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Martins JA, Lopes da Silva T, Marques S, Carvalheiro F, Roseiro LB, Duarte LC, Gírio F. The use of flow cytometry to assess Rhodosporidium toruloides NCYC 921 performance for lipid production using Miscanthus sp. hydrolysates. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 30:e00639. [PMID: 34141603 PMCID: PMC8187963 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides NCYC 921 was used for lipid production, using Miscanthus biomass hydrolysate as carbon source. The hydrolysate was obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of Miscanthus biomass (at high solids loading) previously subjected to a hydrothermal pre-treatment. Afterwards R. toruloides was grown on Miscanthus sp. hydrolysate (MH), undiluted and diluted, at the ratios of 1:4 (20 % v/v), 1:2 (33.3 % v/v) and 3:1 (75 % v/v). The best yeast performance was observed for MH 1:2 medium dilution, reaching the maximal biomass concentration of 6.3 g/L, the lipid content of 30.67 % w/w dry cell weight and the lipid concentration of 1.64 g/L. Flow cytometry demonstrated that R. toruloides cell membrane was massively damaged when the yeast was grown on undiluted MH, due to the presence of phenolic compounds; however, when the yeast was grown on diluted MH 1:2 and 1:4, the proportion of intact cells has increased during the yeast cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Alves Martins
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Lopes da Silva
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Marques
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Florbela Carvalheiro
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luísa B. Roseiro
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Luís C. Duarte
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco Gírio
- Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, I.P., Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias, Estrada do Paço do Lumiar 22, 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
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Xu P, Cheng S, Han Y, Zhao D, Li H, Wang Y, Zhang G, Chen C. Natural Variation of Lignocellulosic Components in Miscanthus Biomass in China. Front Chem 2020; 8:595143. [PMID: 33251186 PMCID: PMC7674668 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.595143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulose content is an important factor affecting the conversion efficiency of biomass energy plants. In this study, 179 Miscanthus accessions in China were used to determine the content of lignocellulose components in stems via acid hydrolysis and high-performance liquid chromatography. Results showed that the average lignocellulose content of wild Miscanthus germplasm resources was 80.27 ± 6.51%, and the average content of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extracts, and total ash was 38.38 ± 3.52, 24.23 ± 4.21, 17.66 ± 1.56, 14.50 ± 5.60, and 2.53 ± 0.59%, respectively. The average lignocellulose content of M. sinensis, M. floridulus, M. nudipes, M. sacchariflorus, M. lutarioriparius, and the hybrids was 77.94 ± 6.06, 75.16 ± 4.98, 75.68 ± 3.02, 83.71 ± 4.78, 81.50 ± 5.23, and 74.72 ± 7.13%, respectively. In all the tested materials, the highest cellulose content was 48.52%, and the lowest was 29.79%. Hemicellulose had the maximum content of 34.23% and a minimum content of 15.71%. The highest lignin content was 23.75%, and the lowest was 13.01%. The lignocellulosic components of different ploidy materials were compared. The content of lignocellulosic components of diploid M. sacchariflorus was higher than that of tetraploid M. sacchariflorus, and the content of lignocellulosic components of diploid M. lutarioriparius was lower than that of tetraploid M. lutarioriparius. Analysis of the relationship between the changes in lignocellulosic components and geographical locations of Miscanthus showed that the holocellulose and hemicellulose content was significantly positive correlated with the latitude of the original growth location. Results indicated that the lignocellulosic components of Miscanthus resources in China are rich in genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Senan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yanbin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Dongbo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Hongfei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yancui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Guobin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Cuixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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Milessi TS, Perez CL, Zangirolami TC, Corradini FAS, Sandri JP, Foulquié-Moreno MR, Giordano RC, Thevelein JM, Giordano RLC. Repeated batches as a strategy for high 2G ethanol production from undetoxified hemicellulose hydrolysate using immobilized cells of recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a fixed-bed reactor. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:85. [PMID: 32426034 PMCID: PMC7216711 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for sustainable energy sources has become a worldwide issue, making the development of efficient biofuel production processes a priority. Immobilization of second-generation (2G) xylose-fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains is a promising approach to achieve economic viability of 2G bioethanol production from undetoxified hydrolysates through operation at high cell load and mitigation of inhibitor toxicity. In addition, the use of a fixed-bed reactor can contribute to establish an efficient process because of its distinct advantages, such as high conversion rate per weight of biocatalyst and reuse of biocatalyst. RESULTS This work assessed the influence of alginate entrapment on the tolerance of recombinant S. cerevisiae to acetic acid. Encapsulated GSE16-T18SI.1 (T18) yeast showed an outstanding performance in repeated batch fermentations with cell recycling in YPX medium supplemented with 8 g/L acetic acid (pH 5.2), achieving 10 cycles without significant loss of productivity. In the fixed-bed bioreactor, a high xylose fermentation rate with ethanol yield and productivity values of 0.38 gethanol/gsugars and 5.7 g/L/h, respectively were achieved in fermentations using undetoxified sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate, with and without medium recirculation. CONCLUSIONS The performance of recombinant strains developed for 2G ethanol production can be boosted strongly by cell immobilization in alginate gels. Yeast encapsulation allows conducting fermentations in repeated batch mode in fixed-bed bioreactors with high xylose assimilation rate and high ethanol productivity using undetoxified hemicellulose hydrolysate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais S. Milessi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
- Institute of Natural Resources, Federal University of Itajubá, Av. Benedito Pereira dos Santos, 1303, 37500-903 Itajubá, MG Brazil
| | - Caroline L. Perez
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Teresa C. Zangirolami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Felipe A. S. Corradini
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Juliana P. Sandri
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Maria R. Foulquié-Moreno
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders Belgium
| | - Roberto C. Giordano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
| | - Johan M. Thevelein
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders Belgium
- Center for Microbiology, VIB, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Flanders Belgium
| | - Raquel L. C. Giordano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
- Graduate Program of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Carlos (PPGEQ-UFSCar), Rodovia Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP Brazil
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Abstract
Efficient pretreatment is a prerequisite for lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery due to the structure of lignocellulose. This study is a first-time investigation into the structural changes of Miscanthus biomass treated with 60Co γ-ray irradiation in different doses up to 1200 kGy. The structural properties of the treated sample have been systematically characterized by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), XRD, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), a laser particle size analyzer, SEM, an atomic force microscope (AFM), and NMR. The results show that irradiation treatment can partially destroy the intra- or inter-molecular hydrogen bonds of biomass. Irradiation treatment can also reduce particle size, narrow the distribution range, as well as increase the specific surface area of biomasses. Noticeably, the TGA stability of the treated biomass decreases with increasing absorbed doses. To respond to these structural changes, the treated biomass can be easily hydrolyzed by cellulases with a high yield of reducing sugars (557.58 mg/g biomass), much higher than that of the untreated sample. We conclude that irradiation treatment can damage biomass structure, a promising strategy for biomass biorefinery in the future.
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Figueiredo R, Araújo P, Llerena JPP, Mazzafera P. Suberin and hemicellulose in sugarcane cell wall architecture and crop digestibility: A biotechnological perspective. Food Energy Secur 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Figueiredo
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Pedro Araújo
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Juan Pablo P. Llerena
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Paulo Mazzafera
- Department of Plant Biology Institute of Biology State University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
- Department of Crop Science College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz University of São Paulo Piracicaba Brazil
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da Costa RMF, Pattathil S, Avci U, Winters A, Hahn MG, Bosch M. Desirable plant cell wall traits for higher-quality miscanthus lignocellulosic biomass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:85. [PMID: 31011368 PMCID: PMC6463665 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1426-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass from dedicated energy crops such as Miscanthus spp. is an important tool to combat anthropogenic climate change. However, we still do not exactly understand the sources of cell wall recalcitrance to deconstruction, which hinders the efficient biorefining of plant biomass into biofuels and bioproducts. RESULTS We combined detailed phenotyping, correlation studies and discriminant analyses, to identify key significantly distinct variables between miscanthus organs, genotypes and most importantly, between saccharification performances. Furthermore, for the first time in an energy crop, normalised total quantification of specific cell wall glycan epitopes is reported and correlated with saccharification. CONCLUSIONS In stems, lignin has the greatest impact on recalcitrance. However, in leaves, matrix glycans and their decorations have determinant effects, highlighting the importance of biomass fine structures, in addition to more commonly described cell wall compositional features. The results of our interrogation of the miscanthus cell wall promote the concept that desirable cell wall traits for increased biomass quality are highly dependent on the target biorefining products. Thus, for the development of biorefining ideotypes, instead of a generalist miscanthus variety, more realistic and valuable approaches may come from defining a collection of specialised cultivars, adapted to specific conditions and purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M. F. da Costa
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE UK
- Present Address: Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- Present Address: Mascoma LLC (Lallemand, Inc.), 67 Etna Road, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA
| | - Utku Avci
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- Present Address: Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100 Rize, Turkey
| | - Ana Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE UK
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Rd., Athens, GA 30602-4712 USA
- DOE-BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EE UK
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Kandel R, Yang X, Song J, Wang J. Potentials, Challenges, and Genetic and Genomic Resources for Sugarcane Biomass Improvement. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:151. [PMID: 29503654 PMCID: PMC5821101 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass has become an emerging feedstock for second-generation bioethanol production. Sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrids), a very efficient perennial C4 plant with a high polyploid level and complex genome, is considered a top-notch candidate for biomass production due to its salient features viz. fast growth rate and abilities for high tillering, ratooning, and photosynthesis. Energy cane, an ideal type of sugarcane, has been bred specifically as a biomass crop. In this review, we described (1) biomass potentials of sugarcane and its underlying genetics, (2) challenges associated with biomass improvement such as large and complex genome, narrow gene pool in existing commercial cultivars, long breeding cycle, and non-synchronous flowering, (3) available genetic resources such as germplasm resources, and genomic and cell wall-related databases that facilitate biomass improvement, and (4) mining candidate genes controlling biomass in genomic databases. We extensively reviewed databases for biomass-related genes and their usefulness in biofuel generation. This review provides valuable resources for sugarcane breeders, geneticists, and broad scientific communities involved in bioenergy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkrishna Kandel
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Xiping Yang
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jian Song
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- College of Life Sciences, Dezhou University, Dezhou, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- FAFU and UIUC-SIB Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Djajadi DT, Hansen AR, Jensen A, Thygesen LG, Pinelo M, Meyer AS, Jørgensen H. Surface properties correlate to the digestibility of hydrothermally pretreated lignocellulosic Poaceae biomass feedstocks. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:49. [PMID: 28250817 PMCID: PMC5322652 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0730-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding factors that govern lignocellulosic biomass recalcitrance is a prerequisite for designing efficient 2nd generation biorefining processes. However, the reasons and mechanisms responsible for quantitative differences in enzymatic digestibility of various biomass feedstocks in response to hydrothermal pretreatment at different severities are still not sufficiently understood. RESULTS Potentially important lignocellulosic feedstocks for biorefining, corn stover (Zea mays subsp. mays L.), stalks of Miscanthus × giganteus, and wheat straw (Triticum aestivum L.) were systematically hydrothermally pretreated; each at three different severities of 3.65, 3.83, and 3.97, respectively, and the enzymatic digestibility was assessed. Pretreated samples of Miscanthus × giganteus stalks were the least digestible among the biomass feedstocks producing ~24 to 66.6% lower glucose yields than the other feedstocks depending on pretreatment severity and enzyme dosage. Bulk biomass composition analyses, 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, and comprehensive microarray polymer profiling were not able to explain the observed differences in recalcitrance among the pretreated feedstocks. However, methods characterizing physical and chemical features of the biomass surfaces, specifically contact angle measurements (wettability) and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy (surface biopolymer composition) produced data correlating pretreatment severity and enzymatic digestibility, and they also revealed differences that correlated to enzymatic glucose yield responses among the three different biomass types. CONCLUSION The study revealed that to a large extent, factors related to physico-chemical surface properties, namely surface wettability as assessed by contact angle measurements and surface content of hemicellulose, lignin, and wax as assessed by ATR-FTIR rather than bulk biomass chemical composition correlated to the recalcitrance of the tested biomass types. The data provide new insight into how hydrothermal pretreatment severity affects surface properties of key Poaceae lignocellulosic biomass and may help design new approaches to overcome biomass recalcitrance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demi T. Djajadi
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Aleksander R. Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders Jensen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth G. Thygesen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, 1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Manuel Pinelo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne S. Meyer
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henning Jørgensen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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An Approach to Identify the Suitable Plant Location for Miscanthus-Based Ethanol Industry: A Case Study in Ontario, Canada. ENERGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/en8099266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Li M, Heckwolf M, Crowe JD, Williams DL, Magee TD, Kaeppler SM, de Leon N, Hodge DB. Cell-wall properties contributing to improved deconstruction by alkaline pre-treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis in diverse maize (Zea mays L.) lines. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4305-15. [PMID: 25871649 PMCID: PMC4493778 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A maize (Zea mays L. subsp. mays) diversity panel consisting of 26 maize lines exhibiting a wide range of cell-wall properties and responses to hydrolysis by cellulolytic enzymes was employed to investigate the relationship between cell-wall properties, cell-wall responses to mild NaOH pre-treatment, and enzymatic hydrolysis yields. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulose in the untreated maize was found to be positively correlated with the water retention value, which is a measure of cell-wall susceptibility to swelling. It was also positively correlated with the lignin syringyl/guaiacyl ratio and negatively correlated with the initial cell-wall lignin, xylan, acetate, and p-coumaric acid (pCA) content, as well as pCA released from the cell wall by pre-treatment. The hydrolysis yield following pre-treatment exhibited statistically significant negative correlations to the lignin content after pre-treatment and positive correlations to the solubilized ferulic acid and pCA. Several unanticipated results were observed, including a positive correlation between initial lignin and acetate content, lack of correlation between acetate content and initial xylan content, and negative correlation between each of these three variables to the hydrolysis yields for untreated maize. Another surprising result was that pCA release was negatively correlated with hydrolysis yields for untreated maize and, along with ferulic acid release, was positively correlated with the pre-treated maize hydrolysis yields. This indicates that these properties that may negatively contribute to the recalcitrance in untreated cell walls may positively contribute to their deconstruction by alkaline pre-treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muyang Li
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Marlies Heckwolf
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA
| | - Jacob D Crowe
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Daniel L Williams
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Timothy D Magee
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shawn M Kaeppler
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1597, USA
| | - Natalia de Leon
- DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1597, USA
| | - David B Hodge
- Department of Biosystems & Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA DOE-Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, 1552 University Ave., Madison, WI 53703, USA Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden 97187
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Kim SM, Guo J, Kwak S, Jin YS, Lee DK, Singh V. Effects of genetic variation and growing condition of prairie cordgrass on feedstock composition and ethanol yield. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 183:70-77. [PMID: 25723129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata L.) has the potential to be a feedstock for bioethanol. It is native to North America, and has extensive genetic diversity. Eleven natural populations of prairie cordgrass harvested in 2011 and 2012 were studied. Compositions of the samples showed significant differences within the same year, and between the two years. Two highest, one medium and two lowest glucan concentration samples from each year were selected to evaluate ethanol yield after dilute acid pretreatment and simultaneous saccharification and co-fermentation using Saccharomycescerevisiae SR8 that can ferment both glucose and xylose. Up to 88% of theoretical ethanol yields were achieved. Our research demonstrates the potential of prairie cordgrass as a dedicated energy crop with ethanol yields of 205.0-275.6 g/kg biomass and 1748-4368 L/ha, depending on feedstock composition and biomass yield. These ethanol yields are comparable with those of switchgrass, corn stover and bagasse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Min Kim
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jia Guo
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Suryang Kwak
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Yong-Su Jin
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 905 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - D K Lee
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1102 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Vijay Singh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Pennsylvania Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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Cha YL, Yang J, Park Y, An GH, Ahn JW, Moon YH, Yoon YM, Yu GD, Choi IH. Continuous alkaline pretreatment of Miscanthus sacchariflorus using a bench-scale single screw reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 181:338-344. [PMID: 25681689 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Miscanthus sacchariflorus 'Goedae-Uksae 1' (GU) was developed as an energy crop of high productivity in Korea. For the practical use of GU for bioethanol production, a bench-scale continuous pretreatment system was developed. The reactor performed screw extrusion, soaking and thermochemical pretreatment at the following operating conditions: 3 mm particle size, 22% moisture content, 140 °C reaction temperature, 8 min residence time, 15 g/min biomass feeding and 120 mL/min NaOH input. As a result of minimizing NaOH concentration and enzyme dosage, 90.8±0.49% glucose yield was obtained from 0.5 M NaOH-pretreated GU containing 3% glucan with 10 FPU cellulase/g cellulose at 50 °C for 72 h. The separate hydrolysis and fermentation of 0.5 M NaOH-pretreated GU containing 10% glucan with 10-30 FPU for 102 h produced 43.0-49.6 g/L bioethanol (theoretical yield, 75.8-87.6%). Thus, this study demonstrated that continuous pretreatment using a single screw reactor is effective for bioethanol production from Miscanthus biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Lok Cha
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan-ro 199, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology for BK21 PLUS, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yuri Park
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan-ro 199, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Hong An
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan-ro 199, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woong Ahn
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan-ro 199, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Ho Moon
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan-ro 199, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mi Yoon
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan-ro 199, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeong-Dan Yu
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan-ro 199, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hu Choi
- Bioenergy Crop Research Institute, National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Muan-ro 199, Muan 534-833, Republic of Korea
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Sun S, Wen J, Sun S, Sun RC. Systematic evaluation of the degraded products evolved from the hydrothermal pretreatment of sweet sorghum stems. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:37. [PMID: 25883679 PMCID: PMC4399219 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conversion of plant cell walls to bioethanol and bio-based chemicals requires pretreatment as a necessary step to reduce recalcitrance of cell walls to enzymatic and microbial deconstruction. In this study, the sweet sorghum stems were subjected to various hydrothermal pretreatment processes (110°C to 230°C, 0.5 to 2.0 h), and the focus of this work is to systematically evaluate the degraded products of polysaccharides and lignins in the liquor phase obtained during the pretreatment process. RESULTS The maximum yield of xylooligosaccharides (52.25%) with a relatively low level of xylose and other degraded products was achieved at a relatively high pretreatment temperature (170°C) for a short reaction time (0.5 h). Higher temperature (>170°C) and/or longer reaction time (>0.5 h at 170°C) resulted in a decreasing yield of xylooligosaccharides, but increased the concentration of arabinose and galactose. The xylooligosaccharides obtained are composed of xylopyranosyl residues, together with lower amounts of 4-O-Me-α-D-GlcpA units. Meanwhile, the concentrations of the degraded products (especially furfural) increased as a function of pretreatment temperature and time. Molecular weights of the water-soluble polysaccharides and lignins indicated that the degradation of the polysaccharides and lignins occurred during the conditions of harsh hydrothermal pretreatment. In addition, the water-soluble polysaccharides (rich in xylan) and water-soluble lignins (rich in β-O-4 linkages) were obtained at 170°C for 1.0 h. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that the hydrothermal pretreatment condition had a remarkable impact on the compositions and the chemical structures of the degraded products. An extensive understanding of the degraded products from polysaccharides and lignins during the hydrothermal pretreatment will be beneficial to value-added applications of multiple chemicals in the biorefinery for bioethanol industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolong Sun
- No. 35 Tsing Hua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Jialong Wen
- No. 35 Tsing Hua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Shaoni Sun
- No. 35 Tsing Hua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Run-Cang Sun
- No. 35 Tsing Hua East Road, Haidian District, Beijing Key Laboratory of Lignocellulosic Chemistry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083 China
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da Costa RMF, Lee SJ, Allison GG, Hazen SP, Winters A, Bosch M. Genotype, development and tissue-derived variation of cell-wall properties in the lignocellulosic energy crop Miscanthus. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2014; 114:1265-77. [PMID: 24737720 PMCID: PMC4195551 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcu054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Species and hybrids of the genus Miscanthus contain attributes that make them front-runners among current selections of dedicated bioenergy crops. A key trait for plant biomass conversion to biofuels and biomaterials is cell-wall quality; however, knowledge of cell-wall composition and biology in Miscanthus species is limited. This study presents data on cell-wall compositional changes as a function of development and tissue type across selected genotypes, and considers implications for the development of miscanthus as a sustainable and renewable bioenergy feedstock. METHODS Cell-wall biomass was analysed for 25 genotypes, considering different developmental stages and stem vs. leaf compositional variability, by Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy and lignin determination. In addition, a Clostridium phytofermentans bioassay was used to assess cell-wall digestibility and conversion to ethanol. KEY RESULTS Important cell-wall compositional differences between miscanthus stem and leaf samples were found to be predominantly associated with structural carbohydrates. Lignin content increased as plants matured and was higher in stem tissues. Although stem lignin concentration correlated inversely with ethanol production, no such correlation was observed for leaves. Leaf tissue contributed significantly to total above-ground biomass at all stages, although the extent of this contribution was genotype-dependent. CONCLUSIONS It is hypothesized that divergent carbohydrate compositions and modifications in stem and leaf tissues are major determinants for observed differences in cell-wall quality. The findings indicate that improvement of lignocellulosic feedstocks should encompass tissue-dependent variation as it affects amenability to biological conversion. For gene-trait associations relating to cell-wall quality, the data support the separate examination of leaf and stem composition, as tissue-specific traits may be masked by considering only total above-ground biomass samples, and sample variability could be mostly due to varying tissue contributions to total biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo M F da Costa
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Scott J Lee
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA Plant Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Gordon G Allison
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Samuel P Hazen
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Ana Winters
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, UK
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Yan L, Zhang L, Yang B. Enhancement of total sugar and lignin yields through dissolution of poplar wood by hot water and dilute acid flowthrough pretreatment. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:76. [PMID: 24936209 PMCID: PMC4040120 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-7-76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment is a vital but expensive step in biomass biofuel production. Overall, most of this past effort has been directed at maximizing sugar yields from hemicellulose and cellulose through trials with different chemicals, operating conditions, and equipment configurations. Flowthrough pretreatment provides a promising platform to dissolution of lignocellulosic biomass to generate high yields of fermentable sugars and lignin for biofuels productions. RESULTS Dissolution of xylan, lignin, and cellulose from poplar wood were significantly enhanced by water-only and dilute acid (0.05% w/w, H2SO4) flowthrough pretreatment when the temperature was raised from 200°C to 280°C over a range of flow rates 10-62.5 mL/min, resulting in more than 98% solid removal. Up to 40% of original xylan was converted to xylose in the hydrolyzate and the rest xylan was solubilized into xylooligomers with negligible furfural formation. Up to 100% cellulose was removed into hydrolyzate with the highest glucose yield of 60% and low 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) formation. The maximal recovered insoluble lignin and soluble lignin were 98% and 15% of original lignin, respectively. In addition, enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated whole slurries was characterized under various enzyme loadings with or without Bovine serum albumin (BSA) treatment. More than 90% glucose yield and 95% xylose yield were obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis of dilute acid pretreated whole slurries with 10 mg protein Ctec 2 with 2 mg Htec2/g glucan + xylan. CONCLUSIONS Nearly complete dissolution of whole biomass was realized through water-only and dilute acid flowthrough pretreatment under tested conditions. Temperature was considered as the most significant factor for cellulose degradation. The cellulose removal significantly increased as temperature reached 240°C for water-only and 220°C for dilute acid. Dilute acid pretreatment resulted in higher yields of recovered xylan and cellulose as monomeric sugars in the hydrolyzate than that for water-only pretreatment. Enzymes readily hydrolyzed the degraded cellulose and xylooligomers in pretreatment hydrolysate. Results suggested that kinetics controlled the flowthrough pretreatment of biomass dissolution, which was also affected by flow rate to certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishi Yan
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Libing Zhang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Bin Yang
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Washington State University, Richland, WA 99354, USA
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Wolfrum EJ, Ness RM, Nagle NJ, Peterson DJ, Scarlata CJ. A laboratory-scale pretreatment and hydrolysis assay for determination of reactivity in cellulosic biomass feedstocks. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2013; 6:162. [PMID: 24229321 PMCID: PMC4176505 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid determination of the release of structural sugars from biomass feedstocks is an important enabling technology for the development of cellulosic biofuels. An assay that is used to determine sugar release for large numbers of samples must be robust, rapid, and easy to perform, and must use modest amounts of the samples to be tested.In this work we present a laboratory-scale combined pretreatment and saccharification assay that can be used as a biomass feedstock screening tool. The assay uses a commercially available automated solvent extraction system for pretreatment followed by a small-scale enzymatic hydrolysis step. The assay allows multiple samples to be screened simultaneously, and uses only ~3 g of biomass per sample. If the composition of the biomass sample is known, the results of the assay can be expressed as reactivity (fraction of structural carbohydrate present in the biomass sample released as monomeric sugars). RESULTS We first present pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis experiments on a set of representative biomass feedstock samples (corn stover, poplar, sorghum, switchgrass) in order to put the assay in context, and then show the results of the assay applied to approximately 150 different feedstock samples covering 5 different materials. From the compositional analysis data we identify a positive correlation between lignin and structural carbohydrates, and from the reactivity data we identify a negative correlation between both carbohydrate and lignin content and total reactivity. The negative correlation between lignin content and total reactivity suggests that lignin may interfere with sugar release, or that more mature samples (with higher structural sugars) may have more recalcitrant lignin. CONCLUSIONS The assay presented in this work provides a robust and straightforward method to measure the sugar release after pretreatment and saccharification that can be used as a biomass feedstock screening tool. We demonstrated the utility of the assay by identifying correlations between feedstock composition and reactivity in a population of 150 samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Wolfrum
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Ryan M Ness
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Nicholas J Nagle
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Darren J Peterson
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Christopher J Scarlata
- National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15013 Denver West Parkway, Golden, CO 80401, USA
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Yu Y, Hu R, Wang H, Cao Y, He G, Fu C, Zhou G. MlWRKY12, a novel Miscanthus transcription factor, participates in pith secondary cell wall formation and promotes flowering. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 212:1-9. [PMID: 24094048 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
WRKY proteins play crucial roles in various plant processes. An AtWRKY12 homologous gene, named MlWRKY12, was isolated from Miscanthus lutarioriparius. The MlWRKY12 gene encodes a WRKY transcription factor belonging to the group IIc subfamily. MlWRKY12 is a nuclear protein. Gene expression pattern analysis revealed a relatively high MlWRKY12 expression level in rhizomes, stems and leaf sheaths. In situ hybridization analysis further demonstrated that MlWRKY12 was expressed in vascular bundle sheath, sclerenchyma and parenchyma tissues. The heterologous expression of MlWRKY12 in an atwrky12 background mutant successfully rescued the phenotype of pith cell walls caused by the defect of AtWRKY12. Most strikingly, the transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing MlWRKY12 exhibited early flowering. The transcript abundance of flowering related genes was measured by quantitative RT-PCR analysis, suggesting that overexpression of MlWRKY12 in Arabidopsis had a significant impact on the expression level of CONSTANS (CO). Moreover, the expression levels of FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), LFY (LEAFY), APETALA1 (AP1), CAULIFLOWER (CAL) and FRUITFULL (FUL) were upregulated in transgenic plants. These results demonstrated the conserved function of MlWRKY12 existing in secondary cell wall formation of monocotyledonous species and implied a possible impact of MlWRKY12 on flowering control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biofuels, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (QIBEBT-CAS), Qingdao, Shandong, China
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van der Weijde T, Alvim Kamei CL, Torres AF, Vermerris W, Dolstra O, Visser RGF, Trindade LM. The potential of C4 grasses for cellulosic biofuel production. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:107. [PMID: 23653628 PMCID: PMC3642498 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of biorefinery technologies enabling plant biomass to be processed into biofuel, many researchers set out to study and improve candidate biomass crops. Many of these candidates are C4 grasses, characterized by a high productivity and resource use efficiency. In this review the potential of five C4 grasses as lignocellulosic feedstock for biofuel production is discussed. These include three important field crops-maize, sugarcane and sorghum-and two undomesticated perennial energy grasses-miscanthus and switchgrass. Although all these grasses are high yielding, they produce different products. While miscanthus and switchgrass are exploited exclusively for lignocellulosic biomass, maize, sorghum, and sugarcane are dual-purpose crops. It is unlikely that all the prerequisites for the sustainable and economic production of biomass for a global cellulosic biofuel industry will be fulfilled by a single crop. High and stable yields of lignocellulose are required in diverse environments worldwide, to sustain a year-round production of biofuel. A high resource use efficiency is indispensable to allow cultivation with minimal inputs of nutrients and water and the exploitation of marginal soils for biomass production. Finally, the lignocellulose composition of the feedstock should be optimized to allow its efficient conversion into biofuel and other by-products. Breeding for these objectives should encompass diverse crops, to meet the demands of local biorefineries and provide adaptability to different environments. Collectively, these C4 grasses are likely to play a central role in the supply of lignocellulose for the cellulosic ethanol industry. Moreover, as these species are evolutionary closely related, advances in each of these crops will expedite improvements in the other crops. This review aims to provide an overview of their potential, prospects and research needs as lignocellulose feedstocks for the commercial production of biofuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim van der Weijde
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Claire L. Alvim Kamei
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Andres F. Torres
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wilfred Vermerris
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science and Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Oene Dolstra
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research CentreWageningen, Netherlands
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