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Gong Z, Zhang J, Li Y, Li H, Zhang Z, Qin Y, Jiang Y, Duan Y, Li T, Miao J, Wu Y. Identification of Potential Gene Targets for Suppressing Oviposition in Holotrichia parallela Using Comparative Transcriptome Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13138. [PMID: 37685945 PMCID: PMC10487570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Holotrichia parallela is an important plant pest. Comparative feeding experiments showed that the egg production, oviposition duration and survival rate of H. parallela beetles were significantly higher when they fed on elm leaves than when they fed on willow or purpus privet leaves. RNA sequencing was used to determine transcriptomic changes associated with oviposition. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed that the beetles that fed on elm and willow had a total of 171 genes with differential expression. When the beetles fed on elm and purpus privet, 3568 genes had differential expression. The vitellogenesis, ovarian serine protease, odorant-binding proteins, acyl-CoA synthetase and follicle cell proteins were commonly upregulated genes in elm-fed beetles compared with those fed on willow/purpus privet leaves. The involvement of the follicle cell protein 3C gene in the regulation of oviposition was confirmed using RNA interference. The results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying oviposition in H. parallela feeding on different host plants. This study also describes a method for identifying potentially effective genes for pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjun Gong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.G.)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.G.)
| | - Yanmin Li
- Institute of Horticulture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Huiling Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.G.)
| | - Ziqi Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Luoyang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Luoyang 471027, China
| | - Yifan Qin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.G.)
| | - Yueli Jiang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.G.)
| | - Yun Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.G.)
| | - Tong Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.G.)
| | - Jin Miao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.G.)
| | - Yuqing Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control of Henan Province, Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management of the Southern of North China, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (Z.G.)
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Pym A, Mina JGM, Troczka BJ, Hayward A, Daum E, Elias J, Slater R, Vontas J, Bass C, Zimmer CT. A single point mutation in the Bemisia tabaci cytochrome-P450 CYP6CM1 causes enhanced resistance to neonicotinoids. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 156:103934. [PMID: 36990247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, is a polyphagous crop pest which causes high levels of economic damage across the globe. Insecticides are often required for the effective control of this species, among which the neonicotinoid class have been particularly widely used. Deciphering the mechanisms responsible for resistance to these chemicals is therefore critical to maintain control of B. tabaci and limit the damage it causes. An important mechanism of resistance to neonicotinoids in B. tabaci is the overexpression of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6CM1 which leads to the enhanced detoxification of several neonicotinoids. In this study we show that qualitative changes in this P450 dramatically alter its metabolic capacity to detoxify neonicotinoids. CYP6CM1 was significantly over-expressed in two strains of B. tabaci which displayed differing levels of resistance to the neonicotinoids imidacloprid and thiamethoxam. Sequencing of the CYP6CM1 coding sequence from these strains revealed four different alleles encoding isoforms carrying several amino acid changes. Expression of these alleles in vitro and in vivo provided compelling evidence that a mutation (A387G), present in two of the CYP6CM1 alleles, results in enhanced resistance to several neonicotinoids. These data demonstrate the importance of both qualitative and quantitative changes in genes encoding detoxification enzymes in the evolution of insecticide resistance and have applied implications for resistance monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Pym
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, TR10 9FE Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
| | - John G M Mina
- Syngenta Crop Protection Ltd, Jealott's Hill Research Station, Warfield, Bracknell, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Bartlomiej J Troczka
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, TR10 9FE Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Angela Hayward
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, TR10 9FE Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Eve Daum
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, CH4332, Switzerland
| | - Jan Elias
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Rosentalstrasse 67, Basel, CH4002, Switzerland
| | - Russell Slater
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Rosentalstrasse 67, Basel, CH4002, Switzerland
| | - John Vontas
- Laboratory of Pesticide Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855, Votanikos, Athens, Greece
| | - Chris Bass
- College for Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, TR10 9FE Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Christoph T Zimmer
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Werk Stein, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, CH4332, Switzerland.
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Zhou W, Wang S, Yang L, Sun Y, Zhang Q, Li B, Wang B, Li L, Wang D, Wang Z. Reference genes for qRT-PCR normalisation in different tissues, developmental stages, and stress conditions of Hypericum perforatum. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7133. [PMID: 31259099 PMCID: PMC6589333 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypericum perforatum L. is a widely known medicinal herb used mostly as a remedy for depression because it contains high levels of naphthodianthrones, phloroglucinols, alkaloids, and some other secondary metabolites. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) is an optimized method for the efficient and reliable quantification of gene expression studies. In general, reference genes are used in qRT-PCR analysis because of their known or suspected housekeeping roles. However, their expression level cannot be assumed to remain stable under all possible experimental conditions. Thus, the identification of high quality reference genes is essential for the interpretation of qRT-PCR data. In this study, we investigated the expression of 14 candidate genes, including nine housekeeping genes (HKGs) (ACT2, ACT3, ACT7, CYP1, EF1-α, GAPDH, TUB-α, TUB-β, and UBC2) and five potential candidate genes (GSA, PKS1, PP2A, RPL13, and SAND). Three programs-GeNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper-were applied to evaluate the gene expression stability across four different plant tissues, four developmental stages and a set of abiotic stress and hormonal treatments. Integrating all of the algorithms and evaluations revealed that ACT2 and TUB-β were the most stable combination in different developmental stages samples and all of the experimental samples. ACT2, TUB-β, and EF1-α were identified as the three most applicable reference genes in different tissues and stress-treated samples. The majority of the conventional HKGs performed better than the potential reference genes. The obtained results will aid in improving the credibility of the standardization and quantification of transcription levels in future expression studies on H. perforatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.,College of Chemistry, Biology and Materials Science, East China University of Technology, NanChang, China
| | - Lin Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Donghao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhezhi Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Zhao Z, Wang L, Yue D, Ye B, Li P, Zhang B, Fan Q. Evaluation of Reference Genes for Normalization of RT-qPCR Gene Expression Data for Trichoplusia ni Cells During Antheraea pernyi (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) Multicapsid Nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnpeNPV) Infection. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5280859. [PMID: 30624703 PMCID: PMC6324657 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Baculovirus infection impacts global gene expression in the host cell, including the expression of housekeeping genes. Evaluation of candidate reference genes during a viral infection will inform the selection of appropriate reference gene(s) for the normalization of expression data generated by Reverse Transcription Quantitative Real-timePolymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). Antheraea pernyi multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AnpeNPV) is able to infect the High Five cells (Tn-Hi5). In the present study, 10 candidate reference genes were evaluated in AnpeNPV-infected Tn-Hi5 cells. Gene expression data were analyzed using geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and RefFinder. The candidate genes were further validated as reliable reference genes for RT-qPCR by analyzing the expression of three target genes. The results of data analysis using four statistical methods showed that RPS18 was the least stable among the candidate reference genes tested. 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA were not suitable as reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in AnpeNPV-infected Tn-Hi5 cells. Comprehensive ranking of the 10 candidate reference genes by RefFinder analysis indicated that Ann B, c45128_g1, and ACT were the top three genes. Normalization of the expression of three target genes using the candidate reference genes indicated the same expression pattern when Ann B and c45128_g1 were used as reference genes, with slight differences in the relative expression at each infection time point. Overall, Ann B and c45128_g1 were recommended to be more suitable than the most commonly used reference genes, such as ACT, GAPDH, and TUB, for RT-qPCR data normalization in AnpeNPV-infected Tn-Hi5 cells up to 48 hpi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjun Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Linmei Wang
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Bo Ye
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Peipei Li
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Qi Fan
- Dalian Institute of Biotechnology, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
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Ye YX, Pan PL, Xu JY, Shen ZF, Kang D, Lu JB, Hu QL, Huang HJ, Lou YH, Zhou NM, Zhang CX. Forkhead box transcription factor L2 activates Fcp3C to regulate insect chorion formation. Open Biol 2018; 7:rsob.170061. [PMID: 28615473 PMCID: PMC5493777 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.170061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Most animals are oviparous. However, the genes regulating egg shell formation remain not very clear. In this study, we found that Nilaparvata lugens Forkhead box transcription factor L2 (NlFoxL2) directly activated follicle cell protein 3C (NlFcp3C) to regulate chorion formation. NlFoxL2 and NlFcp3C had a similar expression pattern, both highly expressed in the follicular cells of female adults. Knockdown of NlFoxL2 or NlFcp3C also resulted in the same phenotypes: obesity and female infertility. RNA interference (RNAi) results suggested that NlFcp3C is a downstream gene of NlFoxL2. Furthermore, transient expression showed that NlFoxL2 could directly activate the NlFcp3C promoter. These results suggest that NlFcp3C is a direct target gene of NlFoxL2. Depletion of NlFoxL2 or NlFcp3C prevented normal chorion formation. Our results first revealed the functions of Fcp3C and FoxL2 in regulation of oocyte maturation in an oviparous animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Xuan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Lu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji-Yu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Fei Shen
- College of life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Bao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Lin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai-Jian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Han Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Nai-Ming Zhou
- College of life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
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Lü J, Yang C, Zhang Y, Pan H. Selection of Reference Genes for the Normalization of RT-qPCR Data in Gene Expression Studies in Insects: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1560. [PMID: 30459641 PMCID: PMC6232608 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is a reliable technique for quantifying expression levels of targeted genes during various biological processes in numerous areas of clinical and biological research. Selection of appropriate reference genes for RT-qPCR normalization is an elementary prerequisite for reliable measurements of gene expression levels. Here, by analyzing datasets published between 2008 and 2017, we summarized the current trends in reference gene selection for insect gene expression studies that employed the most widely used SYBR Green method for RT-qPCR normalization. We curated 90 representative papers, mainly published in 2013–2017, in which a total of 78 insect species were investigated in 100 experiments. Furthermore, top five journals, top 10 frequently used reference genes, and top 10 experimental factors have been determined. The relationships between the numbers of the reference genes, experimental factors, analysis tools on the one hand and publication date (year) on the other hand was investigated by linear regression. We found that the more recently the paper was published, the more experimental factors it tended to explore, and more analysis tools it used. However, linear regression analysis did not reveal a significant correlation between the number of reference genes and the study publication date. Taken together, this meta-analysis will be of great help to researchers that plan gene expression studies in insects, especially the non-model ones, as it provides a summary of appropriate reference genes for expression studies, considers the optimal number of reference genes, and reviews the average number of experimental factors and analysis tools per study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Lü
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huipeng Pan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application of Guangdong Province, Department of Entomology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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RNA interference in the Asian Longhorned Beetle:Identification of Key RNAi Genes and Reference Genes for RT-qPCR. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8913. [PMID: 28827780 PMCID: PMC5566337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian Longhorned Beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis is a serious invasive forest pest in several countries including the United States, Canada, and Europe. RNA interference (RNAi) technology is being developed as a novel method for pest management. Here, we identified the ALB core RNAi genes including those coding for Dicer, Argonaute, and double-stranded RNA-binding proteins (dsRBP) as well as for proteins involved in dsRNA transport and the systemic RNAi. We also compared expression of six potential reference genes that could be used to normalize gene expression and selected gapdh and rpl32 as the most reliable genes among different tissues and stages of ALB. Injection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting gene coding for inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) into larvae and adults resulted in a significant knockdown of this gene and caused the death of 90% of the larvae and 100% of adults. No mortality of both larvae and adults injected with dsRNA targeting gene coding for green fluorescence protein (GFP, as a negative control) was observed. These data suggest that functional RNAi machinery exists in ALB and a potential RNAi-based method could be developed for controlling this insect.
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Li M, Rao M, Chen K, Zhou J, Song J. Selection of reference genes for gene expression studies in heart failure for left and right ventricles. Gene 2017; 620:30-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Molecular chaperone Jiv promotes the RNA replication of classical swine fever virus. Virus Genes 2017; 53:426-433. [PMID: 28341934 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The nonstructural protein 2 (NS2) of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is a self-splicing ribozyme wherein the precursor protein NS2-3 is cleaved, and the cleavage efficiency of NS2-3 is crucial to the replication of viral RNA. However, the proteolytic activity of NS2 autoprotease may be achieved through a cellular chaperone called J-domain protein interacting with viral protein (Jiv) or its fragment Jiv90, as evidence suggests that Jiv is required for the proper functioning of the NS2 protein of bovine viral diarrhea virus. Hence, the expression of Jiv may be correlated with the replication efficiency of CSFV RNA. We investigated the expression levels of Jiv and viral RNA in CSFV-infected cells and tissues using Real-time RT-PCR or Western blot analysis. The obtained results show that Jiv90 possibly plays an important role in the lifecycle of CSFV because the distribution of Jiv90 protein shows a positive correlation with the viral load of CSFV. Furthermore, the overexpression or knockdown of Jiv90 in swine cells can also significantly promote or decrease the viral load, respectively. The detection of Flow cytometry shows that the overexpression of Jiv90 prolongs the G1 phase of cell cycles but has no effect on apoptosis. These findings are likely to be of benefit in clarifying the pathogenesis of the CSFV.
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Moazzam Jazi M, Ghadirzadeh Khorzoghi E, Botanga C, Seyedi SM. Identification of Reference Genes for Quantitative Gene Expression Studies in a Non-Model Tree Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157467. [PMID: 27308855 PMCID: PMC4911069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tree species, Pistacia vera (P. vera) is an important commercial product that is salt-tolerant and long-lived, with a possible lifespan of over one thousand years. Gene expression analysis is an efficient method to explore the possible regulatory mechanisms underlying these characteristics. Therefore, having the most suitable set of reference genes is required for transcript level normalization under different conditions in P. vera. In the present study, we selected eight widely used reference genes, ACT, EF1α, α-TUB, β-TUB, GAPDH, CYP2, UBQ10, and 18S rRNA. Using qRT-PCR their expression was assessed in 54 different samples of three cultivars of P. vera. The samples were collected from different organs under various abiotic treatments (cold, drought, and salt) across three time points. Several statistical programs (geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper) were applied to estimate the expression stability of candidate reference genes. Results obtained from the statistical analysis were then exposed to Rank aggregation package to generate a consensus gene rank. Based on our results, EF1α was found to be the superior reference gene in all samples under all abiotic treatments. In addition to EF1α, ACT and β-TUB were the second best reference genes for gene expression analysis in leaf and root. We recommended β-TUB as the second most stable gene for samples under the cold and drought treatments, while ACT holds the same position in samples analyzed under salt treatment. This report will benefit future research on the expression profiling of P. vera and other members of the Anacardiaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Moazzam Jazi
- Plant Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Christopher Botanga
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Seyed Mahdi Seyedi
- Plant Biotechnology Department, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
- * E-mail:
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Hult EF, Huang J, Marchal E, Lam J, Tobe SS. RXR/USP and EcR are critical for the regulation of reproduction and the control of JH biosynthesis in Diploptera punctata. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 80:48-60. [PMID: 25917982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
During development and reproduction the response to ecdysteroids is mediated by a heterodimeric receptor complex comprising the retinoid X receptor/ultraspiracle (RXR/USP) and the ecdysone receptor (EcR). Here, the role of these receptors in the endocrine control of reproduction is examined in the cockroach Diploptera punctata. We report the sequence of four DpRXR and three DpEcR splice variants, including the first description of a Drosophila EcRB2-like isoform in a hemimetabolous insect. DpRXR and DpEcR are broadly expressed in the tissues of adult females, with relatively high transcript levels in the corpora allata (CA), nervous tissue and ovary. Developmental profiling revealed an inverse correlation between DpRXR and DpEcR expression and the activity of the CA. RNAi-mediated depletion of DpRXR and DpEcR did not affect oocyte growth, but inhibited oviposition and impaired chorion formation. Retained oocytes exhibited a degenerating follicular epithelium and were slowly resorbed. Treated animals showed significantly higher rates of JH biosynthesis and a decrease in ecdysteroid titers at the end of vitellogenesis. Reduction of DpRXR and DpEcR expression resulted in an upregulation of genes involved in JH production and a downregulation of allatostatin receptor mRNA in the CA. Treatment with dsRNA also affected the expression of genes downstream of JH in target tissues including vitellogenin and Krüppel-homolog 1 as well as Broad-Complex, an early ecdysone response gene. Overall, results suggest that DpRXR and DpEcR are not required early in the reproductive cycle when events are JH-dependent, but do mediate critical ecdysteroid feedback to the CA late in the gonadotropic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina F Hult
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Marchal
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Biology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jennifer Lam
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen S Tobe
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Ridgeway JA, Timm AE. Reference gene selection for quantitative real-time PCR normalization in larvae of three species of Grapholitini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129026. [PMID: 26030743 PMCID: PMC4450875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the agricultural importance of species in the Grapholitini (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and the value of gene expression analysis for improved population management, few gene expression studies based on quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) have been conducted for this tribe. Part of the reason for this lack of information is that suitable reference genes, which are fundamental for accurate normalization of qPCR studies, have not been identified for the tribe. Thus, the expression stability of six potential reference genes (ACT, AK, COI, EF1, ENO and TUB) was assessed in three different tissues (whole body, midgut and cuticle) of Cryptophlebia peltastica (Meyrick), Cydia pomonella (L.) and Thaumatotibia leucotreta (Meyrick). Additionally, these reference genes were tested using T. leucotreta at different temperatures (15°C, 25°C and 35°C) with and without baculovirus infection. Suitable reference genes were identified for the whole body and midgut tissue of all three species, and for cuticle tissue of Cy. pomonella and T. leucotreta. When T. leucotreta was infected with the virus at all temperature conditions ACT, AK and EF1 were found to be the most suitable reference genes for experimental normalization. In general, for all tissue types, species and stress conditions, AK and EF1 were the best-performing reference genes. However, even though the three species analysed were closely related and within the same tribe, each species required varying gene combinations for suitable normalization. This study provides the first reference gene evaluation for the Tortricidae, and paves the way for future qPCR analysis in Tortricidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaryd A. Ridgeway
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
| | - Alicia E. Timm
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa
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13
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Altmann S, Rebl A, Kühn C, Goldammer T. Identification and de novo sequencing of housekeeping genes appropriate for gene expression analyses in farmed maraena whitefish (Coregonus maraena) during crowding stress. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:397-412. [PMID: 25249196 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9991-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Maraena whitefish (Coregonus maraena; synonym Coregonus lavaretus f. balticus) is a high-quality food fish in the Southern Baltic Sea belonging to the group of salmonid fishes. Coregonus sp. is successfully kept in aquaculture throughout northern Europe (e.g. in Finland, Germany, Russia) and North America. In this regard, the molecular and immunological characterisation of stress response in maraena whitefish contributes to the development of robust and fast-growing maraena whitefish breeding strains for aquaculture. Thus, in the present study, the potential housekeeping genes beta actin (ACTB), elongation factor 1 alpha (EEF1A1), glyceraldehydes-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), ribosomal protein 9 (RPL9), ribosomal protein 32 (RPL32) and ribosomal protein S20 (RPS20) were de novo sequenced and tested concerning their applicability as reference genes in quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) in maraena whitefish under different stocking densities. For this purpose, tissue samples of liver, kidney, gills, head kidney, skin, adipose tissue, heart and dorsal fin were investigated. qPCR data were analysed with Normfinder tool to determine gene expression stability. DNA sequencing exposed transcribed paralogous EEF1A1A and EEF1A1B genes differing in their putative protein structure. Normfinder analysis revealed RPL9 and RPL32 as most stable, GAPDH and ACTB as least stable genes for qPCR analyses, respectively. This is the first study that provides a subset of seven de novo sequenced housekeeping genes usable as reference genes in studies of stress response in maraena whitefish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Altmann
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
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14
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Huang J, Hult EF, Marchal E, Tobe SS. Identification and characterization of the NMDA receptor and its role in regulating reproduction in the cockroach Diploptera punctata. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:983-90. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.115154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The NMDA receptor (NMDAR) plays important roles in excitatory neurotransmission and in the regulation of reproduction in mammals. NMDAR in insects comprises two subunits, NR1 and NR2. In this study, we identified two NR1 paralogs and eleven NR2 alternatively spliced variants in the cockroach Diploptera punctata. This is the first report of NR1 paralogs in insects. The tissue distributions and expression profiles of DpNR1A, DpNR1B and DpNR2 in different tissues were also investigated. Previous studies have demonstrated NMDA-stimulated biosynthesis of juvenile hormone (JH) in the corpora allata through the influx of extracellular Ca2+ in Diploptera punctata. However, our data show that the transcript levels of DpNR1A, DpNR1B and DpNR2 were low in the corpora allata. MK-801, a high-affinity antagonist of NMDAR, did not show any effect on JH biosynthesis in vitro. In addition, neither partial knockdown of DpNR2 nor in vivo treatment with a physiologically relevant dose of MK-801 resulted in any significant change in JH biosynthesis or basal oocyte growth. Injection of animals with a high dose of MK-801 (30 µg per animal per injection), which paralyzed the animals for 4–5 h, resulted in a significant decrease in JH biosynthesis on days 4 and 5. However, the reproductive events during the first gonadotrophic cycle in female D. punctata were unaffected. Thus, NMDAR does not appear to play important roles in the regulation of JH biosynthesis or mediate reproduction of female D. punctata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Ekaterina F. Hult
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G5
| | - Elisabeth Marchal
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G5
- Department of Biology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven B-3000, Belgium
| | - Stephen S. Tobe
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G5
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15
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Characterization of the juvenile hormone pathway in the viviparous cockroach, Diploptera punctata. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117291. [PMID: 25706877 PMCID: PMC4338245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile hormones (JHs) are key regulators of insect development and reproduction. The JH biosynthetic pathway is known to involve 13 discrete enzymatic steps. In the present study, we have characterized the JH biosynthetic pathway in the cockroach Diploptera punctata. The effect of exogenous JH precursors on JH biosynthesis was also determined. Based on sequence similarity, orthologs for the genes directly involved in the pathway were cloned, and their spatial and temporal transcript profiles were determined. The effect of shutting down the JH pathway in adult female cockroaches was studied by knocking down genes encoding HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR) and Juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase (JHAMT). As a result, oocyte development slowed as a consequence of reduction in JH biosynthesis. Oocyte length, fat body transcription of Vg and ovarian vitellin content significantly decreased. In addition, silencing HMGR and JHAMT resulted in a decrease in the transcript levels of other genes in the pathway.
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16
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Huang J, Marchal E, Hult EF, Zels S, Vanden Broeck J, Tobe SS. Mode of action of allatostatins in the regulation of juvenile hormone biosynthesis in the cockroach, Diploptera punctata. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 54:61-68. [PMID: 25218044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The FGLamide allatostatins (FGL/ASTs) are a family of neuropeptides with pleiotropic functions, including the inhibition of juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis, vitellogenesis and muscle contraction. In the cockroach, Diploptera punctata, thirteen FGLa/ASTs and one allatostatin receptor (AstR) have been identified. However, the mode of action of ASTs in regulation of JH biosynthesis remains unclear. Here, we determined the tissue distribution of Dippu-AstR. And we expressed Dippu-AstR in vertebrate cell lines, and activated the receptor with the Dippu-ASTs. Our results show that all thirteen ASTs activated Dippu-AstR in a dose dependent manner, albeit with different potencies. Functional analysis of AstR in multiple cell lines demonstrated that activation of the AstR receptor resulted in elevated levels of Ca(2+) and cAMP, which suggests that Dippu-AstR can act through the Gαq and Gαs protein pathways. The study on the target of AST action reveals that FGL/AST affects JH biosynthesis prior to the entry of acetyl-CoA into the JH biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Elisabeth Marchal
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Biology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ekaterina F Hult
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sven Zels
- Department of Biology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jozef Vanden Broeck
- Department of Biology, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephen S Tobe
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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17
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Marchal E, Hult EF, Huang J, Pang Z, Stay B, Tobe SS. Methoprene-tolerant (Met) knockdown in the adult female cockroach, Diploptera punctata completely inhibits ovarian development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106737. [PMID: 25197795 PMCID: PMC4157775 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Independent of the design of the life cycle of any insect, their growth and reproduction are highly choreographed through the action of two versatile hormones: ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones (JH). However, the means by which JH can target tissues and exert its pleiotropic physiological effects is currently still not completely elucidated. Although the identity of the one JH receptor is currently still elusive, recent evidence seems to point to the product of the Methoprene-tolerant gene (Met) as the most likely contender in transducing the action of JH. Studies on the role of this transcription factor have mostly been focused on immature insect stages. In this study we used the viviparous cockroach Diploptera punctata, a favorite model in studying JH endocrinology, to examine the role of Met during reproduction. A tissue distribution and developmental profile of transcript levels was determined for Met and its downstream partners during the first gonadotropic cycle of this cockroach. Using RNA interference, our study shows that silencing Met results in an arrest of basal oocyte development; vitellogenin is no longer transcribed in the fat body and no longer taken up by the ovary. Patency is not induced in these animals which fail to produce the characteristic profile of JH biosynthesis typical of the first gonadotropic cycle. Moreover, the ultrastructure of the follicle cells showed conspicuous whorls of rough endoplasmic reticulum and a failure to form chorion. Our study describes the role of Met on a cellular and physiological level during insect reproduction, and confirms the role of Met as a key factor in the JH signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Marchal
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ekaterina F. Hult
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhenguo Pang
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Barbara Stay
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Stephen S. Tobe
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Yang Q, Li Z, Cao J, Zhang S, Zhang H, Wu X, Zhang Q, Liu X. Selection and assessment of reference genes for quantitative PCR normalization in migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e98164. [PMID: 24887329 PMCID: PMC4041718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Locusta migratoria is a classic hemimetamorphosis insect and has caused widespread economic damage to crops as a migratory pest. Researches on the expression pattern of functional genes in L. migratoria have drawn focus in recent years, especially with the release of genome information. Real-time quantitative PCR is the most reproducible and sensitive approach for detecting transcript expression levels of target genes, but optimal internal standards are key factors for its accuracy and reliability. Therefore, it's necessary to provide a systematic stability assessment of internal control for well-performed tests of target gene expression profile. In this study, twelve candidate genes (Ach, Act, Cht2, EF1α, RPL32, Hsp70, Tub, RP49, SDH, GAPDH, 18S, and His) were analyzed with four statistical methods: the delta Ct approach, geNorm, Bestkeeper and NormFinder. The results from these analyses aimed to choose the best suitable reference gene across different experimental situations for gene profile study in L. migratoria. The result demonstrated that for different developmental stages, EF1α, Hsp70 and RPL32 exhibited the most stable expression status for all samples; EF1α and RPL32 were selected as the best reference genes for studies involving embryo and larvae stages, while SDH and RP49 were identified for adult stage. The best-ranked reference genes across different tissues are RPL32, Hsp70 and RP49. For abiotic treatments, the most appropriate genes we identified were as follows: Act and SDH for larvae subjected to different insecticides; RPL32 and Ach for larvae exposed to different temperature treatments; and Act and Ach for larvae suffering from starvation. The present report should facilitate future researches on gene expression in L. migratoria with accessibly optimal reference genes under different experimental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingpo Yang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinjun Cao
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Songdou Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Huaijiang Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Wu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Horticulture, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Qingwen Zhang
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Xie G, Zou J, Zhao L, Wu M, Wang S, Zhang F, Tang B. Inhibitional effects of metal Zn²⁺ on the reproduction of Aphis medicaginis and its predation by Harmonia axyridis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87639. [PMID: 24533059 PMCID: PMC3922717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contamination, including metals, can disturb the reproductive processes of many organisms, including both prey and predatory insects. However, there is virtually no information on the effects of high level Zinc (Zn) pollution on aphids and ladybirds. The high concentrations of Zn²⁺ or Zn pollution inhibit reproduction in the phytophagous aphid, Aphis medicaginis, and the predatory ladybird Harmonia axyridis could provide important information. RESULTS It was observed in this study that Zn concentrations in Vicia faba (broad bean) seeds and seedlings in all Zn²⁺ treatments were significantly higher than that in the control group, and increased with increasing Zn²⁺ concentrations in the solution. The rate of reproduction in A. medicaginis declined significantly (p<0.05) over time in the five groups fed on broad bean seedlings treated with different concentrations of Zn²⁺ solution compared with the control group. These results showed that higher concentrations of Zn²⁺ significantly inhibited the reproductive capacity of A. medicaginis. We also cloned and identified a gene encoding vitellogenin (Vg) from A. medicaginis, which has an important role in vitellogenesis, and therefore, reproduction was affected by exposure to Zn²⁺. Expression of AmVg was reduced with increasing exposure to Zn²⁺ and also in the F1-F3 generations of aphids exposed to different Zn²⁺ concentrations. Predation by H. axyridis was also reduced in aphids exposed to high-levels of Zn²⁺. Similarly, ovipositioning by H. axyridis was also reduced. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Zn²⁺ can significantly affect the reproductive capacity of both A. medicaginis and its predator H. axyridis, the former through effects on the expression of AmVg and the latter through avoidance of aphids containing high levels of Zn²⁺.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Xie
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiaping Zou
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengjing Wu
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shigui Wang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Tang
- Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Animal Adaptation and Evolution, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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