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Role of Infection and Immunity in Bovine Perinatal Mortality: Part 2. Fetomaternal Response to Infection and Novel Diagnostic Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072102. [PMID: 34359230 PMCID: PMC8300098 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine perinatal mortality (death of the fetus or calf before, during, or within 48 h of calving at full term (≥260 days) may be caused by noninfectious and infectious causes. Although infectious causes of fetal mortality are diagnosed less frequently, infection in utero may also compromise the development of the fetus without causing death. This review presents fetomaternal responses to infection and the changes which can be observed in such cases. Response to infection, especially the concentration of immunoglobulins and some acute-phase proteins, may be used for diagnostic purposes. Some changes in internal organs may also be used as an indicator of infection in utero. However, in all cases (except pathogen-specific antibody response) non-pathogen-specific responses do not aid in pathogen-specific diagnosis of the cause of calf death. But, nonspecific markers of in utero infection may allow us to assign the cause of fetal mortality to infection and thus increase our overall diagnosis rate, particularly in cases of the “unexplained stillbirth”. Abstract Bovine perinatal mortality due to infection may result either from the direct effects of intrauterine infection and/or the fetal response to such infection, leading to the fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS). Both intrauterine infection and FIRS, which causes multi-organ damage and involution of immune organs, compromise fetal survivability, sometimes fatally. Organ injury associated with FIRS may, in addition to causing fetal mortality, irreversibly compromise extrauterine adaptation of the neonate, a recognized problem in human fetuses. Diagnosis of intrauterine infection and of FIRS requires related, but independent analytical approaches. In addition to detection of pathogens, the immune and inflammatory responses of the bovine fetus may be utilized to diagnose intrauterine infection. This can be done by detection of specific changes in internal organs and the measurement of antibodies and/or elements of the acute phase reaction. Currently our ability to diagnose FIRS in bovine fetuses and neonates is limited to research studies. This review focuses on both the fetomaternal response to infection and diagnostic methods which rely on the response of the fetus to infection and inflammatory changes, as well other methods which may improve diagnosis of intrauterine infection in cases of bovine perinatal mortality.
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Rutkowska K, Lukaszewicz M. Alterations to DNA structure as a cause of expression modifications of selected genes of known intrauterine-growth-restriction-association shared by chosen species - a review. Anim Genet 2019; 50:613-620. [PMID: 31571274 DOI: 10.1111/age.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The review aimed at searching for DNA structure markers of epigenetic modifications leading to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in three livestock species, mouse and human. IUGR affects mammals by harming their wellbeing and the profitability of breeding enterprises. Of the livestock species, we chose cow, pig and sheep owing to there being many reports on the epigenetics of IUGR. IUGR investigations in human and mouse are particularly numerous, as we are interested in our own wellbeing and the mouse is a model species. We decided to focus on five genes (Igf2r, Igf2, H19, Peg3 and Mest) of known IUGR association, reported in all of those species. Despite the abundance of papers on IUGR, naturally occurring mutations responsible for epigenetic modifications have been described only in human and cow. The effect of induced DNA structural modifications upon epigenetics has been described in mouse and pig. One paper regarding mouse was chosen from among those describing DNA modifications performed to obtain parthenogenetic progeny. Papers regarding pig parthenogenetic progeny described the epigenetics of genes involved in foetal development, with no interference with the genome structure. No reports on DNA modifications altering IUGR epigenetics in sheep were found. Only environmental effects were studied and we could not conclude from the experiment designs whether the gene setup could affect the expression of involved genes, as different populations were not included or not specified within particular experiments. Apparently, DNA markers of IUGR epigenetics exist. It has been reported that the small number of them, occurring naturally, may result from neglecting existing evidence of such selection or health status forecasting markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Rutkowska
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36a, 05-552, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Marek Lukaszewicz
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Postepu 36a, 05-552, Jastrzebiec, Poland
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Jawor P, Stefaniak T, Mee JF. Immune and inflammatory biomarkers in cases of bovine perinatal mortality with and without infection in utero. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:1408-1416. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Martins-Júnior HA, Pinaffi FLV, Simas RC, Tarouco AK, Ferreira CR, Silva LA, Nogueira GP, Meirelles FV, Eberlin MN, Perecin F. Plasma steroid dynamics in late- and near-term naturally and artificially conceived bovine pregnancies as elucidated by multihormone high-resolution LC-MS/MS. Endocrinology 2014; 155:5011-23. [PMID: 25299569 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The plasma levels of corticosteroids and sex steroids during pregnancy are key indicators of mammalian placental function and the onset of parturition. Steroid hormones are believed to be disturbed in pregnancies produced using assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) due to placental dysfunction and the frequently observed lack of parturition signals. To elucidate the plasma steroid dynamics, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and used to determine the levels of corticosteroids (corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and cortisol) and their direct precursors (progesterone and 17α-OH-progesterone) as well as sex steroids (androstenedione, estrone, estrone sulfate, testosterone, and 17β-estradiol) in bovine plasma. The levels of these 10 steroids in recipient cows carrying naturally conceived (control), in vitro fertilized (IVF), or cloned (somatic cell nuclear transfer) conceptuses were compared during late-term pregnancy (30 days before parturition), during near-term pregnancy (1 day before parturition), and on the day of parturition (day 0). Significant differences were observed among the corticosteroid levels: higher levels of corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and cortisol were detected in cloned pregnancies at day 30; lower levels of corticosterone were observed in ART-derived pregnancies at days 1 and 0; and estrone and estradiol levels were higher in IVF pregnancies throughout the final development. These results suggested an upregulation of the P450C11 and P450C21 enzymes 30 days before parturition in somatic cell nuclear transfer pregnancies and an overactivation of the aromatase enzyme in IVF pregnancies. Taken together, the monitoring of multiple steroid hormones revealed that the pregnancies obtained using ART exhibited plasma steroid concentration dynamics compatible with the dysregulation of steroidogenic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helio A Martins-Júnior
- Thomson Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (H.A.M.-J., R.C.S., C.R.F., M.N.E.), Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil 13083-970; AB SCIEX of Brazil (H.A.M.-J.), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 04719-002; Laboratory of Theriogenology Dr O. J. Ginther (F.L.V.P., L.A.S.), Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900; Laboratory of Molecular Morphophysiology and Development (A.K.T., F.V.M., F.P.), Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Sciences and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil 13635-900; Department of Production and Animal Health (R.C.S., G.P.N.), School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil 16050-680; and State Foundation of Agricultural Research (A.K.T.), Research Center Iwar Beckman, Hulha Negra, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 96400-970
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Kamal M, Van Eetvelde M, Depreester E, Hostens M, Vandaele L, Opsomer G. Age at calving in heifers and level of milk production during gestation in cows are associated with the birth size of Holstein calves. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:5448-58. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-7898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Mee JF. Why Do So Many Calves Die on Modern Dairy Farms and What Can We Do about Calf Welfare in the Future? Animals (Basel) 2013; 3:1036-57. [PMID: 26479751 PMCID: PMC4494359 DOI: 10.3390/ani3041036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor bovine neonatal survival rates are an international animal welfare issue. The key modifiable risk factors associated with such loss are age at first calving in primiparae, calf breed, gender and gestation length and calving management. The primary causes of mortality in the perinatal period are calving problems, in particular dystocia, defined as both difficult and abnormal calvings. Calf loss rates are rising on modern dairy farms in many countries internationally. High calf loss rates are often not recognised at national or at farm-level; recording needs to be improved. Improving bovine neonatal survival requires re-prioritization of this issue. Stakeholders need to be made cognisant of this prioritization. Actions to effect change need to occur at both national and farm-levels. National-level actions need firstly to address raising awareness of the issue. Farm-level actions need to focus on identifiable problem farms through targeted surveillance. Application of existing knowledge to alter modifiable risk factors is the key to improving calf welfare in the future. Research also has a role to play in filling knowledge gaps in particular about the 'unexplained stillbirth'.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Mee
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal & Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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Mee J. Explaining unexplained bovine stillbirth: How to deal with ‘farm blindness’. Vet J 2013; 197:120-1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abdelfatah-Hassan A, Almería S, Serrano B, de Sousa N, Beckers J, López-Gatius F. The inseminating bull and plasma pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) levels were related to peripheral leukocyte counts during the late pregnancy/early postpartum period in high-producing dairy cows. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1390-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2011] [Revised: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Probo M, Giordano A, Moretti P, Opsomer G, Fiems L, Veronesi M. Mode of delivery is associated with different hematological profiles in the newborn calf. Theriogenology 2012; 77:865-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Nguyen PT, Conley AJ, Soboleva TK, Lee RS. Multilevel regulation of steroid synthesis and metabolism in the bovine placenta. Mol Reprod Dev 2012; 79:239-54. [DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Green MP, Ledgard AM, Beaumont SE, Berg MC, McNatty KP, Peterson AJ, Back PJ. Long-term alteration of follicular steroid concentrations in relation to subclinical endometritis in postpartum dairy cows1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3551-60. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Panzani S, Carluccio A, Probo M, Faustini M, Kindahl H, Veronesi MC. Comparative Study on 15-Ketodihydro-PGF2α Plasma Concentrations in Newborn Horses, Donkeys and Calves. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:82-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01804.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Albera E, Kankofer M. The Comparison of Antioxidative/Oxidative Profile in Colostrum, Milk and Blood of Early Post-Partum Cows During their First and Second Lactation. Reprod Domest Anim 2010; 45:e417-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Brickell J, Pollott G, Clempson A, Otter N, Wathes D. Polymorphisms in the bovine leptin gene associated with perinatal mortality in Holstein-Friesian heifers. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:340-7. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2009-2457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Hickson RE, Kenyon PR, Lopez-Villalobos N, Morris ST. Maternal plasma oestrone sulphate concentration prior to parturition in relation to birth weight of the calf in primiparous, 2-year-old, Angus heifers. Anim Reprod Sci 2008; 114:301-5. [PMID: 19022594 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2008] [Revised: 09/24/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dystocia and assisted calving in primiparous heifers are persistent problems in beef herds, and incidence increases with increasing birth weight of calves. Plasma samples taken from 33 primiparous, 2-year-old, Angus heifers 2 days prior to parturition were analysed for oestrone sulphate concentration. Additional samples taken at 4, 6, 8 and 10 days prior to parturition were analysed for 17 of these heifers. At parturition, birth weight of the calf, post-partum live weight of the heifer, assistance at calving (n=6) and status of the calf (stillborn (n=4) vs. alive) were recorded. Maternal plasma oestrone sulphate concentration was stable from 10 to 4 days prior to parturition and increased between 4 and 2 days prior to parturition for non-assisted heifers. Maternal plasma oestrone sulphate concentration did not affect the probability of assistance at calving or stillbirth.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Hickson
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
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R. Mir M, A. Pampori Z, Iqbal S, I.A. Bhat J, Pal M, A. Kirmani M. Hemato-Biochemical Indices of Crossbred Cows During Different Stages of Pregnancy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ijds.2008.154.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sorge U, Kelton D, Staufenbiel R. Short Communication: Prepartal Concentration of Estradiol-17β in Heifers with Stillborn Calves. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:1433-7. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Prevalence of, and risk factors associated with, perinatal calf mortality in pasture-based Holstein-Friesian cows. Animal 2008; 2:613-20. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108001699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Placenta functions with special emphasis on endocrine changes – a comparative overview. Acta Vet Scand 2007. [DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-49-s1-s15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Gustafsson H, Kindahl H, Berglund B. Stillbirths in Holstein heifers – some results from Swedish research. Acta Vet Scand 2007. [DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-49-s1-s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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