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Zlatanova I, Sun F, Wu RS, Chen X, Lau BH, Colombier P, Sinha T, Celona B, Xu SM, Materna SC, Huang GN, Black BL. An injury-responsive mmp14b enhancer is required for heart regeneration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh5313. [PMID: 38019918 PMCID: PMC10686572 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh5313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Mammals have limited capacity for heart regeneration, whereas zebrafish have extraordinary regeneration abilities. During zebrafish heart regeneration, endothelial cells promote cardiomyocyte cell cycle reentry and myocardial repair, but the mechanisms responsible for promoting an injury microenvironment conducive to regeneration remain incompletely defined. Here, we identify the matrix metalloproteinase Mmp14b as an essential regulator of heart regeneration. We identify a TEAD-dependent mmp14b endothelial enhancer induced by heart injury in zebrafish and mice, and we show that the enhancer is required for regeneration, supporting a role for Hippo signaling upstream of mmp14b. Last, we show that MMP-14 function in mice is important for the accumulation of Agrin, an essential regulator of neonatal mouse heart regeneration. These findings reveal mechanisms for extracellular matrix remodeling that promote heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Zlatanova
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Fei Sun
- Duke Regeneration Center, Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Roland S. Wu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Bryan H. Lau
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Pauline Colombier
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tanvi Sinha
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Barbara Celona
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shan-Mei Xu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Stefan C. Materna
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Guo N. Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brian L. Black
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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2
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Yan M, Tsukasaki M, Muro R, Ando Y, Nakamura K, Komatsu N, Nitta T, Okamura T, Okamoto K, Takayanagi H. Identification of an intronic enhancer regulating RANKL expression in osteocytic cells. Bone Res 2023; 11:43. [PMID: 37563119 PMCID: PMC10415388 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-023-00277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The bony skeleton is continuously renewed throughout adult life by the bone remodeling process, in which old or damaged bone is removed by osteoclasts via largely unknown mechanisms. Osteocytes regulate bone remodeling by producing the osteoclast differentiation factor RANKL (encoded by the TNFSF11 gene). However, the precise mechanisms underlying RANKL expression in osteocytes are still elusive. Here, we explored the epigenomic landscape of osteocytic cells and identified a hitherto-undescribed osteocytic cell-specific intronic enhancer in the TNFSF11 gene locus. Bioinformatics analyses showed that transcription factors involved in cell death and senescence act on this intronic enhancer region. Single-cell transcriptomic data analysis demonstrated that cell death signaling increased RANKL expression in osteocytic cells. Genetic deletion of the intronic enhancer led to a high-bone-mass phenotype with decreased levels of RANKL in osteocytic cells and osteoclastogenesis in the adult stage, while RANKL expression was not affected in osteoblasts or lymphocytes. These data suggest that osteocytes may utilize a specialized regulatory element to facilitate osteoclast formation at the bone surface to be resorbed by linking signals from cellular senescence/death and RANKL expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Yan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Tsukasaki
- Department of Osteoimmunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ryunosuke Muro
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaro Ando
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Dental College, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Nakamura
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Sensory and Motor System Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Komatsu
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Nitta
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadashi Okamura
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okamoto
- Department of Osteoimmunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takayanagi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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3
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Borsari B, Villegas-Mirón P, Pérez-Lluch S, Turpin I, Laayouni H, Segarra-Casas A, Bertranpetit J, Guigó R, Acosta S. Enhancers with tissue-specific activity are enriched in intronic regions. Genome Res 2021; 31:1325-1336. [PMID: 34290042 PMCID: PMC8327915 DOI: 10.1101/gr.270371.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Tissue function and homeostasis reflect the gene expression signature by which the combination of ubiquitous and tissue-specific genes contribute to the tissue maintenance and stimuli-responsive function. Enhancers are central to control this tissue-specific gene expression pattern. Here, we explore the correlation between the genomic location of enhancers and their role in tissue-specific gene expression. We find that enhancers showing tissue-specific activity are highly enriched in intronic regions and regulate the expression of genes involved in tissue-specific functions, whereas housekeeping genes are more often controlled by intergenic enhancers, common to many tissues. Notably, an intergenic-to-intronic active enhancers continuum is observed in the transition from developmental to adult stages: the most differentiated tissues present higher rates of intronic enhancers, whereas the lowest rates are observed in embryonic stem cells. Altogether, our results suggest that the genomic location of active enhancers is key for the tissue-specific control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Borsari
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Pablo Villegas-Mirón
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sílvia Pérez-Lluch
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Isabel Turpin
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hafid Laayouni
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.,Bioinformatic Studies, ESCI-UPF, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Segarra-Casas
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jaume Bertranpetit
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Roderic Guigó
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sandra Acosta
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical School, University of Barcelona, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
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4
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Bedogni F, Hevner RF. Cell-Type-Specific Gene Expression in Developing Mouse Neocortex: Intermediate Progenitors Implicated in Axon Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:686034. [PMID: 34321999 PMCID: PMC8313239 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.686034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortex projection neurons (PNs) are generated from intermediate progenitors (IPs), which are in turn derived from radial glial progenitors (RGPs). To investigate developmental processes in IPs, we profiled IP transcriptomes in embryonic mouse neocortex, using transgenic Tbr2-GFP mice, cell sorting, and microarrays. These data were used in combination with in situ hybridization to ascertain gene sets specific for IPs, RGPs, PNs, interneurons, and other neural and non-neural cell types. RGP-selective transcripts (n = 419) included molecules for Notch receptor signaling, proliferation, neural stem cell identity, apical junctions, necroptosis, hippo pathway, and NF-κB pathway. RGPs also expressed specific genes for critical interactions with meningeal and vascular cells. In contrast, IP-selective genes (n = 136) encoded molecules for activated Delta ligand presentation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, core planar cell polarity (PCP), axon genesis, and intrinsic excitability. Interestingly, IPs expressed several “dependence receptors” (Unc5d, Dcc, Ntrk3, and Epha4) that induce apoptosis in the absence of ligand, suggesting a competitive mechanism for IPs and new PNs to detect key environmental cues or die. Overall, our results imply a novel role for IPs in the patterning of neuronal polarization, axon differentiation, and intrinsic excitability prior to mitosis. Significantly, IPs highly express Wnt-PCP, netrin, and semaphorin pathway molecules known to regulate axon polarization in other systems. In sum, IPs not only amplify neurogenesis quantitatively, but also molecularly “prime” new PNs for axogenesis, guidance, and excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert F Hevner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
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5
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Identification of a functional SNP rs7304782 at schizophrenia risk locus 12q24.31 and validation of its association with schiz ophrenia in Chinese populations. Psychiatry Res 2020; 294:113491. [PMID: 33070109 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple schizophrenia-associated risk loci. However, the potential functional (or causal) variant remains largely unknown for each of the identified risk locus. In this study, we utilized different functional annotation approaches (i.e., CADD, Eigen, GWAVA, RegulomeDB and LINSIGHT) to prioritize the most possible functional variant at schizophrenia risk locus 12q24.31, a risk locus that showed genome-wide significant association with schizophrenia. We found that four functional annotation methods prioritized rs7304782 as a potential functional variant at 12q24.31, suggesting the potential functional consequence of rs7304782. Consistent with the functional annotation, reporter gene assays showed that different allele of rs7304782 affected the luciferase activity significantly, further supporting that rs7304782 is a functional variant. We further performed genetic association study and validated that rs7304782 is also associated with schizophrenia in Chinese population (N=4,291 cases and 7,847 controls), with the same risk allele as in European population. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis indicated that rs7304782 was significantly associated with the expression of OGFOD2 in human brain tissues. Of note, differential expression analysis indicated that OGFOD2 was significantly down-regulated in schizophrenia cases compared with controls. Our study identified a potential functional variant (i.e., rs7304782) at schizophrenia risk locus 12q24.31 and suggested that this functional variant may confer schizophrenia risk through regulating OGFOD2 expression.
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Zhang Y, Li S, Li X, Yang Y, Li W, Xiao X, Li M, Lv L, Luo X. Convergent lines of evidence support NOTCH4 as a schizophrenia risk gene. J Med Genet 2020; 58:666-678. [PMID: 32900838 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-106830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The association between NOTCH4 and schizophrenia has been repeatedly reported. However, the results from different genetic studies are inconsistent, and the role of NOTCH4 in schizophrenia pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we provide convergent lines of evidence that support NOTCH4 as a schizophrenia risk gene. We first performed a meta-analysis and found that a genetic variant (rs2071287) in NOTCH4 was significantly associated with schizophrenia (a total of 125 848 subjects, p=8.31×10-17), with the same risk allele across all tested samples. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis showed that rs2071287 was significantly associated with NOTCH4 expression (p=1.08×10-14) in human brain tissues, suggesting that rs2071287 may confer schizophrenia risk through regulating NOTCH4 expression. Sherlock integrative analysis using a large-scale schizophrenia GWAS and eQTL data from human brain tissues further revealed that NOTCH4 was significantly associated with schizophrenia (p=4.03×10-7 in CMC dataset and p=3.06×10-6 in xQTL dataset), implying that genetic variants confer schizophrenia risk through modulating NOTCH4 expression. Consistently, we found that NOTCH4 was significantly downregulated in brains of schizophrenia patients compared with controls (p=2.53×10-3), further suggesting that dysregulation of NOTCH4 may have a role in schizophrenia. Finally, we showed that NOTCH4 regulates proliferation, self-renewal, differentiation and migration of neural stem cells, suggesting that NOTCH4 may confer schizophrenia risk through affecting neurodevelopment. Our study provides convergent lines of evidence that support the involvement of NOTCH4 in schizophrenia. In addition, our study also elucidates a possible mechanism for the role of NOTCH4 in schizophrenia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Shiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Henan Mental Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China .,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, Henan 453002, China
| | - XiongJian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China .,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650204, China.,KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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7
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Forouzanfar M, Lachinani L, Dormiani K, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Gure AO, Ghaedi K. Intracellular functions of RNA-binding protein, Musashi1, in stem and cancer cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:193. [PMID: 32448364 PMCID: PMC7245930 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01703-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding protein, musashi1 (MSI1), is a main protein in asymmetric cell division of the sensory organ precursor cells, whereas its expression is reported to be upregulated in cancers. This protein is a critical element in proliferation of stem and cancer stem cells, which acts through Wnt and Notch signaling pathways. Moreover, MSI1 modulates malignancy and chemoresistance of lung cancer cells via activating the Akt signaling. Due to the main role of MSI1 in metastasis and cancer development, MSI1 would be an appropriate candidate for cancer therapy. Downregulation of MSI1 inhibits proliferation of cancer stem cells and reduces the growth of solid tumors in several cancers. On the other hand, MSI1 expression is regulated by microRNAs in such a way that several different tumor suppressor miRNAs negatively regulate oncogenic MSI1 and inhibit migration and tumor metastasis. The aim of this review is summarizing the role of MSI1 in stem cell proliferation and cancer promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Forouzanfar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Square, Isfahan, P.O. Code 81746, Iran
| | - Liana Lachinani
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, P.O. Code 816513-1378, Iran
| | - Kianoush Dormiani
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, P.O. Code 816513-1378, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, P.O. Code 816513-1378, Iran. .,Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ali Osmay Gure
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Square, Isfahan, P.O. Code 81746, Iran. .,Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
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8
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Fukuhara S, Masaoka T, Nishimura S, Nakamura M, Matsuzaki J, Tsugawa H, Miyoshi S, Mori H, Kawase S, Shibata S, Okano H, Kanai T, Suzuki H. Enteric Glial Dysfunction Evoked by Apolipoprotein E Deficiency Contributes to Delayed Gastric Emptying. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:3359-3369. [PMID: 29098550 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Diabetes is the main cause of gastroparesis accompanying decreased neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in myenteric ganglia of the stomach. Decreased nNOS expression in the stomach also results from defects in apolipoprotein E (ApoE), which is secreted by astrocytes and has neuroprotective effects on the central nervous system. However, the roles of ApoE and enteric glial cells on gastric motility are uncertain. In this study, ApoE and enteric glial cell alterations in gastroparesis were investigated. METHODS Type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice and ApoE-knockout mice were analyzed. Gastric emptying was measured using the 13C acetic acid breath test. Expression levels of the pan-neuronal marker, protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5), and glial marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were examined by immunohistochemistry. Neural stem cells (NSCs) were injected into the gastric antral wall of ApoE-knockout mice. RESULTS Delayed gastric emptying was observed in 27% of db/db mice with significant decreases in serum ApoE levels and GFAP expression in the gastric antrum. Gastric emptying was also delayed in ApoE-knockout mice, with a significant decrease in GFAP expression, but no change in PGP 9.5 expression. Transplantation of NSCs improved gastric emptying in ApoE-knockout mice through supplementation of GFAP-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that decreased enteric glial cells in ApoE-knockout mice are crucial for development of delayed gastric emptying, and NSC transplantation is effective in restoring myenteric ganglia and gastric motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Fukuhara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Masaoka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soraya Nishimura
- Department of Orthopedics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedics, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Juntaro Matsuzaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Tsugawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sawako Miyoshi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Mori
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawase
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanori Kanai
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Suzuki
- Medical Education Center, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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9
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Sutherland JM, Siddall NA, Hime GR, McLaughlin EA. RNA binding proteins in spermatogenesis: an in depth focus on the Musashi family. Asian J Androl 2016; 17:529-36. [PMID: 25851660 PMCID: PMC4492041 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.151397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlled gene regulation during gamete development is vital for maintaining reproductive potential. During the complex process of mammalian spermatogenesis, male germ cells experience extended periods of the inactive transcription despite heavy translational requirements for continued growth and differentiation. Hence, spermatogenesis is highly reliant on mechanisms of posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression, facilitated by RNA binding proteins (RBPs), which remain abundantly expressed throughout this process. One such group of proteins is the Musashi family, previously identified as critical regulators of testis germ cell development and meiosis in Drosophila, and also shown to be vital to sperm development and reproductive potential in the mouse. This review describes the role and function of RBPs within the scope of male germ cell development, focusing on our recent knowledge of the Musashi proteins in spermatogenesis. The functional mechanisms utilized by RBPs within the cell are outlined in depth, and the significance of sub-cellular localization and stage-specific expression in relation to the mode and impact of posttranscriptional regulation is also highlighted. We emphasize the historical role of the Musashi family of RBPs in stem cell function and cell fate determination, as originally characterized in Drosophila and Xenopus, and conclude with our current understanding of the differential roles and functions of the mammalian Musashi proteins, Musashi-1 and Musashi-2, with a primary focus on our findings in spermatogenesis. This review highlights both the essential contribution of RBPs to posttranscriptional regulation and the importance of the Musashi family as master regulators of male gamete development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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10
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RNA regulation went wrong in neurodevelopmental disorders: The example of Msi/Elavl RNA binding proteins. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 55:124-130. [PMID: 26796049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA regulation participates in many aspects of brain development. There is substantial evidence that RNA dysregulation is critical in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders, neurological diseases, and cancer. Several gene families encode RNA-binding proteins (RNABPs) that bind directly to RNA and orchestrate the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, including pre-mRNA splicing, stability, and poly(A) site usage. Among neural RNABPs, the Elavl and Msi families are the focus of neuronal development research owing to their hierarchical expression pattern: Msi1 is expressed in neural progenitor/stem cells, Elavl2 is expressed in early neuronal progenitors to mature neurons, and Elavl3/4 expression begins slightly later, during cortical neuron development. Traditional biochemical analyses provide mechanistic insight into RNA regulation by these RNABPs, and Drosophila and mouse genetic studies support a relationship between these RNABPs and several neurodevelopmental disorders. In addition, a recent cohort analysis of the human genome shows that genetic mutations and SNPs in these RNABPs are associated with various neurological disorders. Newly emerged technologies assess transcriptome-wide RNA-protein interactions in vivo. These technologies, combined with classical genetics methods, provide new insight into Elavl and Msi, not only with respect to their neurodevelopmental functions, but also their roles in several diseases. We review recent discoveries related to the two RNABP families in brain development and disease.
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11
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Regulation of Stem Cell Self-Renewal and Oncogenesis by RNA-Binding Proteins. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 907:153-88. [PMID: 27256386 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29073-7_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Throughout their life span, multicellular organisms rely on stem cell systems. During development pluripotent embryonic stem cells give rise to all cell types that make up the organism. After birth, tissue stem cells maintain properly functioning tissues and organs under homeostasis as well as promote regeneration after tissue damage or injury. Stem cells are capable of self-renewal, which is the ability to divide indefinitely while retaining the potential of differentiation into multiple cell types. The ability to self-renew, however, is a double-edged sword; the molecular mechanisms of self-renewal can be a target of malignant transformation driving tumor development and progression. Growing lines of evidence have shown that RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) play pivotal roles in the regulation of self-renewal by modulating metabolism of coding and non-coding RNAs both in normal tissues and in cancers. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of tissue stem cell systems and how RBPs regulate stem cell fates as well as how the regulatory functions of RBPs contribute to oncogenesis.
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Fox RG, Park FD, Koechlein CS, Kritzik M, Reya T. Musashi Signaling in Stem Cells and Cancer. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2015; 31:249-67. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-100814-125446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond G. Fox
- Department of Pharmacology,
- Moores Cancer Center, and
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Frederick D. Park
- Department of Pharmacology,
- Moores Cancer Center, and
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California 92093;
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Claire S. Koechlein
- Department of Pharmacology,
- Moores Cancer Center, and
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Marcie Kritzik
- Department of Pharmacology,
- Moores Cancer Center, and
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Tannishtha Reya
- Department of Pharmacology,
- Moores Cancer Center, and
- Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, California 92037
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Gioia U, Di Carlo V, Caramanica P, Toselli C, Cinquino A, Marchioni M, Laneve P, Biagioni S, Bozzoni I, Cacci E, Caffarelli E. Mir-23a and mir-125b regulate neural stem/progenitor cell proliferation by targeting Musashi1. RNA Biol 2015; 11:1105-12. [PMID: 25483045 DOI: 10.4161/rna.35508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Musashi1 is an RNA binding protein that controls the neural cell fate, being involved in maintaining neural progenitors in their proliferative state. In particular, its downregulation is needed for triggering early neural differentiation programs. In this study, we profiled microRNA expression during the transition from neural progenitors to differentiated astrocytes and underscored 2 upregulated microRNAs, miR-23a and miR-125b, that sinergically act to restrain Musashi1 expression, thus creating a regulatory module controlling neural progenitor proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ubaldo Gioia
- a Deptartment of Biology and Biotechnology Charles Darwin ; Sapienza University of Rome ; Rome, Italy
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Kawase S, Kuwako K, Imai T, Renault-Mihara F, Yaguchi K, Itohara S, Okano H. Regulatory factor X transcription factors control Musashi1 transcription in mouse neural stem/progenitor cells. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 23:2250-61. [PMID: 25058468 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) is of great interest in neural development and stem cell biology. The RNA-binding protein Musashi1 (Msi1), which is often employed as a marker for NS/PCs, regulates Notch signaling to maintain NS/PCs in undifferentiated states by the translational repression of Numb expression. Considering these critical roles of Msi1 in the maintenance of NS/PCs, it is extremely important to elucidate the regulatory mechanisms by which Msi1 is selectively expressed in these cells. However, the mechanism regulating Msi1 transcription is unclear. We previously reported that the transcriptional regulatory region of Msi1 is located in the sixth intron of the Msi1 locus in NS/PCs, based on in vitro experiments. In the present study, we generated reporter transgenic mice for the sixth intronic Msi1 enhancer (Msi1-6IE), which show the reporter expression corresponding with endogenous Msi1-positive cells in developing and adult NS/PCs. We found that the core element responsible for this reporter gene activity includes palindromic Regulatory factor X (Rfx) binding sites and that Msi1-6IE was activated by Rfx. Rfx4, which was highly expressed in NS/PCs positive for the Msi1-6IE reporter, bound to this region, and both of the palindromic Rfx binding sites were required for the transactivation of Msi1-6IE. Furthermore, ectopic Rfx4 expression in the developing mouse cerebral cortex transactivates Msi1 expression in the intermediate zone. This study suggests that ciliogenic Rfx transcription factors regulate Msi1 expression through Msi1-6IE in NS/PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kawase
- 1 Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine , Tokyo, Japan
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Sutherland JM, Sobinoff AP, Fraser BA, Redgrove KA, Davidson TL, Siddall NA, Koopman P, Hime GR, McLaughlin EA. RNA binding protein Musashi-1 directly targets Msi2 and Erh during early testis germ cell development and interacts with IPO5 upon translocation to the nucleus. FASEB J 2015; 29:2759-68. [PMID: 25782991 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-265868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Controlled gene regulation during gamete development is vital for maintaining reproductive potential. During the process of gamete development, male germ cells experience extended periods of inactive transcription despite requirements for continued growth and differentiation. Spermatogenesis therefore provides an ideal model to study the effects of posttranscriptional control on gene regulation. During spermatogenesis posttranscriptional regulation is orchestrated by abundantly expressed RNA-binding proteins. One such group of RNA-binding proteins is the Musashi family, previously identified as a critical regulator of testis germ cell development and meiosis in Drosophila and also shown to be vital to sperm development and reproductive potential in the mouse. We focus in depth on the role and function of the vertebrate Musashi ortholog Musashi-1 (MSI1). Through detailed expression studies and utilizing our novel transgenic Msi1 testis-specific overexpression model, we have identified 2 unique RNA-binding targets of MSI1 in spermatogonia, Msi2 and Erh, and have demonstrated a role for MSI1 in translational regulation. We have also provided evidence to suggest that nuclear import protein, IPO5, facilitates the nuclear translocation of MSI1 to the transcriptionally silenced XY chromatin domain in meiotic pachytene spermatocytes, resulting in the release of MSI1 RNA-binding targets. This firmly establishes MSI1 as a master regulator of posttranscriptional control during early spermatogenesis and highlights the significance of the subcellular localization of RNA binding proteins in relation to their function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie M Sutherland
- *School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander P Sobinoff
- *School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Barbara A Fraser
- *School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate A Redgrove
- *School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tara-Lynne Davidson
- *School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicole A Siddall
- *School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Koopman
- *School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary R Hime
- *School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eileen A McLaughlin
- *School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Sutherland JM, McLaughlin EA, Hime GR, Siddall NA. The Musashi family of RNA binding proteins: master regulators of multiple stem cell populations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 786:233-45. [PMID: 23696360 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6621-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to maintain their unlimited capacity to divide, stem cells require controlled temporal and spatial protein expression. The Musashi family of RNA-binding proteins have been shown to exhibit this necessary translational control through both repression and activation in order to regulate multiple stem cell populations. This chapter looks in depth at the initial discovery and characterisation of Musashi in the model organism Drosophila, and its subsequent emergence as a master regulator in a number of stem cell populations. Furthermore the unique roles for mammalian Musashi-1 and Musashi-2 in different stem cell types are correlated with the perceived diagnostic power of Musashi expression in specific stem cell derived oncologies. In particular the potential role for Musashi in the identification and treatment of human cancer is considered, with a focus on the role of Musashi-2 in leukaemia. Finally, the manipulation of Musashi expression is proposed as a potential avenue towards the targeted treatment of specific aggressive stem cell cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie M Sutherland
- Priority Research Centre in Reproductive Science, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
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Field LL, Shumansky K, Ryan J, Truong D, Swiergala E, Kaplan BJ. Dense-map genome scan for dyslexia supports loci at 4q13, 16p12, 17q22; suggests novel locus at 7q36. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012. [PMID: 23190410 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of genetic linkage to dyslexia was performed using 133,165 array-based SNPs genotyped in 718 persons from 101 dyslexia-affected families. Results showed five linkage peaks with lod scores >2.3 (4q13.1, 7q36.1-q36.2, 7q36.3, 16p12.1, and 17q22). Of these five regions, three have been previously implicated in dyslexia (4q13.1, 16p12.1, and 17q22), three have been implicated in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, which highly co-occurs with dyslexia; 4q13.1, 7q36.3, 16p12.1) and four have been implicated in autism (a condition characterized by language deficits; 7q36.1-q36.2, 7q36.3, 16p12.1, and 17q22). These results highlight the reproducibility of dyslexia linkage signals, even without formally significant lod scores, and suggest dyslexia predisposing genes with relatively major effects and locus heterogeneity. The largest lod score (2.80) occurred at 17q22 within the MSI2 gene, involved in neuronal stem cell lineage proliferation. Interestingly, the 4q13.1 linkage peak (lod 2.34) occurred immediately upstream of the LPHN3 gene, recently reported both linked and associated with ADHD. Separate analyses of larger pedigrees revealed lods >2.3 at 1-3 regions per family; one family showed strong linkage (lod 2.9) to a known dyslexia locus (18p11) not detected in our overall data, demonstrating the value of analyzing single large pedigrees. Association analysis identified no SNPs with genome-wide significance, although a borderline significant SNP (P = 6 × 10(-7)) occurred at 5q35.1 near FGF18, involved in laminar positioning of cortical neurons during development. We conclude that dyslexia genes with relatively major effects exist, are detectable by linkage analysis despite genetic heterogeneity, and show substantial overlapping predisposition with ADHD and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- L L Field
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Muto J, Imai T, Ogawa D, Nishimoto Y, Okada Y, Mabuchi Y, Kawase T, Iwanami A, Mischel PS, Saya H, Yoshida K, Matsuzaki Y, Okano H. RNA-binding protein Musashi1 modulates glioma cell growth through the post-transcriptional regulation of Notch and PI3 kinase/Akt signaling pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33431. [PMID: 22428049 PMCID: PMC3299785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Musashi1 (MSI1) is an RNA-binding protein that plays critical roles in nervous-system development and stem-cell self-renewal. Here, we examined its role in the progression of glioma. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-based MSI1-knock down (KD) in glioblastoma and medulloblastoma cells resulted in a significantly lower number of self renewing colony on day 30 (a 65% reduction), compared with non-silencing shRNA-treated control cells, indicative of an inhibitory effect of MSI1-KD on tumor cell growth and survival. Immunocytochemical staining of the MSI1-KD glioblastoma cells indicated that they ectopically expressed metaphase markers. In addition, a 2.2-fold increase in the number of MSI1-KD cells in the G2/M phase was observed. Thus, MSI1-KD caused the prolongation of mitosis and reduced the cell survival, although the expression of activated Caspase-3 was unaltered. We further showed that MSI1-KD glioblastoma cells xenografted into the brains of NOD/SCID mice formed tumors that were 96.6% smaller, as measured by a bioluminescence imaging system (BLI), than non-KD cells, and the host survival was longer (49.3±6.1 days vs. 33.6±3.6 days; P<0.01). These findings and other cell biological analyses suggested that the reduction of MSI1 in glioma cells prolonged the cell cycle by inducing the accumulation of Cyclin B1. Furthermore, MSI1-KD reduced the activities of the Notch and PI3 kinase-Akt signaling pathways, through the up-regulation of Numb and PTEN, respectively. Exposure of glioma cells to chemical inhibitors of these pathways reduced the number of spheres and living cells, as did MSI1-KD. These results suggest that MSI1 increases the growth and/or survival of certain types of glioma cells by promoting the activation of both Notch and PI3 kinase/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Muto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takao Imai
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ogawa
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Nishimoto
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yohei Okada
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yo Mabuchi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kawase
- Division of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akio Iwanami
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Paul S. Mischel
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Division of Neurosurgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Matsuzaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Shibata S, Umei M, Kawahara H, Yano M, Makino S, Okano H. Characterization of the RNA-binding protein Musashi1 in zebrafish. Brain Res 2012; 1462:162-73. [PMID: 22429745 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Musashi (Msi) is an evolutionarily conserved gene family of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that is preferentially expressed in the nervous system. The first member of the Msi family was identified in Drosophila. Drosophila Msi plays an important role in regulating asymmetric cell division of the sensory organ precursor cells. The mammalian orthologs, including human and mouse Musashi1 (Msi1), are neural RBPs that are strongly expressed in fetal and adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs). Mammalian Msi1 contributes to self renewal of NS/PCs through translational regulation of several target mRNAs. In this study, the zebrafish Msi ortholog zMsi1 was identified and characterized. The normal spatial and temporal expression profiles for both protein and mRNA were determined. A series of splice variants were detected. Overall, zMsi1 was strongly expressed in neural tissue in early stages of development and exhibited similarity to mammalian Msi1 expression patterns. To reveal the in vivo function of zMsi1, morpholinos against Msi1 were introduced into one-cell stage zebrafish embryos. Knock down of zmsi1 frequently resulted in aberrant formation of the Central Nervous System (CNS). These results suggest that Msi1 plays roles in CNS development in vertebrates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "RNA-Binding Proteins".
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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