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Vaparanta K, Merilahti JAM, Ojala VK, Elenius K. De Novo multi-omics pathway analysis (DMPA) designed for prior data independent inference of cell signaling pathways. Mol Cell Proteomics 2024:100780. [PMID: 38703893 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2024.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
New tools for cell signaling pathway inference from multi-omics data that are independent of previous knowledge are needed. Here we propose a new de novo method, the de novo multi-omics pathway analysis (DMPA), to model and combine omics data into network modules and pathways. DMPA was validated with published omics data and was found accurate in discovering reported molecular associations in transcriptome, interactome, phosphoproteome, methylome, and metabolomics data and signaling pathways in multi-omics data. DMPA was benchmarked against module discovery and multi-omics integration methods and outperformed previous methods in module and pathway discovery especially when applied to datasets with relatively low sample sizes. Transcription factor, kinase, subcellular location and function prediction algorithms were devised for transcriptome, phosphoproteome and interactome modules and pathways, respectively. To apply DMPA in a biologically relevant context, interactome, phosphoproteome, transcriptome and proteome data were collected from analyses carried out using melanoma cells to address gamma-secretase cleavage-dependent signaling characteristics of the receptor tyrosine kinase TYRO3. The pathways modeled with DMPA reflected the predicted function and its direction in validation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Vaparanta
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Johannes A M Merilahti
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Veera K Ojala
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, 20521, Finland.
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Joussaume A, Kanthou C, Pardo OE, Karayan-Tapon L, Benzakour O, Dkhissi F. The Vitamin K-Dependent Anticoagulant Factor, Protein S, Regulates Vascular Permeability. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:3278-3293. [PMID: 38666935 PMCID: PMC11048934 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46040205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein S (PROS1) is a vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant factor, which also acts as an agonist for the TYRO3, AXL, and MERTK (TAM) tyrosine kinase receptors. PROS1 is produced by the endothelium which also expresses TAM receptors, but little is known about its effects on vascular function and permeability. Transwell permeability assays as well as Western blotting and immunostaining analysis were used to monitor the possible effects of PROS1 on both endothelial cell permeability and on the phosphorylation state of specific signaling proteins. We show that human PROS1, at its circulating concentrations, substantially increases both the basal and VEGFA-induced permeability of endothelial cell (EC) monolayers. PROS1 induces p38 MAPK (Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase), Rho/ROCK (Rho-associated protein kinase) pathway activation, and actin filament remodeling, as well as substantial changes in Vascular Endothelial Cadherin (VEC) distribution and its phosphorylation on Ser665 and Tyr685. It also mediates c-Src and PAK-1 (p21-activated kinase 1) phosphorylation on Tyr416 and Ser144, respectively. Exposure of EC to human PROS1 induces VEC internalization as well as its cleavage into a released fragment of 100 kDa and an intracellular fragment of 35 kDa. Using anti-TAM neutralizing antibodies, we demonstrate that PROS1-induced VEC and c-Src phosphorylation are mediated by both the MERTK and TYRO3 receptors but do not involve the AXL receptor. MERTK and TYRO3 receptors are also responsible for mediating PROS1-induced MLC (Myosin Light Chain) phosphorylation on a site targeted by the Rho/ROCK pathway. Our report provides evidence for the activation of the c-Src/VEC and Rho/ROCK/MLC pathways by PROS1 for the first time and points to a new role for PROS1 as an endogenous vascular permeabilizing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Joussaume
- Université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, ProDiCeT, UR 24144 Poitiers, France; (A.J.); (O.B.)
| | - Chryso Kanthou
- Division of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine & Population Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK;
| | - Olivier E. Pardo
- Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Lucie Karayan-Tapon
- Université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, ProDiCeT, Laboratoire de Cancérologie Biologique, UR 24144 Poitiers, France;
| | - Omar Benzakour
- Université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, ProDiCeT, UR 24144 Poitiers, France; (A.J.); (O.B.)
| | - Fatima Dkhissi
- Université de Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, ProDiCeT, UR 24144 Poitiers, France; (A.J.); (O.B.)
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3
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Akram M, Raza Rizvi SS, Qayyum M, Handelsman DJ. A classification of genes involved in normal and delayed male puberty. Asian J Androl 2023; 25:230-239. [PMID: 35532554 PMCID: PMC10069694 DOI: 10.4103/aja202210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a pivotal biological process that completes sexual maturation to achieve full reproductive capability. It is a major transformational period of life, whose timing is strongly affected by genetic makeup of the individual, along with various internal and external factors. Although the exact mechanism for initiation of the cascade of molecular events that culminate in puberty is not yet known, the process of pubertal onset involves interaction of numerous complex signaling pathways of hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular (HPT) axis. We developed a classification of the mechanisms involved in male puberty that allowed placing many genes into physiological context. These include (i) hypothalamic development during embryogenesis, (ii) synaptogenesis where gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons form neuronal connections with suprahypothalamic neurons, (iii) maintenance of neuron homeostasis, (iv) regulation of synthesis and secretion of GnRH, (v) appropriate receptors/proteins on neurons governing GnRH production and release, (vi) signaling molecules activated by the receptors, (vii) the synthesis and release of GnRH, (viii) the production and release of gonadotropins, (ix) testicular development, (x) synthesis and release of steroid hormones from testes, and (xi)the action of steroid hormones in downstream effector tissues. Defects in components of this system during embryonic development, childhood/adolescence, or adulthood may disrupt/nullify puberty, leading to long-term male infertility and/or hypogonadism. This review provides a list of 598 genes involved in the development of HPT axis and classified according to this schema. Furthermore, this review identifies a subset of 75 genes for which genetic mutations are reported to delay or disrupt male puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maleeha Akram
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Shamsabad, Murree Road, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Syed Shakeel Raza Rizvi
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Shamsabad, Murree Road, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Qayyum
- Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, Pir Mehr Ali Shah Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Shamsabad, Murree Road, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan
| | - David J Handelsman
- Andrology Laboratory, The ANZAC Research Institute, Hospital Road, Concord, NSW 2139, Australia
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Jia J, Yang L, Chen Y, Zheng L, Chen Y, Xu Y, Zhang M. The Role of Microglial Phagocytosis in Ischemic Stroke. Front Immunol 2022; 12:790201. [PMID: 35082781 PMCID: PMC8784388 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system that exert diverse roles in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. During the past decades, microglial polarization and chemotactic properties have been well-studied, whereas less attention has been paid to phagocytic phenotypes of microglia in stroke. Generally, whether phagocytosis mediated by microglia plays a beneficial or detrimental role in stroke remains controversial, which calls for further investigations. Most researchers are in favor of the former proposal currently since efficient clearance of tissue debris promotes tissue reconstruction and neuronal network reorganization in part. Other scholars propose that excessively activated microglia engulf live or stressed neuronal cells, which results in neurological deficits and brain atrophy. Upon ischemia challenge, the microglia infiltrate injured brain tissue and engulf live/dead neurons, myelin debris, apoptotic cell debris, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. Cell phagocytosis is provoked by the exposure of "eat-me" signals or the loss of "don't eat-me" signals. We supposed that microglial phagocytosis could be initiated by the specific "eat-me" signal and its corresponding receptor on the specific cell type under pathological circumstances. In this review, we will summarize phagocytic characterizations of microglia after stroke and the potential receptors responsible for this programmed biological progress. Understanding these questions precisely may help to develop appropriate phagocytic regulatory molecules, which are promoting self-limiting inflammation without damaging functional cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junqiu Jia
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lili Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanting Chen
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meijuan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School and The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Province Stroke Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.,Nanjing Neuropsychiatry Clinic Medical Center, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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TAM Receptor Pathways at the Crossroads of Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:2387614. [PMID: 31636733 PMCID: PMC6766163 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2387614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that pathogenic mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are strongly linked with neuroinflammatory responses. Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk (TAM receptors) constitute a subgroup of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, cell surface receptors which transmit signals from the extracellular space to the cytoplasm and nucleus. TAM receptors and the corresponding ligands, Growth Arrest Specific 6 and Protein S, are expressed in different tissues, including the nervous system, playing complex roles in tissue repair, inflammation and cell survival, proliferation, and migration. In the nervous system, TAM receptor signalling modulates neurogenesis and neuronal migration, synaptic plasticity, microglial activation, phagocytosis, myelination, and peripheral nerve repair, resulting in potential interest in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Multiple Sclerosis. In Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases, a role of TAM receptors in neuronal survival and pathological protein aggregate clearance has been suggested, while in Multiple Sclerosis TAM receptors are involved in myelination and demyelination processes. To better clarify roles and pathways involving TAM receptors may have important therapeutic implications, given the fine modulation of multiple molecular processes which could be reached. In this review, we summarise the roles of TAM receptors in the central nervous system, focusing on the regulation of immune responses and microglial activities and analysing in vitro and in vivo studies regarding TAM signalling involvement in neurodegeneration.
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Ginisty A, Oliver L, Arnault P, Vallette F, Benzakour O, Coronas V. The vitamin K-dependent factor, protein S, regulates brain neural stem cell migration and phagocytic activities towards glioma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 855:30-39. [PMID: 31028740 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Malignant gliomas are the most common primary brain tumors. Due to both their invasive nature and resistance to multimodal treatments, these tumors have a very high percentage of recurrence leading in most cases to a rapid fatal outcome. Recent data demonstrated that neural stem/progenitor cells possess an inherent ability to migrate towards glioma cells, track them in the brain and reduce their growth. However, mechanisms involved in these processes have not been explored in-depth. In the present report, we investigated interactions between glioma cells and neural stem/progenitor cells derived from the subventricular zone, the major brain stem cell niche. Our data show that neural stem/progenitor cells are attracted by cultured glioma-derived factors. Using multiple approaches, we demonstrate for the first time that the vitamin K-dependent factor protein S produced by glioma cells is involved in tumor tropism through a mechanism involving the tyrosine kinase receptor Tyro3 that, in turn, is expressed by neural stem/progenitor cells. Neural stem/progenitor cells decrease the growth of both glioma cell cultures and clonogenic population. Cultured neural stem/progenitor cells also engulf, by phagocytosis, apoptotic glioma cell-derived fragments and this mechanism depends on the exposure of phosphatidylserine eat-me signal and is stimulated by protein S. The disclosure of a role of protein S/Tyro3 axis in neural stem/progenitor cell tumor-tropism and the demonstration of a phagocytic activity of neural stem/progenitor cells towards dead glioma cells that is regulated by protein S open up new perspectives for both stem cell biology and brain physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ginisty
- Laboratoire Signalisations et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), CNRS ERL 7003 Equipe 4CS - Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, Pôle Biologie Santé, Bâtiment B36, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France; Present Address: Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A) UMR 8256 CNRS-UPMC Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS) Sorbonne Université, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Oliver
- CRCINA, Inserm U1232, Université de Nantes, 44 0000, Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, René Gauducheau, 44 8000, St Herblain, France; Micronit GDR CNRS 3697, 75020, Paris, France
| | - Patricia Arnault
- Laboratoire Signalisations et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), CNRS ERL 7003 Equipe 4CS - Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, Pôle Biologie Santé, Bâtiment B36, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France; Micronit GDR CNRS 3697, 75020, Paris, France
| | - François Vallette
- CRCINA, Inserm U1232, Université de Nantes, 44 0000, Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, René Gauducheau, 44 8000, St Herblain, France; Micronit GDR CNRS 3697, 75020, Paris, France
| | - Omar Benzakour
- Inserm U1082, Université de Poitiers, 86073, Poitiers cedex 09, France
| | - Valérie Coronas
- Laboratoire Signalisations et Transports Ioniques Membranaires (STIM), CNRS ERL 7003 Equipe 4CS - Université de Poitiers, UFR SFA, Pôle Biologie Santé, Bâtiment B36, 1 Rue Georges Bonnet, TSA 51106, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France; Micronit GDR CNRS 3697, 75020, Paris, France.
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Alisi L, Cao R, De Angelis C, Cafolla A, Caramia F, Cartocci G, Librando A, Fiorelli M. The Relationships Between Vitamin K and Cognition: A Review of Current Evidence. Front Neurol 2019; 10:239. [PMID: 30949117 PMCID: PMC6436180 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble nutrient discovered in 1935 and its role in blood coagulation has been thoroughly explored. In recent years, studies conducted in vitro and on animals highlighted vitamin K involvement in brain cells development and survival. In particular, vitamin K seems to have an antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect mediated by the activation of Growth Arrest Specific Gene 6 and Protein S. Moreover, this vitamin is involved in sphingolipids metabolism, a class of lipids that participate in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of brain cells. An altered expression in sphingolipids profile has been related to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. This review stems from a growing interest in the role of vitamin K in brain functions, especially in cognition, also in view of an expected increase of prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia. It collects recent researches that show interesting, even though not definitive, evidence of a direct correlation between vitamin K levels and cognitive performance. Moreover, vitamin K antagonists, used worldwide as oral anticoagulants, according to recent studies may have a negative influence on cognitive domains such as visual memory, verbal fluency and brain volume. The aim of this review is to analyze the evidence of clinical studies carried out up to date on the relationship between vitamin K intake and cognitive performances. The involvement of vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in declining cognitive performances is also addressed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Alisi
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Cao
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristina De Angelis
- Department of Radiological, Oncological and Anatomo-Pathological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Arturo Cafolla
- Department of Cell Biotechnology and Hematology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Caramia
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gaia Cartocci
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aloisa Librando
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Fiorelli
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Cancer is among the leading causes of death worldwide. In 2016, 8.9 million people are estimated to have died from various forms of cancer. The current treatments, including surgery with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy, are not effective enough to provide full protection from cancer, which highlights the need for developing novel therapy strategies. In this review, we summarize the molecular biology of a unique member of a subfamily of receptor tyrosine kinase, TYRO3 and discuss the new insights in TYRO3-targeted treatment for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Hsu
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan Jou
- 2 College of Medicine, University of Illinois, IL 60612, USA
| | - Shaw-Jenq Tsai
- 1 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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Smart SK, Vasileiadi E, Wang X, DeRyckere D, Graham DK. The Emerging Role of TYRO3 as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10120474. [PMID: 30501104 PMCID: PMC6316664 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10120474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The TAM family (TYRO3, AXL, MERTK) tyrosine kinases play roles in diverse biological processes including immune regulation, clearance of apoptotic cells, platelet aggregation, and cell proliferation, survival, and migration. While AXL and MERTK have been extensively studied, less is known about TYRO3. Recent studies revealed roles for TYRO3 in cancer and suggest TYRO3 as a therapeutic target in this context. TYRO3 is overexpressed in many types of cancer and functions to promote tumor cell survival and/or proliferation, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. In addition, higher levels of TYRO3 expression have been associated with decreased overall survival in patients with colorectal, hepatocellular, and breast cancers. Here we review the physiological roles for TYRO3 and its expression and functions in cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment, with emphasis on the signaling pathways that are regulated downstream of TYRO3 and emerging roles for TYRO3 in the immune system. Translational agents that target TYRO3 are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri K Smart
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Eleana Vasileiadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Deborah DeRyckere
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Douglas K Graham
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Le A, Zhang L, Liu W, Li X, Ren J, Ning A. A case control study on the structural equation model of the mechanism of coagulation and fibrinolysis imbalance in chronic schistosomiasis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6116. [PMID: 28207534 PMCID: PMC5319523 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A structural equation model was used for verification with chronic schistosomiasis to investigate the coagulation-anticoagulation system imbalance and to deduce the mechanism of D-dimer (D-D) level elevation in patients with advanced schistosome hepatic disease. We detected the plasma levels of tissue-type fiber plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), plasmin-antiplasmin complex (PAP), plasminogen (PLG), antithrombin (AT), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI1), D-D, factor VIII: C (FVIII:C), antithrombin-III (AT-III), PLG, protein S (PS), and protein C (PC) in the healthy people as control (69), patients with chronic schistosomiasis (150) or advanced chronic schistosomiasis (90). FVIII, PAP, D-D, tPA, and uPA plasma levels were significantly higher in the chronic group than in the control group and were also significantly higher in the advanced group. However, AT-III, PC, PS, AT, PLG, and PAI1 plasma levels in the advanced and chronic groups were significantly lower than those in the control group. With progression of disease in patients with schistosomiasis japonica, a hypercoagulable state is induced by the coagulation-anticoagulation imbalance, eventually leading to patients with high levels of D-D. Furthermore, we established a structural equation model path of a "chronic schistosomiasis disease stage-(coagulation-anticoagulation-fibrinolysis)-D-D." By using analysis of moment structures (AMOS), it was shown that the chronic schistosomiasis stage was positively related to factor VIII and had negative correlation with AT-III; a good positive correlation with PAP, tPA, and uPA; and a good negative correlation with PLG and PAI1. In addition, our results show that the path coefficient of anticoagulation-fibrinolysis system to the chronic stage of schistosomiasis or D-D levels was significantly higher than that of the coagulation system. In conclusion, the coagulation and fibrinolysis imbalance in patients with chronic schistosomiasis, especially with advanced schistosomiasis, is due to the progression of disease stages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lunli Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi
| | - Wei Liu
- Departments of Blood Transfusion
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi
| | - Jianwei Ren
- Health Department of the PLA General Staff Headquarters of the Security Council, Beijing
| | - An Ning
- Jiangxi Institute of Parasitology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P.R. China
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11
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Che Mat MF, Abdul Murad NA, Ibrahim K, Mohd Mokhtar N, Wan Ngah WZ, Harun R, Jamal R. Silencing of PROS1 induces apoptosis and inhibits migration and invasion of glioblastoma multiforme cells. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:2359-2366. [PMID: 27840905 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor and most patients have poor prognosis. Despite many advances in research, there has been no significant improvement in the patient survival rate. New molecular therapies are being studied and RNA interference (RNAi) therapy is one of the promising approaches to improve prognosis and increase survival in patients with GBM. We performed a meta‑analysis of five different microarray datasets and identified 460 significantly upregulated genes in GBM. Loss‑of‑function screening of these upregulated genes using LN18 cells was performed to identify the significant target genes for glioma. Further investigations were performed using siRNA in LN18 cells and various functional assays were carried out on the selected candidate gene to understand further its role in GBM. We identified PROS1 as a candidate gene for GBM from the meta‑analysis and RNAi screening. Knockdown of PROS1 in LN18 cells significantly induced apoptosis compared to siPROS1‑untreated cells (p<0.05). Migration in cells treated with siPROS1 was reduced significantly (p<0.05) and this was confirmed with wound-healing assay. PROS1 knockdown showed substantial reduction in cell invasion up to 82% (p<0.01). In addition, inhibition of PROS1 leads to decrease in cellular proliferation by 18%. Knockdown of PROS1 in LN18 cells caused activation of both of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. It caused major upregulation of FasL which is important for death receptor signaling activation and also downregulation of GAS6 and other members of TAM family of receptors. PROS1 may play an important role in the development of GBM through cellular proliferation, migration and invasion as well as apoptosis. Targeting PROS1 in GBM could be a novel therapeutic strategy in GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Firdaus Che Mat
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Kamariah Ibrahim
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Norfilza Mohd Mokhtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Wan Zurinah Wan Ngah
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Roslan Harun
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
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12
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Ning P, Zhong JG, Jiang F, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Tian F, Li W. Role of protein S in castration-resistant prostate cancer-like cells. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:595-607. [PMID: 27342144 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells survive the androgen-deprivation condition is crucial for treatment of this advanced prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we reported for the first time the up-regulation of protein S (PROS), an anticoagulant plasma glycoprotein with multiple biological functions, in androgen-insensitive PCa cells and in experimentally induced castration-resistant PCa cells. Overexpression of exogenous PROS in LNCaP cells reduced androgen deprivation-induced apoptosis and enhanced anchorage-dependent clonogenic ability under androgen deprivation condition. Reciprocally, PROS1 knockdown inhibited cell invasiveness and migration, caused the growth inhibition of castration-resistant tumor xenograft under androgen-depleted conditions, and potentiated Taxol (a widely prescribed anti-neoplastic agent)-mediated cell death in PC3 cells. Furthermore, PROS overexpression significantly stimulated AKT activation but failed to evoke oxidative stress in LNCaP cells under normal condition, suggesting that the malignance-promoting effects of the above-mentioned pathway may occur in the order of oxidative stress/PROS/AKT. The potential mechanism may be due to control of oxidative stress-elicited activation of PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway. Taken together, our gain-of-function, loss-of-function analyses suggest that PROS may facilitate cell proliferation and promote castration resistance in human castration-resistant PCa-like cells via its apoptosis-regulating property. Future study emphasizing on delineating how PROS regulate cellular processes controlling transformation during the development of castration resistance should open new doors for the development of novel therapeutic targets for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ning
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyFourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China Department of Tumor Radiotherapy3rd Hospital of PLA, Bao Ji, China
| | - Jia-Guo Zhong
- Section 2 of Department of Surgery42nd Hospital of PLA, Jiajiang County Leshan City, Sichuan, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy3rd Hospital of PLA, Bao Ji, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Tumor Radiotherapy3rd Hospital of PLA, Bao Ji, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyFourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryTangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyFourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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13
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Zhu YZ, Wang W, Xian N, Wu B. Inhibition of TYRO3/Akt signaling participates in hypoxic injury in hippocampal neurons. Neural Regen Res 2016; 11:752-7. [PMID: 27335558 PMCID: PMC4904465 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.182701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of the TYRO3/Akt signaling pathway in hypoxic injury to hippocampal neurons. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay showed that hypoxia inhibited the proliferation and viability of hippocampal neurons. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay demonstrated that hypoxia induced neuronal apoptosis in a time-dependent manner, with a greater number of apoptotic cells with longer hypoxic exposure. Immunofluorescence labeling revealed that hypoxia suppressed TYRO3 expression. Western blot assay showed that hypoxia decreased Akt phosphorylation levels in a time-dependent manner. Taken together, these findings suggest that hypoxia inhibits the proliferation of hippocampal neurons and promotes apoptosis, and that the inhibition of the TYRO3/Akt signaling pathway plays an important role in hypoxia-induced neuronal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Zhen Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Na Xian
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Bing Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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14
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Li XB, Guo HL, Shi TY, Yang L, Wang M, Zhang K, Guo YY, Wu YM, Liu SB, Zhao MG. Neuroprotective effects of a novel translocator protein (18 kDa) ligand, ZBD-2, against focal cerebral ischemia and NMDA-induced neurotoxicity. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 42:1068-74. [PMID: 26174423 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Ligands of the translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) have demonstrated rapid anxiolytic efficacy in stress responses and stress-related disorders. This protein is involved in the synthesis of endogenous neurosteroids including pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and progesterone. These neurosteroids promote γ-aminobutyric acid-mediated neurotransmission in the central neural system (CNS). A TSPO ligand, N-benzyl-N-ethyl-2-(7,8-dihydro-7-benzyl-8-oxo-2-phenyl-9H-purin-9-yl) acetamide (ZBD-2) was recently synthesized. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the neuroprotective effects of ZBD-2 and. In cultured cortical neurons, treatment with ZBD-2 attenuated excitotoxicity induced by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) exposure. It significantly decreased the number of apoptotic cells by downregulating GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors (NMDARs), the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, and levels of pro-caspase-3. Systemic treatment of ZBD-2 provided significant neuroprotection in mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion. These findings provide direct evidence that neuroprotection by ZBD-2 is partially mediated by inhibiting GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Bo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-Liang Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tian-Yao Shi
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
| | - Le Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yan-Yan Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu-Mei Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shui-Bing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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15
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Chevilley A, Lesept F, Lenoir S, Ali C, Parcq J, Vivien D. Impacts of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) on neuronal survival. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:415. [PMID: 26528141 PMCID: PMC4607783 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) a serine protease is constituted of five functional domains through which it interacts with different substrates, binding proteins, and receptors. In the last years, great interest has been given to the clinical relevance of targeting tPA in different diseases of the central nervous system, in particular stroke. Among its reported functions in the central nervous system, tPA displays both neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects. How can the protease mediate such opposite functions remain unclear but several hypotheses have been proposed. These include an influence of the degree of maturity and/or the type of neurons, of the level of tPA, of its origin (endogenous or exogenous) or of its form (single chain tPA versus two chain tPA). In this review, we will provide a synthetic snapshot of our current knowledge regarding the natural history of tPA and discuss how it sustains its pleiotropic functions with focus on excitotoxic/ischemic neuronal death and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Chevilley
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Flavie Lesept
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Sophie Lenoir
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Carine Ali
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Jérôme Parcq
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
| | - Denis Vivien
- INSERM, UMR-S U919 Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit, Université Caen-Normandie Caen, France
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16
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Joshi AU, Orset C, Engelhardt B, Baumgart-Vogt E, Gerriets T, Vivien D, Kanse SM. Deficiency of Factor VII activating protease alters the outcome of ischemic stroke in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:965-75. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. U. Joshi
- Institute for Biochemistry; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
- Chemical & Systems Biology; School of Medicine; Stanford University; Stanford CA USA
| | - C. Orset
- Inserm; Inserm UMR-S U919; Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP Cyceron; Caen France
| | - B. Engelhardt
- Theodor Kocher Institute; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
| | - E. Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - T. Gerriets
- Department of Neurology; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
| | - D. Vivien
- Inserm; Inserm UMR-S U919; Serine Proteases and Pathophysiology of the Neurovascular Unit; Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, GIP Cyceron; Caen France
| | - S. M. Kanse
- Institute for Biochemistry; Justus-Liebig-University; Giessen Germany
- Institute for Basic Medical Sciences; University of Oslo; Sognvannsveien 9 Oslo 0372 Norway
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17
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Pierce AM, Keating AK. TAM receptor tyrosine kinases: expression, disease and oncogenesis in the central nervous system. Brain Res 2013; 1542:206-20. [PMID: 24184575 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are cell surface proteins that tightly regulate a variety of downstream intra-cellular processes; ligand-receptor interactions result in cascades of signaling events leading to growth, proliferation, differentiation and migration. There are 58 described RTKs, which are further categorized into 20 different RTK families. When dysregulated or overexpressed, these RTKs are implicated in disordered growth, development, and oncogenesis. The TAM family of RTKs, consisting of Tyro3, Axl, and MerTK, is prominently expressed during the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Aberrant expression and dysregulated activation of TAM family members has been demonstrated in a variety of CNS-related disorders and diseases, including the most common but least treatable brain cancer in children and adults: glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Pierce
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, P18-4105, MS 8302 Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Amy K Keating
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 12800 E. 19th Avenue, P18-4105, MS 8302 Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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18
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Suleiman L, Négrier C, Boukerche H. Protein S: A multifunctional anticoagulant vitamin K-dependent protein at the crossroads of coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:637-54. [PMID: 23958677 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1970, protein S (PS) has emerged as a key vitamin K-dependent natural anticoagulant protein at the crossroads of multiple biological processes, including coagulation, apoptosis, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis/vasculogenesis, and cancer progression. Following the binding to a unique family of protein tyrosine kinase receptors referred to as Tyro-3, Axl and Mer (TAM) receptors, PS can lead to regulation of coagulation, phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, cell survival, activation of innate immunity, vessel integrity and angiogenesis, and local invasion and metastasis. Because of these dynamics and multiple functions of PS, which are largely lost following invalidation of the mouse PROS1 gene, this molecule is currently intensively studied in biomedical research. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief chronicle of the discovery and current understanding of the mechanisms of PS signaling, and how PS and their signaling partners regulate various cellular functions, with a particular focus on TAM receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfi Suleiman
- University Claude Bernard, Lyon I, INSERM, Department of Onco-Haematology, EA 4174, France
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19
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Nathaniel TI, Otukonyong EE, Okon M, Chaves J, Cochran T, Nathaniel AI. Metabolic regulatory clues from the naked mole rat: toward brain regulatory functions during stroke. Brain Res Bull 2013; 98:44-52. [PMID: 23886571 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to tissue hypoxia is a robust fundamental adaptation to low oxygen supply, and represents a novel neuroscience problem with significance to mammalian physiology as well as human health. With the underlying mechanisms strongly conserved in evolution, the ability to resist tissue hypoxia in natural systems has recently emerged as an interesting model in mammalian physiology research to understand mechanisms that can be manipulated for the clinical management of stroke. The extraordinary ability to resist tissue hypoxia by the naked mole rat (NMR) indicates the presence of a unique mechanism that underlies the remarkable healthy life span and exceptional hypoxia resistance. This opens an interesting line of research into understanding the mechanisms employed by the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) to protect the brain during hypoxia. In a series of studies, we first examined the presence of neuroprotection in the brain cells of naked mole rats (NMRs) subjected to hypoxic insults, and then characterized the expression of such neuroprotection in a wide range of time intervals. We used oxygen nutrient deprivation (OND), an in vitro model of resistance to tissue hypoxia to determine whether there is evidence of neuronal survival in the hippocampal (CA1) slices of NMRs that are subjected to chronic hypoxia. Hippocampus neurons of NMRs that were kept in hypoxic condition consistently tolerated OND right from the onset time of 5h. This tolerance was maintained for 24h. This finding indicates that there is evidence of resistance to tissue hypoxia by CA1 neurons of NMRs. We further examined the effect of hypoxia on metabolic rate in the NMR. Repeated measurement of metabolic rates during exposure of naked mole rats to hypoxia over a constant ambient temperature indicates that hypoxia significantly decreased metabolic rates in the NMR, suggesting that the observed decline in metabolic rate during hypoxia may contribute to the adaptive mechanism used by the NMR to resist tissue hypoxia. This work is aimed to contribute to the understanding of mechanisms of resistance to tissue hypoxia in the NMR as an important life-sustaining process, which can be translated into therapeutic interventions during stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas I Nathaniel
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, HSEB, 607 Grove Road, Greenville, SC 29605, United States.
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20
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An activated protein C analog stimulates neuronal production by human neural progenitor cells via a PAR1-PAR3-S1PR1-Akt pathway. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6181-90. [PMID: 23554499 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4491-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a protease with anticoagulant and cell-signaling activities. In the CNS, APC and its analogs with reduced anticoagulant activity but preserved cell signaling activities, such as 3K3A-APC, exert neuroprotective, vasculoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. Murine APC promotes subependymal neurogenesis in rodents in vivo after ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Whether human APC can influence neuronal production from resident progenitor cells in humans is unknown. Here we show that 3K3A-APC, but not S360A-APC (an enzymatically inactive analog of APC), stimulates neuronal mitogenesis and differentiation from fetal human neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs). The effects of 3K3A-APC on proliferation and differentiation were comparable to those obtained with fibroblast growth factor and brain-derived growth factor, respectively. Its promoting effect on neuronal differentiation was accompanied by inhibition of astroglial differentiation. In addition, 3K3A-APC exerted modest anti-apoptotic effects during neuronal production. These effects appeared to be mediated through specific protease activated receptors (PARs) and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors (S1PRs), in that siRNA-mediated inhibition of PARs 1-4 and S1PRs 1-5 revealed that PAR1, PAR3, and S1PR1 are required for the neurogenic effects of 3K3A-APC. 3K3A-APC activated Akt, a downstream target of S1PR1, which was inhibited by S1PR1, PAR1, and PAR3 silencing. Adenoviral transduction of NPCs with a kinase-defective Akt mutant abolished the effects of 3K3A-APC on NPCs, confirming a key role of Akt activation in 3K3A-APC-mediated neurogenesis. Therefore, APC and its pharmacological analogs, by influencing PAR and S1PR signals in resident neural progenitor cells, may be potent modulators of both development and repair in the human CNS.
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21
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Yang L, Li XB, Yang Q, Zhang K, Zhang N, Guo YY, Feng B, Zhao MG, Wu YM. The neuroprotective effect of praeruptorin C against NMDA-induced apoptosis through down-regulating of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:908-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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22
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Li YJ, Yang Q, Zhang K, Guo YY, Li XB, Yang L, Zhao MG, Wu YM. Cytisine confers neuronal protection against excitotoxic injury by down-regulating GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors. Neurotoxicology 2013; 34:219-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 09/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Wu F, Echeverry R, Wu J, An J, Haile WB, Cooper DS, Catano M, Yepes M. Tissue-type plasminogen activator protects neurons from excitotoxin-induced cell death via activation of the ERK1/2-CREB-ATF3 signaling pathway. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 52:9-19. [PMID: 23063501 PMCID: PMC3540185 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The release of the serine proteinase tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) from cerebral cortical neurons has a neuroprotective effect in the ischemic brain. Because excitotoxicity is a basic mechanism of ischemia-induced cell death, here we investigated the effect of tPA on excitotoxin-induced neuronal death. We report that genetic overexpression of neuronal tPA or treatment with recombinant tPA renders neurons resistant to the harmful effects of an excitotoxic injury in vitro and in vivo. We found that at concentrations found in the ischemic brain, tPA interacts with synaptic but not extrasynaptic NMDARs. This effect is independent of tPA's proteolytic properties and leads to a rapid and transient phosphorylation of the extracellular signal regulated kinases1/2 (ERK1/2), with ERK1/2-mediated activation of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) and induction of the neuroprotective CREB-regulated activating transcription factor 3 (Atf3). In line with these observations, Atf3 down-regulation abrogates the protective effect of tPA against excitotoxin-induced neuronal death. Our data indicate that tPA preferentially activates synaptic NMDARs via a plasminogen-independent mechanism turning on a cell signaling pathway that protects neurons from the deleterious effects of excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ramiro Echeverry
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jialing Wu
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital and Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie An
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Woldeab B. Haile
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Deborah S. Cooper
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Marcela Catano
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Manuel Yepes
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
- Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta GA
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24
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The vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant factor, protein S, inhibits multiple VEGF-A-induced angiogenesis events in a Mer- and SHP2-dependent manner. Blood 2012; 120:5073-83. [PMID: 23065156 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-05-429183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S is a vitamin K-dependent glycoprotein, which, besides its anticoagulant function, acts as an agonist for the tyrosine kinase receptors Tyro3, Axl, and Mer. The endothelium expresses Tyro3, Axl, and Mer and produces protein S. The interaction of protein S with endothelial cells and particularly its effects on angiogenesis have not yet been analyzed. Here we show that human protein S, at circulating concentrations, inhibited vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2-dependent vascularization of Matrigel plugs in vivo and the capacity of endothelial cells to form capillary-like networks in vitro as well as VEGF-A-induced endothelial migration and proliferation. Furthermore, protein S inhibited VEGF-A-induced endothelial VEGFR2 phosphorylation and activation of mitogen-activated kinase-Erk1/2 and Akt. Protein S activated the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2, and the SHP2 inhibitor NSC 87877 reversed the observed inhibition of VEGF-A-induced endothelial proliferation. Using siRNA directed against Tyro3, Axl, and Mer, we demonstrate that protein S-mediated SHP2 activation and inhibition of VEGF-A-stimulated proliferation were mediated by Mer. Our report provides the first evidence for the existence of a protein S/Mer/SHP2 axis, which inhibits VEGFR2 signaling, regulates endothelial function, and points to a role for protein S as an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor.
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25
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Li XB, Yang ZX, Yang L, Chen XL, Zhang K, Yang Q, Wu YM, Liu SB, Tao KS, Zhao MG. Neuroprotective effects of flax lignan against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity in vitro. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:927-33. [PMID: 22970936 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Flax Lignan (FLL), a chemical widespread within the plant and animal kingdoms, has antioxidant, antiinfectious, and antitumor activities. However, little is known about the effects of FLL on the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS The neuroprotective actions of FLL against N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) are investigated in primary cultured cortical neurons by MTT assay. The expression levels of proteins related to apoptosis and GluN2-containing receptor were detected by Western blot analysis. Intracellular Ca(2+) was measured under a confocal laser scanning microscope. RESULTS After challenged with 100 μM NMDA for 30 min, loss of cell viability and excessive apoptotic cell death were observed in cultured cortical neurons. FLL protected the neurons against the NMDA-induced cell loss in a concentration-dependent manner. FLL also significantly inhibited the neuronal apoptosis induced by NMDA exposure through reversing intracellular concentration of Ca(2+) overload and balancing of Bcl-2 and Bax expression. Furthermore, FLL significantly reversed the upregulation of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptors by exposure to NMDA, but did not affect the expression of GluN2A-containing NMDA receptor. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that FLL protects cortical neurons by inhibiting the expression of GluN2B-containing NMDA receptor and regulating the Bcl-2 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Bo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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26
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Saraon P, Musrap N, Cretu D, Karagiannis GS, Batruch I, Smith C, Drabovich AP, Trudel D, van der Kwast T, Morrissey C, Jarvi KA, Diamandis EP. Proteomic profiling of androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines reveals a role for protein S during the development of high grade and castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:34019-31. [PMID: 22908226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.384438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation constitutes the principal therapy for advanced and metastatic prostate cancers. However, this therapeutic intervention usually results in the transition to a more aggressive androgen-independent prostate cancer. The elucidation of molecular alterations during the progression to androgen independence is an integral step toward discovering more effective targeted therapies. With respect to identifying crucial mediators of this transition, we compared the proteomes of androgen-independent (PC3, DU145, PPC1, LNCaP-SF, and 22Rv1) and androgen-dependent (LNCaP and VCaP) and/or normal prostate epithelial (RWPE) cell lines using mass spectrometry. We identified more than 100 proteins that were differentially secreted in the androgen-independent cell lines. Of these, Protein S (PROS1) was elevated in the secretomes of all of the androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines, with no detectable secretion in normal and androgen-dependent cell lines. Using quantitative PCR, we observed significantly higher (p < 0.05) tissue expression levels of PROS1 in prostate cancer samples, further indicating its importance in prostate cancer progression. Similarly, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed elevation of PROS1 in high grade prostate cancer (Gleason grade ≥ 8), and further elevation in castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer lesions. We also observed its significant (p < 0.05) elevation in high grade prostate cancer seminal plasma samples. Taken together, these results show that PROS1 is elevated in high grade and castration-resistant prostate cancer and could serve as a potential biomarker of aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Saraon
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3L9, Canada
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Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are transmembrane proteins involved in the control of fundamental cellular processes in metazoans. RTKs possess a general structure that includes an extracellular domain, a transmembrane domain and a highly conserved tyrosine kinase domain. RTKs are classified according to their variable extracellular ligand-binding domain. Studies of human RTK members have yielded a wealth of information elucidating their importance. Improper functioning of these enzymes due to mutations, mainly in the kinase domain, is often manifested in various human diseases and is known to be involved in several types of cancer. Here we summarize most of human RTKs, their cognate ligands, as well as related diseases and discuss the eventual use of certain RTKs as new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Choura
- Molecular and Cellular Diagnosis Processes, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, University of Sfax , Route Sidi Mansour, Sfax , Tunisia
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