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Halim PA, Sharkawi SMZ, Labib MB. Novel pyrazole-based COX-2 inhibitors as potential anticancer agents: Design, synthesis, cytotoxic effect against resistant cancer cells, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction and dual EGFR/Topo-1 inhibition. Bioorg Chem 2023; 131:106273. [PMID: 36444790 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Novel differently substituted pyrazole derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity. All compounds selectively inhibited COX-2 enzyme (IC50 = 0.043-0.56 μM). Compounds 11, 12 and 15 showed superior potency (IC50 = 0.043-0.049 μM) and screened for their antiproliferative effect against MCF-7 and HT-29 cancer cell lines using doxorubicin and 5-FU as reference drugs. Compounds 11, 12 and 15 showed good potency against MCF-7 (IC50 = 2.85-23.99 μM) and HT-29 (IC50 = 2.12-69.37 μM) cell lines. Also, compounds 11, 12 and 15 displayed (IC50 = 56.61-115.75 μM) against non-cancerous WI-38 cells compared to doxorubicin (IC50 = 13.32 μM). Compound 11 showed superior cytotoxicity against both MCF-7 (IC50 = 2.85) and HT-29 (IC50 = 2.12 μM) and was more potent than 5-FU (HT-29: IC50 = 8.77 μM). Besides, it displayed IC50 of 115.75 μM against normal WI-38 cells regarding it as a safe cytotoxic agent. In addition, compound 11 displayed IC50 values of 63.44 μM and 98.60 μM against resistant HT-29 and resistant MCF-7 cancer cell lines sequentially. The most potent compound arrested cell cycle at G1/S phase in HT-29 treated cells displaying accumulation of cells in G0 phase and increase in percentage of cells in both early and late apoptotic stages. Apoptotic induction ability was confirmed via up-regulation of BAX, down-regulation of Bcl-2 and activation of caspase-3/9 protein levels. Compound 11 inhibited both EGFR (IC50 = 0.083 μM) and Topo-1 (IC50 = 0.020 μM) enzymes. Also, compound 11 decreased both total and phosphorylated EGFR concentration in HT-29 cells. Finally, molecular docking study showed good binding interactions between novel compounds and target receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Halim
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Souty M Z Sharkawi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicolgy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
| | - Madlen B Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt
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Niu K, Chen XW, Qin Y, Zhang LP, Liao RX, Sun JG. Celecoxib Blocks Vasculogenic Mimicry via an Off-Target Effect to Radiosensitize Lung Cancer Cells: An Experimental Study. Front Oncol 2021; 11:697227. [PMID: 34568026 PMCID: PMC8461170 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.697227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The resistance to radiotherapy in lung cancer can be attributed to vasculogenic mimicry (VM) to some extent. Celecoxib (CXB), a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), is reported as a radiosensitizer in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, whether CXB can regulate VM formation via an off-target effect to radiosensitize NSCLC remains unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism underlying the radiosensitizing effect of CXB on NSCLC, i.e., whether CXB can inhibit VM formation via binding to newly identified targets other than COX-2. CXB radiosensitivity assay was performed in BALB/c mice bearing H460 xenografts and C57 mice bearing Lewis lung cancer (LLC) xenografts, which were divided into the control, CXB, irradiation (IR) treatment, and IR plus CXB groups. VM formation was observed using 3D Matrigel, periodic acid solution (PAS) staining, and immunofluorescence staining. The potential off-targets of CXB were screened using Protein Data Bank (PDB) database, MGLTools 1.5.6, and AutoDock Vina 1.1.2 and confirmed by Western blotting, enzyme activity assay, and RNA interference in vitro experiments and by immunohistochemistry in vivo experiments. CXB treatment almost eliminated the enhancement of VM formation by IR in vitro and in vivo, partially due to COX-2 inhibition. Four potential off-targets were predicted by molecular docking. Among them, aminopeptidase N (APN) and integrin alpha-V (ITAV) were remarkably inhibited in protein expression and enzyme activity in vitro or in vivo, consistent with the remarkable reduction of VM formation in H460 xenografts in BALB/c mice. In conclusion, CXB dramatically blocked VM through inhibiting newly identified off-targets APN and ITAV, other than COX-2, then radiosensitizing NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Niu
- Cancer Institute of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xie-Wan Chen
- Cancer Institute of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Medical English Department, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Nutrition and Food Hygiene Department, Institute of Military Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lu-Ping Zhang
- Cancer Institute of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong-Xia Liao
- Medical English Department, College of Basic Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Guo Sun
- Cancer Institute of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA), Xinqiao Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Design of Nanostructure Materials to Modulate Immunosuppressive Tumour Microenvironments and Enhance Cancer Immunotherapy. Bioanalysis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-78338-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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4
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Abstract
Radiation-induced lung injury (RILI) is a common complication in cancer patients receiving local thoracic radiation and bone marrow transplantation conditioning. It is divided into early-stage radiation pneumonitis and advanced radiation fibrosis of the lung. This severely hampers the quality of life and survival of cancer patients. Meanwhile, RILI is a major factor limiting radiation doses in clinical practice, which affects the local control of cancer. Unfortunately, the mechanism of RILI is still not well defined, and there are no treatment options available for these patients. In this review we summarize the methods and agents used for the treatment and prevention of RILI, with the aim of increasing understanding of RILI.
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Sarma H, Jahan T, Sharma HK. Progress in Drug and Formulation Development for the Chemoprevention of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 13:16-36. [PMID: 30806332 DOI: 10.2174/1872211313666190222182824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is a life-threatening global problem with high incidence rates. Prioritizing the prevention of cancer, chemopreventive agents have drawn much attention from the researchers. OBJECTIVE This review focuses on the discussion of the progress in the development of chemopreventive agents and formulations related to the prevention of oral cancer. METHODS In this perspective, an extensive literature survey was carried out to understand the mechanism, control and chemoprevention of oral cancer. Different patented agents and formulations have also exhibited cancer preventive efficacy in experimental studies. This review summarizes the etiology of oral cancer and developments in prevention strategies. RESULTS The growth of oral cancer is a multistep activity necessitating the accumulation of genetic as well as epigenetic alterations in key regulatory genes. Many risk factors are associated with oral cancer. Genomic technique for sequencing all tumor specimens has been made available to help detect mutations. The recent development of molecular pathway and genetic tools has made the process of diagnosis easier, better forecast and efficient therapeutic management. Different chemical agents have been studied for their efficacy to prevent oral cancer and some of them have shown promising results. CONCLUSION Use of chemopreventive agents, either synthetic or natural origin, to prevent carcinogenesis is a worthy concept in the management of cancers. Preventive measures are helpful in controlling the occurrence or severity of the disease. The demonstrated results of preventive agents have opened an arena for the development of promising chemopreventive agents in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu Sarma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Taslima Jahan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
| | - Hemanta K Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh 786004, Assam, India
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Celecoxib potentiates the antianxiety and anticompulsive-like activity of fluoxetine against chronic unpredictable mild stress in experimental animals. Behav Pharmacol 2020; 30:251-259. [PMID: 30724800 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is considered a heterogeneous anxiety disorder that includes compulsions. Celecoxib is considered an adjuvant to fluoxetine in the management of OCD in a clinical study. However, the experimental evidence is yet to be established. Therefore, the antianxiety and anticompulsive-like activity of celecoxib (20 mg/kg, orally) was evaluated in the presence or absence of fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, orally) in mice who were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 14 consecutive days. Seven-day treatment of celecoxib significantly attenuated the CUMS-induced anxiety in open-field, hole-board, elevated plus maze tests, and compulsion in the marble-burying test. Celecoxib significantly reversed the CUMS-induced decrease and increase in the levels of serotonin (5-HT) and its metabolite (5-hydroxyindole acetic acid) in the prefrontal cortex, and attenuated the CUMS-induced increase in the levels of inflammatory markers such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, and apoptosis marker caspase-3 in the prefrontal cortex. Celecoxib also potentiated the anxiolytic, anticompulsive, serotonergic, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activity of 7-day treatment with fluoxetine in CUMS-challenged animals compared with their monotherapy. Thus, it can be speculated that the combination of an anti-inflammatory agent with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor could be a better therapeutic option in the management of stress-related disorders including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-resistant OCD.
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Dileepan M, Rastle-Simpson S, Greenberg Y, Wijesinghe DS, Kumar NG, Yang J, Hwang SH, Hammock BD, Sriramarao P, Rao SP. Effect Of Dual sEH/COX-2 Inhibition on Allergen-Induced Airway Inflammation. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1118. [PMID: 31611798 PMCID: PMC6777353 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid metabolites resulting from the cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase, and cytochrome P450 oxidase enzymatic pathways play pro- and anti-inflammatory roles in allergic airway inflammation (AAI) and asthma. Expression of COX-2 and soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) are elevated in allergic airways and their enzymatic products (e.g., prostaglandins and diols of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, respectively) have been shown to participate in the pathogenesis of AAI. Here, we evaluated the outcome of inhibiting the COX-2 and sEH enzymatic pathways with a novel dual inhibitor, PTUPB, in A. alternata-induced AAI. Allergen-challenged mice were administered with 10 or 30 mg/kg of PTUPB, celecoxib (selective COX-2 inhibitor), t-TUCB (selective sEH inhibitor) or vehicle daily by gavage and evaluated for various features of AAI. PTUPB and t-TUCB at 30 mg/kg, but not celecoxib, inhibited eosinophilic infiltration and significantly increased levels of anti-inflammatory EETs in the lung tissue of allergen-challenged mice. t-TUCB significantly inhibited allergen-induced IL-4 and IL-13, while a less pronounced reduction was noted with PTUPB and celecoxib. Additionally, t-TUCB markedly inhibited eotaxin-2, an eosinophil-specific chemokine, which was only marginally reduced by PTUPB and remained elevated in celecoxib-treated mice. PTUPB or t-TUCB administration reversed allergen-induced reduction in levels of various lipid mediators in the lungs, with only a minimal effect noted with celecoxib. Despite the anti-inflammatory effects, PTUPB or t-TUCB did not reduce allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). However, development of structural changes in the allergic airways, such as mucus hypersecretion and smooth muscle hypertrophy, was significantly inhibited by both inhibitors. Celecoxib, on the other hand, inhibited only airway smooth muscle hypertrophy, but not mucus hypersecretion. In conclusion, dual inhibition of COX-2 and sEH offers no additional advantage relative to sEH inhibition alone in attenuating various features associated with A. alternata-induced AAI, while COX-2 inhibition exerts only moderate or no effect on several of these features. Dual sEH/COX-2 inhibition may be useful in treating conditions where eosinophilic inflammation co-exists with pain-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythili Dileepan
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Stephanie Rastle-Simpson
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Yana Greenberg
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Dayanjan S Wijesinghe
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Naren Gajenthra Kumar
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology, Nematology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - P Sriramarao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Savita P Rao
- Department of Veterinary & Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
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Mazzoni M, Mauro G, Erreni M, Romeo P, Minna E, Vizioli MG, Belgiovine C, Rizzetti MG, Pagliardini S, Avigni R, Anania MC, Allavena P, Borrello MG, Greco A. Senescent thyrocytes and thyroid tumor cells induce M2-like macrophage polarization of human monocytes via a PGE2-dependent mechanism. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:208. [PMID: 31113465 PMCID: PMC6528237 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1198-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid carcinoma includes several variants characterized by different biological and clinical features: from indolent microcarcinoma to undifferentiated and aggressive anaplastic carcinoma. Inflammation plays a critical role in thyroid tumors. Conditions predisposing to cancer, as well as oncogene activity, contribute to the construction of an inflammatory microenvironment that facilitates thyroid tumor progression. Moreover, oncogene-induced senescence, a mechanism tightly connected with inflammation, and able to restrain or promote cancer progression, is involved in thyroid cancer. The interactions between thyroid tumor cells and the microenvironment are not completely clarified. METHODS We characterize in vitro the interplay between macrophages and senescent thyrocytes and tumor-derived cell lines, modeling early and late thyroid tumor stages, respectively. Purified peripheral blood-derived human monocytes were exposed to thyroid cell-derived conditioned medium (CM) and assessed for phenotype by flow cytometry. The factors secreted by thyroid cells and macrophages were identified by gene expression analysis and ELISA. The protumoral effect of macrophages was assessed by wound healing assay on K1 thyroid tumor cells. The expression of PTGS2 and M2 markers in thyroid tumors was investigated in publicly available datasets. RESULTS Human monocytes exposed to CM from senescent thyrocytes and thyroid tumor cell lines undergo M2-like polarization, showing high CD206 and low MHC II markers, and upregulation of CCL17 secretion. The obtained M2-like macrophages displayed tumor-promoting activity. Among genes overexpressed in polarizing cells, we identified the prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase enzyme (PTGS2/COX-2), which is involved in the production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). By using COX-2 inhibitors we demonstrated that the M2-like polarization ability of thyroid cells is related to the production of PGE2. Co-expression of PTGS2 and M2 markers is observed a significant fraction of human thyroid tumors. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that both senescent thyrocytes and thyroid tumor cell lines trigger M2-like macrophage polarization that is related to PGE2 secretion. This suggests that the interaction with the microenvironment occurs at both early and late thyroid tumor stages, and favors tumor progression. The co-expression of PTGS2 gene and M2 markers in human thyroid carcinoma highlights the possibility to counteract tumor growth through COX-2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mazzoni
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mauro
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Erreni
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni, 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Paola Romeo
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuela Minna
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Vizioli
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Bearsden, Glasgow, UK.,Institute of Cancer Sciences College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G61 1BD, UK
| | - Cristina Belgiovine
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni, 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Rizzetti
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sonia Pagliardini
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Avigni
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni, 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Anania
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Allavena
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni, 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Borrello
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Greco
- Molecular Mechanisms Unit, Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Via G.A. Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Ellethy AT. Potential antitumor activity of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in experimental animals. Int J Health Sci (Qassim) 2019; 13:11-17. [PMID: 31501647 PMCID: PMC6728131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although there is evidence that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) (e.g., celecoxib [Cxb]) can reduce the occurrence of cancer, the precise mechanism remains under study. The current study aimed to investigate the possible antitumor activity of a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor on solid tumors, its effect on antioxidant status, and ability to prevent angiogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Solid carcinomas were induced in female Swiss albino mice. Fifty adult female mice were randomly selected and categorized into five groups. The effects of Cxb on hepatic oxidative parameters and the serum level of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF) were investigated in parallel to liver histopathological examinations. Biochemical measurements of hepatic malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, hepatic catalase (CAT) activity, and reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated in liver homogenates prepared from mice in each study group. RESULTS The induction of solid tumors in female albino mice was associated with a significant elevation in hepatic lipid peroxidation, whereas the activity of antioxidant enzyme NSAID and CAT was significantly decreased. The level of reduced GSH was decreased. Serum levels of VEGF were significantly increased in tumor-bearing mice compared with normal control mice. These changes were ameliorated when mice were treated with Cxb either before or after the induction of tumors. Antioxidant enzymes were significantly increased, and the serum level of VEGF was significantly reduced compared with the levels in tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION Cxb exerts antitumor activity through antioxidative and antiangiogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abousree Taha Ellethy
- Department of Oral and Medical Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia,Address for correspondence: Abousree Taha Ellethy, Department of Oral and Medical Basic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Tel.: 00966546536633. E-mail:
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Nocentini A, Moi D, Balboni G, Salvadori S, Onnis V, Supuran CT. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel pyrazoline-based aromatic sulfamates with potent carbonic anhydrase isoforms II, IV and IX inhibitory efficacy. Bioorg Chem 2018; 77:633-639. [PMID: 29502024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of a new series of aromatic sulfamates designed considering the sulfonamide COX-2 selective inhibitors celecoxib and valdecoxib as lead compounds. These latter were shown to possess important human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitory properties, with the inhibition of the tumor-associated isoform hCA IX likely being co-responsible of the celecoxib anti-tumor effects. Bioisosteric substitution of the pyrazole or isoxazole rings from these drugs with the pyrazoline one was considered owing to the multiple biological activities ascribed to this latter heterocycle and paired with the replacement of the sulfonamide of celecoxib and valdecoxib with its equally potent bioisoster sulfamate. The synthesized derivatives were screened for the inhibition of four human carbonic anhydrase isoforms, namely hCA I, II, IV, and IX. All screened sulfamates exhibited great potency enhancement in inhibiting isoform II and IV, widely involved in glaucoma (KIs in the range of 0.4-12.4 nM and 17.7 and 43.3 nM, respectively), compared to the lead compounds, whereas they affected the tumor-associated hCA IX as potently as celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Nocentini
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Davide Moi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences - Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Balboni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences - Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Severo Salvadori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and LTTA, University of Ferrara, via Fossato di Mortara 17/19, I-44100 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Valentina Onnis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences - Unit of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, via Ospedale 72, I-09124 Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department NEUROFARBA - Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Firenze, via Ugo Schiff 6, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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11
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Makhdoumi P, Zarghi A, Daraei B, Karimi G. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity Effects of Chalcone Epoxide Analogues as a Selective COX-II Inhibitor in the Human Liver Carcinoma Cell Line. J Pharmacopuncture 2017; 20:207-212. [PMID: 30087797 PMCID: PMC5633673 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2017.20.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Study of the mechanisms involved in cancer progression suggests that cyclooxygenase enzymes play an important role in the induction of inflammation, tumor formation, and metastasis of cancer cells. Thus, cyclooxygenase enzymes could be considered for cancer chemotherapy. Among these enzymes, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is associated with liver carcinogenesis. Various COX-2 inhibitors cause growth inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, but many of them act in the COX-2 independent mechanism. Thus, the introduction of selective COX-2 inhibitors is necessary to achieve a clear result. The present study was aimed to determine the growth-inhibitory effects of new analogues of chalcone epoxide as selective COX-2 inhibitors on the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cell line. Methods Estimation of both cell growth and the amount of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were used to study the effect of selective COX-2 inhibitors on the hepatocellular carcinoma cell. Cell growth determination has done by MTT assay in 24 h, 48 h and 72 h, and PGE2 production has estimated by using ELYSA kit in 48 h and 72 h. Results The results showed growth inhibition of the HepG2 cell line in a concentration and time-dependent manner, as well as a reduction in the formation of PGE2 as a product of COX-2 activity. Among the compounds those analogues with methoxy and hydrogen group showed more inhibitory effect than others. Conclusion The current in-vitro study indicates that the observed significant growth-inhibitory effect of chalcone-epoxide analogues on the HepG2 cell line may involve COX-dependent mechanisms and the PGE2 pathway parallel to the effect of celecoxib. It can be said that these analogues might be efficient compounds in chemotherapy of COX-2 dependent carcinoma specially preventing and treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pouran Makhdoumi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Daraei
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Teharn, Iran.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Edelman MJ, Wang X, Hodgson L, Cheney RT, Baggstrom MQ, Thomas SP, Gajra A, Bertino E, Reckamp KL, Molina J, Schiller JH, Mitchell-Richards K, Friedman PN, Ritter J, Milne G, Hahn OM, Stinchcombe TE, Vokes EE. Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Trial of Celecoxib in Addition to Standard Chemotherapy for Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer With Cyclooxygenase-2 Overexpression: CALGB 30801 (Alliance). J Clin Oncol 2017; 35:2184-2192. [PMID: 28489511 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.71.3743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Tumor overexpression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) has been associated with worse outcome in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) 30203, we found that the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib in addition to chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC improved progression-free and overall survival in patients with moderate to high COX-2 expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). CALGB 30801 (Alliance) was designed to prospectively confirm that finding. Patients and Methods Patients with NSCLC (stage IIIB with pleural effusion or stage IV according to American Joint Committee on Cancer [sixth edition] criteria) were preregistered, and biopsy specimens were analyzed for COX-2 by IHC. Patients with COX-2 expression ≥ 2, performance status of 0 to 2, and normal organ function were eligible. Chemotherapy was determined by histology: carboplatin plus pemetrexed for nonsquamous NSCLC and carboplatin plus gemcitabine for squamous histology. Patients were randomly assigned to celecoxib (400 mg twice per day; arm A) or placebo (arm B). The primary objective was to demonstrate improvement in progression-free survival in patients with COX-2 index ≥ 4 with hazard ratio of 0.645 with approximately 85% power at two-sided significance level of .05. Results The study was halted for futility after 312 of the planned 322 patients with COX-2 index ≥ 2 were randomly assigned. There were no significant differences between the groups (hazard ratio, 1.046 for COX-2 ≥ 4). Subset analyses evaluating histology, chemotherapy regimen, and incremental COX-2 expression did not demonstrate any advantage for COX-2 inhibition. Elevation of baseline urinary metabolite of prostaglandin E2, indicating activation of the COX-2 pathway, was a negative prognostic factor. Values above the third quartile may have been a predictive factor. Conclusion COX-2 expression by IHC failed to select patients who could benefit from selective COX-2 inhibition. Urinary metabolite of prostaglandin E2 may be able to identify patients who could benefit from COX-2 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J Edelman
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Lydia Hodgson
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Richard T Cheney
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Maria Q Baggstrom
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Sachdev P Thomas
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ajeet Gajra
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Erin Bertino
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Karen L Reckamp
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Julian Molina
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Joan H Schiller
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Kisha Mitchell-Richards
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Paula N Friedman
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Jon Ritter
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ginger Milne
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Olwen M Hahn
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Thomas E Stinchcombe
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Everett E Vokes
- Martin J. Edelman, University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD; Xiaofei Wang and Lydia Hodgson, Alliance Statistical and Data Center, Duke University; Thomas E. Stinchcombe, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Richard T. Cheney, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo; Ajeet Gajra, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Maria Q. Baggstrom, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO; Sachdev P. Thomas, Illinois Cancer Care, Peoria; Paula N. Friedman and Everett E. Vokes, University of Chicago; Olwen M. Hahn, Alliance Protocol Office, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL; Erin Bertino, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Karen L. Reckamp, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA; Julian Molina, Mayo Clinic, Rochester; Jon Ritter, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Joan H. Schiller, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; Kisha Mitchell-Richards, Yale University, New Haven, CT; and Ginger Milne, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 on Intermittent Hypoxia-Induced Lung Tumor Malignancy in a Mouse Model of Sleep Apnea. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44693. [PMID: 28300223 PMCID: PMC5353645 DOI: 10.1038/srep44693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An adverse role for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in cancer epidemiology and outcomes has recently emerged from clinical and animal studies. In animals, intermittent hypoxia (IH) mimicking OSA promotes tumor malignancy both directly and via host immune alterations. We hypothesized that IH could potentiate cancer aggressiveness through activation of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway and the concomitant increases in prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). The contribution of the COX-2 in IH-induced enhanced tumor malignancy was assessed using celecoxib as a COX-2 specific inhibitor in a murine model of OSA bearing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC1) tumors. Exposures to IH accelerated tumor progression with a tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) shift towards a pro-tumoral M2 phenotype. Treatment with celecoxib prevented IH-induced adverse tumor outcomes by inhibiting IH-induced M2 polarization of TAMs. Furthermore, TAMs isolated from IH-exposed mice treated with celecoxib reduced the proliferation of LLC1 naïve cells, while the opposite occurred with placebo-treated IH-exposed mice. Finally, in vitro IH exposures of murine macrophages and LLC1 cells showed that both cell types increased PGE2 release in response to IH. These results suggest a crucial role for the COX-2 signaling pathway in the IH-exacerbated malignant processes, and designate macrophages and lung adenocarcinoma cells, as potential sources of PGE2.
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Wu C, Gong MQ, Liu BY, Zhuo RX, Cheng SX. Co-delivery of multiple drug resistance inhibitors by polymer/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles to effectively reverse cancer drug resistance. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 149:250-259. [PMID: 27768915 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To effectively reverse multiple drug resistance (MDR) in tumor treatments, a functional nano-sized drug delivery system with active targeting function and pH sensitivity was prepared for the co-delivery of multiple drug resistance inhibitors. Buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) to inhibit GSH synthesis and celecoxib (CXB) to down-regulate P-gp expression were co-loaded in polymer/inorganic hybrid nanoparticles to form buthionine sulfoximine/celecoxib@biotin-heparin/heparin/calcium carbonate/calcium phosphate nanoparticles (BSO/CXB@BNP). To investigate the reversal of MDR, the drug resistant cells (MCF-7/ADR) were pretreated by the dual-inhibitor loaded nanoparticles (BSO/CXB@BNP) followed by the treatment of doxorubicin (DOX) loaded nanoparticles (DOX@BNP). The dual-inhibitor loaded nanoparticles (BSO/CXB@BNP) exhibited greatly enhanced efficiency in down-regulation of GSH and P-gp since BSO and CXB had combined effects on the reduction of GSH and P-gp in drug resistant tumor cells. As a result, BSO/CXB@BNP exhibited a significantly improved capability in reversal of MDR compared with mono-inhibitor loaded nanoparticles (CXB@BNP and BSO@BNP). As compared with free drug resistance inhibitors, delivery of drug resistance inhibitors by functional nanocarriers could obviously improve the therapeutic efficiency due to enhanced cellular uptake and increased intracellular drug accumulation. The study on immunostimulatory effects of different treatments showed that BSO/CXB@BNP treatment resulted in the lowest concentration of interleukin 10, a cytokine related to tumor development. These results suggest the nanoparticulate drug delivery platform developed in this study has promising applications in multiple drug delivery to overcome drug resistance in tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Qing Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Ya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Xi Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Xue Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China.
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A Second WNT for Old Drugs: Drug Repositioning against WNT-Dependent Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8070066. [PMID: 27429001 PMCID: PMC4963808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8070066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant WNT signaling underlies cancerous transformation and growth in many tissues, such as the colon, breast, liver, and others. Downregulation of the WNT pathway is a desired mode of development of targeted therapies against these cancers. Despite the urgent need, no WNT signaling-directed drugs currently exist, and only very few candidates have reached early phase clinical trials. Among different strategies to develop WNT-targeting anti-cancer therapies, repositioning of existing drugs previously approved for other diseases is a promising approach. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs like aspirin, the anti-leprotic clofazimine, and the anti-trypanosomal suramin are among examples of drugs having recently revealed WNT-targeting activities. In total, 16 human-use drug compounds have been found to be working through the WNT pathway and show promise for their prospective repositioning against various cancers. Advances, hurdles, and prospects of developing these molecules as potential drugs against WNT-dependent cancers, as well as approaches for discovering new ones for repositioning, are the foci of the current review.
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Ahn B, Kohanbash G, Ohkuri T, Kosaka A, Chen X, Ikeura M, Wang TC, Okada H. Histamine deficiency promotes accumulation of immunosuppressive immature myeloid cells and growth of murine gliomas. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1047581. [PMID: 26451324 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1047581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To elucidate mechanisms underlying epidemiological findings of decreased risk of glioma development in patients with allergies and asthma, gliomas were induced in mice deficient for histidine decarboxylase (HDC), the enzyme responsible for histamine production. These mice exhibited shortened survival and enhanced tumor growth compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Previous studies have shown a pivotal role of HDC in maturation of bone marrow (BM)-derived myeloid cells. In our glioma models, brain-infiltrating leukocytes (BIL) demonstrated an increased frequency of CD11b+Gr1+ immature myeloid cells (IMC; both CD11b+Ly6G+ and CD11b+Ly6C+ subpopulations) as well as diminished CD8+ T cell infiltration and their effector functions in HDC-/- mice compared with WT mice. Furthermore, HDC-/- IMC demonstrated a more profound immune suppression of CD8+ T cell proliferation and functions associated with increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression levels. Celecoxib, a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, which is vital for PGE2 production, abrogated suppressive capabilities of HDC-/- IMC. In addition, glioma-bearing HDC-eGFP mice, in which HDC promoter drives green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression, exhibited decreased HDC promoter activities in CD11b+Gr1+ cells in the BM, spleen, and intracranial tumor site compared with non-tumor bearing HDC-eGFP mice. Additionally, in vitro culture with glioma supernatants decreased GFP expression in CD11b+Gr1+, CD11b+Ly6G+, and CD11b+Ly6C+ IMC. HDC expression levels inversely correlated with suppressive functions of CD11b+Gr1+ IMC, as GFP-CD11b+Gr1+ more profoundly inhibited CD8+ T cell proliferation compared with CD11b+Gr1+GFP+ cells. Taken together, these data show a significant role of HDC in the glioma microenvironment via maturation of myeloid cells and resulting activation of CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ahn
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; Department of Immunology; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Takayuki Ohkuri
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Akemi Kosaka
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology; Columbia University ; New York, NY USA
| | - Maki Ikeura
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases; Department of Medicine; Columbia University ; New York, NY USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; Department of Immunology; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA USA ; Department of Surgery; University of Pittsburgh ; Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Zhong X, Fan Y, Ritzenthaler JD, Zhang W, Wang K, Zhou Q, Roman J. Novel link between prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and cholinergic signaling in lung cancer: The role of c-Jun in PGE2-induced α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression and tumor cell proliferation. Thorac Cancer 2015; 6:488-500. [PMID: 26273406 PMCID: PMC4511329 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulates tumor cell growth and progression. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a major mediator of cholinergic signaling in tumor cells. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms by which PGE2 increases non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) proliferation via α7 nAChR induction. METHODS The effects of PGE2 on α7 nAChR expression, promoter activity, and cell signaling pathways were detected by Western blot analysis, real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and transient transfection assay. The effect of PGE2 on cell growth was determined by cell viability assay. RESULTS We found that PGE2 induced α7 nAChR expression and its promoter activity in NSCLC cells. The stimulatory role of PGE2 on cell proliferation was attenuated by α7 nAChR small interfering ribonucleic acids (siRNA) or acetylcholinesterase. PGE2-induced α7 nAChR expression was blocked by an antagonist of the PGE2 receptor subtype EP4 and by EP4 siRNA. Furthermore, PGE2 enhanced α7 nAChR expression via activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), and protein kinase A (PKA) pathways followed by increased c-Jun expression, a critical transcription factor. Blockade of c-Jun diminished the effects of PGE2 on α7 nAChR promoter activity and protein expression, and cell growth. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that PGE2 promotes NSCLC cell growth through increased α7 nAChR expression. This effect is dependent on EP4-mediated activation of JNK, PI3K, and PKA signals that induce c-Jun protein expression and α7 nAChR gene promoter activity. Our findings unveil a novel link between prostanoids and cholinergic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoRong Zhong
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, Kentucky, USA ; Laboratory of Molecular Diagnosis of Cancer, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, Kentucky, USA ; Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jeffrey D Ritzenthaler
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - WenJing Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, Kentucky, USA ; Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - QingHua Zhou
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jesse Roman
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Disorders Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine Louisville, Kentucky, USA ; Louisville Veterans Affairs Medical Center Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Almutairi MS, Hegazy GH, Haiba ME, Ali HI, Khalifa NM, Soliman AEMM. Synthesis, docking and biological activities of novel hybrids celecoxib and anthraquinone analogs as potent cytotoxic agents. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:22580-603. [PMID: 25490139 PMCID: PMC4284725 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151222580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein, novel hybrid compounds of celecoxib and 2-aminoanthraquinone derivatives have been synthesized using condensation reactions of celecoxib with 2-aminoanthraquinone derivatives or 2-aminoanthraquinon with celecoxib derivatives. Celecoxib was reacted with different acid chlorides, 2-chloroethylisocyanate and bis (2-chloroethyl) amine hydrochloride. These intermediates were then reacted with 2-aminoanthraquinone. Also the same different acid chlorides and 2-chloroethylisocyanate were reacted with 2-aminoanthraquinone and the resulting intermediates were reacted with celecoxib to give isomers for the previous compounds. The antitumor activities against hepatic carcinoma tumor cell line (HEPG2) have been investigated in vitro, and all these compounds showed promising activities, especially compound 3c, 7, and 12. Flexible docking studies involving AutoDock 4.2 was investigated to identify the potential binding affinities and the mode of interaction of the hybrid compounds into two protein tyrosine kinases namely, SRC (Pp60v-src) and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, PDGFR (c-Kit). The compounds in this study have a preferential affinity for the c-Kit PDGFR PTK over the non-receptor tyrosine kinase SRC (Pp60v-src).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha S Almutairi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gehan H Hegazy
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt.
| | - Mogedda E Haiba
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hamed I Ali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Kingsville, TX 78363, USA.
| | - Nagy M Khalifa
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC), College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abd El-mohsen M Soliman
- Department of Therapeutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Division, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt.
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Lin Y, Cui M, Xu T, Yu W, Zhang L. Silencing of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibits the growth, invasion and migration of ovarian cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:2499-504. [PMID: 24718658 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of downregulating cyclooxygenase‑2 (COX‑2) expression on the growth of human ovarian cancer cells. The COX‑2‑specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) plasmid vector was constructed and then transfected into ovarian cancer cells. The expression of COX‑2 mRNA and protein was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. Cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution and cell migration were assessed following knockdown of COX‑2 by RNA interference (RNAi). Western blot analysis was used to identify differentially expressed angiogenesis- and cell cycle‑associated proteins in cells with silenced COX‑2. The expression levels of COX‑2 in ovarian cancer cells transfected with siRNA were decreased, leading to a significant inhibition of ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Western blot analysis revealed that silencing of COX‑2 may inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‑2 and MMP‑9 protein expression. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that RNAi can effectively silence COX‑2 gene expression and inhibit the growth of ovarian cancer cells, which indicates that there is a potential of targeting COX‑2 as a novel gene therapy approach for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lin
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Manhua Cui
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Tianmin Xu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Lihui Zhang
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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Zhang Q, Meng X, Zheng G, Chen G, Pang R, Hua T, Yang S. Antitumor activity of celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in medullary thyroid carcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:768-72. [PMID: 24346019 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of the antitumor effect of celecoxib (CXB) in the treatment of human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). Human MTC TT cells were cultured with different concentrations (0, 20, 40, 60 µmol/l) of CXB following 0-72 h in vitro. An MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to determine the growth inhibition of MTC in vitro. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle of TT cells. Levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The expression profile of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was measured by western blot analysis. In the present study, it was identified that CXB inhibited TT cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1 and the percentage of cells in S phase was markedly decreased. The expression levels of PGE2 were inhibited by CXB. CXB effectively downregulated the expression of COX-2 and VEGF in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These data demonstrated that CXB inhibited the proliferation of MTC TT cells in vitro and thus may be effective as an antitumor therapy for human MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xianying Meng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guibin Zheng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Guang Chen
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Renzhu Pang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Tebo Hua
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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Wang X, Zhang L, O'Neill A, Bahamon B, Alsop DC, Mier JW, Goldberg SN, Signoretti S, Atkins MB, Wood CG, Bhatt RS. Cox-2 inhibition enhances the activity of sunitinib in human renal cell carcinoma xenografts. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:319-26. [PMID: 23322198 PMCID: PMC3566808 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sunitinib (Su), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of VEGFR, is effective at producing tumour response in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (cRCC), but resistance to therapy is inevitable. As COX-2 is a known mediator of tumour growth, we explored the potential benefit of COX-2 inhibition in combination with VEGFR inhibition in attempts at delaying tumour progression on Su. METHODS COX-2 expression was compared with areas of hypoxia in tumours that progressed on Su vs untreated tumours. Mice bearing human cRCC xenografts were treated with Su and the COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, and the effects on tumour growth were assessed. Sequential vs concurrent regimens were compared. RESULTS COX-2 expression was increased in cRCC xenografts in areas of tumour hypoxia. The combination of Su and celecoxib achieved longer times to tumour progression compared to treatment with either agent alone or to untreated control animals in four models. This effect was seen with concurrent but not with sequential therapy. CONCLUSION COX-2 inhibition can extend the effectiveness of VEGFR inhibition. This effect is dependent on the timing of therapy. Clinical trials combining Su and COX-2 inhibitors should be considered as a means delaying time to progression on sunitinib in patients with metastatic cRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - A O'Neill
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - B Bahamon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - D C Alsop
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - J W Mier
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - S N Goldberg
- Department of Radiology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, PO Box 12000, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - S Signoretti
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - M B Atkins
- Georgetown-Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, 3970 Reservoir Road, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - C G Wood
- Department of Urology, Division of Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe-Unit1373, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - R S Bhatt
- Division of Hematology-Oncology and Cancer Biology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Dai ZJ, Ma XB, Kang HF, Gao J, Min WL, Guan HT, Diao Y, Lu WF, Wang XJ. Antitumor activity of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, on breast cancer in Vitro and in Vivo. Cancer Cell Int 2012; 12:53. [PMID: 23249419 PMCID: PMC3558357 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-12-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) promotes carcinogenesis, tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, prevention of apoptosis, and immunosuppression. Meanwhile, COX-2 over-expression has been associated with tumor behavior and prognosis in several cancers. This study investigated the antitumor effects of the selective COX-2 inhibitor, Celecoxib, on breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. Methods Human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were cultured with different concentration (10, 20, 40 μmol/L) of celecoxib after 0-96 hours in vitro. MTT assay was used to determine the growth inhibition of breast cancer cells in vitro. The expression of COX-2 on mRNA was measured by real-time quantitive PCR analysis. Flow cytometry was performed to analyze the cell cycle of MCF-7 cells. Levels of PGE2 were measured by ELISA method. The in vivo therapeutic effects of celecoxib were determined using rat breast cancer chemically induced by 7,12-dimethylben anthracene (DMBA). Results The inhibition of proliferation of both MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro by celecoxib was observerd in time and dose dependent manner. Celecoxib effectively down-regulated the expression of COX-2. The cell cycle was arrested at G0/G1, and rate of cells in S phase was obviously decreased. Levels of PGE2 were inhibited by Celecoxib. The tumor incidence rate of the celecoxib group was lower than that of the control group. In addition, the tumor latency period of the celecoxib group was longer than that of the control group. Conclusions Celecoxib inhibited the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines in vitro, and prevented the occurrence of rat breast cancer chemically induced by DMBA. Therefore, celecoxib exhibits an antitumor activity and seems to be effective in anti-tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Dai
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xiao-Bin Ma
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hua-Feng Kang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Jie Gao
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Wei-Li Min
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hai-Tao Guan
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yan Diao
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Wang-Feng Lu
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xi-Jing Wang
- Department of Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
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Jia-Jun T, Su-Mei L, Liang Y, Ju-Ke M, Ya-Kui M, Hai-Bo W, Wei X. Nimesulide inhibited the growth of hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells via suppressing Survivin expression. HEAD & NECK ONCOLOGY 2012; 4:7. [PMID: 22453101 PMCID: PMC3364892 DOI: 10.1186/1758-3284-4-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Nimesulide, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, on the growth of hypopharyngeal carcinoma cells (FaDu) in vitro, and investigate its potential mechanism. METHODS After FaDu cells were treated with graded concentrations of Nimesulide for divergent time, sensitivity of cells to drug treatment was analyzed by MTT assay. Morphological changes of FaDu cells in the presence of Nimesulide were observed by acridine orange cytochemistry staining. Proliferating cells were detected using the 5-Bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. Following cells were subjected to Nimesulide (500 μmol/l) for 6 h, 12 h and 24 h, the percentage of apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry. We detected COX-2 and Survivin expression change by RT-PCR and Western blot, and analyzed the correlation of them with the growth of FaDu cells. Additionally, we also analyzed Caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax expressions as markers to investigate the related pathway of Nimesulide-indued apoptosis. RESULTS Compared with the control group, the viabilities rates were decreased by Nimesulide in time- and dose-dependent manners, typical morphological changes of apoptotic cells were observed in the Nimesulide-treatment groups, Nimesulide could suppress the proliferation of FaDu cells significantly. The percentage of apoptosis in FaDu cells were markedly increased after Nimesulide-treatment for 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. Nimesulide down-regulated the Survivin and COX-2 expressions at mRNA and protein levels in FaDu cells. Additional analyses indicated that Bcl-2 expression was significantly decreased and the expressions of Caspase-3 as well as Bax were increased at both mRNA and protein levels. CONCLUSIONS Based on the induction of apoptosis and suppression of proliferation, Nimesulide could inhibit the growth of FaDu cells. Furthermore, the suppression of Survivin expression may play an important role in Nimesulide-induced growth inhibition. Nimesulide could act as an effective therapeutic agent for hypopharyngeal carcinoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Jia-Jun
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR, China
| | - Lu Su-Mei
- Institute of Eye & Otolaryngology, Shandong Clinic Research Institute, Jinan 250021, PR, China
| | - Yu Liang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR, China
| | - Ma Ju-Ke
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR, China
| | - Mu Ya-Kui
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR, China
| | - Wang Hai-Bo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR, China.,Institute of Eye & Otolaryngology, Shandong Clinic Research Institute, Jinan 250021, PR, China
| | - Xu Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan 250021, PR, China
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Histamine regulates cyclooxygenase 2 gene activation through Orai1-mediated NFκB activation in lung cancer cells. Cell Calcium 2011; 50:27-35. [PMID: 21605904 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Histamine, an important chemical mediator, has been shown to regulate inflammation and allergic responses. Stimulation of histamine receptors results in a significant increase in cytoplasmic Ca(2+), which could be mediated by inositol trisphosphate (IP(3))-dependent store-operated Ca(2+) channels (SOC). However, the link between histamine-mediated signaling and activation of inflammatory genes such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) is still unknown. Our study indicated that the COX-2 protein was highly expressed in human lung cancer cells. Following stimulation with 10 μM of histamine, both store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) and COX-2 gene expression were evoked. Histamine-mediated COX-2 activation can be prevented by 2-APB and SKF-96365, SOC channel inhibitors. In addition, deletion analysis of the COX-2 promoter suggested that the region between -80 bp and -250 bp, which contains NFκB binding sites, is the key element for histamine-mediated signaling. Knocking down ORAI1, one of the essential molecules of store-operated calcium channels, attenuated histamine-mediated COX-2 expression and NFκB activation. These results indicated that ORAI1-mediated NFκB activation was an important signaling pathway, responsible for transmitting histamine signals that trigger inflammatory reactions.
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Fujita M, Kohanbash G, Fellows-Mayle W, Hamilton RL, Komohara Y, Decker SA, Ohlfest JR, Okada H. COX-2 blockade suppresses gliomagenesis by inhibiting myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Cancer Res 2011; 71:2664-74. [PMID: 21324923 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-3055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have highlighted associations between the regular use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and reduced glioma risks in humans. Most NSAIDs function as COX-2 inhibitors that prevent production of prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂). Because PGE₂ induces expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), we hypothesized that COX-2 blockade would suppress gliomagenesis by inhibiting MDSC development and accumulation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). In mouse models of glioma, treatment with the COX-2 inhibitors acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) or celecoxib inhibited systemic PGE₂ production and delayed glioma development. ASA treatment also reduced the MDSC-attracting chemokine CCL2 (C-C motif ligand 2) in the TME along with numbers of CD11b(+)Ly6G(hi)Ly6C(lo) granulocytic MDSCs in both the bone marrow and the TME. In support of this evidence that COX-2 blockade blocked systemic development of MDSCs and their CCL2-mediated accumulation in the TME, there were defects in these processes in glioma-bearing Cox2-deficient and Ccl2-deficient mice. Conversely, these mice or ASA-treated wild-type mice displayed enhanced expression of CXCL10 (C-X-C motif chemokine 10) and infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in the TME, consistent with a relief of MDSC-mediated immunosuppression. Antibody-mediated depletion of MDSCs delayed glioma growth in association with an increase in CXCL10 and CTLs in the TME, underscoring a critical role for MDSCs in glioma development. Finally, Cxcl10-deficient mice exhibited reduced CTL infiltration of tumors, establishing that CXCL10 limited this pathway of immunosuppression. Taken together, our findings show that the COX-2 pathway promotes gliomagenesis by directly supporting systemic development of MDSCs and their accumulation in the TME, where they limit CTL infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsugu Fujita
- Brain Tumor Program, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Klenke FM, Abdollahi A, Bischof M, Gebhard MM, Ewerbeck V, Huber PE, Sckell A. Celecoxib enhances radiation response of secondary bone tumors of a human non-small cell lung cancer via antiangiogenesis in vivo. Strahlenther Onkol 2010; 187:45-51. [PMID: 21234531 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-010-2116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2009] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors mediate a systemic antitumor activity via antiangiogenesis and seem to enhance the response of primary tumors to radiation. Radiosensitizing effects of COX-2 inhibition have not been reported for bone metastases. Therefore, the aim of this study was the investigation of the radiosensitizing effects of the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib in secondary bone tumors of a non-small cell lung carcinoma in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human A549 lung carcinomas were implanted into a cranial window preparation in male SCID mice (n = 24). Animals were treated with either celecoxib or radiation (7 Gy single photon dose) alone or a combination of celecoxib and radiation, respectively. Untreated animals served as controls. The impact of radiation and COX-2 inhibition on angiogenesis, microcirculation, and tumor growth was analyzed over 28 days by means of intravital microscopy and histological methods. RESULTS Monotherapies with radiation as well as celecoxib had significant antitumor effects compared to untreated controls. Both therapies reduced tumor growth and vascularization to a similar extent. The simultaneous administration of celecoxib and radiation further enhanced the antitumor and antiangiogenic effects of single-beam radiation. With the combined treatment approach, tumor vascularization and tumor size were decreased by 57% and 51%, respectively, as compared to monotherapy with radiation. CONCLUSION The combined application of radiation therapy and COX-2 inhibition showed synergistic effects concerning the inhibition of tumor growth and tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, the combination of radiation with COX-2 inhibitor therapy represents a promising approach to improve the therapeutic efficacy of radiotherapy of bone metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Michael Klenke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Stoppoloni D, Canino C, Cardillo I, Verdina A, Baldi A, Sacchi A, Galati R. Synergistic effect of gefitinib and rofecoxib in mesothelioma cells. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:27. [PMID: 20122271 PMCID: PMC2828989 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive tumor that is resistant to conventional modes of treatment with chemotherapy, surgery or radiation. Research into the molecular pathways involved in the development of MM should yield information that will guide therapeutic decisions. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are involved in the carcinogenesis of MM. Combination of COX-2 and EGFR inhibitors, therefore, could be an effective strategy for reducing cell growth in those lines expressing the two molecular markers. RESULTS In order to verify the effect of COX-2 and EGFR inhibitors, five MM cell lines NCI-2452, MPP89, Ist-Mes-1, Ist-Mes-2 and MSTO-211 were characterized for COX-2 and EGFR and then treated with respective inhibitors (rofecoxib and gefitinib) alone and in combination. Only MPP89, Ist-Mes-1 and Ist-Mes-2 were sensitive to rofecoxib and showed growth-inhibition upon gefitinib treatment. The combination of two drugs demonstrated synergistic effects on cell killing only in Ist-Mes-2, the cell line that was more sensitive to gefitinib and rofecoxib alone. Down-regulation of COX-2, EGFR, p-EGFR and up-regulation of p21 and p27 were found in Ist-Mes-2, after treatment with single agents and in combination. In contrast, association of two drugs resulted in antagonistic effect in Ist-Mes-1 and MPP89. In these cell lines after rofecoxib exposition, only an evident reduction of p-AKT was observed. No change in p-AKT in Ist-Mes-1 and MPP89 was observed after treatment with gefitinib alone and in combination with rofecoxib. CONCLUSIONS Gefitinib and rofecoxib exert cell type-specific effects that vary between different MM cells. Total EGFR expression and downstream signalling does not correlate with gefitinib sensitivity. These data suggest that the effect of gefitinib can be potentiated by rofecoxib in MM cell lines where AKT is not activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Stoppoloni
- Department for the Development of Therapeutic Programs, Laboratory D, Centro Ricerca Sperimentale, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via delle Messi D'Oro 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
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