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Dorji N, Derks M, Groot Koerkamp PWG, Bokkers EAM. Welfare and management practices of free-ranging yaks (Bos grunniens) in Bhutan. Anim Welf 2022. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.31.4.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Inaccessibility of veterinary and livestock extension services, and shortages of labour and forage could potentially impact the welfare of yaks ( Bos grunniens) in Bhutan. The objective of this study was to assess practices relating to the welfare and management of free-ranging
yaks in Bhutan and explore variations between different yak-farming regions. We interviewed herders and observed the behaviour and health status of their animals, using an adaptation of the Welfare Quality® protocol, in three yak-farming regions (east, central and west) of Bhutan between
October 2018 and January 2019. In total, for 567 cows and 549 calves, integumentary condition, body cleanliness, ocular and nasal discharge, diarrhoea, signs of damage, and gait were scored. In addition, we assessed 324 cows and 272 calves for avoidance distance and examined 324 cows for subclinical
mastitis. The behaviour of the herds was observed in six consecutive 20-min blocks with each block divided into two stages. The first stage (5 min) consisted of counting the number of animals eating, lying down, standing idle and walking. The second stage (15 min) consisted of counting the
number of events of agonistic, allogrooming, flehming, self-licking, rubbing/scratching and playing behaviour. Avoidance distance differed between regions for calves, but not for lactating cows. Integumentary lesions, dirty body areas, nasal discharge, ocular discharge, signs of diarrhoea,
subclinical mastitis and lameness were virtually absent. A few instances of agonistic behaviour (6% of all counted behavioural events) and flehming behaviour (5% of all counted behavioural events) were observed. Yaks in the central and western regions exhibited more scratching
and rubbing behaviour than those in the eastern region. Herders perform a variety of painful management practices (castration, ear tagging, nasal septum piercing) without analgesia, which is a prominent welfare issue. Furthermore, mortality among yaks is relatively high and water sources often
dirty, creating a health risk. Nevertheless, the welfare status of yaks living in various regions of Bhutan was assessed as good at the time of visit.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dorji
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Lobesa, Bhutan
| | - M Derks
- Farm Technology Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - PWG Groot Koerkamp
- Farm Technology Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - EAM Bokkers
- Animal Production Systems Group, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Shi B, Shi X, Zuo Z, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Wang J, Zhou H, Luo Y, Hu J, Hickford JGH. Identification of differentially expressed genes at different post-natal development stages of longissimus dorsi muscle in Tianzhu white yak. Gene X 2022; 823:146356. [PMID: 35227854 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulatory mechanisms controlling post-natal muscle development in the yak (Bos grunniens) are still largely unknown, yet the growth and development of muscle is a complex process that plays a crucial role in determining the yield and quality of an animal's meat. In this study, we performed a transcriptome analysis based on the RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) of yak longissimus dorsi muscle tissue obtained from calves (6 months of age; 6 M), young adults (30 months of age; 30 M) and adult (54 months of age; 54 M) to identify which genes are differentially expressed and to investigate their temporal expression profiles. In total, 1788 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (|log2FC| ≥ 1, P-adjusted < 0.05) were detected by pairwise comparisons between the different age groups. The expression levels of 10 of the DEGs were confirmed using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), and the results were consistent with the transcriptome profile. A time-series expression profile analysis clustered the DEGs into four groups that could be divided into two classes (P < 0.05): class 1 profiles, which had up-regulated patterns of gene expression and class 2 profiles, which featured down-regulated patterns. Based on that cluster analysis, GO enrichment analysis revealed 1073, 127, and 184 terms as significantly enriched in biological process (BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF) categories in the class 1 profiles, while 714, 66, and 206 terms were significantly enriched in BP, CC, and MF in the class 2 profiles. A KEGG pathway analysis revealed that DEGs from the class 1 profiles were enriched in 62 pathways, with the most enriched being the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) - protein kinase B (Akt)-signaling pathway. The DEGs from the class 2 profiles were enriched in 16 pathways, of which forkhead box protein O (FoxO) - signaling was the most enriched. Taken together, these results provide insight into the mechanisms of skeletal muscle development, as well suggesting some potential genes of importance for yak meat production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingang Shi
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology & Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuehong Shi
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology & Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhi Zuo
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology & Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shijie Zhao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology & Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhidong Zhao
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology & Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jiqing Wang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology & Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huitong Zhou
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand
| | - Yuzhu Luo
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology & Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology & Gansu Key Laboratory of Herbivorous Animal Biotechnology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Jon G H Hickford
- Gene-Marker Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand.
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Geng HL, Ni HB, Li JH, Jiang J, Wang W, Wei XY, Zhang Y, Sun HT. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Yaks ( Bos grunniens) in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:770612. [PMID: 34733797 PMCID: PMC8558464 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.770612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp., the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis, can infect a variety of hosts. So far, there has been limited information regarding Cryptosporidium spp. infection in yaks (Bos grunniens). Here, we performed the first systematic review and meta-analysis for Cryptosporidium spp. infection in yaks in China. To perform the meta-analysis, five databases (Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Chinese journal database, WanFang Data, PubMed, and ScienceDirect) were employed to search for studies related to the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in yaks in China. The total number of samples was 8,212, and the pooled Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence in yaks was estimated to be 10.52% (1192/8012). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in yaks was 13.54% (1029/5277) and 4.49% (148/2132) in northwestern and southwestern China, respectively. In the sampling year subgroups, the prevalence before 2012 (19.79%; 650/2662) was significantly higher than that after 2012 (6.07%; 437/4476). The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in cold seasons (20.55%; 188/794) was higher than that in warm seasons (4.83%; 41/1228). In the age subgroup, the yaks with age < 12 months had a higher prevalence (19.47%; 231/1761) than that in yaks with age ≥12 months (16.63%; 365/2268). Among 12 Cryptosporidium spp. species/genotypes, the C. bovis had the highest prevalence. Moreover, the effects of geography (latitude, longitude, precipitation, temperature, and altitude) and climate on Cryptosporidium spp. infection in yaks were evaluated. Through analyzing the risk factors correlated with the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., we recommend that effective management measures should be formulated according to the differences of different geographical factors, in order to prevent cryptosporidiosis and reduce economic losses in yaks in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Li Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong-Bo Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing-Hao Li
- General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State forestry and Grass Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Jiang
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - He-Ting Sun
- General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State forestry and Grass Administration, Shenyang, China
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Qin SY, Sun HT, Lyu C, Zhu JH, Wang ZJ, Ma T, Zhao Q, Lan YG, He WQ. Prevalence and Characterization of Cryptosporidium Species in Tibetan Antelope ( Pantholops hodgsonii). Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:713873. [PMID: 34552884 PMCID: PMC8450510 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.713873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an enteric apicomplexan parasite, which can infect multiple mammals including livestock and wildlife. Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) is one of the most famous wildlife species, that belongs to the first class protected wild animals in China. However, it has not been known whether Tibetan Antelope is infected with Cryptosporidium so far. The objective of the present study was to determine the prevalence and characterization of Cryptosporidium species infection in Tibetan Antelope and the corresponding species by using molecular biological method. In the current study, a total of 627 fecal samples were randomly collected from Tibetan Antelope in the Tibet Autonomous Region (2019–2020), and were examined by PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Among 627 samples, 19 (3.03%, 19/627) were examined as Cryptosporidium-positive, with 7 (2.33%, 7/300) in females and 12 (3.67%, 12/327) in males. The analysis of SSU rRNA gene sequence suggested that only two Cryptosporidium species, namely, C. xiaoi and C. ubiquitum, were identified in this study. This is the first evidence for an existence of Cryptosporidium in Tibetan Antelope. These findings extend the host range for Cryptosporidium spp. and also provide important data support for prevention and control of Cryptosporidium infection in Tibetan Antelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - He-Ting Sun
- General Monitoring Station for Wildlife-Borne Infectious Diseases, State Forestry and Grass Administration, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuang Lyu
- Animal Health Center, Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China.,Animal Health Center, Qingdao Jiazhi Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Qingdao, China
| | - Jun-Hui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, China
| | - Yun-Gang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wen-Qi He
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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He L, Bastos RG, Sun Y, Hua G, Guan G, Zhao J, Suarez CE. Babesiosis as a potential threat for bovine production in China. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:460. [PMID: 34493328 PMCID: PMC8425137 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease with global impact caused by parasites of the phylum Apicomplexa, genus Babesia. Typically, acute bovine babesiosis (BB) is characterized by fever, anemia, hemoglobinuria, and high mortality. Surviving animals remain persistently infected and become reservoirs for parasite transmission. Bovids in China can be infected by one or more Babesia species endemic to the country, including B. bovis, B. bigemina, B. orientalis, B. ovata, B. major, B. motasi, B. U sp. Kashi and B. venatorum. The latter may pose a zoonotic risk. Occurrence of this wide diversity of Babesia species in China may be due to a combination of favorable ecological factors, such as the presence of multiple tick vectors, including Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma, the coexistence of susceptible bovid species, such as domestic cattle, yaks, and water buffalo, and the lack of efficient measures of tick control. BB is currently widespread in several regions of the country and a limiting factor for cattle production. While some areas appear to have enzootic stability, others have considerable cattle mortality. Research is needed to devise solutions to the challenges posed by uncontrolled BB. Critical research gaps include risk assessment for cattle residing in endemic areas, understanding factors involved in endemic stability, evaluation of parasite diversity and pathogenicity of regional Babesia species, and estimation of whether and how BB should be controlled in China. Research should allow the design of comprehensive interventions to improve cattle production, diminish the risk of human infections, and increase the availability of affordable animal protein for human consumption in China and worldwide. In this review, we describe the current state of BB with reference to the diversity of hosts, vectors, and parasite species in China. We also discuss the unique risks and knowledge gaps that should be taken into consideration for future Babesia research and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Reginaldo G. Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
| | - Yali Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Hua
- Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Centre for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, College of Animal Science & Technology, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping, Lanzhou, 730046 China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 Hubei China
| | - Carlos E. Suarez
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
- Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agricultural - Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA 99164 USA
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Li S, Zou Y, Wang P, Qu MR, Zheng WB, Wang P, Chen XQ, Zhu XQ. Prevalence and multilocus genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. in cattle in Jiangxi Province, southeastern China. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:1281-1289. [PMID: 33615408 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a genus of single-celled protozoa, infecting a wide range of animals and humans. Although Cryptosporidium infections of cattle have been reported in some provinces in China, there is no available information on the prevalence and predominant species of Cryptosporidium in cattle in Jiangxi province. To investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in cattle in Jiangxi province of China, 556 fecal samples were collected from eight farms in four cities and the SSU rRNA locus of Cryptosporidium was amplified from the DNA of each fecal sample by PCR. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 12.8% (71/556) in cattle in Jiangxi province, with 24.3% (54/222) in Nanchang city, 7.8% (13/166) in Gao'an city, 3.7% (4/108) in Xinyu city, and 0.0% (0/60) in Ji'an city. The differences of the prevalence rates by region, breed, and age groups were statistically significant. All positive PCR products of Cryptosporidium were successfully sequenced and identified as three Cryptosporidium species, namely Cryptosporidium bovis (1/556, 0.18%), Cryptosporidium ryanae (7/556, 1.3%), and Cryptosporidium andersoni (63/556, 11.3%). Furthermore, 36 C. andersoni isolates were successfully classified into three MLST (multilocus sequence typing) subtypes based on four genetic loci (MS1, MS2, MS3, and MS16). The predominant MLST subtype was A4, A4, A4, A1 (n = 30). These findings not only revealed the prevalence and predominant species of Cryptosporidium in cattle in Jiangxi province, but also provided a baseline for studying the genetic structure of C. andersoni, offering a novel resource for better understanding of the epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in Jiangxi province, southeastern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Li
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ren Qu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Wang
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory for Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu Province, People's Republic of China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health of Yunnan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
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Wu Y, Chen Y, Chang Y, Zhang X, Li D, Wang L, Zheng S, Wang R, Zhang S, Li J, Zhang L. Genotyping and identification of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from free-range Tibetan yellow cattle and cattle-yak in Tibet, China. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105671. [PMID: 32822671 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To assess the prevalence and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in natural grazing local breed cattle, 513 fecal samples from Tibetan yellow cattle and cattle-yaks were tested for these pathogens. Cryptosporidium, G. duodenalis and E. bieneusi in Tibetan yellow cattle prevalence were 0.7% (3/442), 3.8% (17/442) and 2.5% (11/442), respectively. Cryptosporidium bovis (n = 3), G. duodenalis assemblages A (n = 2) and E (n = 15) were identified based on sequence analysis. Among three E. bieneusi genotypes, I (n = 7), EbpC (n = 2) and CHC8 (n = 2) detected, EbpC was classified into Group 1, which has a significant zoonotic importance, whereas genotypes I and CHC8 belonged to Group 2. None of these pathogens was identified in cattle-yaks. The presence of zoonotic C. bovis, assemblage A and EbpC indicates Tibetan yellow cattle may be a potential spread source of intestinal pathogens with a zoonotic transmission risk. The relationships between natural free-range mode and the prevalence or genetic diversity of these pathogens need be confirmed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yuancai Chen
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yankai Chang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Xiangqian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Dongfang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Lu Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Shuangjian Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei Province, China; Laboratory of Detection and Monitoring of Highland Animal Disease, Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi, 860000, Tibet, China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan Province, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, No. 15 Longzihu University Area, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Molecular detection of Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in Longjiang Wagyu cattle in Northeastern China. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104526. [PMID: 33010364 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. and Enterocytozoon bieneusi are two important zoonotic pathogens that can cause diarrhea and other gastrointestinal illnesses in humans and animals. However, the prevalence and genotype of the parasites in Longjiang Wagyu cattle in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China have not been reported. In the present study, a total of 423 fecal samples of Longjiang Wagyu cattle collected from different farms in Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China, were examined for Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi using nested PCR. The overall infection rates for Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi were 6.38% (n = 27) and 7.09% (n = 30), respectively. The prevalence in different age groups ranged from 3.80% (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01-6.59) to 8.36% (95% CI 4.83-11.90) for Cryptosporidium spp. and 5.97% (95% CI 2.52-9.43) to 7.94% (95% CI 4.49-11.40) for E. bieneusi. By analyzing the DNA sequences of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene, two Cryptosporidium species were detected in this study, namely C. parvum (n = 25) and C. ryanae (n = 2). The IIdA20G1 subtype was further identified by using the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene of C. parvum. E. bieneusi was identified using three known sequences through the analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences: J (n = 23), I (n = 5), and BEB4 (n = 2), and all belonged to group 2. The results indicated that some of the Cryptosporidium species and E. bieneusi genotypes identified in Longjiang Wagyu cattle in the study areas might have zoonotic potential.
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Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in yaks (Bos grunniens) in Naqu, China. Microb Pathog 2020; 144:104190. [PMID: 32272216 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal protozoan specie, Cryptosporidium causes serious diarrheal syndrome in humans and animals worldwide. However, limited knowledge is known about the infection caused by this specie in yaks in Naqu. About 950 serum and 150 fecal samples were collected and assayed by using commercial ELISA kits and nPCR detection methods to find the prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in yaks. Results found that 103 out of 950 (10.8%) serums were uncovered against C. parvum antibodies. In different regions, the prevalence of C. parvum in yaks were in a range from 9.1% to 16.7%, with obvious difference among the three areas (P < 0.001). In male and female yaks, the prevalence of C. parvum was found to be 7.2% and 13.3% respectively (P < 0.001); and a significant difference (P < 0.001) with a range of 9.8%-18.2% was observed among different age groups. Out of 150 fecal samples, only 2 (1.3%) positive samples were detected via nPCR. The positive samples were sequenced and identified to be C. bovis. The two isolates were clustered to cattle and yak clade separately. Our results highlight the prevalence and epidemiological status of Cryptosporidium spp. in yaks which may contribute towards the prevention and control of this zoonotic disease in Naqu, China.
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Molecular characterization and distribution of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi from yaks in Tibet, China. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:417. [PMID: 31752852 PMCID: PMC6873568 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With worldwide distribution and importance for veterinary medicine, Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi have been found in a wide variety of vertebrate hosts. At present, few available molecular data can be used to understand the features of genetic diversity of these pathogens in areas without or less intensive farming. Dominated by grazing, Tibet is a separate geographic unit in China and yaks are in frequent contact with local herdsmen and necessary for their daily life. Therefore, to investigate the distribution of these pathogens in yaks of Tibet, 577 fecal specimens were screened using nested PCR for the presence and genotypes of the three intestinal pathogens. RESULTS The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., G. duodenalis, and E. bieneusi were 1.4% (8/577), 1.7% (10/577), and 5.0% (29/577), respectively. Cryptosporidium andersoni (n = 7) and Cryptosporidium bovis (n = 1) were detected by sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene. Genotyping at the SSU rRNA and triosephosphate isomerase genes suggested that all G. duodenalis positive specimens belonged to assemblage E. Sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer gene identified six known E. bieneusi genotypes: BEB4 (n = 11), I (n = 6), D (n = 5), J (n = 2), CHC8 (n = 1), and BEB6 (n = 1). One subtype (A5,A4,A2,A1) for C. andersoni and three multilocus genotypes for E. bieneusi were identified by multilocus sequence typing. CONCLUSIONS We report for the first time the status of three enteric pathogens infection simultaneously for grazing yaks in Tibet. Yaks in our study are likely to impose a low zoonotic risk for humans. The molecular epidemiology data add to our knowledge of the characteristics of distribution and transmission for these pathogens in Tibet and their zoonotic potential and public health significance.
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E G, Yang BG, Basang WD, Zhu YB, An TW, Luo XL. Screening for signatures of selection of Tianzhu white yak using genome-wide re-sequencing. Anim Genet 2019; 50:534-538. [PMID: 31246332 DOI: 10.1111/age.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Tianzhu white yak, a domestic yak indigenous to the Qilian Mountains, migrated inland from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Specific ecological and long-term artificial selection influenced the evolution of its pure white coat and physiological characteristics. Therefore, it is not only a natural population that represents a genomic selective region of environmental adaptability but is also an animal model for studying the pigmentation of the yak coat. A total of 24 261 829 variants, including 22 445 252 SNPs, were obtained from 29 yaks by genome-wide re-sequencing. According to the results of a selective sweep analysis of Tianzhu white yak in comparison to Tibetan yaks, nine candidate genes under selection in Tianzhu white yak were identified by combining π, Tajima's D, πA/πB and FST statistics, with threshold standards of 5%. These genes include PDCD1, NUP210, ABCG8, NEU4, LOC102287650, D2HGDH, COL4A1, RTP5 and HDAC11. Five of the nine genes were classified into 12 molecular signaling pathways, and most of these signaling pathways are involved in environmental information processing, organismal systems and metabolism. A majority of these genes has not been implicated in previous studies of yak coat color and high-altitude animals. Our findings are helpful not only for explaining the molecular mechanism of yak coat pigmentation but also for exploring the genetic changes in Tianzhu white yak due to environmental adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin E
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - B-G Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - W-D Basang
- Institute of Animal Husbandryand Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husandry Science, Lasa, 850009, China
| | - Y-B Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandryand Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Academy of Agriculture and Animal Husandry Science, Lasa, 850009, China
| | - T-W An
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
| | - X-L Luo
- Sichuan Academy of Grassland Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, China
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Berhanu A, Abera A, Nega D, Mekasha S, Fentaw S, Assefa A, Gebrewolde G, Wuletaw Y, Assefa A, Dugassa S, Tekie H, Tasew G. Isolation and identification of microflora from the midgut and salivary glands of Anopheles species in malaria endemic areas of Ethiopia. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:85. [PMID: 31035931 PMCID: PMC6489185 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles mosquitoes are of great importance to human health. A number of studies have shown that midgut and salivary gland microflora have an impact on malaria parasite burden through colonization mechanisms, involving either direct Plasmodium microbiota interaction or bacterial-mediated induction of mosquito immune response. The objective of this study was to isolate and identify the microflora from the midgut and salivary glands of Anopheles species. Methods A total of 20 pools (ten per pool) from insectary-reared and 56 pools (five per pool) of field-collected Anopheles mosquitoes were anesthetized by chloroform and dissected. 70% of ethanol was used for surface sterilization of mosquitoes and laboratory equipment, followed by rinsing Anopheles mosquitoes four times with 1X PBS. Each pool of dissected midgut and salivary gland sample was transferred in 1X PBS and squashed, incubated in the water bath and enriched in tryptic soya broth for 24 h at 35 ± 2 °C. As a control, the PBS solutions used to rinse the mosquitoes were also incubated in tryptic soya broth in the same conditions as the sample. After enrichment, a loopful of each sample was taken and inoculated on Blood, Chocolate, MacConkey, and Sabouraud Dextrose agar. Finally, the microbiota was isolated by colony characteristics, biochemical tests, and automated VITEK 2 Compact Analyzer. Results From all field and laboratory mosquitoes, Pseudomonas was found to be the dominant microbiota identified from all species of Anopheles mosquitoes. Acinetobacter and Klebsiellapneumonia and other families of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria were identified. Conclusions A number of bacteria were isolated and identified. This is the first report on isolation and identification of microbiota from midgut and salivary glands of Anopheles species in Ethiopia. It can be used as a baseline for studying the relationship between microbiota and mosquitoes, and for the development of a new malaria biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abib Berhanu
- Insect Science Stream, Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adugna Abera
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | - Desalegn Nega
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sindew Mekasha
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Surafel Fentaw
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Assefa
- Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Gebrewolde
- Vaccine and Diagnostic Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Yonas Wuletaw
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Ashenafi Assefa
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sisay Dugassa
- Vector Biology and Control Research Unit, Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Habte Tekie
- Insect Science Stream, Department of Zoological Sciences, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Geremew Tasew
- Malaria and Neglected Tropical Diseases Research Team, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, P.O. Box: 1242, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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The first report of Cryptosporidium spp. in Microtus fuscus (Qinghai vole) and Ochotona curzoniae (wild plateau pika) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area, China. Parasitol Res 2018. [PMID: 29532219 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is one of the most important genera of intestinal zoonotic pathogens, which can infect various hosts and cause diarrhoea. There is little available information about the molecular characterisation and epidemiological prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Microtus fuscus (Qinghai vole) and Ochotona curzoniae (wild plateau pika) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau area of Qinghai Province, Northwest China. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine Cryptosporidium species/genotypes and epidemiological prevalence in these mammals by detecting the SSU rRNA gene by PCR amplification. The Cryptosporidium spp. infection rate was 8.9% (8/90) in Qinghai voles and 6.25% (4/64) in wild plateau pikas. Positive samples were successfully sequenced, and the following Cryptosporidium species were found: C. parvum, C. ubiquitum, C. canis and a novel genotype in Qinghai voles and C. parvum and a novel genotype in wild plateau pikas. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium infections in M. fuscus and wild O. curzoniae in Northwest China. The results suggest the possibility of Cryptosporidium species transmission among these two hosts, the environment, other animals and humans and provide useful molecular epidemiological data for the prevention and control of Cryptosporidium infections in wild animals and the surrounding environments. The results of the present study indicate the existence of Cryptosporidium species infections that have potential public health significance. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium multi-species infections in these animal hosts.
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Zhang X, Jian Y, Li X, Ma L, Karanis G, Qigang C, Karanis P. Molecular detection and prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. infections in two types of domestic farm animals in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA) in China. Parasitol Res 2017; 117:233-239. [PMID: 29199371 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-017-5697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium species infections in young cattle and sheep in the north-eastern part of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Area (QTPA), north-western China. A total number of 454 faecal samples (389 from cattle and 65 from sheep) were collected and investigated to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts. Cryptosporidium spp. infections detected in cattle (n = 56 positive samples) and sheep (n = 4 positive samples) were as following: C. andersoni (16/56, 28.6%) was the dominant species, followed by C. canis (9/56, 16.1%), C. bovis (9/56, 16.1%), C. hominis (8/56, 14.3%), C. struthionis (7/56, 12.5%), C. ryanae (5/56, 8.9%), and C. serpentis (2/56, 3.6%). Two Cryptosporidium species were detected in sheep: C. parvum (2/4) and C. canis (2/4). There were no mixed infections. C. hominis, C. struthionis, and C. serpentis are reported in domestic animals for the first time at the QTPA of China and our results indicate an anthropozoonotic transmission of C. hominis. The identification of Cryptosporidium spp. in domestic animals warrants better care of the farm animals in order to avoid contamination in vulnerable animal and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Yingna Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Xiuping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Liqing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Gabriele Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Cai Qigang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, Qinghai, China
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Center for Biomedicine and Infectious Diseases, Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xining, Qinghai, China.
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Wang R, Zhao G, Gong Y, Zhang L. Advances and Perspectives on the Epidemiology of Bovine Cryptosporidium in China in the Past 30 Years. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1823. [PMID: 28979256 PMCID: PMC5611413 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Major progress has been made in understanding the epidemiology of bovine Cryptosporidium in China in the past 30 years. The overall infection rate in that period was 14.50% (5265/36316), with different prevalence being observed among dairy cattle, yaks, beef cattle, and buffalo. The infection rate declined as the animals' ages increased and the lowest prevalence occurred in winter. Ten Cryptosporidium species and two genotypes have been found in cattle, with Cryptosporidium parvum, C. andersoni, C. bovis, and C. ryanae being the commonest species. Cryptosporidium bovis rather than C. parvum predominated in preweaned dairy cattle, and C. parvum IIdA15G1 and IIdA19G1 were the only subtypes detected in dairy cattle. Two subtype families, IIa and IId, were found in yaks. Population genetic analysis detected an epidemic population structure in C. andersoni, which suggested that the prevalence of C. andersoni in China is not attributable to the introduction of dairy cattle. Moreover, C. parvum IId subtypes probably dispersed from western Asia to other geographic regions based on population genetic analysis of isolates from China, Sweden, and Egypt. Therefore, we hypothesize that Cryptosporidium was introduced into China in the past, and different populations formed progressively in various hosts in response to diverse factors, including the transmission dynamics, geographic isolation, host specificity, and large-scale farming. More epidemiological studies are required to test this hypothesis and to clarify the prevalence and transmission of Cryptosporidium species in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Yunya Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and TechnologyLuoyang, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural UniversityZhengzhou, China
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Prevalence and Genetic Characterization of Cryptosporidium Infection in Java Sparrows ( Lonchura oryzivora) in Northern China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:2318476. [PMID: 28744462 PMCID: PMC5514319 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2318476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a cosmopolitan parasitosis that affects a wide range of hosts including birds. As information concerning Cryptosporidium in birds is limited, the present study examined the prevalence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium in Java sparrows in Beijing and Shangqiu, northern China. Three hundred and fifty fecal samples were collected from Java sparrows (Lonchura oryzivora, 225 white Java sparrows and 125 gray Java sparrows) in Beijing and Shangqiu in October 2015, and the samples were examined by PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. The overall Cryptosporidium prevalence is 13.42% (47/350), with 16.44% (37/225) in white Java sparrows and 8.00% (10/125) in gray Java sparrows. Cryptosporidium prevalence was 9.82% (16/163) in Java sparrows from Beijing and 16.58% (31/187) in Java sparrows from Shangqiu. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in females and males was 40.63% (26/64) and 7.34% (21/286), respectively. The Cryptosporidium prevalence in Java sparrows of different ages varied from 10.47% to 16.33%. Sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene revealed that all the samples represented C. baileyi. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium in gray Java sparrows in China, which extend the host range for C. baileyi. These results provide baseline information for further studies of molecular epidemiology and control of Cryptosporidium infection in poultry in China.
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Liu J, Guan G, Li Y, Liu A, Luo J, Yin H. A Molecular Survey of Babesia Species and Detection of a New Babesia Species by DNA Related to B. venatorum from White Yaks in Tianzhu, China. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:419. [PMID: 28352260 PMCID: PMC5349112 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine babesiosis is a tick-transmitted disease caused by different species of Babesia. The white yak is a unique yak breed that lives only in Tianzhu in the Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu Province, in northwestern China. Previous research using the ELISA method has confirmed that the white yak could become infected with B. bigemina. The objective of this study was the molecular detection and identification of Babesia species in white yaks. A total of 409 white yak blood samples were collected from 11 areas of the Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County in Northwest China from April to August, 2015. The V4 hypervariable region of Babesia 18S rRNA was amplified from extracted genomic DNA using nested PCR and sequenced. The nearly full-length sequence of 18S rRNA including the V4 region from the newly discovered Babesia was amplified and sequenced with Sanger method. PCR detection and sequencing indicated that 4/409 samples were positive for B. bigemina, 3/409 samples were positive for B. bovis, and 5/409 samples were positive for B. ovata. Additionally, a new Babesia species was found in 4/409 white yaks. A unique sequence of 1,627 bp was obtained from two of the four samples. The sequence was similar to Babesia species Akita (98.5%) found in Ixodes ovatus and B. venatorum (98%) and shared a 98% identity with B. divergens and a 98.1% identity with B. odocoilei. This study provides new data about Babesia infections in white yaks in northwestern China, and a new Babesia species similar to B. venatorum was identified in white yaks for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesLanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and ZoonosesYangzhou, China
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Gong C, Cao XF, Deng L, Li W, Huang XM, Lan JC, Xiao QC, Zhong ZJ, Feng F, Zhang Y, Wang WB, Guo P, Wu KJ, Peng GN. Epidemiology of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in China: a review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:1. [PMID: 28098070 PMCID: PMC5264544 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present review discusses the findings of cryptosporidiosis research conducted in cattle in China and highlights the currently available information on Cryptosporidium epidemiology, genetic diversity, and distribution in China, which is critical to understanding the economic and public health importance of cryptosporidiosis transmission in cattle. To date, 10 Cryptosporidium species have been detected in cattle in China, with an overall infection rate of 11.9%. The highest rate of infection (19.5%) was observed in preweaned calves, followed by that in juveniles (10.69%), postweaned juveniles (9.0%), and adult cattle (4.94%). The dominant species were C. parvum in preweaned calves and C. andersoni in postweaned, juvenile, and adult cattle. Zoonotic Cryptosporidium species (C. parvum and C. hominis) were found in cattle, indicating the possibility of transmission between humans and cattle. Different cattle breeds had significant differences in the prevalence rate and species of Cryptosporidium. This review demonstrates an age-associated, breed-associated, and geographic-related occurrence of Cryptosporidium and provides references for further understanding of the epidemiological characteristics, and for preventing and controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xue-Feng Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lei Deng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xiang-Ming Huang
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jing-Chao Lan
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Qi-Cheng Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhong
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Fan Feng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wen-Bo Wang
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Ping Guo
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Chengdu Military Region, Kunming 650118, Yunnan, PR China
| | - Kong-Ju Wu
- Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Guang-Neng Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, PR China
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Anejo-Okopi JA, Okojokwu JO, Ebonyi AO, Ejeliogu EU, Isa SE, Audu O, Akpakpan EE, Nwachukwu EE, Ifokwe CK, Ali M, Lar P, Oguche S. Molecular characterization of cryptosporidium in children aged 0- 5 years with diarrhea in Jos, Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J 2016; 25:253. [PMID: 28293369 PMCID: PMC5337289 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2016.25.253.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrhea in children and immune-compromised individuals. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics have led to the discovery of subtype families that are thought to be more commonly associated with diarrhea. We aimed to isolate and characterize Cryptosporidium spp among children with diarrhea in Jos, Nigeria. Methods Stool samples were collected from165 children aged 0-5 years with diarrhea. Cryptosporidium oocysts were examined by wet mount preparation, using formalin ether and a modified acid fast staining method. DNA was extracted from positive samples using QIAamp DNA stool mini kit and PCR-RFLP assay was carried out after quantification. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis were done to determine the subtype families and their relatedness. Results From the 165 children studied, 8 (4.8%) were infected with Cryptosporidium. PCR-RFLP assay and genotype characterization found the following Cryptosporidium species: C. hominis 6 (75%) and C. parvum 2 (25.0%), with family subtypes Id-5, Ie-1 and IIa-1, IId-1 respectively.The most common species was C. hominis and the frequent subtype was C. hominis-Id 5 (62.5%). Conclusion Cryptosporidium is not an uncommon cause of diarrhea in children, with C. hominis being the dominant species. Also C. hominis Id is the commonest sub-family subtype. Put together, zoonotic species may be an important cause of diarrhea in children aged 0-5 years in Jos, Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Aje Anejo-Okopi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria; AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria
| | | | - Augustine Odo Ebonyi
- AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Emeka Uba Ejeliogu
- AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Samson Ejiji Isa
- AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Medicine, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Onyemocho Audu
- Department of Epidemiology and Community Health, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Edoama Edet Akpakpan
- Department of Biological Science, Federal University, Otuoke, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Murna Ali
- Department of Microbiology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Patricia Lar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Oguche
- AIDS Prevention Initiative in Nigeria, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria; Department of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
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Zhang XX, Cong W, Ma JG, Lou ZL, Zheng WB, Zhao Q, Zhu XQ. First report of Cryptosporidium canis in farmed Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in China. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:126. [PMID: 26934975 PMCID: PMC4776383 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1396-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cryptosporidium is an important genus of enteric zoonotic parasites, which can infect a wide range of animals including foxes. Little information is available concerning the prevalence and molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium spp. in farmed Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) in China. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Arctic foxes in China using nested PCR amplification of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene. Findings The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in Arctic foxes was 15.9 % (48/302), with 12.9 % in male (18/139) and 18.4 % in female (30/163) foxes, respectively. The prevalence in different farms varied from 0 to 31.43 %. The prevalence of infection in different age groups varied from 14.1 % to 19.0 %. Foxes from Hebei Province (7.8 %, 11/141) had a significantly lower Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence than those from Heilongjiang Province (22.9 %, 16/70) and Jilin Province (23.1 %, 21/91) (P= 0.0015). Sequence analysis of the SSU rRNA gene indicated that all the 48 isolates represented C. canis. Conclusions This is the first report of C. canis infection in farmed Arctic foxes in China, which also provides foundation data for preventing and controlling Cryptosporidium infection in foxes, other animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Wei Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Jian-Gang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Long Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
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Song GY, Qin SY, Zhao GH, Zhu XQ, Zhou DH, Song MX. Molecular characterization of Giardia duodenalis from white yaks in China. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:397-400. [PMID: 27078665 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Giardia duodenalis is one of the most common enteric parasites of humans and animals, including companion animals, livestock and wildlife. To date, the information about the prevalence and molecular characterization of G. duodenalis infection in white yaks was limited. In the present study, a total of 208 white yak fecal samples were collected from Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County (TTAC) between September 2013 and March 2014. Of the 208 white yak fecal samples, four samples (1.92%, all collected in March 2014) tested G. duodenalis-positive by PCR amplification of triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene. Sequence analysis confirmed the presence of G. duodenalis assemblage E. The present study revealed the presence and genotype of G. duodenalis in white yaks for the first time, and extended the host range of G. duodenalis. These results provided useful information for further genotyping or subtyping studies of G. duodenalis in white yaks.
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Zhang XX, Cong W, Lou ZL, Ma JG, Zheng WB, Yao QX, Zhao Q, Zhu XQ. Prevalence, risk factors and multilocus genotyping of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in farmed foxes (Vulpes lagopus), Northern China. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:72. [PMID: 26847241 PMCID: PMC4743323 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microsporidiosis is a common disease in animals and humans around the world. Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common microsporidian species in humans. Many animal species may be a potential source of human microsporidiosis. However, information concerning prevalence and genotypes of E. bieneusi infection in farmed foxes (Vulpes lagopus) is scarce. Therefore, the present study examined prevalence, risk factors and genotypes of E. bieneusi in farmed foxes in northern China using a genetic approach. Results Of 302 fecal samples from farmed foxes, 37 (12.25 %, 95 % CI 8.55–15.95) were PCR-positive for E. bieneusi, and the prevalence was highly associated with the farming mode in that foxes raised outdoors (26.03 % positive, 95 % CI 18.91–33.15) had a significantly higher E. bieneusi prevalence than those raised indoors. Eleven internal transcribed spacer (ITS) genotypes were identified among the positive samples: four known E. bieneusi genotypes (Peru 8, Types IV, CHN-DC1 and D) and seven novel genotypes (NCF1-NCF7). Genotype NCF2 was the commonest (n = 13) and was found in five farms across three provinces (Jilin, Heilongjiang and Hebei). All genotypes belonged to phylogenetic group 1. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analyses revealed additional diversity. Conclusions These findings indicate the presence of zoonotic E. bieneusi infection in farmed foxes in northern China. This is also the first report of genotypes Peru8, CHN-DC1 and Type IV, and seven novel genotypes (NCF1-NCF7) in farmed foxes by ITS combining with microsatellite and minisatellite markers for the first time. The results will provide baseline data for preventing and controlling E. bieneusi infection in farmed foxes, other animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Wei Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Zhi-Long Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Jian-Gang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Wen-Bin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Qiu-Xia Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China.
| | - Quan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, PR China.
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Kváč M, Havrdová N, Hlásková L, Daňková T, Kanděra J, Ježková J, Vítovec J, Sak B, Ortega Y, Xiao L, Modrý D, Chelladurai JRJJ, Prantlová V, McEvoy J. Cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): Molecular and Biological Evidence of Cryptic Species within Gastric Cryptosporidium of Mammals. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147090. [PMID: 26771460 PMCID: PMC4714919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological, biological, and molecular characteristics of Cryptosporidium muris strain TS03 are described, and the species name Cryptosporidium proliferans n. sp. is proposed. Cryptosporidium proliferans obtained from a naturally infected East African mole rat (Tachyoryctes splendens) in Kenya was propagated under laboratory conditions in rodents (SCID mice and southern multimammate mice, Mastomys coucha) and used in experiments to examine oocyst morphology and transmission. DNA from the propagated C. proliferans isolate, and C. proliferans DNA isolated from the feces of an African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in Central African Republic, a donkey (Equus africanus) in Algeria, and a domestic horse (Equus caballus) in the Czech Republic were used for phylogenetic analyses. Oocysts of C. proliferans are morphologically distinguishable from C. parvum and C. muris HZ206, measuring 6.8–8.8 (mean = 7.7 μm) × 4.8–6.2 μm (mean = 5.3) with a length to width ratio of 1.48 (n = 100). Experimental studies using an isolate originated from T. splendens have shown that the course of C. proliferans infection in rodent hosts differs from that of C. muris and C. andersoni. The prepatent period of 18–21 days post infection (DPI) for C. proliferans in southern multimammate mice (Mastomys coucha) was similar to that of C. andersoni and longer than the 6–8 DPI prepatent period for C. muris RN66 and HZ206 in the same host. Histopatologicaly, stomach glands of southern multimammate mice infected with C. proliferans were markedly dilated and filled with necrotic material, mucus, and numerous Cryptosporidium developmental stages. Epithelial cells of infected glands were atrophic, exhibited cuboidal or squamous metaplasia, and significantly proliferated into the lumen of the stomach, forming papillary structures. The epithelial height and stomach weight were six-fold greater than in non-infected controls. Phylogenetic analyses based on small subunit rRNA, Cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein, thrombospondin-related adhesive protein of Cryptosporidium-1, heat shock protein 70, actin, heat shock protein 90 (MS2), MS1, MS3, and M16 gene sequences revealed that C. proliferans is genetically distinct from C. muris and other previously described Cryptosporidium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Nikola Havrdová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hlásková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Daňková
- Grammar School and High School of Economics, Vimperk, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kanděra
- Grammar School and High School of Economics, Vimperk, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ježková
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vítovec
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ynes Ortega
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Modrý
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- CEITEC VFU, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Veronika Prantlová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences Department, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
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Public health significance of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species in wildlife: Critical insights into better drinking water management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2015; 5:88-109. [PMID: 28560163 PMCID: PMC5439462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an enteric parasite that is transmitted via the faecal-oral route, water and food. Humans, wildlife and domestic livestock all potentially contribute Cryptosporidium to surface waters. Human encroachment into natural ecosystems has led to an increase in interactions between humans, domestic animals and wildlife populations. Increasing numbers of zoonotic diseases and spill over/back of zoonotic pathogens is a consequence of this anthropogenic disturbance. Drinking water catchments and water reservoir areas have been at the front line of this conflict as they can be easily contaminated by zoonotic waterborne pathogens. Therefore, the epidemiology of zoonotic species of Cryptosporidium in free-ranging and captive wildlife is of increasing importance. This review focuses on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species reported in global wildlife populations to date, and highlights their significance for public health and the water industry.
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Li P, Cai J, Cai M, Wu W, Li C, Lei M, Xu H, Feng L, Ma J, Feng Y, Xiao L. Distribution of Cryptosporidium species in Tibetan sheep and yaks in Qinghai, China. Vet Parasitol 2015; 215:58-62. [PMID: 26790738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Few data are available on the distribution of Cryptosporidium species in Tibetan sheep and yaks, which are free-range animals living in a cold, low oxygen, and high ultraviolet radiation habitat. In this study, 904 fecal specimens were collected from 350 Tibetan sheep and 554 yaks in six counties. Cryptosporidium spp. were detected and differentiated by PCR and sequence analyses. Altogether, 43 (12.3%) Tibetan sheep and 158 (28.5%) yaks were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. In Tibetan sheep, Cryptosporidium xiaoi (39/43, 90.7%) was the dominant species, with the remaining cases (4/43, 9.3%) by Cryptosporidium ubiquitum. All C. ubiquitum specimens belonged to the subtype family XIIa. In contrast, Cryptosporidium andersoni (72/158, 45.6%), Cryptosporidium bovis (47/158, 29.7%), Cryptosporidium ryanae cattle type (35/158, 22.2%), C. ryanae buffalo type (2/158, 1.3%), and Cryptosporidium suis-like (2/158, 1.3%) were identified in yaks. Contradictory to previous observations, C. andersoni was one of the dominant Cryptosporidium species in yaks in this study. Despite sharing habitats, Tibetan sheep and yaks are evidently infected with different Cryptosporidium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jinzhong Cai
- Qinghai Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Min Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenxian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chunhua Li
- Qinghai Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Mengtong Lei
- Qinghai Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Xining 810016, China
| | - Hailing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lijun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiawen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Prevalence and Genotyping of Cryptosporidium Infection in Pet Parrots in North China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:549798. [PMID: 26273629 PMCID: PMC4529932 DOI: 10.1155/2015/549798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by Cryptosporidium spp., sometimes leading to severe diarrhea in humans and animals. In the present study, 311 parrots, belonging to four species, namely, Budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus), Lovebirds (Agapornis sp.), Alexandrine parakeets (Psittacula eupatria), and Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), from Beijing and Weifang cities, were examined for Cryptosporidium spp. infection. Blood samples of each bird were examined using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fecal samples were examined by Sheather's sugar flotation technique. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection were 3.22% (10/311) and 0.64% (2/311) by ELISA and Sheather's sugar flotation technique, respectively. Seroprevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in different breeds varied from 0 to 15.39%. Sequencing analysis showed that both positive samples from fecal samples belonged to Cryptosporidium avian genotype V. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium avian genotype V in Budgerigars. The results of the present study provided foundation-data for prevention and control of cryptosporidiosis in pet birds in China.
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Zhang XX, Tan QD, Zhou DH, Ni XT, Liu GX, Yang YC, Zhu XQ. Prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle, northwest China. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:2781-7. [PMID: 26002827 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium spp. cause enteric diseases in a wide range of animals, including dairy cattle. However, limited information is available regarding prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in dairy cattle in Gansu province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NXHAR), northwest China. A total of 2945 dairy feces samples (1257 from Gansu province and 1688 from NXHAR) were collected between December 2012 and March 2014 and were tested by PCR amplification of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene. A total of 150 (5.09 %, 58 from Gansu and 92 from NXHAR) samples were PCR-positive for Cryptosporidium, and the prevalence is associated with the region and age of dairy cattle. Species identification showed Cryptosporidium andersoni in 36 samples (24.00 %, 19 from NXHAR and 17 from Gansu), Cryptosporidium ryanae in 24 samples (16.00 %, 13 from NXHAR and 11 from Gansu), Cryptosporidium bovis in 70 samples (46.67 %, 41 from NXHAR and 29 from Gansu), and Cryptosporidium parvum in 20 samples (13.33 %, 19 from NXHAR and 1 from Gansu). A DNA sequence analysis of the gp60 gene suggested that all the 20 C. parvum isolates represented subtype IIdA15G1. These findings indicated the presence of zoonotic Cryptosporidium in Gansu and NXHAR. This is the first report of four species of Cryptosporidium (C. andersoni, C. ryanae, C. bovis, and C. parvum) infection in dairy cattle in Gansu province. This is also the first report of C. ryanae infection in dairy cattle in NXHAR. Effective control strategies should be implemented to prevent and control Cryptosporidium infection in dairy cattle and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu province, 730046, People's Republic of China
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Qi M, Cai J, Wang R, Li J, Jian F, Huang J, Zhou H, Zhang L. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis from yaks in the central western region of China. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:108. [PMID: 25994330 PMCID: PMC4438589 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis are important causes of diarrheal diseases in humans and animals worldwide, and there is an increased interest in the role of animals in the mechanical transmission of these protozoa. To examine the role of yaks in this process, we examined the occurrence and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis in yaks in western China. RESULTS A total of 545 fecal specimens were collected from yaks from nine different counties in the central western region of China. The prevalence for Cryptosporidium spp. and G. duodenalis were 4.0 % (22/545) and 6.0 % (16/545), respectively. Mixed infections of Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis were also detected in four specimens. The prevalence of both protozoa differed significantly between some age groups, with higher rates of infection in animals < 1 year old. Sequence analysis of the small subunit rRNA (SSU rRNA) gene of the Cryptosporidium isolates identified the species as C. parvum (n = 12), C. bovis (n = 6), C. ryanae (n = 3), and C. ubiquitum (n = 1). Genotyping based on 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene from five C. parvum isolates identified all as IId with three isolates identified as IIdA15G1, one as IIdA18G1, and one as IIdA19G1. One C. ubiquitum isolate was identified as subtype VIIa. Amongst the G. duodenalis isolates, 16 were identified as assemblage E at the SSU rRNA gene. Four novel glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) subtypes and two triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) subtypes were found amongst the G. duodenalis assemblage E isolates. CONCLUSIONS The presence of C. parvum subtype IIdA15G1, IIdA18G1, and IIdA19G1 isolates further confirms the dominance of the C. parvum IId subtypes in China. These findings also indicate that yaks may be a source of zoonotic Cryptosporidium infection, and this is the first report of G. duodenalis in yaks. The data presented here provides the basis for further genotyping or subtyping studies of G. duodenalis in yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Jinzhong Cai
- Qinghai Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Xining, 810016, P. R. China.
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Junqiang Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Huan Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China. .,International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou, 450002, P. R. China.
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Qin SY, Wang JL, Ning HR, Tan QD, Yin MY, Zhang XX, Zhou DH, Zhu XQ. First report of Babesia bigemina infection in white yaks in China. Acta Trop 2015; 145:52-4. [PMID: 25700713 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
White yaks, a unique yak breed and the pearl of the plateau, only live in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County (TTAC), Gansu Province, northwest China, contributing significantly to local economy. However, there was no information on the prevalence of Babesia bigemina in white yaks. In this study, a total of 974 serum samples collected from white yaks in TTAC were examined for specific antibodies against B. bigemina using a commercially available ELISA kit. The overall seroprevalence of B. bigemina in white yaks was 17.76% (173/974). A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the risk factors associated with B. bigemina seroprevalence, and the results indicated that age, gender and the numbers of pregnancies of white yaks were not the significant risk factors. However, the white yaks in spring (OR=3.523, 95% CI=1.899-6.538, P<0.001) and summer (OR=3.439, 95% CI=1.909-6.193, P<0.001) encountered higher risk of being exposed to B. bigemina than that in winter. Thus, season was considered as a risk factor associated with B. bigemina infection. This is the first survey of B. bigemina seroprevalence in white yaks in China, which extends the host range for B. bigemina and provides useful information for controlling B. bigemina infection in white yaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Jin-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Hong-Rui Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230000, PR China
| | - Qi-Dong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230000, PR China
| | - Ming-Yang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130118, PR China.
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Qin SY, Huang SY, Yin MY, Tan QD, Liu GX, Zhou DH, Zhu XQ, Zhou JZ, Qian AD. Seroprevalence and risk factors of Chlamydia abortus infection in free-ranging white yaks in China. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:8. [PMID: 25601354 PMCID: PMC4308933 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0323-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydia is gram-negative obligate bacteria which causes a wide variety of diseases in humans and animals. To date, there are a few reports about the seroprevalence of Chlamydia and the risk factors associated with Chlamydia infection in yaks in the world. In this study, 974 blood samples were collected from white yaks (Bos grunniens) in Tianzhu Tibetan Autonomous County, Gansu province, northwest China from June 2013 to April 2014. Results Antibodies against Chlamydia abortus were examined by the indirect hemagglutination (IHA) test, and 158 of 974 (16.22%) white yaks were seropositive for C. abortus antibodies at the cut-off of 1:16. The risk factors associated with seroprevalence were evaluated by a multivariate logistic regression analysis. Region, gender and age of white yak were left out of the final model, due to its insignificance in the logistic regression analysis (P > 0.05). However, season was considered as a major risk factor associated with C. abortus infection in white yaks. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first survey of C. abortus seroprevalence in white yaks in China, which extends the host range for C. abortus and has important implications for public health and the local Tibetan economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yuan Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Ming-Yang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province, 410128, PR China.
| | - Qi-Dong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China. .,College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230000, PR China.
| | - Guang-Xue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Dong-Hui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China. .,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Ji-Zhang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, PR China.
| | - Ai-Dong Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin Province, 130118, PR China.
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