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Wang LJ, Ma XB, Xia HY, Sun X, Yu L, Yang Q, Hu ZQ, Zhao YH, Hu W, Ran JH. Identification of Biomarkers for Predicting Allograft Rejection following Kidney Transplantation Based on the Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:9933136. [PMID: 34368360 PMCID: PMC8342162 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9933136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is the promising treatment of choice for chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease and can effectively improve the quality of life and survival rates of patients. However, the allograft rejection following kidney transplantation has a negative impact on transplant success. Therefore, the present study is aimed at screening novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of allograft rejection following kidney transplantation for improving long-term transplant outcome. In the study, a total of 8 modules and 3065 genes were identified by WGCNA based on the GSE46474 and GSE15296 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Moreover, the results of Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that these genes were mainly involved in the immune-related biological processes and pathways. Thus, 317 immune-related genes were selected for further analysis. Finally, 5 genes (including CD200R1, VAV2, FASLG, SH2D1B, and RAP2B) were identified as the candidate biomarkers based on the ROC and difference analysis. Furthermore, we also found that in the 5 biomarkers an interaction might exist among each other in the protein and transcription level. Taken together, our study identified CD200R1, VAV2, FASLG, SH2D1B, and RAP2B as the candidate diagnostic biomarkers, which might contribute to the prevention and treatment of allograft rejection following kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Wang
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yunnan Institute of Experimental Diagnosis, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Hong-Ying Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, Yan'an Hospital Affiliated to Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Zong-Qiang Hu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yong-Heng Zhao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Urinary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Jiang-Hua Ran
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Calmette Hospital of Kunming Medical University, The First People's Hospital of Kunming, Calmette Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
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Effect of Ultrafine Powderization and Solid Dispersion Formation via Hot-Melt Extrusion on Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and the Human Kv1.3 Channel Inhibitory Activities of Angelica gigas Nakai. Bioinorg Chem Appl 2020; 2020:7846176. [PMID: 32952541 PMCID: PMC7482008 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7846176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) was first processed by ultrafine grinding technology and hot-melt extrusion (HME). The potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of AGN with a different process were compared, and the effect on the human Kv1.3 potassium channel was detected. The process of ultrafine powderization on AGN significantly increased the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, and DNA damage protective effect. On the contrary, AGN solid dispersion (AGN-SD) based on Soluplus® showed the highest inhibitory effect on NO production and the human Kv1.3 channel. In addition, AGN-SD inhibited the production of prostaglandin E2 and intracellular reactive oxygen species and the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, interleukin 1β, and interleukin 6. Taken together, these results suggest that ultrafine powderization and solid dispersion formation via HME can significantly improve the biological activities of AGN. The results also suggested that ultrafine powderization and HME may be developed and applied in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Kumar J, Kaur G, Ren R, Lu Y, Lin K, Li J, Huang Y, Patel A, Barton MC, Macfarlan T, Zhang X, Cheng X. KRAB domain of ZFP568 disrupts TRIM28-mediated abnormal interactions in cancer cells. NAR Cancer 2020; 2:zcaa007. [PMID: 32743551 PMCID: PMC7380489 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions of KRAB (Krüppel-associated box)-associated protein KAP1 [also known as TRIM28 (tripartite motif containing protein 28)] with DNA-binding KRAB zinc finger (KRAB-ZF) proteins silence many transposable elements during embryogenesis. However, in some cancers, TRIM28 is upregulated and interacts with different partners, many of which are transcription regulators such as EZH2 in MCF7 cells, to form abnormal repressive or activating complexes that lead to misregulation of genes. We ask whether a KRAB domain-the TRIM28 interaction domain present in native binding partners of TRIM28 that mediate repression of transposable elements-could be used as a tool molecule to disrupt aberrant TRIM28 complexes. Expression of KRAB domain containing fragments from a KRAB-ZF protein (ZFP568) in MCF7 cells, without the DNA-binding zinc fingers, inhibited TRIM28-EZH2 interactions and caused degradation of both TRIM28 and EZH2 proteins as well as other components of the EZH2-associated polycomb repressor 2 complex. In consequence, the product of EZH2 enzymatic activity, trimethylation of histone H3 lysine 27 level, was significantly reduced. The expression of a synthetic KRAB domain significantly inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells (MCF7) but has no effect on normal (immortalized) human mammary epithelial cells (MCF10a). Further, we found that TRIM28 is a positive regulator of TRIM24 protein levels, as observed previously in prostate cancer cells, and expression of the KRAB domain also lowered TRIM24 protein. Importantly, reduction of TRIM24 levels, by treatment with either the KRAB domain or a small-molecule degrader targeted to TRIM24, is accompanied by an elevated level of tumor suppressor p53. Taken together, this study reveals a novel mechanism for a TRIM28-associated protein stability network and establishes TRIM28 as a potential therapeutic target in cancers where TRIM28 is elevated. Finally, we discuss a potential mechanism of KRAB-ZF gene expression controlled by a regulatory feedback loop of TRIM28-KRAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Kumar
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gundeep Kaur
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ren Ren
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jia Li
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yun Huang
- Center for Epigenetics & Disease Prevention, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Anamika Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Michelle C Barton
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Todd Macfarlan
- The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Lv X, Chen Z, Li S, Xie H. Knockdown of cyclooxygenase-2 leads to growth inhibition and cell cycle arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4341-4349. [PMID: 31213849 PMCID: PMC6549726 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s196822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & aims: Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is proved to play important roles in the development and progression of various human tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the antitumor effect of RNA interference (RNAi) technology targeting COX-2 in HCC has not yet been verified. Methods: We silenced COX-2 expression using a lentivirus-mediated RNAi and further investigated the effects of COX-2 knockdown on cell growth and cell cycle in Huh7 and SMMC-7721 cells. COX-2 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR while COX-2 protein was detected by Western blotting. The cell proliferation was measured by MTT assay. The cell cycle was measured by flow cytometry. The tumorigenicity of HCC cells was evaluated using soft-agar clonogenic assay in vitro and nude mouse xenograft model in vivo. Results: The down-regulation of COX-2 expression significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation, and led to cell cycle arrest in vitro, and reduced the potential of tumorigenicity in vivo in both Huh7 and SMMC-7721 cells. Furthermore, PGE2 production was also decreased after COX-2 expression was suppressed. Finally, knockdown of COX-2 also induced the down-regulation of cell cycle-related protein, cyclinD1. Conclusions: The abrogation of COX-2 expression can lead to potent antitumor activity and knockdown of COX-2 may be served as a prospective therapeutic strategy against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhe Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University/Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University/Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University/Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huahong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases and Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, Air Force Military Medical University/Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, People's Republic of China
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Reversine induces caspase-dependent apoptosis of human osteosarcoma cells through extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:657-665. [PMID: 30953339 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2-(4-morpholinoanilino)-6-cyclohexylaminopurine (reversine) acts as a chemopreventive agent and induces apoptotic cell death in various cancer cells. However, the anticancer effects of reversine on osteosarcoma cells are not clearly established. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of reversine on cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells. METHODS Cell viability assay, histological analysis, DAPI staining, caspase activation analysis, flow cytometric analysis and immunoblotting were carried out in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. RESULTS Reversine inhibited the growth of cells in a dose-dependent manner and induced nuclear condensation and fragmentation. Reversine-treated cells showed caspase-3/7 activation and increased apoptosis versus control cells. FasL, a death ligand associated with extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathways, was significantly up-regulated by reversine treatment. Moreover, the caspase-8, a part of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway, was activated by reversine treatments. Expressions of anti-apoptotic factors such as Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, components of the mitochondria dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway, significantly decreased following reversine treatment. The expressions of pro-apoptotic factors such as BAX, BAD and caspase-9 increased by reversine treatments. In addition, reversine activated caspase-3 and Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) to induce cell death. The Z-VAD-fmk significantly inhibited cell death through the suppression of caspase-3 expression in MG-63 cells treated with reversine. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the reversine may inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptotic cell death in MG-63 osteosarcoma cells through both the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway and the death receptor-mediated extrinsic pathway, and may have potential properties for the discovery of anti-cancer agents.
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Identification of key gene modules for human osteosarcoma by co-expression analysis. World J Surg Oncol 2018; 16:89. [PMID: 29720180 PMCID: PMC5932805 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-018-1381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer casting huge threat to the human health worldwide. Previously, gene expression analyses were performed to identify biomarkers for cancer; however, systemic co-expression analysis for osteosarcoma is still in need. The aim of this study was to construct a gene co-expression network that predicts clusters of candidate genes associated with the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. METHODS Here, we extracted the large scale of datasets from the GEO database. With systematical approaches, we identified the co-expression modules by using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and investigated the functional enrichments of important modules at GO and KEGG terms. RESULTS First, seven co-expression modules, which contain different genes, were conducted for 2228 genes in the 22 human osteosarcoma samples. Then, correlation study showed that the hub genes between pairwise modules displayed great differences. Lastly, functional enrichments of the co-expression modules showed that the module 5 enriched in immune response, antigen processing, and presentation, which is in consistence with GO result. Therefore, we speculated that the module 5 may play a key role in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. CONCLUSIONS Here, we speculated that genes of the module 5 were the essential genes that were associated to human osteosarcoma. Together, our findings not only provided outline of co-expression gene modules for human osteosarcoma, but also promoted the understanding of these modules at functional aspects.
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Ji LJ, Li L, Wei M, Zhen S, Wen CC. Identification of Key Gene Modules of Neuropathic Pain by Co-Expression Analysis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4436-4443. [PMID: 28460420 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain (NP) is a substantial clinical problem causing great injury to people word-widely. Although gene expression analyses had been performed previously, the mechanisms underlying the etiology and development of NP are still poorly understood. To understand the function genes involved in the etiology and development of NP, we built the co-expression modules and performed function enrichment analysis for neuropathic pain. In the present study, from a public microarray data set (GSE69901) from NCBI, gene co-expression modules were contributed with the help of WGCNA for 12 neuropathic pain samples and 13 control samples, respectively. And functional enrichment analyses were followed by DAVID database. Firstly, we established 21 co-expression modules and 19 co-expression modules out of 5,000 high-express genes in NP and control samples, respectively. Then, it showed great difference in interaction relationships of total genes and hub-genes between pairwise modules, which indicated the high confidence of gene co-expression modules. Finally, functional enrichment analysis of the top five co-expression modules in NP exhibited great differences and significant enrichment in transcription regulation of RNA polymerase II promoter and ubiquitin mediated proteolysis pathway. RNA polymerase II promoter and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway played important role in etiology and development of NP. Anyhow, our findings provided the framework of gene co-expression modules of NP and furthered the understanding of these modules from functional aspect. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 4436-4443, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223300, China
| | - Jinlin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuhan Children's Hospital (Wuhan Maternal and Child Healthcare Hospital), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Juan Ji
- Department of Sport Medicine and Pain Clinic, Center of Sports Rehabilitation, School of Sport Science, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223300, China
| | - Meng Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223300, China
| | - Su Zhen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 6 Beijing Road West, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223300, China
| | - Cheng-Cai Wen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, China
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Liu X, Hu AX, Zhao JL, Chen FL. Identification of Key Gene Modules in Human Osteosarcoma by Co-Expression Analysis Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:3953-3959. [PMID: 28398605 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the eighth-most common form of childhood cancer, comprising about 20% of all primary bone cancers. To date, systemic co-expression analysis for this cancer is still insufficient to explain the pathogenesis of poorly understood OC. The objective of this study was to construct a gene co-expression network to predict clusters of candidate genes involved in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. First, we contributed co-expression modules via weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and investigated the functional enrichment analysis of co-expression genes in terms of GO and KEGG. In result, seven co-expression modules were identified, containing 2,228 differentially expressed genes identified from the 22 human osteosarcoma samples. Subsequently, correlation study showed that the hub-genes between pair-wise modules displayed significant differences. Lastly, functional enrichment analysis of the co-expression modules showed that the module 5 enriched in progresses of immune response, antigen processing, and presentation. In conclusion, we identified essential genes in module 5 which were associated to human osteosarcoma. The key genes in our findings might provide the framework of co-expression gene modules of human osteosarcoma. Further, the functional analysis of these associated genes provides references to understand the mechanism of Osteosarcoma. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3953-3959, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Liu
- The Department of Orthopaedics, The Fifth People's Hospital of Fudan University, Heqing Road No.801, Minghangqu, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Xin Hu
- The Department of Orthopedic Surgery, People's Hospital of Three Gorges University, YiChang, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Li Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University and The Second People's Hospital of Huai'an, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223002, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng-Li Chen
- Central Laboratory, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, 223300, People's Republic of China
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Maturu P, Jones D, Ruteshouser EC, Hu Q, Reynolds JM, Hicks J, Putluri N, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm EA, Dong C, Overwijk WW. Role of Cyclooxygenase-2 Pathway in Creating an Immunosuppressive Microenvironment and in Initiation and Progression of Wilms' Tumor. Neoplasia 2017; 19:237-249. [PMID: 28254151 PMCID: PMC6197604 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Wilms' tumors (WT), which accountfor 6% of all childhood cancers, arise from dysregulated differentiation of nephrogenic progenitor cells from embryonic kidneys. Though there is an improvement in the prognosis of WT, still 10% of patients with WT die due to recurrence. Thus more effective treatment approaches are necessary. We previously characterized the inflammatory microenvironment in human WT and observed the robust expression of COX-2. The aim of this study was to extend our studies to analyze the role of COX-2 pathway components in WT progression using a mouse model of WT. Herein, COX-2 pathway components such as COX-2, HIF1-α, p-ERK1/2, and p-STAT3 were upregulated in mouse and human tumor tissues. In our RPPA analysis, COX-2 was up-regulated in M15 cells after Wt1 gene was knocked down. Flow cytometry analysis showed the increased infiltration of immune suppressive inflammatory cells such as pDC's and Treg cells in tumors. The chemotactic chemokines responsible for the infiltration of these cells were also induced in CCR5 and CXCR4 dependent manner respectively. The immunosuppressive cytokines IL-10, TGF-β, and TNF-α were also up-regulated. Furthermore, more pronounced Th2 and Treg induced cytokine response was observed than Th1 response in tumors. Basing on all these evidences it is speculated that COX-2 pathway may be a beneficial target for the treatment of WT. It may be most effective as an adjuvant therapy together with other inhibitors. Thus, our current study provides a good rationale for initiating animal studies to confirm the efficacy of COX-2 inhibitors in decreasing tumor cell growth in vivo.
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Key Words
- wt, wilms' tumor
- cox-2, cyclooxygenase-2
- wt1, wilms' tumor 1 gene
- igf2, insulin growth factor2
- hif-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha
- ido, indolamine 2, 3-dioxygenase
- tgf-β, transforming growth factor beta
- tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor alpha
- pdcs, plasmacytoid dendritic cells
- tregs, t regulatory cells
- rppa, reverse phase protein array
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramahamsa Maturu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1010, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Devin Jones
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1010, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - E Cristy Ruteshouser
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1010, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qianghua Hu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 1010, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph M Reynolds
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - John Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, 6621 Fannin, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 0904, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 0904, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chen Dong
- Department of Immunology and Center for Inflammation and Cancer, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd, Unit 0904, Houston, TX, USA
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Qian M, Yang X, Li Z, Jiang C, Song D, Yan W, Liu T, Wu Z, Kong J, Wei H, Xiao J. P50-associated COX-2 extragenic RNA (PACER) overexpression promotes proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells by activating COX-2 gene. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3879-86. [PMID: 26476537 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
P50-associated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) extragenic RNA (PACER) is a novel long noncoding RNA that has been found to activate the COX-2 gene, which may function as an oncogene in osteosarcoma. However, the role of PACER and the relationship between PACER and COX-2 in osteosarcoma progression have been unknown until now. Here, we examined the expression levels of PACER in clinical tumor samples and human osteosarcoma cell lines, assessed the functions of PACER in osteosarcoma cell proliferation and invasion, and then explored the mechanism of PACER dysregulation in osteosarcoma. The results showed that PACER was overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues and cell lines compared with normal tissues and osteoblasts, respectively. PACER knockdown inhibited the proliferation and invasion of human osteosarcoma cells. Downregulation of PACER significantly suppressed the expression of COX-2, and the effects of PACER on cell proliferation and invasion were rescued by COX-2 overexpression. Furthermore, COX-2 activation by PACER was NF-κB-dependent. The regulation of PACER by CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) was associated with DNA methylation status. Taken together, these findings suggest that PACER promotes proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells by activating the COX-2 gene and its own expression was influenced by DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qian
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Rd 415#, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinghai Yang
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Rd 415#, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxi Li
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Rd 415#, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Jiang
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Rd 415#, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Song
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Rd 415#, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangjun Yan
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Rd 415#, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Tielong Liu
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Rd 415#, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Wu
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Rd 415#, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinhai Kong
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Rd 415#, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Haifeng Wei
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Rd 415#, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianru Xiao
- Spine Tumor Center, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Fengyang Rd 415#, Huangpu District, Shanghai, China.
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Qu L, Liu B. Cyclooxygeanse-2 promotes metastasis in osteosarcoma. Cancer Cell Int 2015; 15:69. [PMID: 26180515 PMCID: PMC4502918 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-015-0220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible form of the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of prostanoids, is associated with carcinogenesis, which is suspected to promote angiogenesis and tissue invasion of tumors and resistance to apoptosis. COX-2 is also involved in metastasis and poor prognosis of cancer. Osteosarcoma with COX-2 positivity is from 67 to 92 %. COX-2-positive rate in metastatic lesions was greater than that of biopsy and/or resected samples of the primary site in osteosarcoma. And, what role does COX-2 play in osteosarcoma metastasis? Genetic studies support a cause-effect connection between COX-2 and tumorigenesis. COX-2 expression had a poor prognosis with regard to metastasis, and patients with increased COX-2 expression in lung metastases died of the disease. COX-2 expression has also been established as a marker in human osteosarcoma, and COX-2 inhibition has been suggested as a possible way of improving therapeutic outcome. In addition, COX-inhibitors inhibit the tumor initiation, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), cell differentiation and T cell proliferation and suppression of the antitumor activity of natural killer cells and macrophages, angiogenic mechanism. Therefore, we can exert the COX-inhibitors to potentialize the effects of chemotherapeutic agents, and reverse the metastasis in osteosarcoma to facilitate the patient who may benefit from addition of COX-inhibitors to standard cytotoxic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Qu
- Clinical Laboratory Centre, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang People's Republic of China ; Clinical Laboratory Centre, Binjiang Hospital of Hangzhou, Hangzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Bing Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, #88 Jie Fang Road, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang People's Republic of China
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12
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Zeng H, Xu X. RUNX2 RNA interference inhibits the invasion of osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2455-2458. [PMID: 26137089 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has previously been demonstrated that the expression of the RUNX2 gene is increased in osteosarcoma tissues or cell lines; however, there is little research available on the effect of RUNX2 on osteosarcoma invasion. In the present study, small interfering (si)RNA to RUNX2 was designed and synthesized, and then transfected into SAOS-2 cells. The effects of RUNX2 RNA interference on the invasion of osteosarcoma cells were detected by the soft agar colony forming test and Transwell® chamber assay. The expression of the associated proteins, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloprotein-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9, was detected by western blot analysis. The results revealed that the number of cell colonies was reduced dose-dependently by the siRNA and that the number of cells permeating through the filter membrane was decreased following transfection with the siRNA. The inhibition of RUNX2 caused a notable decrease in VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression (0.16±0.04, 0.16±0.02 and 0.12±0.02) compared with the empty vector (0.86±0.22, 0.74±0.16 and 0.81±0.16) and blank control (0.78±0.12, 0.82±0.18 and 0.78±0.14) groups, respectively (P<0.01). It can therefore be concluded that RUNX2 siRNA inhibits the invasion of osteosarcoma cells by inhibiting the expression of VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zeng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotao Xu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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13
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Yang M, Pan Y, Zhou Y. Depletion of ALX1 causes inhibition of migration and induction of apoptosis in human osteosarcoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:5965-70. [PMID: 25736924 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3271-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumor in children and young adults, and the molecular regulation of the invasion of osteosarcoma (OS) remains unknown. In this study, we found that increased expression of ALX1 was associated with the progression of osteosarcoma and that ALX1 protein levels were significantly elevated in matched distant metastases. High ALX1 levels also predict shorter overall survival of osteosarcoma patients. We investigated the therapeutic potential of targeting ALX1 expression using the technique of RNA silencing via short hairpin RNA (shRNA). Synthetic shRNA duplexes against ALX1 were introduced to downregulate the expression of ALX1 in a highly malignant osteosarcoma cell line, U2OS. The results obtained indicated that shRNA targeting of ALX1 could lead to an efficient and specific inhibition of endogenous ALX1 activity. Furthermore, we found that depletion of ALX1 caused a dramatic cell cycle arrest, followed by massive apoptotic cell death, and eventually resulted in a significant decrease in migration and invasion of the osteosarcoma cell line studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingfu Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400037, China
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14
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Han JA, Kim JY, Kim JI. Analysis of gene expression in cyclooxygenase-2-overexpressed human osteosarcoma cell lines. Genomics Inform 2014; 12:247-53. [PMID: 25705166 PMCID: PMC4330262 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2014.12.4.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor, generally affecting young people. While the etiology of osteosarcoma has been largely unknown, recent studies have suggested that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays a critical role in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. To understand the mechanism of action of COX-2 in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma, we compared gene expression patterns between three stable COX-2-overexpressing cell lines and three control cell lines derived from U2OS human osteosarcoma cells. The data showed that 56 genes were upregulated, whereas 20 genes were downregulated, in COX-2-overexpressed cell lines, with an average fold-change > 1.5. Among the upregulated genes, COL1A1, COL5A2, FBN1, HOXD10, RUNX2, and TRAPPC2are involved in bone and skeletal system development, while DDR2, RAC2, RUNX2, and TSPAN31are involved in the positive regulation of cell proliferation. Among the downregulated genes, HIST1H1D, HIST1H2AI, HIST1H3H, and HIST1H4C are involved in nucleosome assembly and DNA packaging. These results may provide useful information to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the COX-2-mediated malignant phenotype in osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong A Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Ji-Yeon Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul 110-799, Korea. ; Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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15
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Maturu P, Overwijk WW, Hicks J, Ekmekcioglu S, Grimm EA, Huff V. Characterization of the inflammatory microenvironment and identification of potential therapeutic targets in wilms tumors. Transl Oncol 2014; 7:484-92. [PMID: 24969538 PMCID: PMC4202801 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in cancer has been reported in various adult malignant neoplasms. By contrast, its role in pediatric tumors has not been as well studied. In this study, we have identified and characterized the infiltration of various inflammatory immune cells as well as inflammatory markers in Wilms tumor (WT), the most common renal malignancy in children. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks from tumors and autologous normal kidneys were immunostained for inflammatory immune cells (T cells, B cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells) and inflammatory markers such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, phosphorylated STAT3, phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression. Overall, we found that there was predominant infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages in the tumor stroma where COX-2 was robustly expressed. The other tumor-associated inflammatory markers were also mostly localized to tumor stroma. Hence, we speculate that COX-2-mediated inflammatory microenvironment may be important in WT growth and potential therapies targeting this pathway may be beneficial and should be tested in clinical settings for the treatment of WTs in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramahamsa Maturu
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Willem W Overwijk
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Hicks
- Department of Pathology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Grimm
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vicki Huff
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Graduate Program in Genes and Development and Graduate Program in Human Molecular Genetics, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Yang SJ, Lee SA, Park MG, Kim JS, Yu SK, Kim CS, Kim JS, Kim SG, Oh JS, Kim HJ, Chun HS, Kim YH, Kim DK. Induction of apoptosis by diphenyldifluoroketone in osteogenic sarcoma cells is associated with activation of caspases. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2286-92. [PMID: 24604218 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate and compare the effects of diferuloylmethane (curcumin) and diphenyldifluoroketone (EF-24) on cell growth and apoptosis induction in human osteogenic sarcoma cells. This was examined by MTT assay, nuclear DAPI staining, caspase-activation assay, flow cytometry analysis and immunoblotting in Saos2 human osteogenic sarcoma cells. Curcumin and EF-24 inhibited the growth of Saos2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The apparent potency of EF-24 was more than 3-fold higher that of curcumin. Treatment with curcumin or EF-24 resulted in nuclear condensation and fragmentation in the cells. The caspase-3/-7 activities were detected in living cells treated with curcumin or EF-24. Flow cytometry showed that the rate of apoptosis was increased by curcumin and EF-24 compared to the control. Curcumin and EF-24 promoted the proteolytic cleavages of procaspase-3/-7/-8/-9 with increases in the amount of cleaved caspase-3/-7/-8/-9. The curcumin- or EF-24-induced apoptosis in the Saos2 cells was mediated by the expression of Fas and activation of caspase-8, caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Immunoblotting revealed the Bid and Bcl-2 proteins to be downregulated, and truncated-Bid, Bax and p53 proteins to be upregulated by curcumin and EF-24. Curcumin and EF-24 increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio significantly. These results suggest that the curcumin and EF-24 inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptotic cell death in Saos2 human osteogenic sarcoma cells via both the mitochondria-mediated intrinsic pathway and the death receptor-mediated extrinsic pathway, and may have potential properties for anti-osteosarcoma drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Jin Yang
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Ah Lee
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gyeong Park
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Kyoung Yu
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Sung Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Soo Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Gwan Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Oh
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Joong Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-75, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Sung Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-759, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwan Kim
- Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries, Gyeonggi-do 431-810, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Kyung Kim
- Oral Biology Research Institute, Chosun University, Gwangju 501-75, Republic of Korea
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17
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ZHANG HONG, LI ZHIHONG, WANG KAIZHONG. Combining sorafenib with celecoxib synergistically inhibits tumor growth of non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:1954-60. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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18
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Kumar J, Ward AC. Role of the interleukin 6 receptor family in epithelial ovarian cancer and its clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1845:117-25. [PMID: 24388871 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy, with few effective treatment options in most cases. Therefore, understanding the biology of ovarian cancer remains an important area of research in order to improve clinical outcomes. Cytokine receptor signaling through the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is an essential component of normal development and homeostasis. However, numerous studies have implicated perturbation of this pathway in a range of cancers. In particular, members of the IL-6R family acting via the downstream STAT3 transcription factor play an important role in a number of solid tumors - including ovarian cancer - by altering the expression of target genes that impact on key phenotypes. This has led to the development of specific inhibitors of this pathway which are being used in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents. This review focuses on the role of IL-6R family members in the etiology of epithelial ovarian cancer, and the application of therapies specifically targeting IL-6R signaling in this disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janani Kumar
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Strategic Research Centre in Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alister C Ward
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Strategic Research Centre in Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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19
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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor signalling via Janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 in ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2013; 110:133-45. [PMID: 24220695 PMCID: PMC3887286 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ovarian cancer remains a major cause of cancer mortality in women, with only limited understanding of disease aetiology at the molecular level. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a key regulator of both normal and emergency haematopoiesis, and is used clinically to aid haematopoietic recovery following ablative therapies for a variety of solid tumours including ovarian cancer. Methods: The expression of G-CSF and its receptor, G-CSFR, was examined in primary ovarian cancer samples and a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines, and the effects of G-CSF treatment on proliferation, migration and survival were determined. Results: G-CSFR was predominantly expressed in high-grade serous ovarian epithelial tumour samples and a subset of ovarian cancer cell lines. Stimulation of G-CSFR-expressing ovarian epithelial cancer cells with G-CSF led to increased migration and survival, including against chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. The effects of G-CSF were mediated by signalling via the downstream JAK2/STAT3 pathway. Conclusion: This study suggests that G-CSF has the potential to impact on ovarian cancer pathogenesis, and that G-CSFR expression status should be considered in determining appropriate therapy.
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20
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Poole NM, Mamidanna G, Smith RA, Coons LB, Cole JA. Prostaglandin E(2) in tick saliva regulates macrophage cell migration and cytokine profile. Parasit Vectors 2013; 6:261. [PMID: 24025197 PMCID: PMC3846740 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-6-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ticks are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites that suppress the host’s immune and inflammatory responses by secreting immuno-modulatory and anti-inflammatory molecules in their saliva. In previous studies we have shown that tick salivary gland extract (SGE) and saliva from Dermacentor variabilis have distinct effects on platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-stimulated IC-21 macrophage and NIH3T3-L1 fibroblast migration. Since tick saliva contains a high concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a potent modulator of inflammation, we used a PGE2 receptor antagonist to evaluate the role of PGE2 in the different migratory responses induced by saliva and its impact on macrophage cytokine profile. Methods Adult ticks were fed on female New Zealand white rabbits for 5-8 days. Female ticks were stimulated with dopamine/theophylline to induce salivation and saliva was pooled. Competitive enzyme immunoassays (EIA) were used to measure saliva PGE2 content and the changes in macrophage intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels. The effects of tick saliva on macrophage and fibroblast migration were assessed in the absence and presence of the PGE2 receptor antagonist, AH 6809, using blind well chamber assays. A cytokine antibody array was used to examine the effects of tick saliva on macrophage cytokine secretion. Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA; Student Newman-Kuels post-test was used for multiple comparisons. Results The saliva-induced increase in PDGF-stimulated macrophage migration was reversed by AH 6809. The inhibition of PDGF-stimulated fibroblast migration by saliva was also antagonist-sensitive. Tick saliva induced macrophages to secrete copious amounts of PGE2, and conditioned medium from these cells caused an AH 6809-sensitive inhibition of stimulated fibroblast migration, showing that macrophages can regulate fibroblast activity. We show that tick saliva decreased the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines regulated and normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES/CCL5), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and soluble TNF receptor I (sTNFRI) through a PGE2-dependent mechanism mediated by cAMP. Saliva had similar effects on lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophages. Conclusions Our data show that ticks utilize salivary PGE2 to subvert the ability of macrophages to secrete pro-inflammatory mediators and recruit fibroblasts to the feeding lesion, therefore inhibiting wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Poole
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, 239 Ellington Hall, 3700 Walker Avenue, Memphis TN, 38152, USA.
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21
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Resolution of PMA-induced skin inflammation involves interaction of IFN-γ and ALOX15. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:930124. [PMID: 23818745 PMCID: PMC3683498 DOI: 10.1155/2013/930124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute inflammation and its timely resolution play important roles in the body's responses to the environmental stimulation. Although IFN-γ is well known for the induction of inflammation, its role in the inflammation resolution is still poorly understood. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we investigated the function of interferon gamma (IFN-γ) during the resolution of PMA-induced skin inflammation in vivo. The results revealed that the expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) in skin decreased during the resolution stage of PMA-induced inflammation, while IFN-γ is still maintained at a relatively high level. Neutralization of endogenous IFN-γ led to accelerated reduction of epidermal thickness and decreased epithelial cell proliferation. Similarly, decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells (Gr1(+) or CD11b(+) cells) and a significant reduction of proinflammatory cytokines were also observed upon the blockade of IFN-γ. Furthermore, neutralization of IFN-γ boosted ALOX15 expression of the skin during inflammation resolution. In accordance, application of lipoxin A4 (LXA4, a product of ALOX15) obtained a proresolution effect similar to neutralization of IFN-γ. These results demonstrated that through upregulating ALOX15-LXA4 pathway, blockage of IFN-γ can promote the resolution of PMA-induced skin inflammation.
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Poole NM, Nyindodo-Ogari L, Kramer C, Coons LB, Cole JA. Effects of tick saliva on the migratory and invasive activity of Saos-2 osteosarcoma and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2012; 4:120-7. [PMID: 23168047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In previous studies we showed that tick saliva modulates the migratory activity of cells involved in the wound healing response. Since cell migration is a prerequisite for tumor invasion and metastasis, we examined the effects of tick saliva on the migratory and invasive activity of Saos-2 osteosarcoma and MDA-MB-231 (MB-231) breast cancer cells and the potential signaling pathways that may be affected. Saliva inhibited basal and agonist-induced Saos-2 and MB-231 migration and invasion through a matrigel-coated filter. In the Saos-2 cells, saliva suppressed epidermal growth factor (EGF)-activation of Akt/Protein Kinase B, however, only basal extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activity was affected in MB-231 cells. EGF receptor (EGFR) overexpression masked the effect of saliva on MB-231 cells, but its ability to inhibit MB-231 migration was enhanced by the EGFR inhibitor PD 168393 and MEK inhibitor U0126. Our data indicate that the mechanisms ticks have evolved to regulate the wound healing response have generalized effects on the migratory and invasive activities of metastatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina M Poole
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Memphis, Memphis, 239 Ellington Hall, 3700 Walker Avenue, TN 38152, USA.
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23
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Zuch D, Giang AH, Shapovalov Y, Schwarz E, Rosier R, O'Keefe R, Eliseev RA. Targeting radioresistant osteosarcoma cells with parthenolide. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1282-91. [PMID: 22109788 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a devastating tumor of bone, primarily affecting adolescents. Osteosarcoma tumors are notoriously radioresistant. Radioresistant cancers, including osteosarcoma, typically exhibit a considerable potential for relapse and development of metastases following treatment. Relapse and metastatic potential can, in part, be due to a specific radioresistant subpopulation of cells with stem-like characteristics, cancer stem cells, which maintain the capacity to regenerate entire tumors. In the current study, we have investigated whether in vitro treatments with parthenolide, a naturally occurring small molecule that interferes with NF-κB signaling and has various other effects, will re-sensitize cancer stem cells and the entire cell population to radiotherapy in osteosarcoma. Our results indicate that parthenolide and ionizing radiation synergistically induce cell death in LM7 osteosarcoma cells. Importantly, the combination treatment results in a significant reduction in the viability of both the overall population of osteosarcoma cells and the cancer stem cell subpopulation. This effect is dependent on the ability of parthenolide to induce oxidative stress. Therefore, as a supplement to current multimodal therapy, parthenolide may sensitize osteosarcoma tumors to radiation and greatly reduce the prevalence of relapse and metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zuch
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, 575 Elmwood Ave., Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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24
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Duan DP, Dang XQ, Wang KZ, Wang YP, Zhang H, You WL. The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398 inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human osteosarcoma cells via downregulation of the survivin pathway. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1693-700. [PMID: 22922684 DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is frequently overexpressed in human malignancies and plays a crucial role in tumorigenesis and cancer progression. The present study aimed to investigate the expression and clinical significance of COX-2 and survivin (SUV) in human osteosarcomas (OS), and explore the effects and molecular mechanisms of a selective COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 and SUV on tumor proliferation and apoptosis. Fifty cases of human OS and osteochondromas (OC) were collected. The expression of COX-2 and SUV was assessed using immunohistochemical assays in biopsy samples. MG-63 human OS cells were treated with different concentrations of NS-398, used to investigate their effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis. The recombinant small hairpin RNA adenovirus vector rAd5-SUV was constructed, and the effects and molecular mechanisms of knockdown of SUV on proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated in MG-63 cells. A subcutaneous xenograft tumor model was established, validating the effects of rAd5-SUV on tumor growth in vivo. Based on the results, the expression of COX-2 and SUV in OS showed a higher strong reactivity rate compared with OC (73.3 vs. 25.0%, P=0.001; 63.3 vs. 30.0%, P=0.02), but it did not correlate with the clinicopathological characteristics of OS. NS-398 inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis and decreased the mRNA expression of COX-2 and SUV in MG-63 cells. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated knockdown of SUV inhibited proliferation, induced apoptosis, reduced the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), increased the expression of caspase-3 (CAS-3) and slowed the growth of xenograft tumors in MG-63 cells. Taken together, the expression of COX-2 and SUV is closely correlated with human OS, and inhibition of COX-2 or knockdown of SUV suppresses tumor proliferation and induces apoptosis, suggesting that COX-2 may be involved in OS cell proliferation and apoptosis through SUV-mediated regulation of PCNA and CAS-3 expression, and provides a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Peng Duan
- Department of Orthopedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi Province, PR China
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Hillion J, Smail SS, Di Cello F, Belton A, Shah S, Huso T, Schuldenfrei A, Nelson DM, Cope L, Campbell N, Karikari C, Aderinto A, Maitra A, Huso DL, Resar LMS. The HMGA1-COX-2 axis: a key molecular pathway and potential target in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Pancreatology 2012; 12:372-9. [PMID: 22898640 PMCID: PMC3466102 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Although pancreatic cancer is a common, highly lethal malignancy, the molecular events that enable precursor lesions to become invasive carcinoma remain unclear. We previously reported that the high-mobility group A1 (HMGA1) protein is overexpressed in >90% of primary pancreatic cancers, with absent or low levels in early precursor lesions. METHODS Here, we investigate the role of HMGA1 in reprogramming pancreatic epithelium into invasive cancer cells. We assessed oncogenic properties induced by HMGA1 in non-transformed pancreatic epithelial cells expressing activated K-RAS. We also explored the HMGA1-cyclooxygenase (COX-2) pathway in human pancreatic cancer cells and the therapeutic effects of COX-2 inhibitors in xenograft tumorigenesis. RESULTS HMGA1 cooperates with activated K-RAS to induce migration, invasion, and anchorage-independent cell growth in a cell line derived from normal human pancreatic epithelium. Moreover, HMGA1 and COX-2 expression are positively correlated in pancreatic cancer cell lines (r(2) = 0.93; p < 0.001). HMGA1 binds directly to the COX-2 promoter at an AT-rich region in vivo in three pancreatic cancer cell lines. In addition, HMGA1 induces COX-2 expression in pancreatic epithelial cells, while knock-down of HMGA1 results in repression of COX-2 in pancreatic cancer cells. Strikingly, we also discovered that Sulindac (a COX-1/COX-2 inhibitor) or Celecoxib (a more specific COX-2 inhibitor) block xenograft tumorigenesis from pancreatic cancer cells expressing high levels of HMGA1. CONCLUSIONS Our studies identify for the first time an important role for the HMGA1-COX-2 pathway in pancreatic cancer and suggest that targeting this pathway could be effective to treat, or even prevent, pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Hillion
- Hematology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Shamayra S. Smail
- Hematology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Francescopaolo Di Cello
- Hematology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Amy Belton
- Hematology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Sandeep Shah
- Hematology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Tait Huso
- Hematology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Andrew Schuldenfrei
- Hematology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Dwella Moton Nelson
- Hematology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Leslie Cope
- Oncology Center-Biostatistics/Bioinformatics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Nathaniel Campbell
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Collins Karikari
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Abimbola Aderinto
- Hematology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Anirban Maitra
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - David L. Huso
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Linda M. S. Resar
- Hematology Division, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
- Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Li W, Yue W, Zhang L, Zhao X, Ma L, Yang X, Zhang C, Wang Y, Gu M. COX-2 silencing inhibits cell proliferation in A549 cell. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10330-011-0829-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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