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Viswanathan S, Sandeep Oza P, Bellad A, Uttarilli A. Conotruncal Heart Defects: A Narrative Review of Molecular Genetics, Genomics Research and Innovation. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2024; 28:324-346. [PMID: 38986083 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2024.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are most prevalent cardiac defects that occur at birth, leading to significant neonatal mortality and morbidity, especially in the developing nations. Among the CHDs, conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) are particularly noteworthy, comprising a significant portion of congenital cardiac anomalies. While advances in imaging and surgical techniques have improved the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of CTDs, their molecular genetics and genomic substrates remain incompletely understood. This expert review covers the recent advances from January 2016 onward and examines the complexities surrounding the genetic etiologies, prevalence, embryology, diagnosis, and clinical management of CTDs. We also emphasize the known copy number variants and single nucleotide variants associated with CTDs, along with the current planetary health research efforts aimed at CTDs in large cohort studies. In all, this comprehensive narrative review of molecular genetics and genomics research and innovation on CTDs draws from and highlights selected works from around the world and offers new ideas for advances in CTD diagnosis, precision medicine interventions, and accurate assessment of prognosis and recurrence risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Viswanathan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Prachi Sandeep Oza
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anikha Bellad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anusha Uttarilli
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Cirillo A, Lioncino M, Maratea A, Passariello A, Fusco A, Fratta F, Monda E, Caiazza M, Signore G, Esposito A, Baban A, Versacci P, Putotto C, Marino B, Pignata C, Cirillo E, Giardino G, Sarubbi B, Limongelli G, Russo MG. Clinical Manifestations of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Heart Fail Clin 2021; 18:155-164. [PMID: 34776076 DOI: 10.1016/j.hfc.2021.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
DiGeorge syndrome (DGS), also known as "22q11.2 deletion syndrome" (22q11DS) (MIM # 192430 # 188400), is a genetic disorder caused by hemizygous microdeletion of the long arm of chromosome 22. In the last decades, the introduction of fluorescence in situ hybridization assays, and in selected cases the use of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, has allowed the detection of chromosomal microdeletions that could not be previously identified using standard karyotype analysis. The aim of this review is to address cardiovascular and systemic involvement in children with DGS, provide genotype-phenotype correlations, and discuss their medical management and therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annapaola Cirillo
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Lioncino
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annachiara Maratea
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Annalisa Passariello
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Adelaide Fusco
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Fiorella Fratta
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Monda
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Caiazza
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Signore
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Augusto Esposito
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Anwar Baban
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Viale Di San Paolo, 15, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Versacci
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Putotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Marino
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Emilia Cirillo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences - Section of Pediatrics, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Berardo Sarubbi
- Adult Congenital Heart Diseases Unit, AORN dei Colli, Monaldi Hospital, Naples
| | - Giuseppe Limongelli
- Inherited and Rare Cardiovascular Disease Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Russo
- Pediatric Cardiology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. Bianchi, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Sarac Sivrikoz T, Basaran S, Has R, Karaman B, Kalelioglu IH, Kirgiz M, Altunoglu U, Yuksel A. Prenatal sonographic and cytogenetic/molecular findings of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome in 48 confirmed cases in a single tertiary center. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 305:323-342. [PMID: 34145474 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to present the fetal ultrasound, cytogenetic/molecular testing and postmortem or postnatal clinical findings of cases with 22q11.2DS diagnosed prenatally. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective medical record review of 48 prenatal cases diagnosed with 22q11.2DS were evaluated in our institution. Detailed ultrasound examination was performed on all fetuses. Postmortem and postnatal examinations were evaluated. The microdeletions were detected by karyotyping or microarray, then confirmed by FISH. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS Demographic data of 48 prenatal cases including 46 singletons and 1 dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy were evaluated. The most common extracardiac anomaly was skeletal system anomalies (25%), in which PEV was the most frequent one (20.8%). Polyhydramnios rate was detected as 31%, in 6.6% as an isolated finding. Microdeletion has been detected by karyotyping in 13 cases (13/47, 27.7%) (including 2 unbalanced translocations), by FISH in 28 cases (28/48, 58.3%), by microarray/a-CGH testing in 7 cases. Microarray analysis showed that in one case with unbalanced translocation had two consecutive deletions; one was proximal and other one distal to critical region and not encompassing TBX1 gene but CRKL and LZTR1 genes. CONCLUSION The current study demonstrates the whole spectrum of atypical phenotypic and genotypic variations of 22q11.2DS in the largest prenatal case series reported to date. Therefore, differential diagnosis should be considered not solely in CHD, but also in the presence of isolated clubfeet and polyhydramnios. Establishing the diagnosis in the prenatal period may allow a postnatal multidisciplinary approach, as well as affect the actual prevalence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Sarac Sivrikoz
- Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Seher Basaran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- PREMED, Center for Genetic Diagnosis and Research, Mecidiyekoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Recep Has
- Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Birsen Karaman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Pediatric Basic Science, Child Health Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Halil Kalelioglu
- Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melike Kirgiz
- PREMED, Center for Genetic Diagnosis and Research, Mecidiyekoy, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atil Yuksel
- Division of Perinatology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yuan S, Cheng D, Luo K, Li X, Hu L, Hu H, Wu X, Xie P, Lu C, Lu G, Lin G, Gong F, Tan YQ. Reproductive risks and preimplantation genetic testing intervention for X-autosome translocation carriers. Reprod Biomed Online 2021; 43:73-80. [PMID: 33931368 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTION What is the genetic cause of multiple congenital disabilities in a girl with a maternal balanced X-autosome translocation [t(X-A)]? Is preimplantation genetic testing (PGT), to distinguish non-carrier from euploid/balanced embryos and prioritize transfer, an effective and applicable strategy for couples with t(X-A)? DESIGN Karyotype analysis, whole-exome sequencing and X inactivation analysis were performed for a girl with congenital cardiac anomalies, language impairment and mild neurodevelopmental delay. PGT based on next-generation sequencing after microdissecting junction region (MicroSeq) to distinguish non-carrier and carrier embryos was used in three couples with a female t(X-A) carrier (cases 1-3). RESULTS The girl carried a maternal balanced translocation 46,X,t(X;1)(q28;p31.1). Whole-exome sequencing revealed no monogenic mutation related to her phenotype, but she carried a rare skewed inactivation of the translocated X chromosome that spread to the adjacent interstitial 1p segment, contrary to her mother. All translocation breakpoints in cases 1-3 were successfully identified and each couple underwent one PGT cycle. Thirty oocytes were retrieved, and 13 blastocysts were eligible for biopsy, of which six embryos had a balanced translocation and only four were non-carriers. Three cryopreserved embryo transfers with non-carrier status embryos resulted in the birth of two healthy children (one girl and one boy), who were subsequently confirmed to have normal karyotypes. CONCLUSIONS This study reported a girl with multiple congenital disabilities associated with a maternal balanced t(X-A) and verified that the distinction between non-carrier and carrier embryos is an effective and applicable strategy to avoid transferring genetic and reproductive risks to the offspring of t(X-A) carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimin Yuan
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center For Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan, China
| | - Dehua Cheng
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center For Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan, China
| | - Keli Luo
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center For Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan, China
| | - Xiurong Li
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center For Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan, China
| | - Liang Hu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center For Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan, China; Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, China; National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha Hunan, China; HC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering (Central South University), Changsha Hunan, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center For Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan, China
| | - Xianhong Wu
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha Hunan, China
| | - Pingyuan Xie
- National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha Hunan, China
| | - Changfu Lu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center For Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan, China; Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, China; National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha Hunan, China; HC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering (Central South University), Changsha Hunan, China
| | - Guangxiu Lu
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center For Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan, China; Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, China; National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha Hunan, China; HC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering (Central South University), Changsha Hunan, China
| | - Ge Lin
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center For Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan, China; Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, China; National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha Hunan, China; HC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering (Central South University), Changsha Hunan, China
| | - Fei Gong
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center For Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan, China; Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, China; National Engineering and Research Center of Human Stem Cells, Changsha Hunan, China; HC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering (Central South University), Changsha Hunan, China.
| | - Yue-Qiu Tan
- Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha Hunan, China; Clinical Research Center For Reproduction and Genetics in Hunan Province, Changsha Hunan, China; Institute of Reproduction and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha Hunan, China; HC Key Laboratory of Human Stem Cell and Reproductive Engineering (Central South University), Changsha Hunan, China.
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Hu X, Li L, Zhang H, Hu Z, Li L, Sun M, Liu R. Prenatal diagnosis of a de novo tetrasomy 15q24.3-25.3: Case report and literature review. J Clin Lab Anal 2020; 34:e23288. [PMID: 32185823 PMCID: PMC7370735 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.23288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terminal duplication on chromosome 15q is a rare chromosomal variation. Affected individuals show similar features such as growth dysplasia or the development of frontal bossing, body deformities, facial abnormalities, and genitourinary or cardiovascular disorders. However, it is not yet clear whether such 15q repeats lead to identifiable patterns of clinical abnormalities. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze the prenatal diagnostic results and clinical manifestations of a fetus with 15q duplication and to summarize the literature. METHODS The case was a fetus at 28 weeks of gestation. The risk of Down syndrome from second-trimester screening was 1/140. Prenatal ultrasound and amniocentesis were performed, and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was used for genetic analysis. RESULTS The fetus had abnormal clinical features, including intracardiac echogenic focus in the left ventricle, an aberrant right subclavian artery, and growth delay. The fetal chromosomal karyotype was 46,XX,15q?,12q?,21pstk+, and CMA revealed a 10.163 Mb duplication at 15q24.3-q25.3. The couple chose to terminate the pregnancy after careful consideration. CONCLUSIONS The combination and rational application of cytogenetics technology and molecular genetics technology such as CMA will open up the field of clinical application and provide useful genetic counseling for parents of fetuses carrying such chromosomal duplications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Hu
- Reproductive Medicine & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Leilei Li
- Reproductive Medicine & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- Reproductive Medicine & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuming Hu
- Reproductive Medicine & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Linlin Li
- Reproductive Medicine & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Meiling Sun
- Reproductive Medicine & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruizhi Liu
- Reproductive Medicine & Prenatal Diagnosis Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Farrera A, Villanueva M, Vizcaíno A, Medina-Bravo P, Balderrábano-Saucedo N, Rives M, Cruz D, Hernández-Carbajal E, Granados-Riveron J, Sánchez-Urbina R. Ontogeny of the facial phenotypic variability in Mexican patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Head Face Med 2019; 15:29. [PMID: 31829202 PMCID: PMC6905036 DOI: 10.1186/s13005-019-0213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a medical condition that results from genomic loss at chromosome 22. Affected patients exhibit large variability that ranges from a severe condition to mild symptoms. In addition, the spectrum of clinical features differs among populations and even within family members. The facial features related to this syndrome are not an exception, and although part of its variation arises through development, few studies address this topic in order to understand the intra and inter-population heterogeneities. Here, we analyze the ontogenetic dynamics of facial morphology of Mexican patients with del22q11.2 syndrome.
Methods
Frontal facial photographs of 37 patients (mean age = 7.65 ± 4.21 SE) with del22q11.2DS and 200 control subjects (mean age = 7.69 ± 4.26 SE) were analyzed using geometric morphometric methods. Overall mean shape and size differences between patients and controls were analyzed, as well as differences in ontogenetic trajectories (i.e. development, growth, and allometry).
Results
We found that Mexican patients show typical traits that have been reported for the Caucasian population. Additionally, there were significant differences between groups in the facial shape and size when all the ontogenetic stages were considered together and, along ontogeny. The developmental and allometric trajectories of patients and controls were similar, but they differed in allometric scaling. Finally, patients and controls showed different growth trajectories.
Conclusion
The results suggest that the typical face of patients with del22q11.2DS is established prenatally; nonetheless, the postnatal ontogeny could influence the dysmorphology and its variability through size-related changes.
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Morrow BE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Emanuel BS, Vermeesch JR, Scambler PJ. Molecular genetics of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 176:2070-2081. [PMID: 30380194 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a congenital malformation and neuropsychiatric disorder caused by meiotic chromosome rearrangements. One of the goals of this review is to summarize the current state of basic research studies of 22q11.2DS. It highlights efforts to understand the mechanisms responsible for the 22q11.2 deletion that occurs in meiosis. This mechanism involves the four sets of low copy repeats (LCR22) that are dispersed in the 22q11.2 region and the deletion is mediated by nonallelic homologous recombination events. This review also highlights selected genes mapping to the 22q11.2 region that may contribute to the typical clinical findings associated with the disorder and explain that mutations in genes on the remaining allele can uncover rare recessive conditions. Another important aspect of 22q11.2DS is the existence of phenotypic heterogeneity. While some patients are mildly affected, others have severe medical, cognitive, and/or psychiatric challenges. Variability may be due in part to the presence of genetic modifiers. This review discusses current genome-wide efforts to identify such modifiers that could shed light on molecular pathways required for normal human development, cognition or behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice E Morrow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Donna M McDonald-McGinn
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Beverly S Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Joris R Vermeesch
- Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter J Scambler
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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Favre E, Leleu A, Peyroux E, Baudouin JY, Franck N, Demily C. Exploratory case study of monozygotic twins with 22q11.2DS provides further clues to circumscribe neurocognitive markers of psychotic symptoms. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:101987. [PMID: 31446315 PMCID: PMC6713843 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Variation in facial emotion processing abilities may contribute to variability in penetrance for psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2DS. However, the precise nature of the social cognitive dysfunction (i.e., facial expression perception vs. emotion recognition), the potential additional roles of genetic and environmental variabilities, and consequently the possibility of using this neurocognitive marker in clinical monitoring remain unclear. The present case study aimed at testing the hypothesis that when confounding factors are controlled, the presence of psychotic symptoms in 22q11.2DS is associated, at the individual level, with a neural marker of facial expression perception rather than explicit emotional face recognition. Two monozygotic twins with 22q11.2DS discordant for psychiatric manifestations performed (1) a classical facial emotion labelling task and (2) an implicit neural measurement of facial expression perception using a frequency-tagging approach in electroencephalography (EEG). Analysis of the periodic brain response elicited by a change of facial expression from neutrality indicated that the twin with psychotic symptoms did not detect emotion among neutral faces while the twin without the symptoms did. In contrast, both encountered difficulties labelling facial emotion. The results from this exploratory twin study support the idea that impaired facial expression perception rather than explicit recognition of the emotion expressed might be a neurocognitive endophenotype of psychotic symptoms that could be reliable at a clinical level. Although confirmatory studies should be required, it facilitates further discussion on the etiology of the clinical phenotype in 22q11.2DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Favre
- GénoPsy, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, 95 bd Pinel BP300.91, F-69 678 BRON Cedex, France; Equipe EDR-Psy, Institut de Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS-UMR5229 & Université Lyon 1 Claude Bernard, 67 bd Pinel, F-69 500 BRON, France.
| | - Arnaud Leleu
- Équipe Éthologie Développementale et Psychologie Cognitive, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 bd Jeanne d'Arc, F-21 000 Dijon, France.
| | - Elodie Peyroux
- GénoPsy, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, 95 bd Pinel BP300.91, F-69 678 BRON Cedex, France; Equipe EDR-Psy, Institut de Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS-UMR5229 & Université Lyon 1 Claude Bernard, 67 bd Pinel, F-69 500 BRON, France; Centre ressource pour la réhabilitation psychosociale et la remédiation cognitive, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, 5 rue Jean Sarrazin, F-69 008 Lyon, France.
| | - Jean-Yves Baudouin
- Équipe Éthologie Développementale et Psychologie Cognitive, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9 bd Jeanne d'Arc, F-21 000 Dijon, France; Laboratoire Développement, Individu, Processus, Handicap, Education (DIPHE), Departement Psychologie du Développement, de l'Education et des Vulnérabilités (PsyDEV), Institut de psychologie, Université Lumière Lyon 2, 5 av Pierre Mendès-France, F-69676 Bron, France.
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Equipe EDR-Psy, Institut de Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS-UMR5229 & Université Lyon 1 Claude Bernard, 67 bd Pinel, F-69 500 BRON, France; Centre ressource pour la réhabilitation psychosociale et la remédiation cognitive, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, 5 rue Jean Sarrazin, F-69 008 Lyon, France.
| | - Caroline Demily
- GénoPsy, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares à Expression Psychiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Le Vinatier, 95 bd Pinel BP300.91, F-69 678 BRON Cedex, France; Equipe EDR-Psy, Institut de Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, CNRS-UMR5229 & Université Lyon 1 Claude Bernard, 67 bd Pinel, F-69 500 BRON, France.
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Homatter C, Robillard PY, Omarjee A, Schweizer C, Boukerrou M, Cuillier F, Doray B, Randrianaivo H, Bertaut-Nativel B, Dumont C. Discordant malformations in monochorionic twins: a retrospective cohort study in La Reunion Island. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:4069-4075. [PMID: 30880510 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2019.1594767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: Discordant malformation between monochorionic twins is a rare and unknown phenomenon.Objectives: To estimate the incidence of discordant monochorionic twins and to describe their characteristics.Study design: A retrospective multicenter cohort of pregnancies between 2002 and 2015 in La Reunion Island was analyzed, thanks to a population-based register. Only monochorionic pregnancies were included in order to analyze specifically monozygotic twins. We defined as discordant twin pairs those in which different malformations were identified for each twin and those with only one fetus showing a malformation.Results: During the study period, 203,807 births occurred, including 410 monochorionic twin pairs. Congenital anomalies rate for monochorionic twin pairs was 10.7%. We included 38 monochorionic twin pairs with discordant phenotypes, which represent 9.3% of monochorionic twin pairs and 86.4% of monochorionic twin pairs affected by congenital anomalies. Among them, both twins were affected by different congenital anomalies in 7 pairs (18.4%), and only one twin was affected in 31 pairs (81.6%). We identified 20 congenital heart anomalies (44.4%), 5 brain anomalies (11.1%), 5 genital anomalies (11.1%), 4 axial bones and skull anomalies (8.9%), 4 limb anomalies (8.9%), 4 facial anomalies (8.9%), 3 urological anomalies (6.6%), 2 thoracic anomalies (4.4%), 1 bile duct anomaly (2,2%), 1 abdominal parietal defect (2.2%), and 1 aneuploidy (2.2%). Among them, 3 (6.6%) fetuses had an association of malformations. Among the 45 fetuses with malformations, 37 fetuses (82.2%) were born alive and 21 (46.6%) had postnatal surgery.Conclusions: Despite a supposed identical genome, discordant congenital anomalies in monochorionic twin pregnancies are not exceptional and related to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. Sonographers and pediatricians should know that in monochorionic twin a pair, the occurrence of discordant phenotypes is high (9.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Homatter
- Service de Gynécologie - Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud-Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Robillard
- Service de Réanimation Néonatale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud-Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France.,Centre d'Études Périnatales Océan Indien, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud-Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Asma Omarjee
- Service de Gynécologie - Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud-Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Chloé Schweizer
- Service de Gynécologie - Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud-Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Malik Boukerrou
- Service de Gynécologie - Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud-Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France.,Centre d'Études Périnatales Océan Indien, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud-Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Fabrice Cuillier
- Service de Gynécologie - Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Félix Guyon, Bellepierre, France
| | - Bérénice Doray
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Félix Guyon, Bellepierre, France.,CIC-EC Inserm CIC1410, Centre de Recherche Médicale et en Santé, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud-Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
| | - Hanitra Randrianaivo
- Registre des malformations congénitales de l'Ile de la Réunion, REMACOR, Saint-Pierre, France
| | | | - Coralie Dumont
- Service de Gynécologie - Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud-Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France.,Centre d'Études Périnatales Océan Indien, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud-Réunion, Saint-Pierre, France
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10
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Yue F, Jiang Y, Yu Y, Yang X, Zhang H, Liu R, Wang R. Clinical, cytogenetic, and molecular findings in a fetus with ultrasonic multiple malformations, 4q duplication, and 7q deletion: A case report and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13094. [PMID: 30407316 PMCID: PMC6250448 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Chromosome deletion/duplication has been reported to be associated with mental disability and dysmorphism according to the accumulated research evidence. PATIENT CONCERNS A 25-year-old woman underwent amniocentesis for cytogenetic and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array analysis at 18 weeks of gestation due to the increased Down syndrome risk of 1/13. DIAGNOSES The fetal chromosomal analysis revealed a seemingly "normal" chromosomal karyotype, but the SNP array results showed a partial duplication of chromosome 4q34.1q35.2 and a deletion of chromosome 7q34q36.3fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis showed that the couple had normal chromosome 4 and 7, whereas there was a partial signal fragment of chromosome 4 attached on the long arm of chromosome 7 for the fetus. INTERVENTIONS The couple finally chose to terminate the pregnancy based on the ultrasonic multiple malformations and the abnormal SNP array results. OUTCOMES The duplicated/deleted segments of the fetus were de novo. Meanwhile, we consider SHH and XRCC2 as good candidate genes, which may, in part, explain the observed abnormalities for the fetus. LESSONS The combination of SNP array and FISH analysis can give a molecular chromosomal diagnosis, which will offer more clear cytogenetic diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fagui Yue
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuting Jiang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongguo Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruizhi Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruixue Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Center for Prenatal Diagnosis, First Hospital
- Jilin Engineering Research Center for Reproductive Medicine and Genetics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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11
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Rayannavar A, Katz LEL, Crowley TB, Lessig M, Grand K, Goldmuntz E, Zackai EH, McDonald-McGinn DM. Association of hypocalcemia with congenital heart disease in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2099-2103. [PMID: 30277015 PMCID: PMC6467273 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypocalcemia is one of the cardinal features of the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS), the most common cause of DiGeorge syndrome. Hypocalcemia and other features of 22q11.2DS including congenital heart disease (CHD) are primarily ascribed to problems with morphogenesis and function of the pharyngeal arch system derivatives including the parathyroid glands, the aortic arch, and the cardiac outflow tract. In light of the aforementioned embryology, we hypothesized that hypocalcemia would be identified more frequently in those patients with 22q11.2DS and CHD. We conducted a retrospective IRB approved chart review on 1,300 subjects with 22q11.2DS evaluated at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. χ2 test was used to evaluate the statistical significance of differences in hypocalcemia between the two groups. Eight hundred fifty-two patients had calcium levels available for review. Of these, 466 (54.69%) had a history of hypocalcemia and 550 (64.55%) had CHD. Of those with CHD, 343 (62.36%) had a history of hypocalcemia, and of those without CHD, only 123 (40.73%) had a history of hypocalcemia. Thus, the frequency of diagnosed hypocalcemia was greater in patients with 22q11.2DS and CHD as compared to those without CHD (p < .001). We also analyzed age of onset of hypocalcemia and found that 66.47% of CHD/hypocalcemia group had neonatal/infantile hypocalcemia versus 43.09% in the non-CHD/hypocalcemia group. In our large cohort of patients with 22q11.2DS, the prevalence of diagnosed hypocalcemia is elevated among patients with CHD, in whom it is more likely to be diagnosed during the neonatal/infancy period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Rayannavar
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lorraine E. Levitt Katz
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Terrence Blaine Crowley
- Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Megan Lessig
- Divisions of Endocrinology and Diabetes, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Katheryn Grand
- Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elizabeth Goldmuntz
- Division of Cardiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna M. McDonald-McGinn
- Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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12
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Kaul S, Kaur H, Vats SKS, Chawla J, Jindal R, Khetarpal P. Identification of novel translocation between short arm of chromosome 4 and long arm of chromosome 6 in an infertile man using Interphase Chromosome Profiling (ICP). Andrologia 2018; 50:e12954. [PMID: 29411892 DOI: 10.1111/and.12954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional cytogenetics has always been a favourite to detect chromosomal aberrations. Carriers of chromosomal translocation are often phenotypically normal but are infertile. Couples are often advised to go for karyotyping, but culture failure or improper metaphase spread with poor banding often makes the analysis difficult. We report here a novel translocation between short arm of chromosome 4 and long arm of chromosome 6 in an infertile man using an advanced molecular cytogenetic technique of Interphase Chromosome Profiling (ICP).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kaul
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Science, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
| | - H Kaur
- Adesh University, Bathinda, India
| | - S K S Vats
- Dss Imagetech Pvt. ltd, New Delhi, India
| | - J Chawla
- Jindal Heart Hospital, Jindal heart institute and IVF centre, Bathinda, India
| | - R Jindal
- Jindal Heart Hospital, Jindal heart institute and IVF centre, Bathinda, India
| | - P Khetarpal
- Centre for Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, School of Health Science, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, India
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13
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Halder A, Jain M, Kalsi AK. SNP Microarray in FISH Negative Clinically Suspected 22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome. SCIENTIFICA 2016; 2016:5826431. [PMID: 27051557 PMCID: PMC4804090 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5826431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the role of SNP microarray in 101 cases of clinically suspected FISH negative (noninformative/normal) 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. SNP microarray was carried out using 300 K HumanCytoSNP-12 BeadChip array or CytoScan 750 K array. SNP microarray identified 8 cases of 22q11.2 microdeletions and/or microduplications in addition to cases of chromosomal abnormalities and other pathogenic/likely pathogenic CNVs. Clinically suspected specific deletions (22q11.2) were detectable in approximately 8% of cases by SNP microarray, mostly from FISH noninformative cases. This study also identified several LOH/AOH loci with known and well-defined UPD (uniparental disomy) disorders. In conclusion, this study suggests more strict clinical criteria for FISH analysis. However, if clinical criteria are few or doubtful, in particular newborn/neonate in intensive care, SNP microarray should be the first screening test to be ordered. FISH is ideal test for detecting mosaicism, screening family members, and prenatal diagnosis in proven families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manish Jain
- Reproductive Biology, AIIMS, New Delhi 110029, India
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14
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Zhang J, Ma D, Wang Y, Cao L, Wu Y, Qiao F, Liu A, Li L, Lin Y, Liu G, Liu C, Hu P, Xu Z. Analysis of chromosome 22q11 copy number variations by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defect. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:100. [PMID: 26715944 PMCID: PMC4693415 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart defects (CHD) represent one of the most common birth defects. This study aimed to evaluate the value of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) as a tool to detect the copy number variations (CNVs) of 22q11 in fetuses with CHD. RESULTS A large cohort of 225 fetuses with CHD was screened by fetal echocardiography. Once common chromosome abnormalities in 30 fetuses were screened out by conventional G-banding analysis, the CNVs of chromosome 22q11 in the remaining 195 fetuses were determined by MLPA for prenatal genetic counseling. In 195 CHD fetuses with normal karyotype, 11 cases had pathological CNVs, including 22q11.2 deletion (seven cases), the deletion of 22q11 cat eye syndrome (CES) region (one case), 22q11.2 duplication (one case), 22q13.3 deletion (one case) and 17p13.3 deletion (one case). In total, our findings from MLPA screening represented 4.9 % in our cohort. Among these, three cases were inherited CNVs, and eight cases were de novo. These CNVs were further verified by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-array analysis, and their chromosomal location was refined. CONCLUSION This study indicated that MLPA could serve as an effective test for routine prenatal diagnosis of 22q11 in fetuses with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Dingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Fengchang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - An Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Cuiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Zhengfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
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15
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Vaz SO, Pires R, Pires LM, Carreira IM, Anjos R, Maciel P, Mota-Vieira L. A unique phenotype in a patient with a rare triplication of the 22q11.2 region and new clinical insights of the 22q11.2 microduplication syndrome: a report of two cases. BMC Pediatr 2015; 15:95. [PMID: 26297018 PMCID: PMC4546098 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-015-0417-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rearrangements of the 22q11.2 chromosomal region, most frequently deletions and duplications, have been known to be responsible for multiple congenital anomaly disorders. These rearrangements are implicated in syndromes that have some phenotypic resemblances. While the 22q11.2 deletion, also known as DiGeorge/Velocardiofacial syndrome, has common features that include cardiac abnormalities, thymic hypoplasia, characteristic face, hypocalcemia, cognitive delay, palatal defects, velopharyngeal insufficiency, and other malformations, the microduplication syndrome is largely undetected. This is mainly because phenotypic appearance is variable, milder, less characteristic and unpredictable. In this paper, we report the clinical evaluation and follow-up of two patients affected by 22q11.2 rearrangements, emphasizing new phenotypic features associated with duplication and triplication of this genomic region. Case Presentation Patient 1 is a 24 year-old female with 22q11.2 duplication who has a heart defect (ostium secundum atrial septal defect) and supernumerary teeth (hyperdontia), a feature previously not reported in patients with 22q11.2 microduplication syndrome. Her monozygotic twin sister, who died at the age of one month, had a different heart defect (truncus arteriousus). Patient 2 is a 20 year-old female with a 22q11.2 triplication who had a father with 22q11.2 duplication. In comparison to the first case reported in the literature, she has an aggravated phenotype characterized by heart defects (restrictive VSD and membranous subaortic stenosis), and presented other facial dysmorphisms and urogenital malformations (ovarian cyst). Additionally, she has a hemangioma planum on the right side of her face, a feature of Sturge-Weber syndrome. Conclusions In this report, we described hyperdontia as a new feature of 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. Moreover, this syndrome was diagnosed in a patient who had a deceased monozygotic twin affected with a different heart defect, which corresponds to a phenotypic discordance never reported in the literature. Case 2 is the second clinical report of 22q11.2 triplication and presents an aggravated phenotype in contrast to the patient previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara O Vaz
- Department of Pediatrics of Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Av. D. Manuel I, 9500-370, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Renato Pires
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Av. D. Manuel I, 9500-370, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal. .,Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Luís M Pires
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Isabel M Carreira
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Centro de Investigação em Meio Ambiente, Genética e Oncobiologia (CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Centre of Neurosciences (CNC), University of Coimbra, 3000-354, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Rui Anjos
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Hospital of Santa Cruz, Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, 2790-134, Carnaxide, Portugal.
| | - Paula Maciel
- Department of Pediatrics of Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Av. D. Manuel I, 9500-370, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Luisa Mota-Vieira
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Av. D. Manuel I, 9500-370, Ponta Delgada, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal. .,Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal. .,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156, Oeiras, Portugal.
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16
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Ji X, Liang D, Sun R, Liu C, Ma D, Wang Y, Hu P, Xu Z. Molecular characterization of ring chromosome 18 by low-coverage next generation sequencing. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2015. [PMID: 26224010 PMCID: PMC4557216 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-015-0206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Background Ring chromosomes are one category of structurally abnormal chromosomes that can lead to severe growth retardation and other clinical defects. Traditionally, their diagnosis and characterization has largely relied on conventional cytogenetics and fluorescence in situ hybridization, array-based comparative genomic hybridization and single nucleotide polymorphism array-based comparative genomic hybridization. However, these methods are ineffectively at characterizing the ring chromosome structure and only offer a low resolution mapping of breakpoints. Here, we applied whole-genome low-coverage paired-end next generation sequencing (NGS) to two suspected cases of ring chromosome 18 (r(18)) and characterized the ring structure including the chromosome dosage changes and the breakpoint junction. Methods The breakpoints and chromosome copy number variations (CNVs) of r(18) were characterized by whole-genome low-coverage paired-end NGS. We confirmed the dosage change by single nucleotide polymorphisms array, and validated the junction site regions using PCR followed by Sanger sequencing. Results We successfully and fully characterized the r(18) in two cases by NGS. We mapped the breakpoints with a high resolution and identified all CNVs in both cases. We analyzed the breakpoint regions and discovered two breakpoints located within repetitive sequence regions, and two near the repetitive sequence regions. One of the breakpoints in case 2 was located within the gene METTL4, while the other breakpoints were intergenic. Conclusions We demonstrated that whole-genome low-coverage paired-end NGS can be used directly to map breakpoints with a high molecular resolution and detect all CNVs on r(18). This approach will provide new insights into the genotype-phenotype correlations on r(18) and the underlying mechanism of ring chromosomes formation. Our results also demonstrate that this can be a powerful approach for the diagnosis and characterization of ring chromosomes in the clinic. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-015-0206-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ruihong Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China.
| | - Cuiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Dingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Zhengfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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17
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Huang L, Xie Y, Zhou Y, Luo Y, Huang X, Xu Z, Cai D, Fang Q. Clinical and molecular cytogenetic studies of an unrecognised 22q11.2 deletion in three families. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:823-828. [PMID: 25667635 PMCID: PMC4316895 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenotypic variability associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is well known. In the present study, the cases of three unrelated adult patients with chromosome 22q11.2DS and nearly normal features are described, along with their reproductive histories. Chromosomal analysis with fluorescent in situ hybridisation and genomic DNA analysis by microarrays were performed, as well as a clinical examination. The three patients were found to possess an identical breakpoint deletion at 22q11.2 by high-density whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis. The patients had histories of two foetuses/infants with congenital heart defects. The underlying aetiology for the discordance in the phenotype in these patients is discussed. These observations provide additional data useful for patient counselling and guidelines for 22q11.2 clinical screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhuan Huang
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yingjun Xie
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yanmin Luo
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Danlei Cai
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Qun Fang
- Fetal Medicine Centre, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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Abstract
Monozygotic (MZ) twins are genetically identical at conception, making them informative subjects for studies on somatic mutations. Copy number variants (CNVs) are responsible for a substantial part of genetic variation, have relatively high mutation rates, and are likely to be involved in phenotypic variation. We conducted a genome-wide survey for post-twinning de novo CNVs in 1,097 MZ twin pairs. Comparisons between MZ twins were made by CNVs measured in DNA from blood or buccal epithelium with the Affymetrix 6.0 microarray and two calling algorithms. In addition, CNV concordance rates were compared between the different sources of DNA, and gene-enrichment association analyses were conducted for thought problems (TP) and attention problems (AP) using CNVs concordant within MZ pairs. We found a total of 153 putative post-twinning de novo CNVs >100 kb, of which the majority resided in 15q11.2. Based on the discordance of raw intensity signals a selection was made of 20 de novo CNVs for a qPCR validation experiments. Two out of 20 post-twinning de novo CNVs were validated with qPCR in the same twin pair. The 13-year-old MZ twin pair that showed two discordances in CN in 15q11.2 in their buccal DNA did not show large phenotypic differences. From the remaining 18 putative de novo CNVs, 17 were deletions or duplications that were concordant within MZ twin pairs. Concordance rates within twin pairs of CNV calls with CN ≠ 2 were ~80%. Buccal epithelium-derived DNA showed a slightly but significantly higher concordance rate, and blood-derived DNA showed significantly more concordant CNVs per twin pair. The gene-enrichment analyses on concordant CNVs showed no significant associations between CNVs overlapping with genes involved in neuronal processes and TP or AP after accounting for the source of DNA.
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Abstract
Chromosome 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome is a genomic disorder caused by a recurrent 600 kb long deletion. The deletion affects the region of a common inversion present in about 20% of Europeans. The inversion is associated with the H2 haplotype carrying additional low-copy repeats susceptible to non-allelic homologous recombination, and this haplotype is prone to deletion. No instances of 17q21.31 deletions inherited from an affected parent have been reported, and the deletions always affected a parental chromosome with the H2 haplotype. The syndrome is characterized clinically by intellectual disability, hypotonia, friendly behavior and specific facial dysmorphism with long face, large tubular or pear-shaped nose and bulbous nasal tip. We present monozygotic twin sisters showing the typical clinical picture of the syndrome. The phenotype of the sisters was very similar, with a slightly more severe presentation in Twin B. The 17q21.31 microdeletion was confirmed in both patients but in neither of their parents. Potential copy number differences between the genomes of the twins were subsequently searched using high-resolution single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and comparative genome hybridisation (CGH) arrays. However, these analyses identified no additional aberrations or genomic differences that could potentially be responsible for the subtle phenotypic differences. These could possibly be related to the more severe perinatal history of Twin B, or to the variable expressivity of the disorder. In accord with the expectations, one of the parents (the mother) was shown to carry the H2 haplotype, and the maternal allele of chromosome 17q21.31 was missing in the twins.
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Copy number variation distribution in six monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. Twin Res Hum Genet 2014; 17:108-20. [PMID: 24556202 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We have evaluated copy number variants (CNVs) in six monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia. The data from Affymetrix® Human SNP 6.0 arrays™ were analyzed using Affymetrix® Genotyping Console™, Partek® Genomics Suite™, PennCNV, and Golden Helix SVS™. This yielded both program-specific and overlapping results. Only CNVs called by Affymetrix Genotyping Console, Partek Genomics Suite, and PennCNV were used in further analysis. This analysis included an assessment of calls in each of the six twin pairs towards identification of unique CNVs in affected and unaffected co-twins. Real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) experiments confirmed one CNV loss at 7q11.21 that was found in the affected patient but not in the unaffected twin. The results identified CNVs and genes that were previously implicated in mental abnormalities in four of the six twin pairs. It included PYY (twin pairs 1 and 5), EPHA3 (twin pair 3), KIAA1211L (twin pair 4), and GPR139 (twin pair 5). They represent likely candidate genes and CNVs for the discordance of four of the six monozygotic twin pairs for this heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder. An explanation for these differences is ontogenetic de novo events that differentiate in the monozygotic twins during development.
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Cirillo E, Giardino G, Gallo V, Puliafito P, Azzari C, Bacchetta R, Cardinale F, Cicalese MP, Consolini R, Martino S, Martire B, Molinatto C, Plebani A, Scarano G, Soresina A, Cancrini C, Rossi P, Digilio MC, Pignata C. Intergenerational and intrafamilial phenotypic variability in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome subjects. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2014; 15:1. [PMID: 24383682 PMCID: PMC3893549 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-15-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a common microdeletion syndrome, which occurs in approximately 1:4000 births. Familial autosomal dominant recurrence of the syndrome is detected in about 8-28% of the cases. Aim of this study is to evaluate the intergenerational and intrafamilial phenotypic variability in a cohort of familial cases carrying a 22q11.2 deletion. METHODS Thirty-two 22q11.2DS subjects among 26 families were enrolled. RESULTS Second generation subjects showed a significantly higher number of features than their transmitting parents (212 vs 129, P = 0.0015). Congenital heart defect, calcium-phosphorus metabolism abnormalities, developmental and speech delay were more represented in the second generation (P < 0.05). Ocular disorders were more frequent in the parent group. No significant difference was observed for the other clinical variables. Intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity was identified in the pedigrees. In 23/32 families, a higher number of features were found in individuals from the second generation and a more severe phenotype was observed in almost all of them, indicating the worsening of the phenotype over generations. Both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms may be involved in the phenotypic variability. CONCLUSIONS Second generation subjects showed a more complex phenotype in comparison to those from the first generation. Both ascertainment bias related to patient selection or to the low rate of reproductive fitness of adults with a more severe phenotype, and several not well defined molecular mechanism, could explain intergenerational and intrafamilial phenotypic variability in this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Cirillo
- Department of Translational Medicine, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuliana Giardino
- Department of Translational Medicine, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
| | - Vera Gallo
- Department of Translational Medicine, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
| | - Pamela Puliafito
- Department of Pediatrics, (DPUO), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Azzari
- Department of Pediatrics, Anna Meyer Children’s University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosa Bacchetta
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), Milan; Pediatric ImmunoHematology IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Cardinale
- Department of Pediatrics, Giovanni XXIII Pediatric Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Rita Consolini
- Department of Internal and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Baldassarre Martire
- Department of Biomedicine and Evolutive Aging, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Plebani
- A. Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Clinic, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Annarosa Soresina
- A. Nocivelli Institute for Molecular Medicine, Pediatric Clinic, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Department of Pediatrics, (DPUO), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Department of Pediatrics, (DPUO), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Pignata
- Department of Translational Medicine, “Federico II” University, Naples, Italy
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Unit of Pediatric Immunology, “Federico II” University, via S. Pansini, 5-80131 Naples, Italy
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Greek R, Hansen LA. Questions regarding the predictive value of one evolved complex adaptive system for a second: Exemplified by the SOD1 mouse. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 113:231-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hu P, Wang Y, Meng LL, Qin L, Ma DY, Yi L, Xu ZF. 1q25.2-q31.3 Deletion in a female with mental retardation, clinodactyly, minor facial anomalies but no growth retardation. Mol Cytogenet 2013; 6:30. [PMID: 23915434 PMCID: PMC3766032 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8166-6-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The reports of 1q25-32 deletion cases are rare. We reported here an 11-year-old Chinese Han female with an interstitial 1q25 deletion displaying mental retardation, clinodactyly of the 5th finger and minor facial anomalies. Notably, the patient did not present growth retardation which is quite common in patients with 1q25-32 deletion encompassing LHX4. The heterozygous deletion in this patient was characterized as 46,XX,del(1)(q25.2-q31.3) with a length of 20.5 Mb according to SNP-array test results. STRP (Short Tandem Repeat Polymorphism) analysis of the family trio indicated the genomic abnormality was de novo with paternal origin. After a genotype-phenotype analysis, we proposed here the loss of a 3.1 Mb critical region including 24 genes within 1q25.2 (chr1:174.5-177.6 Mb, build 36) may account for the mental retardation in patients with 1q25-32 deletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Hu
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123 Tianfei Street, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123 Tianfei Street, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Lu-Lu Meng
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123 Tianfei Street, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ling Qin
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123 Tianfei Street, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ding-Yuan Ma
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123 Tianfei Street, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Long Yi
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210093, PR China
| | - Zheng-Feng Xu
- State key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123 Tianfei Street, Nanjing 210029, China
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Michaelovsky E, Frisch A, Carmel M, Patya M, Zarchi O, Green T, Basel-Vanagaite L, Weizman A, Gothelf D. Genotype-phenotype correlation in 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:122. [PMID: 23245648 PMCID: PMC3548696 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is caused by hemizygous microdeletions on chromosome 22q11.2 with highly variable physical and neuropsychiatric manifestations. We explored the genotype-phenotype relationship in a relatively large 22q11.2DS cohort treated and monitored in our clinic using comprehensive clinical evaluation and detailed molecular characterization of the deletion. METHODS Molecular analyses in 142 subjects with 22q11.2DS features were performed by FISH and MLPA methods. Participants underwent clinical assessment of physical symptoms and structured psychiatric and cognitive evaluation. RESULTS Deletions were found in 110 individuals including one with an atypical nested distal deletion which was missed by the FISH test. Most subjects (88.2%) carried the 3Mb typically deleted region and 11.8% carried 4 types of deletions differing in size and location. No statistically significant genotype-phenotype correlations were found between deletion type and clinical data although some differences in hypocalcemia and cardiovascular anomalies were noted.Analysis of the patient with the distal nested deletion suggested a redundancy of genes causing the physical and neuropsychiatric phenotype in 22q11.2DS and indicating that the psychiatric and cognitive trajectories may be governed by different genes. CONCLUSIONS MLPA is a useful and affordable molecular method combining accurate diagnosis and detailed deletion characterization. Variations in deletion type and clinical manifestations impede the detection of significant differences in samples of moderate size, but analysis of individuals with unique deletions may provide insight into the underlying biological mechanisms.Future genotype-phenotype studies should involve large multicenter collaborations employing uniform clinical standards and high-resolution molecular methods.
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