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Shao P, Dong S, Mu LT, Han L, Lv CN, Yuan JZ, Lu JC. Two new anti-inflammatory compounds from the roots and rhizomes of Clematis terniflora var . manshurica (Rupr.) Ohwi. Nat Prod Res 2024; 38:1874-1881. [PMID: 37395431 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2227912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Two new compounds named mandshurica A (1) and mandshurica B (2), together with four known lignans (3-6) were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Clematis terniflora var. manshurica (Rupr.) Ohwi. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory activity of compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated against lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed significant inhibitory effect on NO production, and compound 2 exhibited obvious inhibition on the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α. Both new compounds showed potential anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Shao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Authentication of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
- Research and Development Center, NERC for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Benxi, China
| | - Sheng Dong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Authentication of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lin-Tong Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Authentication of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Han
- Research and Development Center, NERC for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Benxi, China
| | - Chong-Ning Lv
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Authentication of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiu-Zhi Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Authentication of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin-Cai Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Authentication of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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Wang XN, Xia WR, Liu JQ, Sun FY, Zhong ZJ, Liu LF, Xin GZ. Targeting tryptophan metabolism reveals Clematichinenoside AR alleviates triptolide-induced hepatotoxicity. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 208:114461. [PMID: 34775190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Liver toxicity induced by Triptolide (TP) has limited its clinical application on rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Saponins have been proved as an efficacious remedy to mitigate hepatotoxicity. However, the mechanism of reducing hepatotoxicity by saponins intervention remains incompletely characterized. Tryptophan (Trp) metabolites activate transcriptional regulators to mediate host detoxification responses. Our study aimed to investigate whether Clematichinenoside AR (C-AR) could attenuate TP-induced liver damage by regulating Trp metabolism. We used targeted metabolomics to quantify Trp metabolites in the serum and liver samples of collagen-induced arthritis rats treated by TP. Multiple comparison analyses helped the evaluation of promising biomarkers. The pronounced changed levels of Trp, indole acetic acid, and indole-3-carboxaldehyde in the serum and indole acetic acid, indole, and tryptamine in the liver are relevant to TP-induced liver injury. Intervention with C-AR could relieve TP-induced hepatotoxicity evidenced by ameliorative serum parameters and hepatic histology. In addition, C-AR regulated the levels of these indoles biomarker candidates to normal. Therapeutic modulation with natural compounds might be a useful clinical strategy to ameliorate toxicity induced by TP. Deciphering Trp metabolism will facilitate a better understanding of the pathogenesis of diseases and drug responding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
| | - Wen-Rui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jian-Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 818 Xingwan Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China.
| | - Fang-Yuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhu-Jun Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
| | - Gui-Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, No. 24 Tongjia Lane, Nanjing, China.
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Lin TF, Wang L, Zhang Y, Zhang JH, Zhou DY, Fang F, Liu L, Liu B, Jiang YY. Uses, chemical compositions, pharmacological activities and toxicology of Clematidis Radix et Rhizome- a Review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 270:113831. [PMID: 33476714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.113831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Clematis chinensis Osbeck (C. chinensis), Clematis hexapetala Pall (C. hexapetala) and Clematis terniflora var. mandshurica Rupr (C. mandshurica) are collectively referred to as Clematidis Radix et Rhizome (CRR) in China. CRR is widely distributed in China, which is used as a traditional Chinese medicine to treat rheumatic arthralgia, limb numbness, tendon constriction and inconvenience in flexion and extension. AIMS OF THIS REVIEW This review systematically summarized the research progress on uses, chemical components, pharmacological activities and toxicology of CRR, listed the chemical structures of main compounds for clarifying the differences in chemical compositions. Meanwhile, the review will provide a theoretical and practical basis for the further research and development of CRR. MATERIALS AND METHODS The available information on CRR was collected using published materials and electronic databases, including ancient and modern books, Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Ph.D. and M. Sc. dissertations, CNKI, SciFinder, WanFang data, PubMed, ScienceDirect and Web of Science. The starting and ending years of references is 1965-2020, the search strategy was conducted by key words such as uses, chemical components, pharmacology and toxicology of CRR. RESULTS Up to now, CRR has been used to treat various diseases/disorders, such as relieving rheumatism pain, treating cervical spondylopathy and scapulohumeral periarthritis, treating hepatic carcinoma and gastrointestinal, etc. In addition, more than 200 compounds have been isolated from the three plant species of Clematidis. Moreover, the crude extracts and isolated compounds of CRR have been reported to have a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities, etc. Toxicity studies have shown that CRR can cause oral burning, swelling, abdominal pain or severe diarrhea, difficulty breathing, dilated pupils, renal tissue structural changes, and severe death. CONCLUSIONS Researches in recent years mainly focused on C. chinensis and C. mandshurica, while there are a few reports on the pharmacological studies of C. hexapetala. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research on C. hexapetala. Meanwhile, it is important to pay attention to pursue research on the similarities and differences between the three plant species of Clematidis to find their respective advantages and make rational use of CRR. In addition, there is no report on the mechanism of toxicity research, which needs more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Feng Lin
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jin-Hua Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - De-Yong Zhou
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Fang Fang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Yan-Yan Jiang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Clematichinenoside Facilitates Recovery of Neurological and Motor Function in Rats after Cerebral Ischemic Injury through Inhibiting Notch/NF-κB Pathway. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2019; 28:104288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Li R, Guo LX, Li Y, Chang WQ, Liu JQ, Liu LF, Xin GZ. Dose-response characteristics of Clematis triterpenoid saponins and clematichinenoside AR in rheumatoid arthritis rats by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry-based serum and urine metabolomics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 136:81-91. [PMID: 28064091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma is a traditional Chinese medicine widely used for treating arthritic disease. Clematis triterpenoid saponins (TS) and clematichinenoside AR (C-AR) have been considered to be responsible for its antiarthritic effects. However, the underling mechanism is still unclear because of their low bioavailability. To address of this issue, metabolomics tools were performed to determine metabolic variations associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and responses to Clematis TS, C-AR and positive drug (Triptolide, TP) treatments. This metabolomics investigation of RA was conducted in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) rats. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical tools were used to identify the alteration of serum and urine metabolites associated with RA and responses to drug treatment. As a result, 45 potential metabolites associated with RA were identified. After treatment, a total of 24 biomarkers were regulated to normal like levels. Among these, PC(18:0/20:4), 9,11-octadecadienoic acid, arachidonic acid, 1-methyladenosine, valine, hippuric acid and pantothenic acid etc, were reversed in Clematis TS and C-AR groups. Tetrahydrocortisol was regulated to normal levels in Clematis TS and TP groups, while 3,7,12-trihydroxycholan-24-oic acid was regulated in C-AR and TP groups. Biomarkers like citric acid, p-cresol glucuronide, creatinine, cortolone were reversed in TP group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lin-Xiu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen-Qi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jian-Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 818 Xingwan Road, Nanchang 330004, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Gui-Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Li Y, Zheng JY, Liu JQ, Yang J, Liu Y, Wang C, Ma XN, Liu BL, Xin GZ, Liu LF. Succinate/NLRP3 Inflammasome Induces Synovial Fibroblast Activation: Therapeutical Effects of Clematichinenoside AR on Arthritis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:532. [PMID: 28003810 PMCID: PMC5141240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clematichinenoside AR (C-AR) is a triterpene saponin isolated from the root of Clematis manshurica Rupr., which is a herbal medicine used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of arthritis. C-AR exerts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, but little is known about its action in the suppression of fibroblast activation. Low oxygen tension and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) induction in the synovium contribute to fibrosis in arthritis. This study was designed to investigate the effect of C-AR on synovial fibrosis from the aspects of hypoxic TGF-β1 and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α (HIF-1α) induction. In the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rats, hypoxic TGF-β1 induction increased succinate accumulation due to the reversal of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activation and induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a manner dependent on HIF-1α induction. In response to NLRP3 inflammasome activation, the released IL-1β further increased TGF-β1 induction, suggesting the forward cycle between inflammation and fibrosis in myofibroblast activation. In the synovium of RA rats, C-AR inhibited hypoxic TGF-β1 induction and suppressed succinate-associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting SDH activity, and thereby prevented myofibroblast activation by blocking the cross-talk between inflammation and fibrosis. Taken together, these results showed that succinate worked as a metabolic signaling, linking inflammation with fibrosis through NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings suggested that synovial succinate accumulation and HIF-1α induction might be therapeutical targets for the prevention of fibrosis in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jia-Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jian-Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiao-Nan Ma
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Center of China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Bao-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Gui-Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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Cheng TF, Jia YR, Zuo Z, Dong X, Zhou P, Li P, Li F. Quality assessment of traditional Chinese medicine herb couple by high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry combined with chemometrics. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1223-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao-fang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yu-ran Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Zheng Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Xin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Ping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines; China Pharmaceutical University; Nanjing P. R. China
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Xiong Y, Ma Y, Han W, Kodithuwakku ND, Liu LF, Li FW, Fang WR, Li YM. Clematichinenoside AR induces immunosuppression involving Treg cells in Peyer׳s patches of rats with adjuvant induced arthritis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1306-1314. [PMID: 25063305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Clematichinenoside AR (AR) has been defined as a major active ingredient of triterpenoid saponins extracted from Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma, which is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine that has long been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To further explore the mechanism of AR in the treatment of RA, we investigated whether its immunomodulatory effects are related to Treg-mediated suppression derived from Peyer׳s patches (PPs) in adjuvant induced arthritis (AIA) rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS AR (8, 16, 32 mg/kg) was orally administered daily from Day 18 to Day 31 after immunization. The effect of AR on AIA rats was evaluated by hind paw swelling and histopathological examination. Percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells were determined by flow cytometry. Levels of IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-17A and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Expressions of Foxp3 and RORγ in synovium were detected using immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS AR treatment significantly reduced paw swelling of AIA rats, and histopathological analysis confirmed it could suppress severity of established arthritis. AR treatment upregulated the percentages of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells among CD4+ T cells in PPs lymphocytes, and increased the levels of IL-10 and TGF-β1 secreted from ConA-activated PPs lymphocytes, whereas decreased the levels of IL-17 A and TNF-α. Similar tendency of circulating CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells percentages and serum cytokine levels were observed. Moreover, AR decreased the expression levels of Foxp3 and RORγ in joint synovial membrane. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, these results suggested AR has a potent protective effect on the progression of AIA, probably by augmenting CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Treg cells in PPs to induce immunosuppression, and modulating the balance between Treg cells and Th17 cells systemically. These findings may help to develop AR as a potent immunosuppressive agent for the treatment of RA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Progression
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Freund's Adjuvant
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Joints/drug effects
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/metabolism
- Male
- Peyer's Patches/drug effects
- Peyer's Patches/immunology
- Peyer's Patches/metabolism
- Phytotherapy
- Plants, Medicinal
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Saponins/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Triterpenes/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Nandani Darshika Kodithuwakku
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, the Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicines (Ministry of Education), China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Feng-Wen Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Wei-Rong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
| | - Yun-Man Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, # 24 TongJiaXiang, Nanjing 210009, PR China.
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Lee CW, Park SM, Kim YS, Jegal KH, Lee JR, Cho IJ, Ku SK, Lee JY, Ahn YT, Son Y, Ju SA, Kim SC, An WG. Biomolecular evidence of anti-inflammatory effects by Clematis mandshurica Ruprecht root extract in rodent cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1141-1155. [PMID: 24975194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Clematis mandshurica Ruprecht root is widely used in Asia as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. This research investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Clematis mandshurica Ruprecht root extract (CRE) using RAW 264.7 macrophage cells and carrageenan- (CA-) induced rat paw edema. MATERIALS AND METHODS Production of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the culture supernatant, mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS and COX-2, protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in the extract were assayed. In addition, the effect of CRE on acute inflammation in vivo was observed using CA-induced rat hind paw edema assay. The changes on the histopathology and histomorphometry of hind paw skins-dorsum and ventrum pedis were observed using CA-treated rats. RESULTS Treatment with CRE (0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL) resulted in inhibited levels of protein expression of lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced iNOS, COX-2, NF-κB, and MAPKs (ERK, JNK, and p38) as well as production of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, NO, and PGE2 induced by LPS. Consistent with these results, CRE reduced the LPS-induced expressions of these cytokines, iNOS and COX-2 at the mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, results of the CA-induced rat hind paw edema assay showed an anti-edema effect of CRE. In addition, treatment with CRE resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of CA-induced increases of skin thickness, mast cell degranulation, and infiltrated inflammatory, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS, and COX-2-positive cells in both dorsum and ventrum pedis skin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that CRE exhibits anti-inflammatory activities via decreasing production of pro-inflammatory mediators through suppression of the pathways of NF-κB and MAPKs in LPS-induced macrophage cells. In addition, results of the CA-induced rat hind paw edema assay show an anti-edema effect of CRE. Our findings also support the traditional use of CRE in the inflammatory symptoms of rheumatic arthritis and acute icteric hepatitis. Thus, CRE may have therapeutic potential for a variety of inflammation-mediated diseases and may be developed into potent anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Won Lee
- Institute of Marine BioTechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Mi Park
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Sook Kim
- School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hwan Jegal
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Rok Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Je Cho
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Lee
- Institute of Marine BioTechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Tae Ahn
- Institute of Marine BioTechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghae Son
- Institute of Marine BioTechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong A Ju
- Biomedical Research Center, Ulsan University Hospital, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan, Ulsan 680-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chan Kim
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 712-715, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won G An
- Institute of Marine BioTechnology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea; Division of Pharmacology, School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
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