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Mohammadi M, Alian M, Dale B, Ubanwa B, Balan V. Multifaced application of AFEX-pretreated biomass in producing second-generation biofuels, ruminant animal feed, and value-added bioproducts. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108341. [PMID: 38499256 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass holds a crucial position in the prospective bio-based economy, serving as a sustainable and renewable source for a variety of bio-based products. These products play a vital role in displacing fossil fuels and contributing to environmental well-being. However, the inherent recalcitrance of biomass poses a significant obstacle to the efficient access of sugar polymers. Consequently, the bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars remains a prominent challenge in biorefinery processes to produce biofuels and biochemicals. In addressing these challenges, extensive efforts have been dedicated to mitigating biomass recalcitrance through diverse pretreatment methods. One noteworthy process is Ammonia Fiber Expansion (AFEX) pretreatment, characterized by its dry-to-dry nature and minimal water usage. The volatile ammonia, acting as a catalyst in the process, is recyclable. AFEX contributes to cleaning biomass ester linkages and facilitating the opening of cell wall structures, enhancing enzyme accessibility and leading to a fivefold increase in sugar conversion compared to untreated biomass. Over the last decade, AFEX has demonstrated substantial success in augmenting the efficiency of biomass conversion processes. This success has unlocked the potential for sustainable and economically viable biorefineries. This paper offers a comprehensive review of studies focusing on the utilization of AFEX-pretreated biomass in the production of second-generation biofuels, ruminant feed, and additional value-added bioproducts like enzymes, lipids, proteins, and mushrooms. It delves into the details of the AFEX pretreatment process at both laboratory and pilot scales, elucidates the mechanism of action, and underscores the role of AFEX in the biorefinery for developing biofuels and bioproducts, and nutritious ruminant animal feed production. While highlighting the strides made, the paper also addresses current challenges in the commercialization of AFEX pretreatment within biorefineries. Furthermore, it outlines critical considerations that must be addressed to overcome these challenges, ensuring the continued progress and widespread adoption of AFEX in advancing sustainable and economically viable bio-based industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Mohammadi
- Department of Engineering Technology, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugarland, TX 77479, USA
| | - Mahsa Alian
- Department of Engineering Technology, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugarland, TX 77479, USA
| | - Bruce Dale
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Bryan Ubanwa
- Department of Engineering Technology, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugarland, TX 77479, USA
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Department of Engineering Technology, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Sugarland, TX 77479, USA.
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2
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Mero A, Moody NR, Husanu E, Mezzetta A, D’Andrea F, Pomelli CS, Bernaert N, Paradisi F, Guazzelli L. Challenging DESs and ILs in the valorization of food waste: a case study. Front Chem 2023; 11:1270221. [PMID: 37942401 PMCID: PMC10628488 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1270221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the efficacy of two of the best performing green solvents for the fractionation of lignocellulosic biomass, cholinium arginate (ChArg) as biobased ionic liquid (Bio-IL) and ChCl:lactic acid (ChCl:LA, 1:10) as natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES), was investigated and compared in the pretreatment of an agri-food industry waste, apple fibers (90°C for 1 h). For the sake of comparison, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (BMIM OAc) as one of the best IL able to dissolve cellulose was also used. After the pretreatment, two fractions were obtained in each case. The results gathered through FTIR and TG analyses of the two materials and the subsequent DNS assay performed after enzymatic treatment led to identify ChArg as the best medium to delignify and remove waxes, present on the starting apple fibers, thus producing a material substantially enriched in cellulose (CRM). Conversely, ChCl:LA did not provide satisfactorily results using these mild conditions, while BMIM OAc showed intermediate performance probably on account of the reduced crystallinity of cellulose after the dissolution-regeneration process. To corroborate the obtained data, FTIR and TG analyses were also performed on the residues collected after the enzymatic hydrolysis. At the end of the pretreatment, ChArg was also quantitatively recovered without significant alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Mero
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio INSTM, Firenze, Italy
| | - Nicholas R. Moody
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Husanu
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Mezzetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio INSTM, Firenze, Italy
| | - Felicia D’Andrea
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio INSTM, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Nathalie Bernaert
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Melle, Belgium
| | - Francesca Paradisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Guazzelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Consorzio INSTM, Firenze, Italy
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Valorization of Delonix regia Pods for Bioethanol Production. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9030289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Delonix regia (common name: Flame tree) pods, an inexpensive lignocellulosic waste matrix, were successfully used to produce value-added bioethanol. Initially, the potentiality of D. regia pods as a lignocellulosic biomass was assessed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which revealed the presence of several functional groups belonging to cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, implying that D. regia pods could serve as an excellent lignocellulosic biomass. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) were used to optimize pretreatment conditions of incubation time (10–70 min), H2SO4 concentration (0.5–3%), amount of substrate (0.02–0.22 g), and temperature (45–100 °C). Then, RSM-suggested 30 trials of pretreatment conditions experimented in the laboratory, and a trial using 0.16 g substrate, 3% H2SO4, 70 min incubation at 90 °C, yielded the highest amount of glucose (0.296 mg·mL−1), and xylose (0.477 mg·mL−1). Subsequently, the same trial conditions were chosen in the downstream process, and pretreated D. regia pods were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with 5 mL of indigenously produced cellulase enzyme (74 filter per unit [FPU]) at 50 °C for 72 h to augment the yield of fermentable sugars, yielding up to 55.57 mg·mL−1 of glucose. Finally, the released sugars were fermented to ethanol by Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yielding a maximum of 7.771% ethanol after 72 h of incubation at 30 °C. Conclusively, this study entails the successful valorization of D. regia pods for bioethanol production.
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Poveda-Giraldo JA, Garcia-Vallejo MC, Cardona Alzate CA. Analysis of Single-Step Pretreatments for Lignocellulosic Platform Isolation as the Basis of Biorefinery Design. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031278. [PMID: 36770944 PMCID: PMC9921018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Biorefinery feasibility is highly influenced by the early design of the best feedstock transformation pathway to obtain value-added products. Pretreatment has been identified as the critical stage in biorefinery design since proper pretreatment influences subsequent reaction, separation, and purification processes. However, many pretreatment analyses have focused on preserving and valorizing six-carbon sugars for future use in bioconversion processes, leaving aside fractions such as hemicellulose and lignin. To date, there has been no pretreatment systematization for the removal of lignocellulosic fractions. This work defines pretreatment efficacy through operational, economic, environmental, and social indicators. Thus, using the data reported in the literature, as well as the results of the simulation schemes, a multi-criteria weighting of the best-performing schemes for the isolation or removal of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin was carried out. As a main result, it was concluded that dilute acid is the most effective for cellulose isolation and hemicellulose removal for producing platform products based on six- and five-carbon sugars, respectively. Additionally, the kraft process is the best methodology for lignin removal and its future use in biorefineries. The results of this work help to elucidate a methodological systematization of the pretreatment efficacy in the design of biorefineries as an early feasibility stage considering sustainability aspects.
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Zhang BX, Wang XY, Wang JJ, Liu XL, Gao YF, Hu XM. Synthesis of functional dicationic ionic liquids for the treatment of lignocellulosic biomass. RSC Adv 2022; 12:3630-3634. [PMID: 35425385 PMCID: PMC8979262 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06276j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mono-cationic ionic liquids (MILs) have been widely utilized for the treatment of lignocelluloses. However, the hydrophilic property of MILs increases the difficulty of isolating sugars and their reuse, which limits their industrial application. In the present study, a series of dicationic ionic liquids (DILs) were synthesized with totally different di-cations and di-anions. An alternating miscibility of DILs with water was observed depending on the dealing temperature. The functional DILs exhibiting hydrophobic and acidic properties were investigated for the treatment of corn stalk. High yields of sugars were achieved as 27.8% and 31.6% with DIL3 and DIL4, respectively. Cellulosic materials were obtained as 74.3% and 77.8% with DIL1 and DIL2 and 61.2% and 65.7% with DIL3 and DIL4, respectively. Enzymatic reaction was successfully performed with cellulosic materials after the DIL treatment. DILs were recycled and reused with no significant reduction in sugar yields. Hydrophobic DILs are a potentially effective approach to enable the successful decomposition and degradation of lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Xian Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin 150086 China
| | - Xue-Yang Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin 150086 China
| | - Jia-Jun Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin 150086 China
| | - Xiu-Lin Liu
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin 150086 China
| | - Yun-Fei Gao
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences Harbin 150086 China
| | - Xiao-Mei Hu
- Life Science College, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin 150030 China
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Efficient conversion of α-chitin by multi-modular chitinase from Chitiniphilus shinanonensis with KOH and KOH-urea pretreatment. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 250:116923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Deconstruction of biomass enabled by local demixing of cosolvents at cellulose and lignin surfaces. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:16776-16781. [PMID: 32636260 PMCID: PMC7382264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1922883117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of plant biomass for the production of fuels and chemicals is of critical economic and environmental importance, but has posed a formidable challenge, due to the recalcitrance of biomass to deconstruction. We report direct experimental and computational evidence of a simple physical chemical principle that explains the success of mixing an organic cosolvent, tetrahydrofuran, with water to overcome this recalcitrance. The hydrophilic and hydrophobic biomass surfaces are solvated by single-component nanoclusters of complementary polarity. This principle can serve as a guide for designing even more effective technologies for solubilizing and fractionating biomass. The results further highlight the role of nanoscale fluctuations of molecular solvents in driving changes in the structure of the solutes. A particularly promising approach to deconstructing and fractionating lignocellulosic biomass to produce green renewable fuels and high-value chemicals pretreats the biomass with organic solvents in aqueous solution. Here, neutron scattering and molecular-dynamics simulations reveal the temperature-dependent morphological changes in poplar wood biomass during tetrahydrofuran (THF):water pretreatment and provide a mechanism by which the solvent components drive efficient biomass breakdown. Whereas lignin dissociates over a wide temperature range (>25 °C) cellulose disruption occurs only above 150 °C. Neutron scattering with contrast variation provides direct evidence for the formation of THF-rich nanoclusters (Rg ∼ 0.5 nm) on the nonpolar cellulose surfaces and on hydrophobic lignin, and equivalent water-rich nanoclusters on polar cellulose surfaces. The disassembly of the amphiphilic biomass is thus enabled through the local demixing of highly functional cosolvents, THF and water, which preferentially solvate specific biomass surfaces so as to match the local solute polarity. A multiscale description of the efficiency of THF:water pretreatment is provided: matching polarity at the atomic scale prevents lignin aggregation and disrupts cellulose, leading to improvements in deconstruction at the macroscopic scale.
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8
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Pretreatment with KOH and KOH-urea enhanced hydrolysis of α-chitin by an endo-chitinase from Enterobacter cloacae subsp. cloacae. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 235:115952. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Yan J, Liang L, He Q, Li C, Xu F, Sun J, Goh EB, Konda NVSNM, Beller HR, Simmons BA, Pray TR, Thompson VS, Singh S, Sun N. Methyl Ketones from Municipal Solid Waste Blends by One-Pot Ionic-Liquid Pretreatment, Saccharification, and Fermentation. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4313-4322. [PMID: 31278853 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201901084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of municipal solid waste (MSW) and lignocellulosic biomass blends to methyl ketones (MKs) was investigated by using bioderived ionic liquid (bionic liquid)-based hydrolysates followed by fermentation with an engineered Escherichia coli strain. The hydrolysates were produced by a one-pot process using six types of MSW-biomass blends, choline-based bionic liquids, and commercial enzymes. Based on the sugar yields, one blend (corn stover/MSW=95:5, w/w) and two bionic liquids {cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]) and cholinium aspartate ([Ch]2 [Asp])} were selected for scale-up studies. Maximum yields of 82.3 % glucose and 54.4 % xylose were obtained from the selected blend in the scale-up studies (6 L), which was comparable with 83.6 % glucose and 52.8 % xylose obtained at a smaller scale (0.2 L). Comparable or higher yields of medium-chain (C11 -C17 ) MKs were achieved by using the MSW-biomass blend-derived hydrolysates, relative to the sugar controls (glucose and xylose) with similar sugar feeding concentrations. Up to 1145 mg L-1 of MKs was produced by using MSW-biomass-derived hydrolysates, and the MK titer decreased to 300 mg L-1 when the bionic-liquid concentration in the hydrolysate increased from 1 to 2 %, indicative of bionic-liquid inhibition. Technoeconomic analysis was conducted to investigate the economic potential of using the selected MSW-biomass blend as a feedstock to produce MKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Yan
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ling Liang
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qian He
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chenlin Li
- Energy, and Environmental Science and Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Biological and Materials Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Biological and Materials Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Ee-Been Goh
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - N V S N Murthy Konda
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Harry R Beller
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Todd R Pray
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vicki S Thompson
- Energy, and Environmental Science and Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Biological and Materials Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Ning Sun
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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10
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Patri AS, Mostofian B, Pu Y, Ciaffone N, Soliman M, Smith MD, Kumar R, Cheng X, Wyman CE, Tetard L, Ragauskas AJ, Smith JC, Petridis L, Cai CM. A Multifunctional Cosolvent Pair Reveals Molecular Principles of Biomass Deconstruction. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12545-12557. [PMID: 31304747 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b10242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The complex structure of plant cell walls resists chemical or biological degradation, challenging the breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass into renewable chemical precursors that could form the basis of future production of green chemicals and transportation fuels. Here, experimental and computational results reveal that the effect of the tetrahydrofuran (THF)-water cosolvents on the structure of lignin and on its interactions with cellulose in the cell wall drives multiple synergistic mechanisms leading to the efficient breakdown and fractionation of biomass into valuable chemical precursors. Molecular simulations show that THF-water is an excellent "theta" solvent, such that lignin dissociates from itself and from cellulose and expands to form a random coil. The expansion of the lignin molecules exposes interunit linkages, rendering them more susceptible to depolymerization by acid-catalyzed cleavage of aryl-ether bonds. Nanoscale infrared sensors confirm cosolvent-mediated molecular rearrangement of lignin in the cell wall of micrometer-thick hardwood slices and track the disappearance of lignin. At bulk scale, adding dilute acid to the cosolvent mixture liberates the majority of the hemicellulose and lignin from biomass, allowing unfettered access of cellulolytic enzymes to the remaining cellulose-rich material, allowing them to sustain high rates of hydrolysis to glucose without enzyme deactivation. Through this multiscale analysis, synergistic mechanisms for biomass deconstruction are identified, portending a paradigm shift toward first-principles design and evaluation of other cosolvent methods to realize low cost fuels and bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek S Patri
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 900 University Avenue , Riverside , California 92521 , United States.,Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | | | | | - Nicholas Ciaffone
- NanoScience Technology Center and ¶Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32826 , United States
| | - Mikhael Soliman
- NanoScience Technology Center and ¶Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32826 , United States
| | | | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Xiaolin Cheng
- College of Pharmacy , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Charles E Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 900 University Avenue , Riverside , California 92521 , United States.,Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
| | - Laurene Tetard
- NanoScience Technology Center and ¶Department of Physics , University of Central Florida , Orlando , Florida 32826 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Charles M Cai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 900 University Avenue , Riverside , California 92521 , United States.,Center for Environmental Research and Technology, Bourns College of Engineering , University of California, Riverside , 1084 Columbia Avenue , Riverside , California 92507 , United States
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11
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Barman S, Chakraborty R. Kinetics of combined noncatalytic and catalytic hydrolysis of jute fiber under ultrasonic–far infrared energy synergy. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Barman
- Chemical Engineering DepartmentJadavpur University Kolkata India
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12
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Guanidine Riboswitch-Regulated Efflux Transporters Protect Bacteria against Ionic Liquid Toxicity. J Bacteriol 2019; 201:JB.00069-19. [PMID: 30988034 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00069-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls contain a renewable, nearly limitless supply of sugar that could be used to support microbial production of commodity chemicals and biofuels. Imidazolium ionic liquid (IIL) solvents are among the best reagents for gaining access to the sugars in this otherwise recalcitrant biomass. However, the sugars from IIL-treated biomass are inevitably contaminated with residual IILs that inhibit growth in bacteria and yeast, blocking biochemical production by these organisms. IIL toxicity is, therefore, a critical roadblock in many industrial biosynthetic pathways. Although several IIL-tolerant (IILT) bacterial and yeast isolates have been identified in nature, few genetic mechanisms have been identified. In this study, we identified two IILT Bacillus isolates as well as a spontaneous IILT Escherichia coli lab strain that are tolerant to high levels of two widely used IILs. We demonstrate that all three IILT strains contain one or more pumps of the small multidrug resistance (SMR) family, and two of these strains contain mutations that affect an adjacent regulatory guanidine riboswitch. Furthermore, we show that the regulation of E. coli sugE by the guanidine II riboswitch can be exploited to promote IIL tolerance by the simple addition of guanidine to the medium. Our results demonstrate the critical role that transporter genes play in IIL tolerance in their native bacterial hosts. The study presented here is another step in engineering IIL tolerance into industrial strains toward overcoming this key gap in biofuels and industrial biochemical production processes.IMPORTANCE This study identifies bacteria that are tolerant to ionic liquid solvents used in the production of biofuels and industrial biochemicals. For industrial microbiology, it is essential to find less-harmful reagents and microbes that are resistant to their cytotoxic effects. We identified a family of small multidrug resistance efflux transporters, which are responsible for the tolerance of these strains. We also found that this resistance can be caused by mutations in the sequences of guanidine-specific riboswitches that regulate these efflux pumps. Extending this knowledge, we demonstrated that guanidine itself can promote ionic liquid tolerance. Our findings will inform genetic engineering strategies that improve conversion of cellulosic sugars into biofuels and biochemicals in processes where low concentrations of ionic liquids surpass bacterial tolerance.
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13
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Zhang H, Fan Z, Li J, Han L. A comparative study on enzyme adsorption and hydrolytic performance of different scale corn stover by two-step kinetics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 282:384-389. [PMID: 30884458 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of two-step kinetics on enzyme adsorption and hydrolytic properties of different structural substrates at low enzyme doses. The two-step kinetic experiments of ultrafine grinding (UGCS) and sieve-based grinding corn stover (SGCS) were performed respectively with enzyme loading of 2.5 + 2.5 FPU/g and 5 + 5 FPU/g. The different performance of these two samples were illustrated by characterizing the particle size distribution, SEM and XPS. The results showed that ultrafine grinding can promote the structural properties which is beneficial to adsorption and hydrolysis. The main factors influencing adsorption kinetics are enzyme concentration and the surface cellulose amount. Pre-adsorbed enzyme has no effects on the subsequent enzyme adsorption quantity but produces some small competitive and impeditive effects. The hydrolysis kinetics mainly depend on the structure of the substrate and its complexity of hydrolysis. The two-step hydrolysis didn't promote the total sugar yield under the same enzyme concentration, but the first step contributed more to the total sugar yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zhiliang Fan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Junbao Li
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lujia Han
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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14
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Bhalla A, Cai CM, Xu F, Singh SK, Bansal N, Phongpreecha T, Dutta T, Foster CE, Kumar R, Simmons BA, Singh S, Wyman CE, Hegg EL, Hodge DB. Performance of three delignifying pretreatments on hardwoods: hydrolysis yields, comprehensive mass balances, and lignin properties. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:213. [PMID: 31516552 PMCID: PMC6732840 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this work, three pretreatments under investigation at the DOE Bioenergy Research Centers (BRCs) were subjected to a side-by-side comparison to assess their performance on model bioenergy hardwoods (a eucalyptus and a hybrid poplar). These include co-solvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF), pretreatment with an ionic liquid using potentially biomass-derived components (cholinium lysinate or [Ch][Lys]), and two-stage Cu-catalyzed alkaline hydrogen peroxide pretreatment (Cu-AHP). For each of the feedstocks, the pretreatments were assessed for their impact on lignin and xylan solubilization and enzymatic hydrolysis yields as a function of enzyme loading. Lignins recovered from the pretreatments were characterized for polysaccharide content, molar mass distributions, β-aryl ether content, and response to depolymerization by thioacidolysis. RESULTS All three pretreatments resulted in significant solubilization of lignin and xylan, with the CELF pretreatment solubilizing the majority of both biopolymer categories. Enzymatic hydrolysis yields were shown to exhibit a strong, positive correlation with the lignin solubilized for the low enzyme loadings. The pretreatment-derived solubles in the [Ch][Lys]-pretreated biomass were presumed to contribute to inhibition of enzymatic hydrolysis in the eucalyptus as a substantial fraction of the pretreatment liquor was carried forward into hydrolysis for this pretreatment. The pretreatment-solubilized lignins exhibited significant differences in polysaccharide content, molar mass distributions, aromatic monomer yield by thioacidolysis, and β-aryl ether content. Key trends include a substantially higher polysaccharide content in the lignins recovered from the [Ch][Lys] pretreatment and high β-aryl ether contents and aromatic monomer yields from the Cu-AHP pretreatment. For all lignins, the 13C NMR-determined β-aryl ether content was shown to be correlated with the monomer yield with a second-order functionality. CONCLUSIONS Overall, it was demonstrated that the three pretreatments highlighted in this study demonstrated uniquely different functionalities in reducing biomass recalcitrance and achieving higher enzymatic hydrolysis yields for the hybrid poplar while yielding a lignin-rich stream that may be suitable for valorization. Furthermore, modification of lignin during pretreatment, particularly cleavage of β-aryl ether bonds, is shown to be detrimental to subsequent depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Charles M. Cai
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) and Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Sandip K. Singh
- Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
| | - Namita Bansal
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Thanaphong Phongpreecha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Tanmoy Dutta
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Cliff E. Foster
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) and Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Seema Singh
- Joint BioEnergy Institute (JBEI), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC) and Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Eric L. Hegg
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - David B. Hodge
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Chemical & Biological Engineering Department, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
- Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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Zheng W, Liu X, Zhu L, Huang H, Wang T, Jiang L. Pretreatment with γ-Valerolactone/[Mmim]DMP and Enzymatic Hydrolysis on Corncob and Its Application in Immobilized Butyric Acid Fermentation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11709-11717. [PMID: 30296065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Corncob is a widely available raw material with high carbohydrate and low lignin content. To improve corncob conversion to the fermentable sugars, a novel method encompassing pretreatment using the γ-valerolactone (GVL)/1-methyl-3-methylimidazolium dimethylphosphite ([Mmim]DMP) system integrated with cellulase hydrolysis was developed and optimized. It is confirmed that lignin was extracted efficiently after combined pretreatment and that the subsequent enzymatic saccharification efficiency could be significantly enhanced, resulting in the yield of 94.9% glucose from cellulose and 53.3% xylose from xylan, respectively. Furthermore, the above fermentable sugars were used as carbon source for Clostridium tyrobutyricum immobilized in macroporous Ca-alginate-lignin beads with the extracted lignin as the active ingredient to evaluate the fermentability of butyric acid. The results showed that high butyrate productivity of 0.47 g/L/h and yield of 0.45 g/g were obtained after 10 repeated batches of fermentation, demonstrating an effective process for the production of butyric acid from abundant corncob waste-biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - Xujie Liu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - Liying Zhu
- College of Chemical and Molecular Engineering , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - He Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
| | - Tianfu Wang
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics & Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Urumqi 830011 , PR China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry , Nanjing Tech University , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
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16
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Enzymatic hydrolysis of ionic liquid-extracted chitin. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 199:228-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang H, Li J, Huang G, Yang Z, Han L. Understanding the synergistic effect and the main factors influencing the enzymatic hydrolyzability of corn stover at low enzyme loading by hydrothermal and/or ultrafine grinding pretreatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 264:327-334. [PMID: 29885582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A thorough assessment of the microstructural changes and synergistic effects of hydrothermal and/or ultrafine grinding pretreatment on the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover was performed in this study. The mechanism of pretreatment was elucidated by characterizing the particle size, specific surface area (SSA), pore volume (PV), average pore size, cellulose crystallinity (CrI) and surface morphology of the pretreated samples. In addition, the underlying relationships between the structural parameters and final glucose yields were elucidated, and the relative significance of the factors influencing enzymatic hydrolyzability were assessed by principal component analysis (PCA). Hydrothermal pretreatment at a lower temperature (170 °C) combined with ultrafine grinding achieved a high glucose yield (80.36%) at a low enzyme loading (5 filter paper unit (FPU)/g substrate) which is favorable. The relative significance of structural parameters in enzymatic hydrolyzability was SSA > PV > average pore size > CrI/cellulose > particle size. PV and SSA exhibited logarithmic correlations with the final enzymatic hydrolysis yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Junbao Li
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Guangqun Huang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Zengling Yang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lujia Han
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing 100083, PR China.
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18
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Kothari N, Holwerda EK, Cai CM, Kumar R, Wyman CE. Biomass augmentation through thermochemical pretreatments greatly enhances digestion of switchgrass by Clostridium thermocellum. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:219. [PMID: 30087696 PMCID: PMC6076393 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1216-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The thermophilic anaerobic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum is a multifunctional ethanol producer, capable of both saccharification and fermentation, that is central to the consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) approach of converting lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol without external enzyme supplementation. Although CBP organisms have evolved efficient machinery for biomass deconstruction, achieving complete solubilization requires targeted approaches, such as pretreatment, to prepare recalcitrant biomass feedstocks for further biological digestion. Here, differences between how C. thermocellum and fungal cellulases respond to senescent switchgrass prepared by four different pretreatment techniques revealed relationships between biomass substrate composition and its digestion by the two biological approaches. RESULTS Alamo switchgrass was pretreated using hydrothermal, dilute acid, dilute alkali, and co-solvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) pretreatments to produce solids with varying glucan, xylan, and lignin compositions. C. thermocellum achieved highest sugar release and metabolite production from de-lignified switchgrass prepared by CELF and dilute alkali pretreatments demonstrating greater resilience to the presence of hemicellulose sugars than fungal enzymes. 100% glucan solubilization and glucan plus xylan release from switchgrass were achieved using the CELF-CBP combination. Lower glucan solubilization and metabolite production by C. thermocellum was observed on solids prepared by dilute acid and hydrothermal pretreatments with higher xylan removal from switchgrass than lignin removal. Further, C. thermocellum (2% by volume inoculum) showed ~ 48% glucan solubilization compared to < 10% through fungal enzymatic hydrolysis (15 and 65 mg protein/g glucan loadings) of unpretreated switchgrass indicating the effectiveness of C. thermocellum's cellulosome. Overall, C. thermocellum performed equivalent to 65 and better than 15 mg protein/g glucan fungal enzymatic hydrolysis on all substrates except CELF-pretreated substrates. CELF pretreatments of switchgrass produced solids that were highly digestible regardless of whether C. thermocellum or fungal enzymes were chosen. CONCLUSIONS The unparalleled comprehensive nature of this work with a comparison of four pretreatment and two biological digestion techniques provides a strong platform for future integration of pretreatment with CBP. Lignin removal had a more positive impact on biological digestion of switchgrass than xylan removal from the biomass. However, the impact of switchgrass structural properties, including cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin characterization, would provide a better understanding of lignocellulose deconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Kothari
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside (UCR), Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Evert K. Holwerda
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Charles M. Cai
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside (UCR), Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside (UCR), Riverside, CA USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA USA
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
- Center for Bioenergy Innovation (CBI), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN USA
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19
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Isaac A, de Paula J, Viana CM, Henriques AB, Malachias A, Montoro LA. From nano- to micrometer scale: the role of microwave-assisted acid and alkali pretreatments in the sugarcane biomass structure. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:73. [PMID: 29588658 PMCID: PMC5863382 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, great strides have been made in elucidating the role of thermochemical pretreatments in the chemical and structural features of plant cell walls; however, there is no clear picture of the plant recalcitrance and its relationship to deconstruction. Previous studies precluded full answers due to the challenge of multiscale features of plant cell wall organization. Complementing the previous efforts, we undertook a systematic, multiscale, and integrated approach to track the effect of microwave-assisted H2SO4 and NaOH treatments on the hierarchical structure of plants, i.e., from a nano- to micrometer scale. We focused on the investigation of the highly recalcitrant sclerenchyma cell walls from sugarcane bagasse. RESULTS Through atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses, remarkable details of the assembly of cellulose microfibrils not previously seen were revealed. Following the H2SO4 treatment, we observed that cellulose microfibrils were almost double the width of the alkali pretreated sample at the temperature of 160 °C. Such enlargement led to a greater contact between cellulose chains, with a subsequent molecule alignment, as indicated by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results with the conspicuous expansion of the average crystallite size. The delignification process had little effect on the local nanometer-sized arrangement of cellulose molecules. However, the rigidity and parallel alignment of cellulose microfibrils were partially degraded. The XRD analysis also agrees with these findings as evidenced by large momentum transfer vectors (q > 20 nm-1), interpreted as indicators of the long-range order of cell wall components, which were similar for all the studied samples except with application of the NaOH treatment at 160 °C. These changes were followed by the eventual swelling of the fiber cell walls. CONCLUSIONS Based on an integrated approach, we presented multidimensional architectural models of cell wall deconstruction resulting from microwave-assisted pretreatments. We provided direct evidence supporting the idea that hemicellulose is the main barrier for the swelling of cellulose microfibrils, whereas lignin adds rigidity to cell walls. Our findings shed light on the design of more efficient strategies, not only for the conversion of biomass to fuels but also for the production of nanocellulose, which has great potential for several applications such as composites, rheology modifiers, and pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusta Isaac
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Jéssica de Paula
- Microscopy Center, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Carlos Martins Viana
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Andréia Bicalho Henriques
- Mining Engineering Department, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Angelo Malachias
- Department of Physics, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
| | - Luciano A. Montoro
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901 Brazil
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20
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Vural D, Smith JC, Petridis L. Dynamics of the lignin glass transition. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:20504-20512. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03144d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite lignin being a heterogenous polyphenolic, its glass transition obeys well-established polymer theory concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Vural
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Tennessee 37831
- USA
- Department of Physics, Giresun University
| | - Jeremy C. Smith
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Tennessee 37831
- USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee
| | - Loukas Petridis
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Tennessee 37831
- USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee
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21
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Amoah J, Ishizue N, Ishizaki M, Yasuda M, Takahashi K, Ninomiya K, Yamada R, Kondo A, Ogino C. Development and evaluation of consolidated bioprocessing yeast for ethanol production from ionic liquid-pretreated bagasse. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1413-1420. [PMID: 28610972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to study the use of consolidated bioprocess (CBP) yeast expressing five cellulase genes (BGL, XYNII, EGII, CBHI and CBHII) for ethanol production from ionic liquid-pretreated bagasse and Laubholz unbleached Kraft pulp (LUKP). A proposed screening method shows that the optimal cellulase ratio varies for each biomass substrate, and thus it is essential to breed CBP yeast having optimal cellulase-displaying ratio for the target biomass. CBP yeast specialized towards bagasse produced 0.93g/l ethanol whiles that for LUKP produced 0.71g/l ethanol, which is approximately 4 and 2-fold, respectively, higher than that of the wild type. The cell-surface displayed enzymes synergistically contributed to the degradation of the biomass. The developed CBP yeast is a potential cheap source for consolidated bioprocessing of ethanol and the proposed screening method can be used for matching CBP yeast to a target biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Amoah
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Naoya Ishizue
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Miki Ishizaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Misa Yasuda
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Kenji Takahashi
- Division of Material Engineering, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ninomiya
- Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan.
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Satari B, Karimi K, Molaverdi M. Structural features influential to enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose-solvent-based pretreated pinewood and elmwood for ethanol production. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2017; 41:249-264. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-017-1863-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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23
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Li X, Zheng Y. Lignin-enzyme interaction: Mechanism, mitigation approach, modeling, and research prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 35:466-489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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24
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Enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated empty fruit bunches at high solids loadings by the synergism of hemicellulase and polyethylene glycol. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Ranganathan A, Smith OP, Youssef NH, Struchtemeyer CG, Atiyeh HK, Elshahed MS. Utilizing Anaerobic Fungi for Two-stage Sugar Extraction and Biofuel Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:635. [PMID: 28443088 PMCID: PMC5387070 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a vast and underutilized resource for the production of sugars and biofuels. However, the structural complexity of lignocellulosic biomass and the need for multiple pretreatment and enzymatic steps for sugar release renders this process economically challenging. Here, we report a novel approach for direct, single container, exogenous enzyme-free conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to sugars and biofuels using the anaerobic fungal isolate strain C1A. This approach utilizes simple physiological manipulations for timely inhibition and uncoupling of saccharolytic and fermentative capabilities of strain C1A, leading to the accumulation of sugar monomers (glucose and xylose) in the culture medium. The produced sugars, in addition to fungal hyphal lysate, are subsequently converted by Escherichia coli strain K011 to ethanol. Using this approach, we successfully recovered 17.0% (w/w) of alkali-pretreated corn stover (20.0% of its glucan and xylan content) as sugar monomers in the culture media. More importantly, 14.1% of pretreated corn stover (17.1% of glucan and xylan content) was recovered as ethanol at a final concentration of 28.16 mM after the addition of the ethanologenic strain K011. The high ethanol yield obtained is due to its accumulation as a minor fermentation end product by strain C1A during its initial growth phase, the complete conversion of sugars to ethanol by strain K011, and the possible conversion of unspecified substrates in the hyphal lysate of strain C1A to ethanol by strain K011. This study presents a novel, versatile, and exogenous enzyme-free strategy that utilizes a relatively unexplored group of organisms (anaerobic fungi) for direct biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhaya Ranganathan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, StillwaterOK, USA
| | - Olivia P Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, StillwaterOK, USA
| | - Noha H Youssef
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, StillwaterOK, USA
| | | | - Hasan K Atiyeh
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Oklahoma State University, StillwaterOK, USA
| | - Mostafa S Elshahed
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, StillwaterOK, USA
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26
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Gunawan C, Xue S, Pattathil S, da Costa Sousa L, Dale BE, Balan V. Comprehensive characterization of non-cellulosic recalcitrant cell wall carbohydrates in unhydrolyzed solids from AFEX-pretreated corn stover. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:82. [PMID: 28360940 PMCID: PMC5372267 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inefficient carbohydrate conversion has been an unsolved problem for various lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment technologies, including AFEX, dilute acid, and ionic liquid pretreatments. Previous work has shown 22% of total carbohydrates are typically unconverted, remaining as soluble or insoluble oligomers after hydrolysis (72 h) with excess commercial enzyme loading (20 mg enzymes/g biomass). Nearly one third (7 out of 22%) of these total unconverted carbohydrates are present in unhydrolyzed solid (UHS) residues. The presence of these unconverted carbohydrates leads to a considerable sugar yield loss, which negatively impacts the overall economics of the biorefinery. Current commercial enzyme cocktails are not effective to digest specific cross-linkages in plant cell wall glycans, especially some of those present in hemicelluloses and pectins. Thus, obtaining information about the most recalcitrant non-cellulosic glycan cross-linkages becomes a key study to rationally improve commercial enzyme cocktails, by supplementing the required enzyme activities for hydrolyzing those unconverted glycans. RESULTS In this work, cell wall glycans that could not be enzymatically converted to monomeric sugars from AFEX-pretreated corn stover (CS) were characterized using compositional analysis and glycome profiling tools. The pretreated CS was hydrolyzed using commercial enzyme mixtures comprising cellulase and hemicellulase at 7% glucan loading (~20% solid loading). The carbohydrates present in UHS and liquid hydrolysate were evaluated over a time period of 168 h enzymatic hydrolysis. Cell wall glycan-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used to characterize the type and abundance of non-cellulosic polysaccharides present in UHS over the course of enzymatic hydrolysis. 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid-substituted xylan and pectic-arabinogalactan were found to be the most abundant epitopes recognized by mAbs in UHS and liquid hydrolysate, suggesting that the commercial enzyme cocktails used in this work are unable to effectively target those substituted polysaccharide residues. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first report using glycome profiling as a tool to dynamically monitor recalcitrant cell wall carbohydrates during the course of enzymatic hydrolysis. Glycome profiling of UHS and liquid hydrolysates unveiled some of the glycans that are not cleaved and enriched after enzyme hydrolysis. The major polysaccharides include 4-O-methyl-d-glucuronic acid-substituted xylan and pectic-arabinogalactan, suggesting that enzymes with glucuronidase and arabinofuranosidase activities are required to maximize monomeric sugar yields. This methodology provides a rapid tool to assist in developing new enzyme cocktails, by supplementing the existing cocktails with the required enzyme activities for achieving complete deconstruction of pretreated biomass in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa Gunawan
- Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Saisi Xue
- Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Biosciences Division, BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge, TN 37830 USA
- Mascoma, LLC (Lallemand Inc.), 67 Etna Road, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA
| | - Leonardo da Costa Sousa
- Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Bruce E. Dale
- Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC), Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI USA
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Thomas VA, Kothari N, Bhagia S, Akinosho H, Li M, Pu Y, Yoo CG, Pattathil S, Hahn MG, Raguaskas AJ, Wyman CE, Kumar R. Comparative evaluation of Populus variants total sugar release and structural features following pretreatment and digestion by two distinct biological systems. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2017; 10:292. [PMID: 29225697 PMCID: PMC5718110 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-017-0975-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Populus natural variants have been shown to realize a broad range of sugar yields during saccharification, however, the structural features responsible for higher sugar release from natural variants are not clear. In addition, the sugar release patterns resulting from digestion with two distinct biological systems, fungal enzymes and Clostridium thermocellum, have yet to be evaluated and compared. This study evaluates the effect of structural features of three natural variant Populus lines, which includes the line BESC standard, with respect to the overall process of sugar release for two different biological systems. RESULTS Populus natural variants, SKWE 24-2 and BESC 876, showed higher sugar release from hydrothermal pretreatment combined with either enzymatic hydrolysis or Clostridium thermocellum fermentation compared to the Populus natural variant, BESC standard. However, C. thermocellum outperformed the fungal cellulases yielding 96.0, 95.5, and 85.9% glucan plus xylan release from SKWE 24-2, BESC 876, and BESC standard, respectively. Among the feedstock properties evaluated, cellulose accessibility and glycome profiling provided insights into factors that govern differences in sugar release between the low recalcitrant lines and the BESC standard line. However, because this distinction was more apparent in the solids after pretreatment than in the untreated biomass, pretreatment was necessary to differentiate recalcitrance among Populus lines. Glycome profiling analysis showed that SKWE 24-2 contained the most loosely bound cell wall glycans, followed by BESC 876, and BESC standard. Additionally, lower molecular weight lignin may be favorable for effective hydrolysis, since C. thermocellum reduced lignin molecular weight more than fungal enzymes across all Populus lines. CONCLUSIONS Low recalcitrant Populus natural variants, SKWE 24-2 and BESC 876, showed higher sugar yields than BESC standard when hydrothermal pretreatment was combined with biological digestion. However, C. thermocellum was determined to be a more robust and effective biological catalyst than a commercial fungal cellulase cocktail. As anticipated, recalcitrance was not readily predicted through analytical methods that determined structural properties alone. However, combining structural analysis with pretreatment enabled the identification of attributes that govern recalcitrance, namely cellulose accessibility, xylan content in the pretreated solids, and non-cellulosic glycan extractability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa A. Thomas
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Ninad Kothari
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Samarthya Bhagia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Hannah Akinosho
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry & Renewable Bioproducts Institute, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Mi Li
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Yunqiao Pu
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Chang Geun Yoo
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Sivakumar Pattathil
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
- Present Address: Mascoma LLC (Lallemand Inc.), 67 Etna Road, Lebanon, NH 03766 USA
| | - Michael G. Hahn
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602 USA
| | - Arthur J. Raguaskas
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- UT-ORNL Joint Institute for Biological Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
- Department of Forestry, Wildlife, and Fisheries, Center for Renewable Carbon, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
| | - Charles E. Wyman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507 USA
- BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831 USA
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Sivaperumal P, Kamala K, Rajaram R. Bioremediation of Industrial Waste Through Enzyme Producing Marine Microorganisms. MARINE ENZYMES BIOTECHNOLOGY: PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS, PART III - APPLICATION OF MARINE ENZYMES 2017; 80:165-179. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Optimization of High Solids Dilute Acid Hydrolysis of Spent Coffee Ground at Mild Temperature for Enzymatic Saccharification and Microbial Oil Fermentation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 180:753-765. [PMID: 27179516 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soluble coffee, being one of the world's most popular consuming drinks, produces a considerable amount of spent coffee ground (SCG) along with its production. The SCG could function as a potential lignocellulosic feedstock for production of bioproducts. The objective of this study is to investigate the possible optimal condition of dilute acid hydrolysis (DAH) at high solids and mild temperature condition to release the reducing sugars from SCG. The optimal condition was found to be 5.3 % (w/w) sulfuric acid concentration and 118 min reaction time. Under the optimal condition, the mean yield of reducing sugars from enzymatic saccharification of defatted SCG acid hydrolysate was 563 mg/g. The SCG hydrolysate was then successfully applied to culture Lipomyces starkeyi for microbial oil fermentation without showing any inhibition. The results suggested that dilute acid hydrolysis followed by enzymatic saccharification has the great potential to convert SCG carbohydrates to reducing sugars. This study is useful for the further developing of biorefinery using SCG as feedstock at a large scale.
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Chen L, Li J, Lu M, Guo X, Zhang H, Han L. Integrated chemical and multi-scale structural analyses for the processes of acid pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 141:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.12.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Karimi K, Taherzadeh MJ. A critical review on analysis in pretreatment of lignocelluloses: Degree of polymerization, adsorption/desorption, and accessibility. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 203:348-56. [PMID: 26778166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pretreatment of lignocelluloses results in changes in the different properties of these materials. In a recent review (Karimi and Taherzadeh, 2016), the details of compositional, imaging, and crystallinity analyses of lignocelluloses were reviewed and critically discussed. Changes in the cellulose degree of polymerization, accessibility, and enzyme adsorption/desorption by pretreatments are also among the effective parameters. This paper deals with the measurement techniques, modifications, and relation to bioconversions, as well as the challenges of these three properties. These analyses are very helpful to investigate the pretreatment processes; however, the pretreatments are very complicated and challenging processes. It is not easily possible to study the effects of only one of these parameters and even to find which one is the dominant one. Moreover, it is not possible to accurately predict the changes in the bioconversion yield using these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keikhosro Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Industrial Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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Pihlajaniemi V, Sipponen MH, Kallioinen A, Nyyssölä A, Laakso S. Rate-constraining changes in surface properties, porosity and hydrolysis kinetics of lignocellulose in the course of enzymatic saccharification. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:18. [PMID: 26816528 PMCID: PMC4727270 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0431-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Explaining the reduction of hydrolysis rate during lignocellulose hydrolysis is a challenge for the understanding and modelling of the process. This article reports the changes of cellulose and lignin surface areas, porosity and the residual cellulase activity during the hydrolysis of autohydrolysed wheat straw and delignified wheat straw. The potential rate-constraining mechanisms are assessed with a simplified kinetic model and compared to the observed effects, residual cellulase activity and product inhibition. RESULTS The reaction rate depended exclusively on the degree of hydrolysis, while enzyme denaturation or time-dependent changes in substrate hydrolysability were absent. Cellulose surface area decreased linearly with hydrolysis, in correlation with total cellulose content. Lignin surface area was initially decreased by the dissolution of phenolics and then remained unchanged. The dissolved phenolics did not contribute to product inhibition. The porosity of delignified straw was decreased during hydrolysis, but no difference in porosity was detected during the hydrolysis of autohydrolysed straw. CONCLUSIONS Although a hydrolysis-dependent increase of non-productive binding capacity of lignin was not apparent, the dependence of hydrolysis maxima on the enzyme dosage was best explained by partial irreversible product inhibition. Cellulose surface area correlated with the total cellulose content, which is thus an appropriate approximation of the substrate concentration for kinetic modelling. Kinetic models of cellulose hydrolysis should be simplified enough to include reversible and irreversible product inhibition and reduction of hydrolysability, as well as their possible non-linear relations to hydrolysis degree, without overparameterization of particular factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ville Pihlajaniemi
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Mika Henrikki Sipponen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Anne Kallioinen
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Antti Nyyssölä
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
| | - Simo Laakso
- Aalto University, School of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 16100, FI-00076 Espoo, Finland
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Mathew AK, Parameshwaran B, Sukumaran RK, Pandey A. An evaluation of dilute acid and ammonia fiber explosion pretreatment for cellulosic ethanol production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 199:13-20. [PMID: 26358144 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The challenge associated with cellulosic ethanol production is maximizing sugar yield at low cost. Current research is being focused to develop a pretreatment method to overcome biomass recalcitrance in an efficient way. This review is focused on two major pretreatments: dilute acid (DA) and ammonia fiber explosion (AFEX) pretreatment of corn stover and how these pretreatment cause morphological and chemical changes to corn stover in order to overcome the biomass recalcitrance. This review highlights the key differences of these two pretreatments based on compositional analysis, cellulose and its crystallinity, morphological changes, structural changes to lignin, enzymatic reactivity and enzyme adsorption onto pretreated solids and finally cellulosic ethanol production from the hydrolysate of DA and AFEX treated corn stover. Each stage of the process, AFEX pretreated corn stover was superior to DA treated corn stover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kuruvilla Mathew
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - Binod Parameshwaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar Sukumaran
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Biofuels, Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR), Trivandrum 695019, India
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Zhang H, Chen L, Lu M, Li J, Han L. A novel film-pore-surface diffusion model to explain the enhanced enzyme adsorption of corn stover pretreated by ultrafine grinding. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:181. [PMID: 27579144 PMCID: PMC5004277 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultrafine grinding is an environmentally friendly pretreatment that can alter the degree of polymerization, the porosity and the specific surface area of lignocellulosic biomass and can, thus, enhance cellulose hydrolysis. Enzyme adsorption onto the substrate is a prerequisite for the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the enzyme adsorption properties of corn stover pretreated by ultrafine grinding. RESULTS The ultrafine grinding pretreatment was executed on corn stover. The results showed that ultrafine grinding pretreatment can significantly decrease particle size [from 218.50 μm of sieve-based grinding corn stover (SGCS) to 17.45 μm of ultrafine grinding corn stover (UGCS)] and increase the specific surface area (SSA), pore volume (PV) and surface composition (SSA: from 1.71 m(2)/g of SGCS to 2.63 m(2)/g of UGCS, PV: from 0.009 cm(3)/g of SGCS to 0.024 m(3)/g of UGCS, cellulose surface area: from 168.69 m(2)/g of SGCS to 290.76 m(2)/g of UGCS, lignin surface area: from 91.46 m(2)/g of SGCS to 106.70 m(2)/g of UGCS). The structure and surface composition changes induced by ultrafine grinding increase the enzyme adsorption capacity from 2.83 mg/g substrate of SGCS to 5.61 mg/g substrate of UGCS. A film-pore-surface diffusion model was developed to simultaneously predict the enzyme adsorption kinetics of both the SGCS and UGCS. Satisfactory predictions could be made with the model based on high R (2) and low RMSE values (R (2) = 0.95 and RMSE = 0.16 mg/g for the UGCS, R (2) = 0.93 and RMSE = 0.09 mg/g for the SGCS). The model was further employed to analyze the rate-limiting steps in the enzyme adsorption process. Although both the external-film and internal-pore mass transfer are important for enzyme adsorption on the SGCS and UGCS, the UGCS has a lower internal-pore resistance compared to the SGCS. CONCLUSIONS Ultrafine grinding pretreatment can enhance the enzyme adsorption onto corn stover by altering structure and surface composition. The film-pore-surface diffusion model successfully captures features on enzyme adsorption on ultrafine grinding pretreated corn stover. These findings identify wherein the probable rate-limiting factors for the enzyme adsorption reside and could, therefore, provide a basis for enhanced cellulose hydrolysis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), P.O. Box 191, 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Longjian Chen
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), P.O. Box 191, 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Minsheng Lu
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), P.O. Box 191, 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Junbao Li
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), P.O. Box 191, 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lujia Han
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University (East Campus), P.O. Box 191, 17 Qing-Hua-Dong-Lu, Hai-Dian District, Beijing, 100083 People’s Republic of China
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Bhalla A, Bansal N, Stoklosa RJ, Fountain M, Ralph J, Hodge DB, Hegg EL. Effective alkaline metal-catalyzed oxidative delignification of hybrid poplar. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:34. [PMID: 26862348 PMCID: PMC4746924 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies to improve copper-catalyzed alkaline hydrogen peroxide (Cu-AHP) pretreatment of hybrid poplar were investigated. These improvements included a combination of increasing hydrolysis yields, while simultaneously decreasing process inputs through (i) more efficient utilization of H2O2 and (ii) the addition of an alkaline extraction step prior to the metal-catalyzed AHP pretreatment. We hypothesized that utilizing this improved process could substantially lower the chemical inputs needed during pretreatment. RESULTS Hybrid poplar was pretreated utilizing a modified process in which an alkaline extraction step was incorporated prior to the Cu-AHP treatment step and H2O2 was added batch-wise over the course of 10 h. Our results revealed that the alkaline pre-extraction step improved both lignin and xylan solubilization, which ultimately led to improved glucose (86 %) and xylose (95 %) yields following enzymatic hydrolysis. An increase in the lignin solubilization was also observed with fed-batch H2O2 addition relative to batch-only addition, which again resulted in increased glucose and xylose yields (77 and 93 % versus 63 and 74 %, respectively). Importantly, combining these strategies led to significantly improved sugar yields (96 % glucose and 94 % xylose) following enzymatic hydrolysis. In addition, we found that we could substantially lower the chemical inputs (enzyme, H2O2, and catalyst), while still maintaining high product yields utilizing the improved Cu-AHP process. This pretreatment also provided a relatively pure lignin stream consisting of ≥90 % Klason lignin and only 3 % xylan and 2 % ash following precipitation. Two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence (2D HSQC) NMR and size-exclusion chromatography demonstrated that the solubilized lignin was high molecular weight (Mw ≈ 22,000 Da) and only slightly oxidized relative to lignin from untreated poplar. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated that the fed-batch, two-stage Cu-AHP pretreatment process was effective in pretreating hybrid poplar for its conversion into fermentable sugars. Results showed sugar yields near the theoretical maximum were achieved from enzymatically hydrolyzed hybrid poplar by incorporating an alkaline extraction step prior to pretreatment and by efficiently utilizing H2O2 during the Cu-AHP process. Significantly, this study reports high sugar yields from woody biomass treated with an AHP pretreatment under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalla
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Namita Bansal
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Ryan J. Stoklosa
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - Mackenzie Fountain
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
| | - John Ralph
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, USA
| | - David B. Hodge
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Division of Sustainable Process Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Eric L. Hegg
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
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Ogunmolu FE, Kaur I, Gupta M, Bashir Z, Pasari N, Yazdani SS. Proteomics Insights into the Biomass Hydrolysis Potentials of a Hypercellulolytic Fungus Penicillium funiculosum. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4342-58. [PMID: 26288988 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The quest for cheaper and better enzymes needed for the efficient hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass has placed filamentous fungi in the limelight for bioprospecting research. In our search for efficient biomass degraders, we identified a strain of Penicillium funiculosum whose secretome demonstrates high saccharification capabilities. Our probe into the secretome of the fungus through qualitative and label-free quantitative mass spectrometry based proteomics studies revealed a high abundance of inducible CAZymes and several nonhydrolytic accessory proteins. The preferential association of these proteins and the attending differential biomass hydrolysis gives an insight into their interactions and clues about possible roles of novel hydrolytic and nonhydrolytic proteins in the synergistic deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass. Our study thus provides the first comprehensive insight into the repertoire of proteins present in a high-performing secretome of a hypercellulolytic Penicillium funiculosum, their relative abundance in the secretome, and the interaction dynamics of the various protein groups in the secretome. The gleanings from the stoichiometry of these interactions hold a prospect as templates in the design of cost-effective synthetic cocktails for the optimal hydrolysis of biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funso Emmanuel Ogunmolu
- Synthetic Biology and Biofuels Group, ‡Malaria Group, and §DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
| | - Inderjeet Kaur
- Synthetic Biology and Biofuels Group, ‡Malaria Group, and §DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
| | - Mayank Gupta
- Synthetic Biology and Biofuels Group, ‡Malaria Group, and §DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
| | - Zeenat Bashir
- Synthetic Biology and Biofuels Group, ‡Malaria Group, and §DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
| | - Nandita Pasari
- Synthetic Biology and Biofuels Group, ‡Malaria Group, and §DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Shams Yazdani
- Synthetic Biology and Biofuels Group, ‡Malaria Group, and §DBT-ICGEB Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology , Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, 110 067 New Delhi, India
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Nguyen TY, Cai CM, Kumar R, Wyman CE. Co-solvent pretreatment reduces costly enzyme requirements for high sugar and ethanol yields from lignocellulosic biomass. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1716-25. [PMID: 25677100 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201403045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new pretreatment called co-solvent-enhanced lignocellulosic fractionation (CELF) to reduce enzyme costs dramatically for high sugar yields from hemicellulose and cellulose, which is essential for the low-cost conversion of biomass to fuels. CELF employs THF miscible with aqueous dilute acid to obtain up to 95 % theoretical yield of glucose, xylose, and arabinose from corn stover even if coupled with enzymatic hydrolysis at only 2 mgenzyme gglucan (-1) . The unusually high saccharification with such low enzyme loadings can be attributed to a very high lignin removal, which is supported by compositional analysis, fractal kinetic modeling, and SEM imaging. Subsequently, nearly pure lignin product can be precipitated by the evaporation of volatile THF for recovery and recycling. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of CELF-pretreated solids with low enzyme loadings and Saccharomyces cerevisiae produced twice as much ethanol as that from dilute-acid-pretreated solids if both were optimized for corn stover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Yen Nguyen
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507 (USA), Fax: (+1) 951-781-5790
- Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 217 Materials Science & Engineering, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92507 (USA)
| | - Charles M Cai
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507 (USA), Fax: (+1) 951-781-5790
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 446 Winston Chung Hall, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92507 (United States)
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA)
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507 (USA), Fax: (+1) 951-781-5790
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA)
| | - Charles E Wyman
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507 (USA), Fax: (+1) 951-781-5790.
- Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 217 Materials Science & Engineering, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92507 (USA).
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California, Riverside, 446 Winston Chung Hall, 900 University Ave., Riverside, CA 92507 (United States).
- BioEnergy Science Center (BESC), Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (USA).
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38
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Papa G, Rodriguez S, George A, Schievano A, Orzi V, Sale KL, Singh S, Adani F, Simmons BA. Comparison of different pretreatments for the production of bioethanol and biomethane from corn stover and switchgrass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 183:101-10. [PMID: 25725408 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.01.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study the efficiency of mild ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment and pressurized hot water (PHW) is evaluated and compared in terms of bioethanol and biomethane yields, with corn stover (CS) and switchgrass (SG) as model bioenergy crops. Both feedstocks pretreated with the IL 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate [C2C1Im][OAc] at 100°C for 3h exhibited lower glucose yield that those treated with harsher pretreatment conditions previously used. Compared to PHW, IL pretreatment demonstrated higher bioethanol yields; moreover IL pretreatment enhanced biomethane production. Taking into consideration both bioethanol and biomethane productions, results indicated that when using IL pretreatment, the total energy produced per kg of total solids was higher compared to untreated biomasses. Specifically energy produced from CS and SG was +18.6% and +34.5% respectively, as compared to those obtained by hot water treatment, i.e. +2.3% and +23.4% for CS and SG, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Papa
- University of California, Berkeley, 5885 Hollis St., Emeryville, CA, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Rodriguez
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A George
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - A Schievano
- Gruppo Ricicla-DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 20100, Milan, Italy
| | - V Orzi
- Gruppo Ricicla-DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 20100, Milan, Italy
| | - K L Sale
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - S Singh
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - F Adani
- Gruppo Ricicla-DiSAA, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 20100, Milan, Italy.
| | - B A Simmons
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, CA, USA; Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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39
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Wang H, Tao Y, Temudo M, Schooneveld M, Bijl H, Ren N, Wolf M, Heine C, Foerster A, Pelenc V, Kloek J, van Lier JB, de Kreuk M. An integrated approach for efficient biomethane production from solid bio-wastes in a compact system. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:62. [PMID: 25870654 PMCID: PMC4394555 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid bio-wastes (or organic residues) are worldwide produced in high amount and increasingly considered bioenergy containers rather than waste products. A complete bioprocess from recalcitrant solid wastes to methane (SW2M) via anaerobic digestion (AD) is believed to be a sustainable way to utilize solid bio-wastes. However, the complex and recalcitrance of these organic solids make the hydrolysis process inefficient and thus a rate-limiting step to many AD technologies. Effort has been made to enhance the hydrolysis efficiency, but a comprehensive assessment over a complete flow scheme of SW2M is rare. RESULTS In this study, it comes to reality of a complete scheme for SW2M. A novel process to efficiently convert organic residues into methane is proposed, which proved to be more favorable compared to conventional methods. Brewers' spent grain (BSG) and pig manure (PM) were used to test the feasibility and efficiency. BSG and PM were enzymatically pre-hydrolyzed and solubilized, after which the hydrolysates were anaerobically digested using different bioreactor designs, including expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB), continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR), and sequencing batch reactor (SBR). High organic loading rates (OLRs), reaching 19 and 21 kgCOD · m(-3) · day(-1) were achieved for the EGSBs, fed with BSG and PM, respectively, which were five to seven times higher than those obtained with direct digestion of the raw materials via CSTR or SBR. About 56% and 45% organic proportion of the BSG and PM can be eventually converted to methane. CONCLUSIONS This study proves that complex organic solids, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, proteins, and lipids can be efficiently hydrolyzed, yielding easy biodegradable/bio-convertible influents for the subsequent anaerobic digestion step. Although the economical advantage might not be clear, the current approach represents an efficient way for industrial-scale treatment of organic residues with a small footprint and fast conversion of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Wang
- />State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China
- />Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
- />UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Tao
- />State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China
- />Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Henk Bijl
- />DSM Biotechnology Center, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nanqi Ren
- />State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 150090 Harbin, China
| | | | | | | | | | - Joris Kloek
- />DSM Biotechnology Center, 2600 MA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jules B van Lier
- />Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
- />UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Merle de Kreuk
- />Section of Sanitary Engineering, Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
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Challenges for the production of bioethanol from biomass using recombinant yeasts. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2015; 92:89-125. [PMID: 26003934 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lignocellulose biomass, one of the most abundant renewable resources on the planet, is an alternative sustainable energy source for the production of second-generation biofuels. Energy in the form of simple or complex carbohydrates can be extracted from lignocellulose biomass and fermented by microorganisms to produce bioethanol. Despite 40 years of active and cutting-edge research invested into the development of technologies to produce bioethanol from lignocellulosic biomass, the process remains commercially unviable. This review describes the achievements that have been made in generating microorganisms capable of utilizing both simple and complex sugars from lignocellulose biomass and the fermentation of these sugars into ethanol. We also provide a discussion on the current "roadblocks" standing in the way of making second-generation bioethanol a commercially viable alternative to fossil fuels.
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Kapoor M, Raj T, Vijayaraj M, Chopra A, Gupta RP, Tuli DK, Kumar R. Structural features of dilute acid, steam exploded, and alkali pretreated mustard stalk and their impact on enzymatic hydrolysis. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 124:265-73. [PMID: 25839820 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
To overcome the recalcitrant nature of biomass several pretreatment methodologies have been explored to make it amenable to enzymatic hydrolysis. These methodologies alter cell wall structure primarily by removing/altering hemicelluloses and lignin. In this work, alkali, dilute acid, steam explosion pretreatment are systematically studied for mustard stalk. To assess the structural variability after pretreatment, chemical analysis, surface area, crystallinity index, accessibility of cellulose, FT-IR and thermal analysis are conducted. Although the extent of enzymatic hydrolysis varies upon the methodologies used, nevertheless, cellulose conversion increases from <10% to 81% after pretreatment. Glucose yield at 2 and 72h are well correlated with surface area and maximum adsorption capacity. However, no such relationship is observed for xylose yield. Mass balance of the process is also studied. Dilute acid pretreatment is the best methodology in terms of maximum sugar yield at lower enzyme loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manali Kapoor
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Tirath Raj
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - M Vijayaraj
- Nanotechnology Division, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Anju Chopra
- Analytical Division, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Ravi P Gupta
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Deepak K Tuli
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India
| | - Ravindra Kumar
- DBT-IOC Centre for Advanced Bioenergy Research, Research & Development Centre, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Sector-13, Faridabad 121007, India.
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Vermaas JV, Petridis L, Qi X, Schulz R, Lindner B, Smith JC. Mechanism of lignin inhibition of enzymatic biomass deconstruction. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:217. [PMID: 26697106 PMCID: PMC4687093 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The conversion of plant biomass to ethanol via enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis offers a potentially sustainable route to biofuel production. However, the inhibition of enzymatic activity in pretreated biomass by lignin severely limits the efficiency of this process. RESULTS By performing atomic-detail molecular dynamics simulation of a biomass model containing cellulose, lignin, and cellulases (TrCel7A), we elucidate detailed lignin inhibition mechanisms. We find that lignin binds preferentially both to the elements of cellulose to which the cellulases also preferentially bind (the hydrophobic faces) and also to the specific residues on the cellulose-binding module of the cellulase that are critical for cellulose binding of TrCel7A (Y466, Y492, and Y493). CONCLUSIONS Lignin thus binds exactly where for industrial purposes it is least desired, providing a simple explanation of why hydrolysis yields increase with lignin removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josh V. Vermaas
- />UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 37831 Oak Ridge, TN USA
- />Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 61801 Urbana, IL USA
| | - Loukas Petridis
- />UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 37831 Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Xianghong Qi
- />UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 37831 Oak Ridge, TN USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 37996 Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Roland Schulz
- />UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 37831 Oak Ridge, TN USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 37996 Knoxville, TN USA
| | - Benjamin Lindner
- />UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 37831 Oak Ridge, TN USA
| | - Jeremy. C. Smith
- />UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 37831 Oak Ridge, TN USA
- />Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, 37996 Knoxville, TN USA
- />University of Tennessee/Oak Ridge National Laboratory Center for Molecular Biophysics, P.O.Box 2008, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6309 USA
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43
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Xue S, Uppugundla N, Bowman MJ, Cavalier D, Da Costa Sousa L, E Dale B, Balan V. Sugar loss and enzyme inhibition due to oligosaccharide accumulation during high solids-loading enzymatic hydrolysis. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:195. [PMID: 26617670 PMCID: PMC4662034 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0378-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of recalcitrant oligosaccharides during high-solids loading enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic biomass reduces biofuel yields and increases processing costs for a cellulosic biorefinery. Recalcitrant oligosaccharides in AFEX-pretreated corn stover hydrolysate accumulate to the extent of about 18-25 % of the total soluble sugars in the hydrolysate and 12-18 % of the total polysaccharides in the inlet biomass (untreated), equivalent to a yield loss of about 7-9 kg of monomeric sugars per 100 kg of inlet dry biomass (untreated). These oligosaccharides represent a yield loss and also inhibit commercial hydrolytic enzymes, with both being serious bottlenecks for economical biofuel production from cellulosic biomass. Very little is understood about the nature of these oligomers and why they are recalcitrant to commercial enzymes. This work presents a robust method for separating recalcitrant oligosaccharides from high solid loading hydrolysate in gramme quantities. Composition analysis, recalcitrance study and enzyme inhibition study were performed to understand their chemical nature. RESULTS Oligosaccharide accumulation occurs during high solid loading enzymatic hydrolysis of corn stover (CS) irrespective of using different pretreated corn stover (dilute acid: DA, ionic liquids: IL, and ammonia fibre expansion: AFEX). The methodology for large-scale separation of recalcitrant oligosaccharides from 25 % solids-loading AFEX-corn stover hydrolysate using charcoal fractionation and size exclusion chromatography is reported for the first time. Oligosaccharides with higher degree of polymerization (DP) were recalcitrant towards commercial enzyme mixtures [Ctec2, Htec2 and Multifect pectinase (MP)] compared to lower DP oligosaccharides. Enzyme inhibition studies using processed substrates (Avicel and xylan) showed that low DP oligosaccharides also inhibit commercial enzymes. Addition of monomeric sugars to oligosaccharides increases the inhibitory effects of oligosaccharides on commercial enzymes. CONCLUSION The carbohydrate composition of the recalcitrant oligosaccharides, ratios of different DP oligomers and their distribution profiles were determined. Recalcitrance and enzyme inhibition studies help determine whether the commercial enzyme mixtures lack the enzyme activities required to completely de-polymerize the plant cell wall. Such studies clarify the reasons for oligosaccharide accumulation and contribute to strategies by which oligosaccharides can be converted into fermentable sugars and provide higher biofuel yields with less enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saisi Xue
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
| | - Nirmal Uppugundla
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
| | - Michael J. Bowman
- />USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Bioenergy Research Unit, Peoria, IL 61604 USA
| | - David Cavalier
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
- />DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Leonardo Da Costa Sousa
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
| | - Bruce. E Dale
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
| | - Venkatesh Balan
- />DOE Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Biomass Conversion Research Lab (BCRL), Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 3815 Technology Boulevard, Lansing, MI 48910 USA
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Kshirsagar SD, Waghmare PR, Chandrakant Loni P, Patil SA, Govindwar SP. Dilute acid pretreatment of rice straw, structural characterization and optimization of enzymatic hydrolysis conditions by response surface methodology. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04430h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient conversion of fermentable sugars from cheap lignocellulosic biomass is a current need in viable ethanol production technology.
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