndrome (CCAS) and late-onset SCA. METHODS This is a descriptive study of a family that has been followed for more than a decade with periodic neurologic and neuropsychological examinations, MRI, brain SPECT perfusion, and genetic analysis. Whole exome sequencing was performed in 3 affected and 1 unaffected family member and subsequently validated by linkage analysis of chromosome 16p13.3. RESULTS Six patients fully developed cognitive-affective and complete motor cerebellar syndrome associated with vermian and hemispheric cerebellar atrophy, suggesting a continuum from a dysexecutive syndrome slowly evolving to a complete and severe CCAS with late truncal ataxia. Three presymptomatic patients showed focal cerebellar atrophy in the vermian, paravermian, and the medial part of cerebellar lobes VI and VII, suggesting that cerebellar atrophy preceded the ataxia, and that the neurodegeneration begins in cerebellar areas related to cognition and emotion, spreading later to the whole cerebellum. Among the candidate variants, only the frameshift heterozygous c.823_824delCT STUB1 (p.L275Dfs*16) pathogenic variant cosegregated with the disease. The p.L275Dfs*16 heterozygous STUB1 pathogenic variant leads to neurodegeneration and atrophy in cognition- and emotion-related cerebellar areas and reinforces the importance of STUB1 in maintaining cognitive cerebellar function. CONCLUSIONS We report a heterozygous STUB1 pathogenic genetic variant causing dominant cerebellar ataxia. Since recessive mutations in STUB1 gene have been previously associated with SCAR16, these findings suggest a previously undescribed SCA locus (SCA48; MIM# 618093).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Genis
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hector San Nicolás
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Corral
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Gardenyes
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura de Jorge
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva López
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Campos
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Lorenzo
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raúl Tonda
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Beltran
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Negre
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Obón
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Brigitte Beltran
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fàbregas
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Alemany
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabián Márquez
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ramió-Torrentà
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Gich
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Volpini
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pau Pastor
- From the Unit of Ataxias, Spastic Paraparesis, and Rare Neurological Diseases (D.G., B.A.) and Neuropsychology Unit (J.G.), Neurology Service (F.M., L.R.-T.), Nuclear Medicine Unit (M.N.), Genetic Unit, Laboratori Clinic Territorial de Girona (M.O.), and MRI Center, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging (IDI), and Radiology Department (B.B.), University Hospital "Dr. Josep Trueta," Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià; Group of Investigation in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation (D.G., B.A., F.M., L.R.-T., J.G.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta (IDIBGI), Girona; Medical Sciences Department (B.A., L.R.-T.), University of Girona; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery (S.O.-C., H.S.N.), Hospital Universitario de Burgos (HUBU); CIBERNED, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (S.O.-C., E. Lorenzo, P.P.), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid; Molecular Diagnostic Centre for Hereditary Diseases (CDGM) (J.C., J.G., L.d.J., E. López, B.C., V.V.), Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona; Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG) (R.T., S.B.), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST); Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF) (R.T., S.B.), Barcelona; National Bioinformatics Institute (R.T.), Madrid; Clinical Psychology (L.F.), Hospital de Dia de Malalties Neurodegeneratives, Hospital de Santa Caterina, Parc Hospitalari Martí i Julià, Girona; and Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology (P.P.), University Hospital Mutua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain.
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Disrupted structure and aberrant function of CHIP mediates the loss of motor and cognitive function in preclinical models of SCAR16. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007664. [PMID: 30222779 PMCID: PMC6160236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CHIP (carboxyl terminus of heat shock 70-interacting protein) has long been recognized as an active member of the cellular protein quality control system given the ability of CHIP to function as both a co-chaperone and ubiquitin ligase. We discovered a genetic disease, now known as spinocerebellar autosomal recessive 16 (SCAR16), resulting from a coding mutation that caused a loss of CHIP ubiquitin ligase function. The initial mutation describing SCAR16 was a missense mutation in the ubiquitin ligase domain of CHIP (p.T246M). Using multiple biophysical and cellular approaches, we demonstrated that T246M mutation results in structural disorganization and misfolding of the CHIP U-box domain, promoting oligomerization, and increased proteasome-dependent turnover. CHIP-T246M has no ligase activity, but maintains interactions with chaperones and chaperone-related functions. To establish preclinical models of SCAR16, we engineered T246M at the endogenous locus in both mice and rats. Animals homozygous for T246M had both cognitive and motor cerebellar dysfunction distinct from those observed in the CHIP null animal model, as well as deficits in learning and memory, reflective of the cognitive deficits reported in SCAR16 patients. We conclude that the T246M mutation is not equivalent to the total loss of CHIP, supporting the concept that disease-causing CHIP mutations have different biophysical and functional repercussions on CHIP function that may directly correlate to the spectrum of clinical phenotypes observed in SCAR16 patients. Our findings both further expand our basic understanding of CHIP biology and provide meaningful mechanistic insight underlying the molecular drivers of SCAR16 disease pathology, which may be used to inform the development of novel therapeutics for this devastating disease. CHIP is a multi-functional protein that bridges two opposing cellular processes: protein refolding and protein degradation. Mutations in CHIP are drivers of a debilitating and fatal disease, called spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive 16 (SCAR16). Patients with CHIP mutations suffer from pathologies in both the brain, neuroendocrine, and muscle systems. Why or how CHIP mutations drive disease is unclear. At this early stage in understanding SCAR16, it is imperative to establish preclinical models to help understand the pathophysiology and mechanism of the disease, as well as to use as a platform to design and test therapies. In this manuscript we identified the structural, biochemical, cellular, and in vivo repercussions of the first mutation described in SCAR16 patients using two rodent models engineered with CRISPR/Cas9 editing to mimic a disease-causing human mutation. We established a new framework to better understand diseases involving the loss of CHIP function, the spectrum of disease-causing mutations, and the affected pathways that, in turn, will allow precision medicine approaches to treat this disease.
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Gazulla J, Izquierdo-Alvarez S, Sierra-Martínez E, Marta-Moreno ME, Alvarez S. Inaugural cognitive decline, late disease onset and novel STUB1 variants in SCAR16. Neurol Sci 2018; 39:2231-2233. [DOI: 10.1007/s10072-018-3545-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Lizama BN, Palubinsky AM, McLaughlin B. Alterations in the E3 ligases Parkin and CHIP result in unique metabolic signaling defects and mitochondrial quality control issues. Neurochem Int 2018; 117:139-155. [PMID: 28851515 PMCID: PMC5826822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
E3 ligases are essential scaffold proteins, facilitating the transfer of ubiquitin from E2 enzymes to lysine residues of client proteins via isopeptide bonds. The specificity of substrate binding and the expression and localization of E3 ligases can, however, endow these proteins with unique features with variable effects on mitochondrial, metabolic and CNS function. By comparing and contrasting two E3 ligases, Parkin and C-terminus of HSC70-Interacting protein (CHIP) we seek to highlight the biophysical properties that may promote mitochondrial dysfunction, acute stress signaling and critical developmental periods to cease in response to mutations in these genes. Encoded by over 600 human genes, RING-finger proteins are the largest class of E3 ligases. Parkin contains three RING finger domains, with R1 and R2 separated by an in-between region (IBR) domain. Loss-of-function mutations in Parkin were identified in patients with early onset Parkinson's disease. CHIP is a member of the Ubox family of E3 ligases. It contains an N-terminal TPR domain and forms unique asymmetric homodimers. While CHIP can substitute for mutated Parkin and enhance survival, CHIP also has unique functions. The differences between these proteins are underscored by the observation that unlike Parkin-deficient animals, CHIP-null animals age prematurely and have significantly impaired motor function. These properties make these E3 ligases appealing targets for clinical intervention. In this work, we discuss how biophysical and metabolic properties of these E3 ligases have driven rapid progress in identifying roles for E3 ligases in development, proteostasis, mitochondrial biology, and cell health, as well as new data about how these proteins alter the CNS proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britney N Lizama
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States.
| | - Amy M Palubinsky
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
| | - BethAnn McLaughlin
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 465 21st Ave S MRB III, Nashville, TN 37240, United States
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Neuronal Preconditioning Requires the Mitophagic Activity of C-terminus of HSC70-Interacting Protein. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6825-6840. [PMID: 29934347 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0699-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The C terminus of HSC70-interacting protein (CHIP, STUB1) is a ubiquitously expressed cytosolic E3-ubiquitin ligase. CHIP-deficient mice exhibit cardiovascular stress and motor dysfunction before premature death. This phenotype is more consistent with animal models in which master regulators of autophagy are affected rather than with the mild phenotype of classic E3-ubiquitin ligase mutants. The cellular and biochemical events that contribute to neurodegeneration and premature aging in CHIP KO models remain poorly understood. Electron and fluorescent microscopy demonstrates that CHIP deficiency is associated with greater numbers of mitochondria, but these organelles are swollen and misshapen. Acute bioenergetic stress triggers CHIP induction and relocalization to mitochondria, where it plays a role in the removal of damaged organelles. This mitochondrial clearance is required for protection following low-level bioenergetic stress in neurons. CHIP expression overlaps with stabilization of the redox stress sensor PTEN-inducible kinase 1 (PINK1) and is associated with increased LC3-mediated mitophagy. Introducing human promoter-driven vectors with mutations in either the E3 ligase or tetracopeptide repeat domains of CHIP in primary neurons derived from CHIP-null animals enhances CHIP accumulation at mitochondria. Exposure to autophagy inhibitors suggests that the increase in mitochondrial CHIP is likely due to diminished clearance of these CHIP-tagged organelles. Proteomic analysis of WT and CHIP KO mouse brains (four male, four female per genotype) reveals proteins essential for maintaining energetic, redox, and mitochondrial homeostasis undergo significant genotype-dependent expression changes. Together, these data support the use of CHIP-deficient animals as a predictive model of age-related degeneration with selective neuronal proteotoxicity and mitochondrial failure.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Mitochondria are recognized as central determinants of neuronal function and survival. We demonstrate that C terminus of HSC70-Interacting Protein (CHIP) is critical for neuronal responses to stress. CHIP upregulation and localization to mitochondria is required for mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy). Unlike other disease-associated E3 ligases such as Parkin and Mahogunin, CHIP controls homeostatic and stress-induced removal of mitochondria. Although CHIP deletion results in greater numbers of mitochondria, these organelles have distorted inner membranes without clear cristae. Neuronal cultures derived from animals lacking CHIP are more vulnerable to acute injuries and transient loss of CHIP renders neurons incapable of mounting a protective response after low-level stress. Together, these data suggest that CHIP is an essential regulator of mitochondrial number, cell signaling, and survival.
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Establishment of STUB1/CHIP mutant induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a patient with Gordon Holmes syndrome/SCAR16. Stem Cell Res 2018; 29:166-169. [PMID: 29679845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
STUB1/CHIP is a central component of cellular protein homeostasis and interacts with key proteins involved in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we reprogrammed human skin fibroblasts from a 12-year-old male patient with recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 16 (OMIM #615768), carrying compound heterozygous mutations (c.355C>T, c.880A>T) in STUB1. Genomic integrity of the iPSC line HIHCNi001-A without transgene integration and genomic aberration but with maintained disease-relevant mutations was proven by SNP array analysis and Sanger sequencing while pluripotency was verified by the expression of important pluripotency markers and the capacity to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers.
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Porpora M, Sauchella S, Rinaldi L, Delle Donne R, Sepe M, Torres-Quesada O, Intartaglia D, Garbi C, Insabato L, Santoriello M, Bachmann VA, Synofzik M, Lindner HH, Conte I, Stefan E, Feliciello A. Counterregulation of cAMP-directed kinase activities controls ciliogenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1224. [PMID: 29581457 PMCID: PMC5964327 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium emanates from the cell surface of growth-arrested cells and plays a central role in vertebrate development and tissue homeostasis. The mechanisms that control ciliogenesis have been extensively explored. However, the intersection between GPCR signaling and the ubiquitin pathway in the control of cilium stability are unknown. Here we observe that cAMP elevation promotes cilia resorption. At centriolar satellites, we identify a multimeric complex nucleated by PCM1 that includes two kinases, NEK10 and PKA, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase CHIP. We show that NEK10 is essential for ciliogenesis in mammals and for the development of medaka fish. PKA phosphorylation primes NEK10 for CHIP-mediated ubiquitination and proteolysis resulting in cilia resorption. Disarrangement of this control mechanism occurs in proliferative and genetic disorders. These findings unveil a pericentriolar kinase signalosome that efficiently links the cAMP cascade with the ubiquitin-proteasome system, thereby controlling essential aspects of ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Porpora
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Simona Sauchella
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Rossella Delle Donne
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Maria Sepe
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Omar Torres-Quesada
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Intartaglia
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Corrado Garbi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Luigi Insabato
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Margherita Santoriello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy
| | - Verena A Bachmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Herbert H Lindner
- Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Biocenter Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ivan Conte
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli (Naples), 80078, Italy
| | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonio Feliciello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University 'Federico II', Naples, 80131, Italy.
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Kanack AJ, Newsom OJ, Scaglione KM. Most mutations that cause spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive type 16 (SCAR16) destabilize the protein quality-control E3 ligase CHIP. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2735-2743. [PMID: 29317501 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of misfolded proteins promotes protein aggregation and neuronal death in many neurodegenerative diseases. To counteract misfolded protein accumulation, neurons have pathways that recognize and refold or degrade aggregation-prone proteins. One U-box-containing E3 ligase, C terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein (CHIP), plays a key role in this process, targeting misfolded proteins for proteasomal degradation. CHIP plays a protective role in mouse models of neurodegenerative disease, and in humans, mutations in CHIP cause spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive type 16 (SCAR16), a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by truncal and limb ataxia that results in gait instability. Here, we systematically analyzed CHIP mutations that cause SCAR16 and found that most SCAR16 mutations destabilize CHIP. This destabilization caused mutation-specific defects in CHIP activity, including increased formation of soluble oligomers, decreased interactions with chaperones, diminished substrate ubiquitination, and reduced steady-state levels in cells. Consistent with decreased CHIP stability promoting its dysfunction in SCAR16, most mutant proteins recovered activity when the assays were performed below the mutants' melting temperature. Together, our results have uncovered the molecular basis of genetic defects in CHIP function that cause SCAR16. Our insights suggest that compounds that improve the thermostability of genetic CHIP variants may be beneficial for treating patients with SCAR16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Kanack
- Department of Biochemistry and the Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Oliver J Newsom
- Department of Biochemistry and the Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Kenneth Matthew Scaglione
- Department of Biochemistry and the Neuroscience Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226.
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Abstract
The autosomal-recessive cerebellar ataxias comprise more than half of the known genetic forms of ataxia and represent an extensive group of clinically heterogeneous disorders that can occur at any age but whose onset is typically prior to adulthood. In addition to ataxia, patients often present with polyneuropathy and clinical symptoms outside the nervous system. The most common of these diseases is Friedreich ataxia, caused by mutation of the frataxin gene, but recent advances in genetic analysis have greatly broadened the ever-expanding number of causative genes to over 50. In this review, the clinical neurogenetics of the recessive cerebellar ataxias will be discussed, including updates on recently identified novel ataxia genes, advancements in unraveling disease-specific molecular pathogenesis leading to ataxia, potential treatments under development, technologic improvements in diagnostic testing such as clinical exome sequencing, and what the future holds for clinicians and geneticists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent L Fogel
- Program in Neurogenetics, Departments of Neurology and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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Synofzik M, Schüle R. Overcoming the divide between ataxias and spastic paraplegias: Shared phenotypes, genes, and pathways. Mov Disord 2017; 32:332-345. [PMID: 28195350 PMCID: PMC6287914 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal-dominant spinocerebellar ataxias, autosomal-recessive spinocerebellar ataxias, and hereditary spastic paraplegias have traditionally been designated in separate clinicogenetic disease classifications. This classification system still largely frames clinical thinking and genetic workup in clinical practice. Yet, with the advent of next-generation sequencing, phenotypically unbiased studies have revealed the limitations of this classification system. Various genes (eg, SPG7, SYNE1, PNPLA6) traditionally rooted in either the ataxia or hereditary spastic paraplegia classification system have now been shown to cause ataxia on the one end of the disease continuum and hereditary spastic paraplegia on the other. Other genes such as GBA2 and KIF1C were almost simultaneously published as both a hereditary spastic paraplegia and an ataxia gene. The variability and fluidity of observed phenotypes along the ataxia-spasticity spectrum warrants a rethinking of the traditional classification system. We propose to replace this divisive diagnosis-driven ataxia and hereditary spastic paraplegia classification system by a descriptive, unbiased approach of modular phenotyping. This approach is also open to expansion of the phenotype beyond ataxia and spasticity, which often occur as part of broader multisystem neuronal dysfunction. The concept of a continuous ataxia-spasticity disease spectrum is further supported by ataxias and hereditary spastic paraplegias sharing not only overlapping phenotypes and underlying genes, but also common cellular pathways and disease mechanisms. This suggests a shared vulnerability of cerebellar and corticospinal neurons for common pathophysiological processes. It might be this mechanistic overlap that drives their clinical overlap. A mechanistically inspired classification system will help to pave the way for mechanism-based strategies for drug development. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (HIH), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
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Beaudin M, Klein CJ, Rouleau GA, Dupré N. Systematic review of autosomal recessive ataxias and proposal for a classification. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2017; 4:3. [PMID: 28250961 PMCID: PMC5324265 DOI: 10.1186/s40673-017-0061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The classification of autosomal recessive ataxias represents a significant challenge because of high genetic heterogeneity and complex phenotypes. We conducted a comprehensive systematic review of the literature to examine all recessive ataxias in order to propose a new classification and properly circumscribe this field as new technologies are emerging for comprehensive targeted gene testing. Methods We searched Pubmed and Embase to identify original articles on recessive forms of ataxia in humans for which a causative gene had been identified. Reference lists and public databases, including OMIM and GeneReviews, were also reviewed. We evaluated the clinical descriptions to determine if ataxia was a core feature of the phenotype and assessed the available evidence on the genotype-phenotype association. Included disorders were classified as primary recessive ataxias, as other complex movement or multisystem disorders with prominent ataxia, or as disorders that may occasionally present with ataxia. Results After removal of duplicates, 2354 references were reviewed and assessed for inclusion. A total of 130 articles were completely reviewed and included in this qualitative analysis. The proposed new list of autosomal recessive ataxias includes 45 gene-defined disorders for which ataxia is a core presenting feature. We propose a clinical algorithm based on the associated symptoms. Conclusion We present a new classification for autosomal recessive ataxias that brings awareness to their complex phenotypes while providing a unified categorization of this group of disorders. This review should assist in the development of a consensus nomenclature useful in both clinical and research applications. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40673-017-0061-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Beaudin
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | | | - Guy A Rouleau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1A4 Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec city, QC G1V 0A6 Canada.,Department of Neurological Sciences, CHU de Quebec - Université Laval, 1401 18th street, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4 Canada
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Hayer SN, Deconinck T, Bender B, Smets K, Züchner S, Reich S, Schöls L, Schüle R, De Jonghe P, Baets J, Synofzik M. STUB1/CHIP mutations cause Gordon Holmes syndrome as part of a widespread multisystemic neurodegeneration: evidence from four novel mutations. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2017; 12:31. [PMID: 28193273 PMCID: PMC5307643 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-017-0580-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CHIP, the protein encoded by STUB1, is a central component of cellular protein homeostasis and interacts with several key proteins involved in the pathogenesis of manifold neurodegenerative diseases. This gives rise to the hypothesis that mutations in STUB1 might cause a far more multisystemic neurodegenerative phenotype than the previously reported cerebellar ataxia syndrome. METHODS Whole exome sequencing data-sets from n = 87 index subjects of two ataxia cohorts were screened for individuals with STUB1 mutations. In-depth phenotyping by clinical evaluation and neuroimaging was performed in mutation carriers. RESULTS We identified four novel STUB1 mutations in three affected subjects from two index families (frequency 2/87 = 2.3%). All three subjects presented with a severe multisystemic phenotype including severe dementia, spastic tetraparesis, epilepsy, and autonomic dysfunction in addition to cerebellar ataxia, plus hypogonadism in one index patient. Diffusion tensor imaging revealed degeneration of manifold supra- and infratentorial tracts. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide clinical and imaging support for the notion that CHIP is a crucial converging point of manifold neurodegenerative processes, corresponding with its universal biological function in neurodegeneration. Further, our data reveal the second STUB1 family with ataxia plus hypogonadism reported so far, demonstrating that Gordon Holmes syndrome is indeed a recurrent manifestation of STUB1. However, it does not present in isolation, but as part of a broad multisystemic neurodegenerative process. This supports the notion that STUB1 disease should be conceptualized not by historical or clinical syndromic names, but as a variable multisystemic disease defined by disturbed function of the underlying STUB1 gene, which translates into a multidimensional gradual spectrum of variably associated clinical signs and symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Nicole Hayer
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research & Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tine Deconinck
- Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Ultrastructural Neuropathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Bender
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Katrien Smets
- Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Ultrastructural Neuropathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stephan Züchner
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation, Department of Human Genetics, Miami, USA
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami, Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - Selina Reich
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research & Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research & Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research & Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Ultrastructural Neuropathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Neurogenetics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratories of Neurogenetics and Ultrastructural Neuropathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthis Synofzik
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research & Center of Neurology, University of Tuebingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str. 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Synofzik M, Gasser T. Moving Beyond Syndromic Classifications in Neurodegenerative Disease: The Example of PLA2G6. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2017; 4:8-11. [PMID: 30713944 PMCID: PMC6353490 DOI: 10.1002/mdc3.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthis Synofzik
- Department of NeurodegenerationHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingenGermany
| | - Thomas Gasser
- Department of NeurodegenerationHertie Institute for Clinical Brain ResearchUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative DiseasesTübingenGermany
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Soehn AS, Rattay TW, Beck-Wödl S, Schäferhoff K, Monk D, Döbler-Neumann M, Hörtnagel K, Schlüter A, Ruiz M, Pujol A, Züchner S, Riess O, Schüle R, Bauer P, Schöls L. Uniparental disomy of chromosome 16 unmasks recessive mutations of FA2H/SPG35 in 4 families. Neurology 2016; 87:186-91. [PMID: 27316240 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identifying an intriguing mechanism for unmasking recessive hereditary spastic paraplegias. METHOD Herein, we describe 4 novel homozygous FA2H mutations in 4 nonconsanguineous families detected by whole-exome sequencing or a targeted gene panel analysis providing high coverage of all known hereditary spastic paraplegia genes. RESULTS Segregation analysis revealed in all cases only one parent as a heterozygous mutation carrier whereas the other parent did not carry FA2H mutations. A macro deletion within FA2H, which could have caused a hemizygous genotype, was excluded by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification in all cases. Finally, a microsatellite array revealed uniparental disomy (UPD) in all 4 families leading to homozygous FA2H mutations. UPD was confirmed by microarray analyses and methylation profiling. CONCLUSION UPD has rarely been described as causative mechanism in neurodegenerative diseases. Of note, we identified this mode of inheritance in 4 families with the rare diagnosis of spastic paraplegia type 35 (SPG35). Since UPD seems to be a relevant factor in SPG35 and probably additional autosomal recessive diseases, we recommend segregation analysis especially in nonconsanguineous homozygous index cases to unravel UPD as mutational mechanism. This finding may bear major repercussion for genetic counseling, given the markedly reduced risk of recurrence for affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne S Soehn
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Tim W Rattay
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Stefanie Beck-Wödl
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Karin Schäferhoff
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - David Monk
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Marion Döbler-Neumann
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Konstanze Hörtnagel
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Agatha Schlüter
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Montserrat Ruiz
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Aurora Pujol
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Stephan Züchner
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Olaf Riess
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
| | - Peter Bauer
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL.
| | - Ludger Schöls
- From the Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics (A.S.S., S.B.-W., K.S., O.R., P.B.) and Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research (T.W.R., R.S., L.S.), University of Tübingen; German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) (T.W.R., R.S.), Tübingen, Germany; Imprinting and Cancer Group (D.M.), Cancer Epigenetic and Biology Program, Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neuropediatrics (M.D.-N.), Tübingen University School of Medicine; CeGaT GmbH (K.H.), Tübingen, Germany; Neurometabolic Diseases Laboratory (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institut d'Investigació Biomedica de Bellvitge IDIBELL, Hospital Duran i Reynals, Barcelona; Centre for Biomedical Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (A.S., M.R., A.P.), Institute Carlos III, Madrid; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA) (A.P.), Barcelona, Spain; and Hussman Institute for Human Genomics (S.Z., R.S.), University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, FL
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Clinical and Neuropathological Features of Spastic Ataxia in a Spanish Family with Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutations in STUB1. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:378-81. [PMID: 25592071 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-014-0643-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Schisler JC, Patterson C, Willis MS. SKELETAL MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIAL ALTERATIONS IN CARBOXYL TERMINUS OF HSC70 INTERACTING PROTEIN (CHIP) -/- MICE. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PATHOLOGY 2016; 6:28-36. [PMID: 28593200 PMCID: PMC5459302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Hereditary ataxias are characterized by a slowly progressive loss of gait, hand, speech, and eye coordination and cerebellar atrophy. A subset of these, including hypogonadism, are inherited as autosomal recessive traits involving coding mutations of genes involved in ubiquitination including RNF216, OTUD4, and STUB1. Cerebellar CHIPopathy (MIM 615768) is a form of autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia (SCAR16) and when accompanied with hypogonadism, clinically resembles the Gordon Holmes Syndrome (GHS). A causal missense mutation in the gene that encodes the carboxy terminus of HSP-70 interacting protein (CHIP) protein was reported for the first time in 2014. CHIP-/- mice were found to phenocopy the motor deficiencies and some aspects of the hypogonadism observed in patients with STUB1 mutations. However, mechanisms responsible for these deficits are not known. METHODS In a survey of skeletal muscle by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS CHIP-/- mice at 6 months of age were found to have morphological changes consistent with increased sarcoplasmic reticulum compartments in quadriceps muscle and gastrocnemius (toxic oligomers and tubular aggregates), but not in soleus. CONCLUSION Since CHIP has been implicated in ER stress in non-muscle cells, these findings illustrate potential parallel roles of CHIP in the muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, a hypothesis that may be clinically relevant in a variety of common muscular and cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Schisler
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Cam Patterson
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Monte S. Willis
- McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
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Abstract
Autophagy is a major degradation system which processes substrates through the steps of autophagosome formation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, and substrate degradation. Aberrant autophagic flux is present in many pathological conditions including neurodegeneration and tumors. CHIP/STUB1, an E3 ligase, plays an important role in neurodegeneration. In this study, we identified the regulation of autophagic flux by CHIP (carboxy-terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein). Knockdown of CHIP induced autophagosome formation through increasing the PTEN protein level and decreasing the AKT/mTOR activity as well as decreasing phosphorylation of ULK1 on Ser757. However, degradation of the autophagic substrate p62 was disturbed by knockdown of CHIP, suggesting an abnormality of autophagic flux. Furthermore, knockdown of CHIP increased the susceptibility of cells to autophagic cell death induced by bafilomycin A1. Thus, our data suggest that CHIP plays roles in the regulation of autophagic flux.
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Coutelier M, Stevanin G, Brice A. Genetic landscape remodelling in spinocerebellar ataxias: the influence of next-generation sequencing. J Neurol 2015; 262:2382-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ronnebaum SM, Patterson C, Schisler JC. Emerging evidence of coding mutations in the ubiquitin-proteasome system associated with cerebellar ataxias. Hum Genome Var 2014; 1:14018. [PMID: 27081508 PMCID: PMC4785523 DOI: 10.1038/hgv.2014.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar ataxia (CA) is a disorder associated with impairments in balance, coordination, and gait caused by degeneration of the cerebellum. The mutations associated with CA affect functionally diverse genes; furthermore, the underlying genetic basis of a given CA is unknown in many patients. Exome sequencing has emerged as a cost-effective technology to discover novel genetic mutations, including autosomal recessive CA (ARCA). Five recent studies that describe how exome sequencing performed on a diverse pool of ARCA patients revealed 14 unique mutations in STUB1, a gene that encodes carboxy terminus of Hsp70-interacting protein (CHIP). CHIP mediates protein quality control through chaperone and ubiquitin ligase activities and is implicated in alleviating proteotoxicity in several neurodegenerative diseases. However, these recent studies linking STUB1 mutations to various forms of ataxia are the first indications that CHIP is directly involved in the progression of a human disease. Similar exome-sequencing studies have revealed novel mutations in ubiquitin-related proteins associated with CA and other neurological disorders. This review provides an overview of CA, describes the benefits and limitations of exome sequencing, outlines newly discovered STUB1 mutations, and theorizes on how CHIP and other ubiquitin-related proteins function to prevent neurological deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Ronnebaum
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cam Patterson
- Presbyterian Hospital/Weill-Cornell Medical Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan C Schisler
- McAllister Heart Institute, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Pharmacology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Heimdal K, Sanchez-Guixé M, Aukrust I, Bollerslev J, Bruland O, Jablonski GE, Erichsen AK, Gude E, Koht JA, Erdal S, Fiskerstrand T, Haukanes BI, Boman H, Bjørkhaug L, Tallaksen CME, Knappskog PM, Johansson S. STUB1 mutations in autosomal recessive ataxias - evidence for mutation-specific clinical heterogeneity. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014; 9:146. [PMID: 25258038 PMCID: PMC4181732 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-014-0146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of hereditary cerebellar ataxias is inherited as autosomal recessive traits (ARCAs). Classification of recessive ataxias due to phenotypic differences in the cerebellum and cerebellar structures is constantly evolving due to new identified disease genes. Recently, reports have linked mutations in genes involved in ubiquitination (RNF216, OTUD4, STUB1) to ARCA with hypogonadism. METHODS AND RESULTS With a combination of homozygozity mapping and exome sequencing, we identified three mutations in STUB1 in two families with ARCA and cognitive impairment; a homozygous missense variant (c.194A > G, p.Asn65Ser) that segregated in three affected siblings, and a missense change (c.82G > A, p.Glu28Lys) which was inherited in trans with a nonsense mutation (c.430A > T, p.Lys144Ter) in another patient. STUB1 encodes CHIP (C-terminus of Heat shock protein 70 - Interacting Protein), a dual function protein with a role in ubiquitination as a co-chaperone with heat shock proteins, and as an E3 ligase. We show that the p.Asn65Ser substitution impairs CHIP's ability to ubiquitinate HSC70 in vitro, despite being able to self-ubiquitinate. These results are consistent with previous studies highlighting this as a critical residue for the interaction between CHIP and its co-chaperones. Furthermore, we show that the levels of CHIP are strongly reduced in vivo in patients' fibroblasts compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that STUB1 mutations might cause disease by impacting not only the E3 ligase function, but also its protein interaction properties and protein amount. Whether the clinical heterogeneity seen in STUB1 ARCA can be related to the location of the mutations remains to be understood, but interestingly, all siblings with the p.Asn65Ser substitution showed a marked appearance of accelerated aging not previously described in STUB1 related ARCA, none display hormonal aberrations/clinical hypogonadism while some affected family members had diabetes, alopecia, uveitis and ulcerative colitis, further refining the spectrum of STUB1 related disease.
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