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Herradon G, Ramos-Alvarez MP, Gramage E. Connecting Metainflammation and Neuroinflammation Through the PTN-MK-RPTPβ/ζ Axis: Relevance in Therapeutic Development. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:377. [PMID: 31031625 PMCID: PMC6474308 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a common factor of pathologies such as obesity, type 2 diabetes or neurodegenerative diseases. Chronic inflammation is considered part of the pathogenic mechanisms of different disorders associated with aging. Interestingly, peripheral inflammation and the associated metabolic alterations not only facilitate insulin resistance and diabetes but also neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the identification of novel pathways, common to the development of these diseases, which modulate the immune response and signaling is key. It will provide highly relevant information to advance our knowledge of the multifactorial process of aging, and to establish new biomarkers and/or therapeutic targets to counteract the underlying chronic inflammatory processes. One novel pathway that regulates peripheral and central immune responses is triggered by the cytokines pleiotrophin (PTN) and midkine (MK), which bind its receptor, Receptor Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (RPTP) β/ζ, and inactivate its phosphatase activity. In this review, we compile a growing body of knowledge suggesting that PTN and MK modulate the immune response and/or inflammation in different pathologies characterized by peripheral inflammation associated with insulin resistance, such as aging, and in central disorders characterized by overt neuroinflammation, such as neurodegenerative diseases and endotoxemia. Evidence strongly suggests that regulation of the PTN and MK signaling pathways may provide new therapeutic opportunities particularly in those neurological disorders characterized by increased PTN and/or MK cerebral levels and neuroinflammation. Importantly, we discuss existing therapeutics, and others being developed, that modulate these signaling pathways, and their potential use in pathologies characterized by overt neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Herradon
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pilar Ramos-Alvarez
- Departmento de Química y Bioquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Gramage
- Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y de la Salud, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEU, CEU Universities, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Li N, Zhang C, Meng Z, Xu K, He X, Yu Y, Jia Q, Li X, Liu X, Wang X. Changes of serum midkine as a dynamic prognostic factor to monitor disease status in papillary thyroid cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12242. [PMID: 30200153 PMCID: PMC6133610 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the value of dynamic changes of midkine (MK) to monitor post-surgical patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) who were managed with I therapies.MK concentration at initial I ablation therapy (MK1) as well as 10 to 12 months thereafter (MK2) was evaluated. And the dynamic changes of thyroglobulin (Tg) were compared (Tg1 and Tg2). Patients with MK influencing co-morbidities and with positive thyroglobulin antibodies were excluded. Concentrations of MK were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.There were 241 PTC patients (36 males, 205 females) enrolled, 55 cases had metastases (8 males, 47 females) during their follow-up. Cox regression showed if Tg2 decreased (compared with Tg1), but not to less than 1.0ng/mL under TSH stimulation, the risk of metastases was 12.554 times more than if it could decrease to the optimal level. If Tg2 increased, the risk is 19.461 times higher. As for MK, if MK2 level decreased (compared with MK1), but not to a normal level, the risk of metastases is 3.006. If MK2 level increased, it would be 5.030 likely to had metastases.Our results indicated that MK could potentially be used as a disease monitoring biomarker for PTC, although inferior to Tg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
| | | | | | - Ke Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Micro-environment, Tianjin Lung Cancer Institute
| | - Xianghui He
- Department of General Surgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Thyroid and Neck Tumor, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | | | - Xue Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine
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Maza S, Gandia-Aguado N, de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Fluorous-tag assisted synthesis of a glycosaminoglycan mimetic tetrasaccharide as a high-affinity FGF-2 and midkine ligand. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1076-1085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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4
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Solera C, Macchione G, Maza S, Kayser MM, Corzana F, de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Chondroitin Sulfate Tetrasaccharides: Synthesis, Three-Dimensional Structure and Interaction with Midkine. Chemistry 2016; 22:2356-69. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201504440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Solera
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Giuseppe Macchione
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Susana Maza
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - M. Mar Kayser
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Francisco Corzana
- Departamento de Química; Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química; Universidad de La Rioja; Madre de Dios, 51 26006 Logroño Spain
| | - José L. de Paz
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
| | - Pedro M. Nieto
- Glycosystems Laboratory; Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ); cicCartuja, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla; Americo Vespucio, 49 41092 Sevilla Spain
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5
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de Paz JL, Nieto PM. Improvement on binding of chondroitin sulfate derivatives to midkine by increasing hydrophobicity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:3506-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00389c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The relative binding affinities of sulfated, fully protected chondroitin sulfate oligosaccharides for midkine are much higher than those displayed by the natural deprotected sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. L. de Paz
- Glycosystems Laboratory
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)
- cicCartuja
- CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla
- 41092 Sevilla
| | - P. M. Nieto
- Glycosystems Laboratory
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ)
- cicCartuja
- CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla
- 41092 Sevilla
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Güngör C, Hofmann BT, Wolters-Eisfeld G, Bockhorn M. Pancreatic cancer. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:849-58. [PMID: 24024905 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED In recent years, it has become clear that the current standard therapeutic options for pancreatic cancer are not adequate and still do not meet the criteria to cure patients suffering from this lethal disease. Although research over the past decade has shown very interesting and promising new therapeutic options for these patients, only minor clinical success was achieved. Therefore, there is still an urgent need for new approaches that deal with early detection and new therapeutic options in pancreatic cancer. To provide optimal care for patients with pancreatic cancer, we need to understand better its complex molecular biology and thus to identify new target molecules that promote the proliferation and resistance to chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer cells. In spite of significant progress in curing cancers with chemotherapy, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most resistant solid tumour cancers and many studies suggest that drug-resistant cancer cells are the most aggressive with the highest relapse and metastatic rates. In this context, activated Notch signalling is strongly linked with chemoresistance and therefore reflects a rational new target to circumvent resistance to chemotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Here, we have focused our discussion on the latest research, current therapy options and recently identified target molecules such as Notch-2 and the heparin-binding growth factor midkine, which exhibit a wide range of cancer-relevant functions and therefore provide attractive new therapeutic target molecules, in terms of pancreatic cancer and other cancers also. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Midkine. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Güngör
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, Experimental Oncology, Campus Research, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Hao H, Maeda Y, Fukazawa T, Yamatsuji T, Takaoka M, Bao XH, Matsuoka J, Okui T, Shimo T, Takigawa N, Tomono Y, Nakajima M, Fink-Baldauf IM, Nelson S, Seibel W, Papoian R, Whitsett JA, Naomoto Y. Inhibition of the growth factor MDK/midkine by a novel small molecule compound to treat non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71093. [PMID: 23976985 PMCID: PMC3745462 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Midkine (MDK) is a heparin-binding growth factor that is highly expressed in many malignant tumors, including lung cancers. MDK activates the PI3K pathway and induces anti-apoptotic activity, in turn enhancing the survival of tumors. Therefore, the inhibition of MDK is considered a potential strategy for cancer therapy. In the present study, we demonstrate a novel small molecule compound (iMDK) that targets MDK. iMDK inhibited the cell growth of MDK-positive H441 lung adenocarcinoma cells that harbor an oncogenic KRAS mutation and H520 squamous cell lung cancer cells, both of which are types of untreatable lung cancer. However, iMDK did not reduce the cell viability of MDK-negative A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells or normal human lung fibroblast (NHLF) cells indicating its specificity. iMDK suppressed the endogenous expression of MDK but not that of other growth factors such as PTN or VEGF. iMDK suppressed the growth of H441 cells by inhibiting the PI3K pathway and inducing apoptosis. Systemic administration of iMDK significantly inhibited tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model in vivo. Inhibition of MDK with iMDK provides a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of lung cancers that are driven by MDK.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Coumarins/pharmacology
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Fibroblasts/cytology
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Midkine
- Molecular Weight
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Nerve Growth Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/genetics
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Thiazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Hao
- Kawasaki Hospital Research Center, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maeda
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Takuya Fukazawa
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yamatsuji
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Munenori Takaoka
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | - Xiao-Hong Bao
- Kawasaki Hospital Research Center, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basical Medicine, Liaoning Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Junji Matsuoka
- Department of Palliative Care and Cancer Survivorship, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Okui
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shimo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nagio Takigawa
- Department of General Internal Medicine 4, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | - Iris M. Fink-Baldauf
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sandra Nelson
- Drug Discovery Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio, United States of America
| | - William Seibel
- Drug Discovery Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ruben Papoian
- Drug Discovery Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A. Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yoshio Naomoto
- Department of General Surgery, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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8
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Structure–function analysis of full-length midkine reveals novel residues important for heparin binding and zebrafish embryogenesis. Biochem J 2013; 451:407-15. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20121622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Midkine is a heparin-binding di-domain growth factor, implicated in many biological processes as diverse as angiogenesis, neurogenesis and tumorigenesis. Elevated midkine levels reflect poor prognosis for many carcinomas, yet the molecular and cellular mechanisms orchestrating its activity remain unclear. At the present time, the individual structures of isolated half domains of human midkine are known and its functionally active C-terminal half domain remains a popular therapeutic target. In the present study, we determined the structure of full-length zebrafish midkine and show that it interacts with fondaparinux (a synthetic highly sulfated pentasaccharide) and natural heparin through a previously uncharacterized, but highly conserved, hinge region. Mutating six consecutive residues in the conserved hinge to glycine strongly abates heparin binding and midkine embryogenic activity. In contrast with previous in vitro studies, we found that the isolated C-terminal half domain is not active in vivo in embryos. Instead, we have demonstrated that the N-terminal half domain is needed to enhance heparin binding and mediate midkine embryogenic activity surprisingly in both heparin-dependent and -independent manners. Our findings provide new insights into the structural features of full-length midkine relevant for embryogenesis, and unravel additional therapeutic routes targeting the N-terminal half domain and conserved hinge.
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Gramage E, Martín YB, Herradon G. The heparin binding growth factors midkine and pleiotrophin regulate the antinociceptive effects of morphine through α(2)-adrenergic independent mechanisms. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:387-93. [PMID: 22342918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic deletion of pleiotrophin (PTN) impairs spinal nociceptive transmission suggesting that this heparin binding growth factor could play roles in acute pain processing. Despite the high functional redundancy between PTN and midkine (MK), the only other member of this family of growth factors, we now demonstrate that genetic inactivation of MK does not alter acute nociceptive transmission since pain responses of female MK genetically deficient (MK-/-) and wild type (WT+/+) mice were found to be similar in the hot-plate and tail-immersion tests. It has also been shown that morphine administration significantly regulates MK levels within the brain, suggesting that MK could play a role in morphine-induced antinociceptive effects. To test this hypothesis, we have now studied morphine-induced antinociceptive effects in female MK-/- and WT+/+ mice. We did not find differences among genotypes using different doses of morphine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) in the hot-plate test. In contrast, we found that morphine significantly delayed pain responses in MK-/- mice compared to WT+/+ mice in the tail-immersion test. In confirmation of previous results from our group, we also found significantly enhanced morphine-induced antinociceptive effects in PTN-/- mice in the tail-immersion test. In addition, we now demonstrate that enhanced morphine analgesic effects in PTN-/- and MK-/- mice are not caused by a different contribution of descending noradrenergic inhibitory pathways since the α(2)-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine failed to alter morphine-induced analgesia in all genotypes. The data demonstrate that MK is an endogenous modulator of morphine antinociceptive effects, identify significant differences between PTN and MK in the control of pain processing at the spinal level, and support the hypothesis that inhibitors of the PTN/MK signaling pathway could potentiate opioid analgesia which may be relevant in opioid-refractory pain cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Gramage
- Lab. Pharmacology and Toxicology, Univ. San Pablo CEU, 28668 Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
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Muramatsu T. Midkine: a promising molecule for drug development to treat diseases of the central nervous system. Curr Pharm Des 2011; 17:410-23. [PMID: 21375488 PMCID: PMC3267162 DOI: 10.2174/138161211795164167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a heparin-binding cytokine, and promotes growth, survival, migration and other activities of target cells. After describing the general properties of MK, this review focuses on MK and MK inhibitors as therapeutics for diseases in the central nervous system. MK is strongly expressed during embryogenesis especially at the midgestation period, but is expressed only at restricted sites in adults. MK expression is induced upon tissue injury such as ischemic brain damage. Since exogenously administered MK or the gene transfer of MK suppresses neuronal cell death in experimental systems, MK has the potential to treat cerebral infarction. MK might become important also in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. MK is involved in inflammatory diseases by enhancing migration of leukocytes, inducing chemokine production and suppressing regulatory T cells. Since an aptamer to MK suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalitis, MK inhibitors are promising for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. MK is overexpressed in most malignant tumors including glioblastoma, and is involved in tumor invasion. MK inhibitors may be of value in the treatment of glioblastoma. Furthermore, an oncolytic adenovirus, whose replication is under the control of the MK promoter, inhibits the growth of glioblastoma xenografts. MK inhibitors under development include antibodies, aptamers, glycosaminoglycans, peptides and low molecular weight compounds. siRNA and antisense oligoDNA have proved effective against malignant tumors and inflammatory diseases in experimental systems. Practical information concerning the development of MK and MK inhibitors as therapeutics is described in the final part of the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Muramatsu
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Psychological and Physical Science, Aichi Gakuin University, 12 Araike, Iwasaki-cho, Nisshin, Aichi 470-0195, Japan.
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