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Freitas ADAR, Faria AR, Mendes LT, Merquior VLC, Neves DM, Pires JR, Teixeira LM. The gut microbiota of wild birds undergoing rehabilitation as a reservoir of multidrug-resistant enterococci in a metropolitan area in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01527-3. [PMID: 39356407 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are ubiquitous usually commensal bacteria that can act as opportunistic pathogens frequently associated with resistance to multiple antimicrobial classes. A variety of animals may carry potentially harmful enterococci. In the present work, the occurrence and characteristics of enterococci recovered from the fecal microbiota of wild birds belonging to four families (Accipitridae, Cathartidae, Falconidae and Strigidae) were investigated. Enterococci were recovered from 104 (92.0%) fecal samples obtained from 113 birds, and 260 strains were selected for additional characterization. Enterococcus faecalis was the predominant species (63.8%), followed by Enterococcus hirae (16.2%), Enterococcus faecium (11.5%), Enterococcus gallinarum (5.4%), Enterococcus avium (1.5%), Enterococcus casseliflavus (0.8%), and Enterococcus raffinosus and Enterococcus cecorum (0.4% each). Major percentages (11.9% 75.0%) of nonsusceptibility were observed to quinolones (particularly to enrofloxacin), erythromycin, rifampin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline and streptomycin. Gentamicin and ampicillin resistances (13.3% each) were only detected among E. faecium. A total of 133 (51.2%) strains were MDR, showing a large variety of MDR profiles, composed by simultaneous resistance encompassing 3 to 12 antimicrobials. MDR strains were found in 68.2% of the birds. Antimicrobial resistance was associated with the presence of the aac(6')-aph(2″)-Ia, aph(2″)-Id, ant(6)-Ia, ant(9)-Ia, ant(9)-Ib, tet(M), tet(L), tet(S), erm(B), mef(A/E), msrC, and vat(D) genes. The most common virulence genes were efaA, gelE, ace, eeP, and asa1. PFGE analysis revealed a large genetic diversity among most of the strains. MLST performed for 35 E. faecalis strains revealed 23 different STs, whereas 14 STs were found among 18 E. faecium strains. Hospital-associated lineages ST22, ST25, ST56, ST1274 were identified. The results show that the wild birds investigated can carry a diversity of potentially hazardous enterococcal strains displaying multiple antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, reinforcing the assumption that these animals provide an important target to monitor the circulation of microorganisms that deserve consideration under the One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Rocha Faria
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia E Parasitologia, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luiza Tomé Mendes
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vânia Lúcia Carreira Merquior
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia E Parasitologia, Universidade Do Estado Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel Marchesi Neves
- Centro de Triagem de Animais, Silvestres Do Rio de Janeiro (CETAS-RJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Rocha Pires
- Centro de Reabilitação de Animais Selvagens da Universidade Estácio de Sá (CRAS-UNESA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lúcia Martins Teixeira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Ahmad S, Leng Q, Hou G, Liang Y, Li Y, Qu Y. Biological Traits and Comprehensive Genomic Analysis of Novel Enterococcus faecalis Bacteriophage EFP6. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1202. [PMID: 38930584 PMCID: PMC11206139 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12061202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is a prevalent opportunistic pathogen associated with chicken embryonic and neonatal chick mortality, posing a significant challenge in poultry farming. In the current study, E. faecalis strain EF6, isolated from a recent hatchery outbreak, served as the host bacterium for the isolation of a novel phage EFP6, capable of lysing E. faecalis. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a hexagonal head and a short tail, classifying EFP6 as a member of the Autographiviridae family. EFP6 showed sensitivity to ultraviolet radiation and resistance to chloroform. The lytic cycle duration of EFP6 was determined to be 50 min, highlighting its efficacy in host eradication. With an optimal multiplicity of infection of 0.001, EFP6 exhibited a narrow lysis spectrum and strong specificity towards host strains. Additionally, EFP6 demonstrated optimal growth conditions at 40 °C and pH 8.0. Whole genome sequencing unveiled a genome length of 18,147 bp, characterized by a GC concentration of 33.21% and comprising 25 open reading frames. Comparative genomic assessment underscored its collinearity with related phages, notably devoid of lysogenic genes, thus ensuring genetic stability. This in-depth characterization forms the basis for understanding the biological attributes of EFP6 and its potential utilization in phage therapy, offering promising prospects for mitigating E. faecalis-associated poultry infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yonggang Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (S.A.); (Q.L.); (G.H.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
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Cagnoli G, Di Paolo A, Bertelloni F, Salvucci S, Buccioni A, Marzoni Fecia di Cossato M, Ebani VV. Occurrence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Enterococcus spp. in Healthy Chickens Never Exposed to Antimicrobial Agents in Central Italy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:417. [PMID: 38786145 PMCID: PMC11117291 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are part of the natural flora of the gastrointestinal tract of mammals, including humans, birds and invertebrates. They can cause infection, mainly among hospitalized patients, as well as acquire and transfer antimicrobial resistance genes. The present study allowed the isolation of 98 Enterococcus (73.47% E. faecium, 23.47% E. faecalis, 3.06% E. avium) strains from 120-day-old healthy chickens that had never been treated with antimicrobials. Their antimicrobial resistance was evaluated by the agar disk diffusion method; high-level aminoglycoside (streptomycin and gentamicin) and vancomycin resistance were established using the microbroth dilution method. The highest percentages of resistant isolates were detected with quinupristin-dalfopristin (88.78%), rifampicin (64.29%), tetracyclines (45.92%), and enrofloxacin (41.84%). High percentages of susceptible strains were found with teicoplanin (100%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (97.96%), nitrofurantoin (94.90%), ampicillin (92.86%), chloramphenicol (90.82%), and linezolid (88.78%). About 60% of the strains were classified as MDR (multidrug-resistant). Moreover, PCR was carried out to investigate genes encoding for tetracyclines resistance determinants: tet(M), tet(L), tet(O), tet(K), and Int-Tn. Genes were detected in 68 (69.38%) strains: 36 were shown to be resistant with the agar disk diffusion method, while 28 were intermediate, and 2 were susceptible. The present study showed that chickens never treated with antimicrobials potentially harbor enterococci having phenotypic and genotypic characters of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cagnoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
| | - Alessia Di Paolo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Sonia Salvucci
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
| | - Arianna Buccioni
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 18, 50144 Florence, Italy;
| | - Margherita Marzoni Fecia di Cossato
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (G.C.); (A.D.P.); (F.B.); (S.S.); (M.M.F.d.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Tamai S, Suzuki Y. Diversity of Fecal Indicator Enterococci among Different Hosts: Importance to Water Contamination Source Tracking. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2981. [PMID: 38138125 PMCID: PMC10745335 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus spp. are common bacteria present in the intestinal tracts of animals and are used as fecal indicators in aquatic environments. On the other hand, enterococci are also known as opportunistic pathogens. Elucidating their composition in the intestinal tracts of domestic animals can assist in estimating the sources of fecal contamination in aquatic environments. However, information on the species and composition of enterococci in animal hosts (except humans) is still lacking. In this study, enterococci were isolated from the feces of cattle, pigs, birds, and humans using selective media. Enterococcal species were identified using mass spectrometry technology, and each host was characterized by diversity and cluster analysis. The most dominant species were E. hirae in cattle, E. faecium in birds, and E. faecalis in pigs and humans. Cattle had the highest alpha diversity, with high interindividual and livestock farm diversity. The dominant enterococcal species in pigs and humans were identical, and cluster analysis showed that the majority of the two hosts' species clustered together.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yoshihiro Suzuki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan;
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Mudenda S, Bumbangi FN, Yamba K, Munyeme M, Malama S, Mukosha M, Hadunka MA, Daka V, Matafwali SK, Siluchali G, Mainda G, Mukuma M, Hang’ombe BM, Muma JB. Drivers of antimicrobial resistance in layer poultry farming: Evidence from high prevalence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and enterococci in Zambia. Vet World 2023; 16:1803-1814. [PMID: 37859964 PMCID: PMC10583887 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.1803-1814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Inappropriate use of antimicrobials exacerbates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the poultry sector. Information on factors driving AMR in the layer poultry sector is scarce in Zambia. This study examined the drivers of AMR in the layer poultry sector in the Lusaka and Copperbelt Provinces of Zambia. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study employed a structured questionnaire in 77 layer poultry farms in the provinces of Lusaka and Copperbelt, Zambia, from September 2020 to April 2021. Data analysis was conducted using Stata version 16.1. Antimicrobial resistance was defined as the presence of multidrug resistance (MDR) isolates. Multivariable regression analysis was used to identify drivers of AMR. Results In total, 365 samples were collected, from which 339 (92.9%) Escherichia coli and 308 (84.4%) Enterococcus spp. were isolated. Multidrug resistance was identified in 39% of the E. coli and 86% of the Enterococcus spp. The overall prevalence of AMR in layer poultry farms was 51.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 40.3%-63.5%). Large-scale farmers (Adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.04%-0.99%) than small-scale and farmers who were aware of AMR than those who were unaware (AOR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.08%-0.86%) were less likely to experience AMR problems. Conclusion This study found a high prevalence of AMR in layer poultry farming linked to the type of farm management practices and lack of AMR awareness. Evidence of high MDR in our study is of public health concern and requires urgent attention. Educational interventions must increase AMR awareness, especially among small- and medium-scale poultry farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steward Mudenda
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Flavien Nsoni Bumbangi
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Kaunda Yamba
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Musso Munyeme
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sydney Malama
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospitals, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Moses Mukosha
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Victor Daka
- Department of Public Health, Michael Chilufya Sata School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Scott Kaba Matafwali
- Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Godfrey Siluchali
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiological Sciences, Institute of Basic and Biomedical Sciences, Levy Mwanawasa Medical University, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Geoffrey Mainda
- Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, House No. 5 Chaholi, off Addis Ababa drive, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mercy Mukuma
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bernard Mudenda Hang’ombe
- Department of Paraclinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John Bwalya Muma
- Department of Disease Control, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
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Dougnon P, Dougnon V, Legba B, Fabiyi K, Soha A, Koudokpon H, Sintondji K, Deguenon E, Hounmanou G, Quenum C, Aminou T, Lokossou R, Togla I, Boko C, Djossa B, Assogba-komlan F, Baba-moussa L. Antibiotic profiling of multidrug resistant pathogens in one-day-old chicks imported from Belgium to benin. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:17. [PMID: 36670436 PMCID: PMC9862823 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03570-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little data exist on the presence of resistant pathogens in day-old chicks imported into Benin. The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria was assessed in 180 one-day-old chicks imported from Belgium and received at the Cardinal Bernardin Gantin International Airport in Cotonou (Benin). The samples included swabbing the blisters of 180 chicks, followed by 18 pools of 10 swabs for bacterial isolation. Classic bacteriological methods based on Gram staining, culture on specific media and biochemical characterization were used. Antibacterial susceptibility screening to antibiotics was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method, and the results were interpreted according to guidelines from the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). DNA extraction was performed by the heat treatment method. Resistance genes were screened by real-time PCR. RESULTS We isolated 32 bacteria, including Escherichia coli (50%), Enterococcus spp. (28%), and coagulase-negative staphylococci (10%). The isolates were investigated for antibiotic resistance against antibiotics using the disk diffusion method and showed that in the Escherichia coli strains isolated, the highest rate of resistance was obtained against ciprofloxacin (81%), followed by trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole (62%). Enterobacter cloacae was sensitive to all the antibiotics tested. Pseudomonas spp. resistant to amoxicillin and trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole was noted. The SulII gene was found in all cloacal samples, while the SulI and blaTEM genes were present at 44.44% and 16.67%, respectively. CONCLUSION This study confirms that imported day-old chicks can be a potential source of dissemination of resistant bacteria in poultry production. A system for immediate detection of resistant bacteria in chicks upon arrival in the country is thus needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philibert Dougnon
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Victorien Dougnon
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Boris Legba
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Kafayath Fabiyi
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Arnaud Soha
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Hornel Koudokpon
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Kevin Sintondji
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Esther Deguenon
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Gildas Hounmanou
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | | | - Taératou Aminou
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Richard Lokossou
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Innocent Togla
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Cyrille Boko
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Communicable Diseases Research Unit, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Bruno Djossa
- Forestry and Bioresource Conservation Research Unit, School of Tropical Forestry, National University of Agriculture, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Françoise Assogba-komlan
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Research Unit in Applied Microbiology and Pharmacology of Natural Substances, Research Laboratory in Applied Biology, Polytechnic School of Abomey-Calavi, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
| | - Lamine Baba-moussa
- grid.412037.30000 0001 0382 0205Laboratory of Biology and Molecular Typing in Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University of Abomey-Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Benin
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Effect of Brachiaria decumbens as a novel supplementation on the production performance of broiler chickens. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:386. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03384-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Effects of late incubation temperature and moment of first post-hatch feed access on neonatal broiler development, temperature preference, and stress response. Poult Sci 2022; 101:102088. [PMID: 36055023 PMCID: PMC9449862 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early life experiences are known to be of great importance for later life. For instance, exposure to stress during early life can increase fearfulness at later age. In broilers, delayed feeding after hatch may cause metabolic stress. Besides, delayed feeding after hatch may affect neonatal broiler development and thermogenesis and consequently preferred ambient temperature. Moreover, these effects of feeding strategy may be dependent on late incubation temperature. To study this, eggs (n = 1,338) from a 54-wk-old Ross broiler breeder flock were incubated at 37.8°C (control) or 36.7°C (lower) eggshell temperature (EST) during late incubation (≥ embryonic d 17). At hatch, two feeding strategies were applied (direct access (early feeding) or 51 to 54 h delayed access (delayed feeding)). Broilers (n = 960) were equally divided over 32 pens and grown for 3 wk. Stress was assessed by determination of corticosterone in blood at 0 h, 48 h, 96 h and d 21 after hatch. Fearfulness was assessed by tonic immobility at d 13. Temperature preference was assessed at d 2 and d 12. Broiler development was determined at 0 h, 48 h, and 96 h after hatch. There was no EST × feeding strategy interaction for any parameter (P ≥ 0.07). Early feeding resulted in a 2.5× lower plasma corticosterone concentration at 48 h (P < 0.01) and a 2.2°C and 2.0°C lower preference temperature for d 2 and d 12 respectively (P = 0.01) compared to delayed feeding. Tonic immobility was not affected. In conclusion, early feeding reduces exposure to stress in the short term and stimulates thermoregulatory ability of broilers in the longer term.
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Exposure of embryonating eggs to Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli potentiates E. coli pathogenicity and increases mortality of neonatal chickens. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101983. [PMID: 35793601 PMCID: PMC9260295 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci and Escherichia coli are opportunistic pathogens of poultry and are associated with embryo and neonatal chick mortality. We have recently demonstrated that 56% of dead broiler chicken embryos in commercial hatcheries in western Canada were due to the coinfection of Enterococcus species and E. coli. The objective of this study was to investigate the host-pathogen interactions of Enterococcus faecalis and E. coli in developing chicken embryos. Embryonating eggs at 12 d of incubation were dipped in a solution of E. faecalis and/or E. coli for 30 s to expose the eggshell to study the migration and colonization of E. faecalis and E. coli in the internal organs of chicken embryos and subsequent neonatal chicken mortality following hatch. A multidrug-resistant E. faecalis isolate from a dead chicken embryo and an E. faecalis isolate from a case of yolk sac infection were able to colonize the internal organs of chicken embryos rapidly compared to an E. faecalis isolate from a healthy chicken without affecting viability or hatchability of embryos. Although E. faecalis colonized internal organs of chicken embryos, no evidence of inflammation of these organs nor the expression of virulence genes of E. faecalis was observed. Although E. faecalis and E. coli alone did not affect the viability of embryos, a significantly high neonatal chicken mortality (27%) was observed following exposure of embryos to both E. faecalis and E. coli. Upregulation of IL-1 and CXCR4 was evident 48 h before peak mortality of neonatal chickens; this could suggest a possible link of cytokine dysregulation to increased mortality in coinfected neonatal chickens. However, further studies are warranted to investigate this issue vis-à-vis coinfection with E. faecalis and E. coli in chicken embryos and neonatal chickens.
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10
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Nielsen SS, Bicout DJ, Calistri P, Canali E, Drewe JA, Garin‐Bastuji B, Gonzales Rojas JL, Gortázar C, Herskin M, Michel V, Miranda Chueca MÁ, Padalino B, Pasquali P, Roberts HC, Spoolder H, Ståhl K, Velarde A, Viltrop A, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Kohnle L, Alvarez J. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): antimicrobial-resistant Enterococcus faecalis in poultry. EFSA J 2022; 20:e07127. [PMID: 35228848 PMCID: PMC8859914 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) was identified among the most relevant antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria in the EU for poultry in a previous scientific opinion. Thus, it has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on its eligibility to be listed, Annex IV for its categorisation according to disease prevention and control rules as in Article 9 and Article 8 for listing animal species related to the bacterium. The assessment has been performed following a methodology previously published. The outcome is the median of the probability ranges provided by the experts, which indicates whether each criterion is fulfilled (lower bound ≥ 66%) or not (upper bound ≤ 33%), or whether there is uncertainty about fulfilment. Reasoning points are reported for criteria with uncertain outcome. According to the assessment here performed, it is uncertain whether AMR E. faecalis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention according to Article 5 of the AHL (33-66% probability). According to the criteria in Annex IV, for the purpose of categorisation related to the level of prevention and control as in Article 9 of the AHL, the AHAW Panel concluded that the bacterium does not meet the criteria in Sections 1, 2 and 4 (Categories A, B and D; 0-5%, 5-10% and 1-10% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively) and the AHAW Panel is uncertain whether it meets the criteria in Sections 3 and 5 (Categories C and E, 33-66% and 33-66% probability of meeting the criteria, respectively). The animal species to be listed for AMR E. faecalis according to Article 8 criteria are mostly birds of the orders Galliformes and Anseriformes, but also mammals and reptiles can serve as reservoirs.
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11
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Lanza IP, Silva GR, Menezes LDM, Assis DCS, Figueiredo HCP, Lana AMQ, Lara LJC, Figueiredo TC, Souza MR, Cançado SV. Research Note: Antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterococcus spp. isolated from the eggshell of laying hens submitted to pharmacological treatment. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101606. [PMID: 34936959 PMCID: PMC8704481 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms isolated from eggshells, especially Enterococcus, might serve as a parameter to assess the selection of bacteria due to the use of drugs in the diet of laying hens. In order to evaluate the frequency and the antimicrobial resistance profile of Enterococcus spp. isolated from the eggshells, 225 Hy-line laying hens were submitted to a 25-d long trial. The treatments were the following: hens fed ration without antimicrobials (control) and groups that received oxytetracycline (10 mg kg−1), doxycycline (20 mg kg−1), lincomycin (50 mg kg−1), and enrofloxacin (10 mg kg−1) in the ration for 5 d. Six replications were analyzed per treatment, composed of a pool of 5 eggs each. They were collected before treatment and on days 3, 6, 15, and 25, totaling 150 samples. Eggshells were submitted to counts of Enterococcus spp., which were identified by proteomic analyses. Antimicrobial resistance was determined by the disk-diffusion test. It was observed that 97.3% (n = 146) of the samples were contaminated with Enterococcus spp. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in the bacterial counts between treatments on the same day of evaluation. E. faecalis and E. faecium were the most frequent on the eggshells of all treatments. Multiresistance to the four classes of antimicrobials was also verified in the isolated bacteria. A total of 83% of the Enterococcus isolates showed resistance to neomycin, which was not administered to the hens, demonstrating an environmental problem. Thus, feeding laying hens with diets added with antimicrobials induces drug resistance in Enterococcus spp., isolated form the eggshells.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Lanza
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil
| | - G R Silva
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply, Belo Horizonte, 30380-103, Brazil
| | - L D M Menezes
- Minas Gerais Agricultural Institute, Belo Horizonte, 31630-901, Brazil
| | - D C S Assis
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil
| | - H C P Figueiredo
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil
| | - A M Q Lana
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil
| | - L J C Lara
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil
| | - T C Figueiredo
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil
| | - M R Souza
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil
| | - S V Cançado
- Veterinary School, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30123-970, Brazil.
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12
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Stępień-Pyśniak D, Hauschild T, Dec M, Marek A, Brzeski M, Kosikowska U. Antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity of Enterococcus faecalis from yolk sac infections in broiler chicks. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101491. [PMID: 34695638 PMCID: PMC8554262 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite restrictions on the use of antibiotics in poultry, the percentage of multidrug resistant bacteria, isolated from both adult birds and chicks, remains high. These bacteria can spread between countries via hatching eggs or chicks. Antibiotic resistant bacteria can also pose a threat to hatchery and farm workers or to consumers of poultry. The aim of the study was to perform a phenotypic and genotypic analysis of the drug resistance of E. faecalis isolates from yolk sac infections in broiler chicks from Poland and the Netherlands and to determine their genetic diversity. The tests revealed resistance to antibiotics from category D, that is, tetracycline (69.7%); category C – lincomycin (98.7%), erythromycin (51.3%), aminoglycosides (high-level streptomycin and kanamycin resistance – 10.5% and 3.95%, respectively), and chloramphenicol (7.9%); and category B – ciprofloxacin (25% with resistance or intermediate resistance). No resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, high-level gentamicin, tigecycline, or linezolid was noted. Various combinations of the erm(B), tet(M), tet(L), tet(O), ant(6)-Ia, aph(3′)-IIIa, ant(4′)-Ia, cat, and msr(A/B) genes were detected in all isolates (irrespective of the drug-resistance phenotype). Among isolates that carried the tet(M) and/or the tet(L) gene, 28% also had the Int-Tn gene, in contrast with isolates possessing tet(O). There were 28 sequence types and 43 PFGE restriction patterns. About 60% of isolates were of sequences types ST59, ST16, ST116, ST282, ST36, and ST82. Nine new sequence types were shown (ST836-ST844). In conclusion, broiler chicks can be a source of drug-resistant sequence types of E. faecalis that are potentially hazardous for people and animals. Restrictive programs for antibiotic use in broiler breeding flocks should be developed to decrease drug resistance in day-old chicks and reduce economic losses during rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmara Stępień-Pyśniak
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, 20-612 Poland.
| | - Tomasz Hauschild
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Białystok, 15-245 Poland
| | - Marta Dec
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, 20-612 Poland
| | - Agnieszka Marek
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, 20-612 Poland
| | - Michał Brzeski
- Veterinary Cabinet - Brzeski and partners, Giżycko, 11-500 Poland
| | - Urszula Kosikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University in Lublin, Lublin, 20-093 Poland
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13
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Semedo-Lemsaddek T, Bettencourt Cota J, Ribeiro T, Pimentel A, Tavares L, Bernando F, Oliveira M. Resistance and virulence distribution in enterococci isolated from broilers reared in two farming systems. Ir Vet J 2021; 74:22. [PMID: 34416919 PMCID: PMC8379790 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-021-00201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The impact of enterococci in human health has been growing for the last decades, mainly due to their resistance to several antimicrobial agents. Human consumption of contaminated meat, especially poultry, has been identified as a possible route of transmission. The aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence genes of enterococci isolated from Portuguese conventional and free-range broiler farms. Results Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed high frequencies of resistance to tetracycline in both farming systems. Resistance to erythromycin and gentamicin were detected in about half of the isolates. Resistance to penicillin was the less frequently observed and no vancomycin resistant isolates were identified. The majority of the enterococcal isolates, from either farming systems, were resistant to more than one antibiotic, and no statistical associations were found, except for penicillin resistance which associated with the genetic clusters. No differences were found between farming systems regarding the prevalence of tet(M), erm(B), aac (6′)-Ie-aph (2″)-Ia and pbp5 genes, nevertheless pbp5 prevalence was associated with the different genetic clusters. Hemolytic activity was identified in 26.47% of all isolates and gelatinase activity in 50%. The gelE gene was identified in the majority of the isolates, whereas esp and agg genes were rarely detected. The cylA determinant was not detected in any of the isolates. Conclusions Overall, results suggest that similar resistance patterns and virulence genes can be found in both farming systems, though enterococci in free-range conditions should be less prone to acquire further resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Semedo-Lemsaddek
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - João Bettencourt Cota
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tânia Ribeiro
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Amélia Pimentel
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Tavares
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fernando Bernando
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Oliveira
- CIISA-Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisbon, Portugal
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Alghirani MM, Chung ELT, Sabri DSM, Tahir MNJM, Kassim NA, Kamalludin MH, Nayan N, Jesse FFA, Sazili AQ, Loh TC. Can Yucca schidigera Be Used to Enhance the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Gut Histomorphology, Cecal Microflora, Carcass Characteristic, and Meat Quality of Commercial Broilers Raised under Tropical Conditions? Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2276. [PMID: 34438734 PMCID: PMC8388359 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to study the effect of Yucca shidigera as a phytobiotic supplementation in enhancing the production performance of commercial broilers reared under tropical environments. A total of 300 male day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated into six treatment groups. Treatment 1 broilers were fed with commercial diets without antibiotics. Treatment 2 broilers were fed with commercial diets added with 100 mg/kg oxytetracycline antibiotic. Treatment 3, 4, 5, and 6 were fed with the same commercial diets added with 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg Y. shidigera, respectively, without antibiotic. Throughout the six weeks study period, body weight and feed intake were recorded weekly for each replicate to calculate the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. In addition, the nutrient digestibility, gut histomorphology, cecal microflora population, carcass characteristics, and meat quality were determined. The results showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in the growth performance, apparent ileal nutrient digestibility, gut histomorphology, carcass traits, and meat quality. Overall, T6 broilers supplemented with 100 mg/kg Y. shidigera demonstrated the best production performances as compared to the other treatment broilers. In summary, information from this study will be valuable for the usability of Y. schidigera, which could be developed as a feed additive to replace antibiotics in the poultry sector in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M. Alghirani
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (D.S.M.S.); (M.N.J.M.T.); (M.H.K.); (N.N.); (A.Q.S.); (T.C.L.)
| | - Eric Lim Teik Chung
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (D.S.M.S.); (M.N.J.M.T.); (M.H.K.); (N.N.); (A.Q.S.); (T.C.L.)
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Danial Shah Mohd Sabri
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (D.S.M.S.); (M.N.J.M.T.); (M.H.K.); (N.N.); (A.Q.S.); (T.C.L.)
| | - Muhammad Nasir Jalaluddin Mohd Tahir
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (D.S.M.S.); (M.N.J.M.T.); (M.H.K.); (N.N.); (A.Q.S.); (T.C.L.)
| | - Nafeesa Abu Kassim
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mamat Hamidi Kamalludin
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (D.S.M.S.); (M.N.J.M.T.); (M.H.K.); (N.N.); (A.Q.S.); (T.C.L.)
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Nazri Nayan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (D.S.M.S.); (M.N.J.M.T.); (M.H.K.); (N.N.); (A.Q.S.); (T.C.L.)
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Awis Qurni Sazili
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (D.S.M.S.); (M.N.J.M.T.); (M.H.K.); (N.N.); (A.Q.S.); (T.C.L.)
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Teck Chwen Loh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.A.); (D.S.M.S.); (M.N.J.M.T.); (M.H.K.); (N.N.); (A.Q.S.); (T.C.L.)
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
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15
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Reynolds DL, Loy JD. Decrease in Hatchability of Pheasant Eggs Associated with Enterococcus faecalis. Avian Dis 2021; 64:517-521. [PMID: 33570100 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d20-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A game bird producer in the North Central region of the United States submitted unhatched ring-neck pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) eggs for diagnostic evaluation. The submitting complaint was a drastic drop in hatchability. This operation has its own breeder birds that are housed in outside pens. This hatch occurred in the latter third of the production cycle. Typical hatchability for this operation is around 75% (± 3%). The hatchability of this hatch was between 14%-15%. Approximately 30,000 eggs were set with an expected hatchability of about 23,000 birds. The number of birds from this hatch was less than 4500, with a net loss approaching 20,000 chicks. All unhatched eggs submitted were in late stage development. The chick embryos had pipped through the shell but died before hatching. Approximately 5000 eggs originating from an outside breeder source were also set at the same time in the same machines and experienced a normal hatch. The exterior surfaces of the eggshells of the unhatched eggs experiencing low hatchability were swabbed and submitted for bacteriologic evaluation. Additionally, embryos from some of the unhatched eggs were removed aseptically from their eggshells, and their internal organs were harvested and submitted for bacteriologic evaluation. The bacteriology results identified no pathogenic bacteria from the eggshells. However, the embryo samples revealed large quantities of Enterococcus faecalis. In discussions with the producer, the only factor identified was an unusually warm period followed by an atypically cold and wet period during the time of egg collection for those eggs experiencing low hatchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Reynolds
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 East Campus Loop North, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907
| | - J Dustin Loy
- Nebraska Veterinary Diagnostic Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 4040 East Campus Loop North, Lincoln, NE 68583-0907
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16
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Christensen H, Bachmeier J, Bisgaard M. New strategies to prevent and control avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). Avian Pathol 2021; 50:370-381. [PMID: 33146543 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1845300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) infections are associated with major economical losses and decreased animal welfare. In broiler production, APEC infections have traditionally been controlled by antibiotics, resulting in an increased prevalence of antibiotic-resistant E. coli. Concerns have been raised that transfer of antibiotic-resistant APEC via the food chain may result in risks for extra-intestinal infection of humans related to zoonotic transfer and increased difficulties in the treatment of human infections caused APEC-related E. coli types. In this review, the risks associated with APEC are presented based on new knowledge on transmission, virulence and antibiotic resistance of APEC. A major new change in our understanding of APEC is the high degree of genuine vertical transfer of APEC from parents to offspring. A new strategy for controlling APEC, including control of antibiotic-resistant APEC, has to focus on limiting vertical transfer from parents to offspring, and subsequent horizontal transmission within and between flocks and farms, by using all-in-all-out production systems and implementing a high level of biosecurity. Vaccination and the use of competitive exclusion are important tools to be considered. A specific reduction of antibiotic-resistant APEC can be obtained by implementing culling strategies, only allowing the use of antibiotics in cases where animal welfare is threatened. Strategies to reduce APEC, including antibiotic-resistant APEC, need to be implemented in the whole production pyramid, but it has to start at the very top of the production pyramid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Christensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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17
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18
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León-Sampedro R, Del Campo R, Rodriguez-Baños M, Lanza VF, Pozuelo MJ, Francés-Cuesta C, Tedim AP, Freitas AR, Novais C, Peixe L, Willems RJL, Corander J, González Candelas F, Baquero F, Coque TM. Phylogenomics of Enterococcus faecalis from wild birds: new insights into host-associated differences in core and accessory genomes of the species. Environ Microbiol 2019; 21:3046-3062. [PMID: 31162871 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Wild birds have been suggested to be reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant and/or pathogenic Enterococcus faecalis (Efs) strains, but the scarcity of studies and available sequences limit our understanding of the population structure of the species in these hosts. Here, we analysed the clonal and plasmid diversity of 97 Efs isolates from wild migratory birds. We found a high diversity, with most sequence types (STs) being firstly described here, while others were found in other hosts including some predominant in poultry. We found that pheromone-responsive plasmids predominate in wild bird Efs while 35% of the isolates entirely lack plasmids. Then, to better understand the ecology of the species, the whole genome of fivestrains with known STs (ST82, ST170, ST16 and ST55) were sequenced and compared with all the Efs genomes available in public databases. Using several methods to analyse core and accessory genomes (AccNET, PLACNET, hierBAPS and PANINI), we detected differences in the accessory genome of some lineages (e.g. ST82) demonstrating specific associations with birds. Conversely, the genomes of other Efs lineages exhibited divergence in core and accessory genomes, reflecting different adaptive trajectories in various hosts. This pangenome divergence, horizontal gene transfer events and occasional epidemic peaks could explain the population structure of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo León-Sampedro
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Del Campo
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rodriguez-Baños
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Val F Lanza
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Pozuelo
- Department of Biology, Pharmacy Faculty, University San Pablo-CEU, Boadilla del Monte, Spain
| | - Carlos Francés-Cuesta
- Infection and Public Health Unit, FISABIO/University of Valencia, Spain.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, I2SysBio, CSIC-University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana P Tedim
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana R Freitas
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Laboratory, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Novais
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Laboratory, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Peixe
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Laboratory, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rob J L Willems
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jukka Corander
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fernando González Candelas
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain.,Infection and Public Health Unit, FISABIO/University of Valencia, Spain.,Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, I2SysBio, CSIC-University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Baquero
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain.,Antibiotic Resistance and Bacterial Virulence Unit Associated with the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa M Coque
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital Ramón y Cajal, Ramón y Cajal Health Research Institute (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center for Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBER-ESP), Madrid, Spain.,Antibiotic Resistance and Bacterial Virulence Unit Associated with the Superior Council of Scientific Investigations (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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19
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Bain MM, Zheng J, Zigler M, Whenham N, Quinlan-Pluck F, Jones AC, Roberts M, Icken W, Olori VE, Dunn IC. Cuticle deposition improves the biosecurity of eggs through the laying cycle and can be measured on hatching eggs without compromising embryonic development. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1775-1784. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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20
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Kim MC, Woo GJ. Characterization of antimicrobial resistance and quinolone resistance factors in high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolates obtained from fresh produce and fecal samples of patients. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2017; 97:2858-2864. [PMID: 27790716 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant enterococci is worldwide. Antimicrobial resistance was characterized and the effect of quinolone-resistance factors was analyzed in high-level ciprofloxacin-resistant (HLCR) Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium isolated from fresh produce and fecal samples of patients. RESULTS Among the 81 ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterococcus isolates, 46 showed high levels of ciprofloxacin resistance, resistance to other quinolone antibiotics, and multidrug resistance profiles. The virulence factors esp and hyl were identified in 27 (58.7%) and 25 (54.3%) of isolates, respectively. Sequence type analysis showed that 35 strains of HLCR E. faecium were clonal complex 17. Eleven strains of HLCR E. faecalis were confirmed as sequence type (ST) 28, ST 64 and ST 125. Quinolone resistance-determining region mutation was identified in HLCR Enterococcus isolates; with serine being changed in gyrA83, gyrA87 and parC80. This result shows that gyrA and parC mutations could be important factors for high-level resistance to fluoroquinolones. CONCLUSION No significant differences were observed in antimicrobial resistance patterns and genetic characteristics among the isolates from fresh produce and fecal samples. Therefore, good agricultural practices in farming and continuous monitoring of patients, food and the environment for Enterococcus spp. should be performed to prevent antimicrobial resistance and enable reduction of resistance rates. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Chan Kim
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Evaluation, Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Jo Woo
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Evaluation, Department of Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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21
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Poulsen LL, Thøfner I, Bisgaard M, Christensen JP, Olsen RH, Christensen H. Longitudinal study of transmission of Escherichia coli from broiler breeders to broilers. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:13-18. [PMID: 28757012 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is of major importance in industrial broiler production as the main cause of salpingitis and peritonitis in broiler breeders. Furthermore E. coli is the most common cause of first week mortality in broiler chickens. The aim of the present study was to investigate the transmission of E. coli, isolated from broiler breeders with salpingitis, to the progeny and the possibility of subsequent first week mortality. Four parent flocks were followed during the whole production period (20-60 weeks) by post mortem and bacteriological examination of randomly selected dead birds. Newly hatched chickens from each flock were swabbed in the cloaca on four occasions (parent age 30, 40, 50, 60 weeks) and E. coli was isolated. Causes of first week mortality were determined pathologically and bacteriologically. E. coli isolates from parents, newly hatched chickens and first week mortality were selected for Pulsed-Field-Gel-Electrophoresis (PFGE) and Multi-Locus-Sequence-Typing (MLST) to determine their clonal relationships. E. coli was the main cause of both salpingitis in parents and first week mortality in broilers, and E. coli dominated the bacterial flora of the cloaca of newly hatched chickens. PFGE of E. coli showed identical band patterns in isolates from the three different sources indicating a transmission of E. coli from parent birds to chickens. In conclusion, E. coli isolated from salpingitis in broiler parents were found to be transmitted to broilers in which some sequence types contributed to the first week mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Ladefoged Poulsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 4, DK, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Ida Thøfner
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 4, DK, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Peter Christensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 4, DK, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Rikke Heidemann Olsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 4, DK, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Henrik Christensen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Stigbøjlen 4, DK, 1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Jørgensen S, Poulsen L, Thorndal L, Ronaghinia A, Bisgaard M, Christensen H. Characterization ofEnterococcus faecalisisolated from the cloaca of ‘fancy breeds’ and confined chickens. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1149-1158. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S.L. Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - L.L. Poulsen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - L. Thorndal
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration; Vejle Denmark
| | - A.A. Ronaghinia
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
| | | | - H. Christensen
- Department of Veterinary Disease Biology; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg Denmark
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Ushida K, Segawa T, Tsuchida S, Murata K. Cecal bacterial communities in wild Japanese rock ptarmigans and captive Svalbard rock ptarmigans. J Vet Med Sci 2015; 78:251-7. [PMID: 26468217 PMCID: PMC4785114 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation of indigenous gastrointestinal microbiota is deemed to be critical for successful captive breeding of endangered wild animals, yet its biology is poorly understood. Here, we investigated cecal bacterial communities in wild Japanese rock ptarmigans (Lagopus muta japonica) and compared them with those in Svalbard rock ptarmigans (L. m. hyperborea) in captivity. Ultra-deep sequencing of 16S rRNA gene indicated that the community structure of cecal microbiota in wild rock ptarmigans was remarkably different from that in captive Svalbard rock ptarmigans. Fundamental differences between bacterial communities in the two groups of birds were detected at the phylum level. Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Synergistetes were the major phyla detected in wild Japanese rock ptarmigans, whereas Firmicutes alone occupied more than 80% of abundance in captive Svalbard rock ptarmigans. Furthermore, unclassified genera of Coriobacteriaceae, Synergistaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Actinomycetaceae, Veillonellaceae and Clostridiales were the major taxa detected in wild individuals, whereas in zoo-reared birds, major genera were Ruminococcus, Blautia, Faecalibacterium and Akkermansia. Zoo-reared birds seemed to lack almost all rock ptarmigan-specific bacteria in their intestine, which may explain the relatively high rate of pathogenic infections affecting them. We show evidence that preservation and reconstitution of indigenous cecal microflora are critical for successful ex situ conservation and future re-introduction plan for the Japanese rock ptarmigan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunari Ushida
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, Shimogamo Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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Tremblay CL, Archambault M. Interference in pheromone-responsive conjugation of a high-level bacitracin resistant Enterococcus faecalis plasmid of poultry origin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:4245-60. [PMID: 24030654 PMCID: PMC3799527 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10094245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current study reports on contact interference of a high-level bacitracin- resistant pheromone-responsive plasmid of Enterococcus faecalis strain 543 of poultry origin during conjugative transfer of bcr antimicrobial resistance genes using a polyclonal antiserum aggregation substance44–560 (AS). After induction with pheromones produced by the recipient strain E. faecalis JH2-2, clumping of the donor E. faecalis strain 543 was observed as well as high transfer frequencies of bcr in short time broth mating. Filter mating assays from donor strain E. faecalis 543 to the recipient strain E. faecalis JH2-2 revealed conjugative transfer of asa1 (AS), bcrRAB and traB (negative regulator pheromone response) genes. The presence of these genes in transconjugants was confirmed by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, PCR, Southern hybridization and sequencing. A significant reduction in formation of aggregates was observed when the polyclonal anti-AS44–560 was added in the pheromone-responsive conjugation experiments as compared to the induced state. Moreover, interference of anti-AS44–560 antibodies in pheromone-responsive conjugation was demonstrated by a reduction in horizontal transfer of asa1 and bcr genes between E. faecalis strain 543 and E. faecalis JH2-2. Reducing the pheromone-responsive conjugation of E. faecalis is of interest because of its clinical importance in the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy-Love Tremblay
- GREMIP research group, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte Street, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 7C6, Canada.
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