1
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Makise N, Lin J, Kageyama H, Takeda N, Oikawa M, Sugiyama T, Kawana H, Araki A, Kinoshita H, Kamoda H, Hagiwara Y, Yoshida A, Yonemoto T, Kawazu M, Itami M. Fluorescence in situ hybridization-negative intra-articular myxoid liposarcoma with complex rearrangements involving EWSR1::DDIT3 detected using nanopore sequencing. Pathol Int 2024. [PMID: 39073367 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Myxoid liposarcoma (MLPS) is a rare sarcoma, typically arising in deep soft tissues during the fourth to fifth decades of life. Histologically, MLPS is composed of uniform oval cells within a background of myxoid stroma and chicken-wire capillaries. Genetically, MLPS is characterized by the FUS/EWSR1::DDIT3 fusion gene, which generally results from balanced interchromosomal translocation and is detectable via DDIT3 break-apart fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Here, we report an unusual intra-articular MLPS case, negative for DDIT3 break-apart FISH but positive for EWSR1::DDIT3. An 18-year-old female was referred to our hospital complaining of an intra-articular mass in the right knee joint. Histologically, the tumor was mainly composed of mature adipocytes, brown fat-like cells, and lipoblasts. Nanopore sequencing detected DNA rearrangements between EWSR1 and DDIT3 and clustered complex rearrangements involving multiple chromosomes, suggesting chromoplexy. Methylation classification using random forest, t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding, and unsupervised hierarchical clustering correctly classified the tumor as MLPS. The copy number was almost flat. The TERT promoter C-124T was also detected. This report highlights, for the first time, the potential value of a fast and low-cost nanopore sequencer for diagnosing sarcomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Makise
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jason Lin
- Division of Cell Therapy, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hajime Kageyama
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Naoki Takeda
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mariko Oikawa
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Hidetada Kawana
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akinobu Araki
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Hiroto Kamoda
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoko Hagiwara
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yoshida
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Rare Cancer Center, National Cancer Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Yonemoto
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Makiko Itami
- Division of Surgical Pathology, Chiba Cancer Center, Chiba, Japan
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2
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Koca DS, Kolpakov V, Ihlow J, von Laffert M, Erb-Eigner K, Herbst H, Kriese K, Schweizer L, Bertelmann E. Prevalence of TERT Promoter Mutations in Orbital Solitary Fibrous Tumors. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:1467-1484. [PMID: 38392213 PMCID: PMC10887834 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46020095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The orbital manifestation of a solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is exceptionally rare and poses specific challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Its rather exceptional behavior among all SFTs comprises a high tendency towards local recurrence, but it rarely culminates in metastatic disease. This raises the question of prognostic factors in orbital SFTs (oSFTs). Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)-promoter mutations have previously been linked to an unfavorable prognosis in SFTs of other locations. We analyzed the prevalence of TERT promoter mutations of SFTs in the orbital compartment. We performed a retrospective, descriptive clinico-histopathological analysis of nine cases of oSFTs between the years of 2017 and 2021. A TERT promoter mutation was present in one case, which was classified with intermediate metastatic risk. Local recurrence or progress occurred in six cases after primary resection; no distant metastases were reported. Multimodal imaging repeatedly showed particular morphologic patterns, including tubular vascular structures and ADC reduction. The prevalence of the TERT promoter mutation in oSFT was 11%, which is similar to the prevalence of extra-meningeal SFTs of the head and neck and lower than that in other extra-meningeal compartments. In the present study, the TERT promoter mutation in oSFT manifested in a case with an unfavorable prognosis, comprising aggressive local tumor growth, local recurrence, and eye loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sinan Koca
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kolpakov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Ihlow
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin Institute of Health Biomedical Innovation Academy, Anna-Louisa-Karsch-Str., 210178 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian von Laffert
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig AöR, Liebigstraße 26, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katharina Erb-Eigner
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann Herbst
- Department of Pathology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Vivantes Netzwerk für Gesundheit GmbH Berlin, Rudower Straße 48, 12351 Berlin, Germany
| | - Karen Kriese
- Department of Pathology, Vivantes Hospital Neukölln, Vivantes Netzwerk für Gesundheit GmbH Berlin, Rudower Straße 48, 12351 Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonille Schweizer
- Department of Neuropathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Edinger Institute, Institute of Neurology, University of Frankfurt am Main, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Frankfurt-Mainz, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Eckart Bertelmann
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Lu Y, Chen X, Zeng W, Hua P, Shen Y, Qiu Y, He X, Zhang H. COL1A1::PDGFB fusion uterine sarcoma with a TERT promoter mutation. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2024; 63:e23210. [PMID: 37870859 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
COL1A1::PDGFB fusion uterine sarcoma is a rare uterine mesenchymal tumor with some clinicopathological features that overlap with those of soft tissue dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans. However, the varied clinicopathologic and genetic characteristics have not been fully revealed, which may be a potential pitfall for diagnosis. Here, we present a case of COL1A1::PDGFB fusion-positive uterine sarcoma in a 49-years-old female. Histologically, the tumor from the initial marginal excision predominantly exhibited high-grade fibrosarcomatous and myxofibrosarcoma-like appearances, while a low-grade focal area displaying storiform growth was identified in the residual tumor after subsequently extended resection. Immunohistochemically, the high-grade components mainly exhibited focal positivity for CD34 and mutated-type p53 immunoreactivity, whereas the low-grade component showed diffuse positivity for CD34 and wild-type p53 staining. The COL1A1::PDGFB fusion was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization and next-generation sequencing. In addition, the TERT-124 C > T mutation was further identified in this lesion's fibrosarcomatous and classic storiform components. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first described case of COL1A1::PDGFB fusion uterine sarcoma with a TERT promoter mutation, which might be a novel genetic finding associated with tumorigenesis of this rare tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Qingdao Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao Cancer Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenjing Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Longchang People's Hospital, Sichuan, China
| | - Ping Hua
- Department of Pathology, Chengdu Women's and Children's Center Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangmei Shen
- Department of pathology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Costa A, Gozzellino L, Nannini M, Astolfi A, Pantaleo MA, Pasquinelli G. Preclinical Models of Visceral Sarcomas. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1624. [PMID: 38002306 PMCID: PMC10669128 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral sarcomas are a rare malignant subgroup of soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). STSs, accounting for 1% of all adult tumors, are derived from mesenchymal tissues and exhibit a wide heterogeneity. Their rarity and the high number of histotypes hinder the understanding of tumor development mechanisms and negatively influence clinical outcomes and treatment approaches. Although some STSs (~20%) have identifiable genetic markers, as specific mutations or translocations, most are characterized by complex genomic profiles. Thus, identification of new therapeutic targets and development of personalized therapies are urgent clinical needs. Although cell lines are useful for preclinical investigations, more reliable preclinical models are required to develop and test new potential therapies. Here, we provide an overview of the available in vitro and in vivo models of visceral sarcomas, whose gene signatures are still not well characterized, to highlight current challenges and provide insights for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Costa
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Livia Gozzellino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Margherita Nannini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Abbondanza Pantaleo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Pasquinelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Division of Pathology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
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5
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Yoo H, Kim HS. Clinicopathological and Prognostic Values of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase ( TERT) Promoter Mutations in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma for Predicting Tumor Recurrence, Platinum Resistance and Survival. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2023; 20:626-636. [PMID: 37889060 PMCID: PMC10614067 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM A small subset of patients with ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) harbors telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter (TERTp) mutations. We aimed to analyze the clinicopathological and molecular characteristics of TERTp-mutant OCCC and investigate whether TERTp mutations are associated with the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes of patients with OCCC. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 11 OCCC cases in our study. Targeted sequencing was performed with a thorough review of pathology slides and electronic medical records. RESULTS Eleven OCCCs harbored two hotspot TERTp mutations: c.1-146C>T (6/11) and c.1-124C>T (5/11). All patients (11/11) who underwent postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy experienced tumor recurrence, and eight of them were classified as platinum-resistant. TERTp-mutant OCCC showed significantly higher frequencies of postoperative recurrence and relapse within six months of chemotherapy. TERTp mutations significantly predicted disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with OCCC. CONCLUSION We demonstrate that TERTp mutations have significant prognostic value for predicting tumor recurrence, platinum resistance, and worse DFS in patients with OCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunwoo Yoo
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Xu GJ, Loberg MA, Gallant JN, Sheng Q, Chen SC, Lehmann BD, Shaddy SM, Tigue ML, Phifer CJ, Wang L, Saab-Chalhoub MW, Dehan LM, Wei Q, Chen R, Li B, Kim CY, Ferguson DC, Netterville JL, Rohde SL, Solórzano CC, Bischoff LA, Baregamian N, Shaver AC, Mehrad M, Ely KA, Byrne DW, Stricker TP, Murphy BA, Choe JH, Kagohara LT, Jaffee EM, Huang EC, Ye F, Lee E, Weiss VL. Molecular signature incorporating the immune microenvironment enhances thyroid cancer outcome prediction. CELL GENOMICS 2023; 3:100409. [PMID: 37868034 PMCID: PMC10589635 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Genomic and transcriptomic analysis has furthered our understanding of many tumors. Yet, thyroid cancer management is largely guided by staging and histology, with few molecular prognostic and treatment biomarkers. Here, we utilize a large cohort of 251 patients with 312 samples from two tertiary medical centers and perform DNA/RNA sequencing, spatial transcriptomics, and multiplex immunofluorescence to identify biomarkers of aggressive thyroid malignancy. We identify high-risk mutations and discover a unique molecular signature of aggressive disease, the Molecular Aggression and Prediction (MAP) score, which provides improved prognostication over high-risk mutations alone. The MAP score is enriched for genes involved in epithelial de-differentiation, cellular division, and the tumor microenvironment. The MAP score also identifies aggressive tumors with lymphocyte-rich stroma that may benefit from immunotherapy. Future clinical profiling of the stromal microenvironment of thyroid cancer could improve prognostication, inform immunotherapy, and support development of novel therapeutics for thyroid cancer and other stroma-rich tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J. Xu
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Matthew A. Loberg
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jean-Nicolas Gallant
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Quanhu Sheng
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sheau-Chiann Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Brian D. Lehmann
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sophia M. Shaddy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Megan L. Tigue
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Courtney J. Phifer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mario W. Saab-Chalhoub
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lauren M. Dehan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bingshan Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christine Y. Kim
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Donna C. Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - James L. Netterville
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah L. Rohde
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carmen C. Solórzano
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lindsay A. Bischoff
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Naira Baregamian
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aaron C. Shaver
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mitra Mehrad
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kim A. Ely
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel W. Byrne
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas P. Stricker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Barbara A. Murphy
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jennifer H. Choe
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Luciane T. Kagohara
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Immunotherapy Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Convergence Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Immunotherapy Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric C. Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ethan Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vivian L. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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7
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Sharaf R, Jin DX, Grady J, Napier C, Ebot E, Frampton GM, Albacker LA, Thomas DM, Montesion M. A pan-sarcoma landscape of telomeric content shows that alterations in RAD51B and GID4 are associated with higher telomeric content. NPJ Genom Med 2023; 8:26. [PMID: 37709802 PMCID: PMC10502097 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-023-00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells need to activate a telomere maintenance mechanism, enabling limitless replication. The bulk of evidence supports that sarcomas predominantly use alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism, commonly associated with alterations in ATRX and DAXX. In our dataset, only 12.3% of sarcomas harbored alterations in these genes. Thus, we checked for the presence of other genomic determinants of high telomeric content in sarcomas. Our dataset consisted of 13555 sarcoma samples, sequenced as a part of routine clinical care on the FoundationOne®Heme platform. We observed a median telomeric content of 622.3 telomeric reads per GC-matched million reads (TRPM) across all samples. In agreement with previous studies, telomeric content was significantly higher in ATRX altered and POT1 altered sarcomas. We further observed that sarcomas with alterations in RAD51B or GID4 were enriched in samples with high telomeric content, specifically within uterus leiomyosarcoma for RAD51B and soft tissue sarcoma (not otherwise specified, nos) for GID4, Furthermore, RAD51B and POT1 alterations were mutually exclusive with ATRX and DAXX alterations, suggestive of functional redundancy. Our results propose a role played by RAD51B and GID4 in telomere elongation in sarcomas and open research opportunities for agents aimed at targeting this critical pathway in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John Grady
- Omico Australian Genomic Cancer Medicine, Sydney, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christine Napier
- Omico Australian Genomic Cancer Medicine, Sydney, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ericka Ebot
- Foundation Medicine Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - David M Thomas
- Omico Australian Genomic Cancer Medicine, Sydney, Australia
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Tanaka M, Nakamura T. Targeting epigenetic aberrations of sarcoma in CRISPR era. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2023; 62:510-525. [PMID: 36967299 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcomas are rare malignancies that exhibit diverse biological, genetic, morphological, and clinical characteristics. Genetic alterations, such as gene fusions, mutations in transcriptional machinery components, histones, and DNA methylation regulatory molecules, play an essential role in sarcomagenesis. These mutations induce and/or cooperate with specific epigenetic aberrations required for the growth and maintenance of sarcomas. Appropriate mouse models have been developed to clarify the significance of genetic and epigenetic interactions in sarcomas. Studies using the mouse models for human sarcomas have demonstrated major advances in our understanding the developmental processes as well as tumor microenvironment of sarcomas. Recent technological progresses in epigenome editing will not only improve the studies using animal models but also provide a direct clue for epigenetic therapies. In this manuscript, we review important epigenetic aberrations in sarcomas and their representative mouse models, current methods of epigenetic editing using CRISPR/dCas9 systems, and potential applications in sarcoma studies and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Tanaka
- Project for Cancer Epigenomics, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuro Nakamura
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Dermawan JK, Rubin BP. The spectrum and significance of secondary (co-occurring) genetic alterations in sarcomas: the hallmarks of sarcomagenesis. J Pathol 2023; 260:637-648. [PMID: 37345731 DOI: 10.1002/path.6140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Bone and soft tissue tumors are generally classified into complex karyotype sarcomas versus those with recurrent genetic alterations, often in the form of gene fusions. In this review, we provide an overview of important co-occurring genomic alterations, organized by biological mechanisms and covering a spectrum of genomic alteration types: mutations (single-nucleotide variations or indels) in oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes, copy number alterations, transcriptomic signatures, genomic complexity indices (e.g. CINSARC), and complex genomic structural variants. We discuss the biological and prognostic roles of these so-called secondary or co-occurring alterations, arguing that recognition and detection of these alterations may be significant for our understanding and management of mesenchymal tumors. On a related note, we also discuss major recurrent alterations in so-called complex karyotype sarcomas. These secondary alterations are essential to sarcomagenesis via a variety of mechanisms, such as inactivation of tumor suppressors, activation of proliferative signal transduction, telomere maintenance, and aberrant regulation of epigenomic/chromatin remodeling players. The use of comprehensive genomic profiling, including targeted next-generation sequencing panels or whole-exome sequencing, may be incorporated into clinical workflows to offer more comprehensive, potentially clinically actionable information. © 2023 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine K Dermawan
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Brian P Rubin
- Robert J. Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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10
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Choi JH, Ro JY. The Recent Advances in Molecular Diagnosis of Soft Tissue Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065934. [PMID: 36983010 PMCID: PMC10051446 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft tissue tumors are rare mesenchymal tumors with divergent differentiation. The diagnosis of soft tissue tumors is challenging for pathologists owing to the diversity of tumor types and histological overlap among the tumor entities. Present-day understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of soft tissue tumors has rapidly increased with the development of molecular genetic techniques (e.g., next-generation sequencing). Additionally, immunohistochemical markers that serve as surrogate markers for recurrent translocations in soft tissue tumors have been developed. This review aims to provide an update on recently described molecular findings and relevant novel immunohistochemical markers in selected soft tissue tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Hyuk Choi
- Department of Pathology, Yeungnam University College of Medicine, 170 Hyeonchung-ro, Namgu, Daegu 42415, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Y Ro
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Medical College, Cornell University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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11
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Yeh TJ, Luo CW, Du JS, Huang CT, Wang MH, Chuang TM, Gau YC, Cho SF, Liu YC, Hsiao HH, Chen LT, Pan MR, Wang HC, Moi SH. Deciphering the Functions of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase in Head and Neck Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:691. [PMID: 36979671 PMCID: PMC10044978 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are among the ten leading malignancies worldwide. Despite significant progress in all therapeutic modalities, predictive biomarkers, and targeted therapies for HNCs are limited and the survival rate is unsatisfactory. The importance of telomere maintenance via telomerase reactivation in carcinogenesis has been demonstrated in recent decades. Several mechanisms could activate telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), the most common of which is promoter alternation. Two major hotspot TERT promoter mutations (C228T and C250T) have been reported in different malignancies such as melanoma, genitourinary cancers, CNS tumors, hepatocellular carcinoma, thyroid cancers, sarcomas, and HNCs. The frequencies of TERT promoter mutations vary widely across tumors and is quite high in HNCs (11.9-64.7%). These mutations have been reported to be more enriched in oral cavity SCCs and HPV-negative tumors. The association between TERT promoter mutations and poor survival has also been demonstrated. Till now, several therapeutic strategies targeting telomerase have been developed although only a few drugs have been used in clinical trials. Here, we briefly review and summarize our current understanding and evidence of TERT promoter mutations in HNC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Jang Yeh
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Wen Luo
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Shiun Du
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Tzu Huang
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Min-Hung Wang
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Tzer-Ming Chuang
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Ching Gau
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Feng Cho
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chang Liu
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hua Hsiao
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzong Chen
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ren Pan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Drug Development and Value Creation Research Center, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ching Wang
- Division of Hematology & Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Hua Moi
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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12
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Landuzzi L, Ruzzi F, Lollini PL, Scotlandi K. Synovial Sarcoma Preclinical Modeling: Integrating Transgenic Mouse Models and Patient-Derived Models for Translational Research. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030588. [PMID: 36765545 PMCID: PMC9913760 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Synovial sarcomas (SyS) are rare malignant tumors predominantly affecting children, adolescents, and young adults. The genetic hallmark of SyS is the t(X;18) translocation encoding the SS18-SSX fusion gene. The fusion protein interacts with both the BAF enhancer and polycomb repressor complexes, and either activates or represses target gene transcription, resulting in genome-wide epigenetic perturbations and altered gene expression. Several experimental in in vivo models, including conditional transgenic mouse models expressing the SS18-SSX fusion protein and spontaneously developing SyS, are available. In addition, patient-derived xenografts have been estab-lished in immunodeficient mice, faithfully reproducing the complex clinical heterogeneity. This review focuses on the main molecular features of SyS and the related preclinical in vivo and in vitro models. We will analyze the different conditional SyS mouse models that, after combination with some of the few other recurrent alterations, such as gains in BCL2, Wnt-β-catenin signaling, FGFR family, or loss of PTEN and SMARCB1, have provided additional insight into the mechanisms of synovial sarcomagenesis. The recent advancements in the understanding of SyS biology and improvements in preclinical modeling pave the way to the development of new epigenetic drugs and immunotherapeutic approaches conducive to new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Landuzzi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (P.-L.L.); Tel.: +39-051-2094796 (L.L.); +39-051-2094786 (P.-L.L.)
| | - Francesca Ruzzi
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier-Luigi Lollini
- Laboratory of Immunology and Biology of Metastasis, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence: (L.L.); (P.-L.L.); Tel.: +39-051-2094796 (L.L.); +39-051-2094786 (P.-L.L.)
| | - Katia Scotlandi
- Experimental Oncology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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13
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Dermawan JK, Hwang S, Wexler L, Tap WD, Singer S, Vanderbilt CM, Antonescu CR. Myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma is distinguished from other liposarcomas by widespread loss of heterozygosity and significantly worse overall survival: a genomic and clinicopathologic study. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1644-1655. [PMID: 35672466 PMCID: PMC9613513 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myxoid pleomorphic liposarcoma (MPLPS) is a recently described and extremely rare subtype of liposarcoma with a predilection for the mediastinum. However, the genomic features of MPLPS remain poorly understood. We performed comprehensive genomic profiling of MPLPS in comparison with pleomorphic liposarcoma (PLPS) and myxoid/round cell liposarcoma (MRLPS). Of the 8 patients with MPLPS, 5 were female and 3 were male, with a median age of 32 years old (range 10-68). All except one were located in the mediastinum, with invasion of surrounding anatomic structures, including chest wall, pleura, spine, and large vessels. All cases showed an admixture of morphologies reminiscent of PLPS and MRLPS, including myxoid areas with plexiform vasculature admixed with uni- and/or multivacuolated pleomorphic lipoblasts. Less common features included well-differentiated liposarcoma-like areas, and in one case fascicular spindle cell sarcoma reminiscent of dedifferentiated LPS. Clinically, 4 experienced local recurrence, 4 had distant metastases and 5 died of disease. Compared to PLPS and MRLPS, patients with MPLPS had worse overall and progression-free survival. Recurrent TP53 mutations were present in all 8 MPLPS cases. In contrast, in PLPS, which also showed recurrent TP53 mutations (83%), RB1 and ATRX losses were more common. MRLPS was highly enriched in TERT promoter mutations (88%) and PI3K/AKT pathway mutations. Copy number profiling in MPLPS revealed multiple chromosomal gains with recurrent amplifications of chromosomes 1, 19 and 21. Importantly, allele-specific copy number analysis revealed widespread loss of heterozygosity (80% of the genome on average) in MPLPS, but not in PLPS or MRLPS. Our findings revealed genome-wide loss of heterozygosity co-existing with TP53 mutations as a characteristic genomic signature distinct from other liposarcoma subtypes, which supports the current classification of MPLPS as a stand-alone pathologic entity. These results further expand the clinicopathologic features of MPLPS, including older age, extra-mediastinal sites, and a highly aggressive outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine K Dermawan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sinchun Hwang
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leonard Wexler
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William D Tap
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Singer
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chad M Vanderbilt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cristina R Antonescu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Dermawan JK, Vanoli F, Herviou L, Sung YS, Zhang L, Singer S, Tap WD, Benayed R, Bale TA, Benhamida JK, Dickson BC, Antonescu CR. Comprehensive genomic profiling of EWSR1/FUS::CREB translocation-associated tumors uncovers prognostically significant recurrent genetic alterations and methylation-transcriptional correlates. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1055-1065. [PMID: 35347249 PMCID: PMC9329182 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanisms underlying the divergent clinicopathologic spectrum of EWSR1/FUS::CREB translocation-associated tumors, we performed a comprehensive genomic analysis of fusion transcript variants, recurrent genetic alterations (mutations, copy number alterations), gene expression, and methylation profiles across a large cohort of tumor types. The distribution of the EWSR1/FUS fusion partners-ATF1, CREB1, and CREM-and exon involvement was significantly different across different tumor types. Our targeted sequencing showed that secondary genetic events are associated with tumor type rather than fusion type. Of the 39 cases that underwent targeted NGS testing, 18 (46%) had secondary OncoKB mutations or copy number alterations (29 secondary genetic events in total), of which 15 (52%) were recurrent. Secondary recurrent, but mutually exclusive, TERT promoter and CDKN2A mutations were identified only in clear cell sarcoma (CCS) and associated with worse overall survival. CDKN2A/B homozygous deletions were recurrent in angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma (AFH) and restricted to metastatic cases. mRNA upregulation of MITF, CDH19, PARVB, and PFKP was found in CCS, compared to AFH, and correlated with a hypomethylated profile. In contrast, S100A4 and XAF1 were differentially upregulated and hypomethylated in AFH but not CCS. Unsupervised clustering of methylation profiles revealed that CREB family translocation-associated tumors form neighboring but tight, distinct clusters. A sarcoma methylation classifier was able to accurately match 100% of CCS cases to the correct methylation class; however, it was suboptimal when applied to other histologies. In conclusion, our comprehensive genomic profiling of EWSR1/FUS::CREB translocation-associated tumors uncovered mostly histotype, rather than fusion-type associated correlations in transcript variants, prognostically significant secondary genetic alterations, and gene expression and methylation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Vanoli
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurie Herviou
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yun-Shao Sung
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Singer
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - William D. Tap
- Department of Medicine, Sarcoma Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryma Benayed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tejus A. Bale
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jamal K. Benhamida
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brendan C. Dickson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Xiang Y, Chen Q, Li Q, Liang C, Cao W. The expression level of chicken telomerase reverse transcriptase in tumors induced by ALV-J is positively correlated with methylation and mutation of its promoter region. Vet Res 2022; 53:49. [PMID: 35739589 PMCID: PMC9229480 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) can cause neoplastic diseases in poultry and is still widely prevalent in China. Chicken telomerase reverse transcriptase (chTERT) is the core component of telomerase, which is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. Our previous studies showed that chTERT is overexpressed in ALV-J tumors, but the mechanism is still not completely clear. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the possible molecular mechanism of chTERT overexpression in ALV-J tumors from the perspective of DNA methylation and promoter mutation. Methylation sequencing of the chTERT amplicon showed that ALV-J replication promoted the methylation level of the chTERT promoter. And the methylation level of the chTERT promoter in ALV-J tumors was significantly higher than that in tumor-adjacent and normal tissues. Compared with the tumor-adjacent and normal tissues, the chTERT promoter in each ALV-J tumors tested had a mutation of -183 bp C > T, and 36.0% (9/25) of the tumors also had mutations of -184 bp T > C, -73 bp::GGCCC and -56 bp A > T in the chTERT promoter, which formed the binding sites for the transcription factors NFAT5, TFAP2A and ZEB1, respectively. The results of RT-qPCR and Western blotting showed that the occurrence of these mutations significantly increased the expression level of chTERT. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that the high expression of chTERT in ALV-J tumors is positively correlated with the level of hypermethylation and mutation in its promoter, which provides a new perspective for further research on the molecular mechanism of chTERT in ALV-J tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qinxi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qingbo Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Canxin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Weisheng Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China. .,Key Laboratory of Veterinary Vaccine Innovation of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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16
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Somatilaka BN, Sadek A, McKay RM, Le LQ. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor: models, biology, and translation. Oncogene 2022; 41:2405-2421. [PMID: 35393544 PMCID: PMC9035132 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02290-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive, invasive cancer that comprise around 10% of all soft tissue sarcomas and develop in about 8-13% of patients with Neurofibromatosis Type 1. They are associated with poor prognosis and are the leading cause of mortality in NF1 patients. MPNSTs can also develop sporadically or following exposure to radiation. There is currently no effective targeted therapy to treat MPNSTs and surgical removal remains the mainstay treatment. Unfortunately, surgery is not always possible due to the size and location of the tumor, thus, a better understanding of MPNST initiation and development is required to design novel therapeutics. Here, we provide an overview of MPNST biology and genetics, discuss findings regarding the developmental origin of MPNST, and summarize the various model systems employed to study MPNST. Finally, we discuss current management strategies for MPNST, as well as recent developments in translating basic research findings into potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandarigoda N. Somatilaka
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Ali Sadek
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Renee M. McKay
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
| | - Lu Q. Le
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA,UTSW Comprehensive Neurofibromatosis Clinic, University of
Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA,Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine,
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas,
75390-9069, USA,O’Donnell Brain Institute, University of Texas
Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, 75390-9069, USA
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17
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Eisenhardt AE, Schmid A, Esser J, Brugger Z, Lausch U, Kiefer J, Braig M, Runkel A, Wehrle J, Claus R, Bronsert P, Leithner A, Liegl-Atzwanger B, Zeller J, Papini R, von Laffert M, Pfitzner BM, Koulaxouzidis G, Giunta RE, Eisenhardt SU, Braig D. Targeted next-generation sequencing of circulating free DNA enables non-invasive tumor detection in myxoid liposarcomas. Mol Cancer 2022; 21:50. [PMID: 35164780 PMCID: PMC8842903 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-022-01523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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18
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Kunieda J, Yamashita K, Togashi Y, Baba S, Sakata S, Inamura K, Ae K, Matsumoto S, Machinami R, Kitagawa M, Takeuchi K. High prevalence of TERT aberrations in myxoid liposarcoma: TERT reactivation may play a crucial role in tumorigenesis. Cancer Sci 2021; 113:1078-1089. [PMID: 34971481 PMCID: PMC8898734 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxoid liposarcoma (MLPS) is genetically characterized by FUS‐DDIT3 or EWSR1‐DDIT3 gene fusion and the high frequency of hotspot mutations (C228T or C250T) in the promoter region of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) that encodes the TERT protein. The latter leads to telomerase reactivation, a mechanism of telomere maintenance. Although the TERT promoter hotspot mutation is a poor prognostic factor in various tumors, its effect on MLPS has not been reported in detail. In the present study, we examined the clinicopathological characteristics, prognosis, and telomere maintenance mechanisms in 83 primary tumor samples of MLPS, which were resected surgically at the Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan, from 2008 to 2020. TERT promoter hotspot mutations were observed in 77% (63/82) cases, and alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) was absent in all cases. Among the cases without TERT promoter hotspot mutations, TERT rearrangements, and minor point mutations in the TERT promoter region were found in 3 and 2 cases, respectively. TERT mRNA expression was observed consistently even in patients for whom no genomic TERT aberrations were detected, and the presence of TERT promoter hotspot mutation did not correlate significantly with either overall and metastasis‐free survival (P = .56, P = .83, respectively) or clinicopathological features. Therefore, patients with MLPS characteristically shows TERT expression and a high prevalence of TERT aberrations. Our findings suggest that TERT aberration is not prognostic factor, but might occur at an early stage and play a key role in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Kunieda
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Yamashita
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Togashi
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Baba
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Sakata
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ae
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiichi Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rikuo Machinami
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Kawakita General Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanobu Kitagawa
- Department of Comprehensive Pathology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kengo Takeuchi
- Division of Pathology, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.,Pathology Project for Molecular Targets, Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
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19
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Hames-Fathi S, Nottley SWG, Pillay N. Unravelling undifferentiated soft tissue sarcomas: insights from genomics. Histopathology 2021; 80:109-121. [DOI: 10.1111/his.14446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Hames-Fathi
- Research Department of Pathology University College London UCL Cancer Institute LondonUK
| | - Steven W G Nottley
- Research Department of Pathology University College London UCL Cancer Institute LondonUK
| | - Nischalan Pillay
- Research Department of Pathology University College London UCL Cancer Institute LondonUK
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pathology Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital NHS Trust Stanmore UK
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20
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Crosstalk between Macrophages and Myxoid Liposarcoma Cells Increases Spreading and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133298. [PMID: 34209309 PMCID: PMC8268435 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Myxoid liposarcoma (MLPS) is the second most common subtype of liposarcoma and has tendency to metastasize to soft tissues. To date, the mechanisms of invasion and metastasis of MLPS remain unclear, and new therapeutic strategies that improve patients' outcomes are expected. In this study, we analyzed by immunohistochemistry the immune cellular components and microvessel density in tumor tissues from patients affected by MLPS. In order to evaluate the effects of primary human MLPS cells on macrophage polarization and, in turn, the ability of macrophages to influence invasiveness of MLPS cells, non-contact and 3D organotypic co-cultures were set up. High grade MLPS tissues were found heavily vascularized, exhibited a CD3, CD4, and CD8 positive T lymphocyte-poor phenotype and were massively infiltrated by CD163 positive M2-like macrophages. Conversely, low grade MLPS tissues were infiltrated by a discrete amount of CD3, CD4, and CD8 positive T lymphocytes and a scarce amount of CD163 positive macrophages. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed a shorter Progression Free Survival in MLPS patients whose tumor tissues were highly vascularized and heavily infiltrated by CD163 positive macrophages, indicating a clear-cut link between M2-like macrophage abundance and poor prognosis in patients. Moreover, we documented that, in co-culture, soluble factors produced by primary human MLPS cells induce macrophage polarization toward an M2-like phenotype which, in turn, increases MLPS cell capability to spread into extracellular matrix and to cross endothelial monolayers. The identification of M2-like polarization factors secreted by MLPS cells may allow to develop novel targeted therapies counteracting MLPS progression.
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21
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Pillozzi S, Bernini A, Palchetti I, Crociani O, Antonuzzo L, Campanacci D, Scoccianti G. Soft Tissue Sarcoma: An Insight on Biomarkers at Molecular, Metabolic and Cellular Level. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123044. [PMID: 34207243 PMCID: PMC8233868 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Soft tissue sarcoma is a rare mesenchymal malignancy. Despite the advancements in the fields of radiology, pathology and surgery, these tumors often recur locally and/or with metastatic disease. STS is considered to be a diagnostic challenge due to the large variety of histological subtypes with clinical and histopathological characteristics which are not always distinct. One of the important clinical problems is a lack of useful biomarkers. Therefore, the discovery of biomarkers that can be used to detect tumors or predict tumor response to chemotherapy or radiotherapy could help clinicians provide more effective clinical management. Abstract Soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors. Although constituting only 1% of all human malignancies, STSs represent the second most common type of solid tumors in children and adolescents and comprise an important group of secondary malignancies. Over 100 histologic subtypes have been characterized to date (occurring predominantly in the trunk, extremity, and retroperitoneum), and many more are being discovered due to molecular profiling. STS mortality remains high, despite adjuvant chemotherapy. New prognostic stratification markers are needed to help identify patients at risk of recurrence and possibly apply more intensive or novel treatments. Recent scientific advancements have enabled a more precise molecular characterization of sarcoma subtypes and revealed novel therapeutic targets and prognostic/predictive biomarkers. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the most relevant cellular, molecular and metabolic biomarkers for STS, and highlight advances in STS-related biomarker research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Pillozzi
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrea Bernini
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry Ugo Schiff, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy;
| | - Olivia Crociani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Lorenzo Antonuzzo
- Medical Oncology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Domenico Campanacci
- Department of Health Science, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Guido Scoccianti
- Department of Orthopaedic Oncology and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Florence, Careggi University Hospital, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy;
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22
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Longo JF, Brosius SN, Znoyko I, Alers VA, Jenkins DP, Wilson RC, Carroll AJ, Wolff DJ, Roth KA, Carroll SL. Establishment and genomic characterization of a sporadic malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cell line. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5690. [PMID: 33707600 PMCID: PMC7952412 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive Schwann cell-derived neoplasms that occur sporadically or in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Preclinical research on sporadic MPNSTs has been limited as few cell lines exist. We generated and characterized a new sporadic MPNST cell line, 2XSB, which shares the molecular and genomic features of the parent tumor. These cells have a highly complex karyotype with extensive chromothripsis. 2XSB cells show robust invasive 3-dimensional and clonogenic culture capability and form solid tumors when xenografted into immunodeficient mice. High-density single nucleotide polymorphism array and whole exome sequencing analyses indicate that, unlike NF1-associated MPNSTs, 2XSB cells have intact, functional NF1 alleles with no evidence of mutations in genes encoding components of Polycomb Repressor Complex 2. However, mutations in other genes implicated in MPNST pathogenesis were identified in 2XSB cells including homozygous deletion of CDKN2A and mutations in TP53 and PTEN. We also identified mutations in genes not previously associated with MPNSTs but associated with the pathogenesis of other human cancers. These include DNMT1, NUMA1, NTRK1, PDE11A, CSMD3, LRP5 and ACTL9. This sporadic MPNST-derived cell line provides a useful tool for investigating the biology and potential treatment regimens for sporadic MPNSTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody Fromm Longo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, MSC 908, Charleston, SC, 29425-9080, USA
| | - Stephanie N Brosius
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA.,Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA.,Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Iya Znoyko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, MSC 908, Charleston, SC, 29425-9080, USA
| | - Victoria A Alers
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, MSC 908, Charleston, SC, 29425-9080, USA
| | - Dorea P Jenkins
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, MSC 908, Charleston, SC, 29425-9080, USA
| | - Robert C Wilson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, MSC 908, Charleston, SC, 29425-9080, USA.,Center for Genomic Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425-9080, USA
| | - Andrew J Carroll
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA
| | - Daynna J Wolff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, MSC 908, Charleston, SC, 29425-9080, USA
| | - Kevin A Roth
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Steven L Carroll
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, MSC 908, Charleston, SC, 29425-9080, USA. .,Center for Genomic Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425-9080, USA. .,Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0017, USA.
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23
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Salimi-Jeda A, Badrzadeh F, Esghaei M, Abdoli A. The role of telomerase and viruses interaction in cancer development, and telomerase-dependent therapeutic approaches. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 27:100323. [PMID: 33530025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) is an enzyme that is critically involved in elongating and maintaining telomeres length to control cell life span and replicative potential. Telomerase activity is continuously expressed in human germ-line cells and most cancer cells, whereas it is suppressed in most somatic cells. In normal cells, by reducing telomerase activity and progressively shortening the telomeres, the cells progress to the senescence or apoptosis process. However, in cancer cells, telomere lengths remain constant due to telomerase's reactivation, and cells continue to proliferate and inhibit apoptosis, and ultimately lead to cancer development and human death due to metastasis. Studies demonstrated that several DNA and RNA oncoviruses could interact with telomerase by integrating their genome sequence within the host cell telomeres specifically. Through the activation of the hTERT promoter and lengthening the telomere, these cells contributes to cancer development. Since oncoviruses can activate telomerase and increase hTERT expression, there are several therapeutic strategies based on targeting the telomerase of cancer cells like telomerase-targeted peptide vaccines, hTERT-targeting dendritic cells (DCs), hTERT-targeting gene therapy, and hTERT-targeting CRISPR/Cas9 system that can overcome tumor-mediated toleration mechanisms and specifically apoptosis in cancer cells. This study reviews available data on the molecular structure of telomerase and the role of oncoviruses and telomerase interaction in cancer development and telomerase-dependent therapeutic approaches to conquest the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Salimi-Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fariba Badrzadeh
- Faculti of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical sciences, Golestan, Iran.
| | - Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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24
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Gupta S, Vanderbilt CM, Lin YT, Benhamida JK, Jungbluth AA, Rana S, Momeni-Boroujeni A, Chang JC, Mcfarlane T, Salazar P, Mullaney K, Middha S, Zehir A, Gopalan A, Bale TA, Ganly I, Arcila ME, Benayed R, Berger MF, Ladanyi M, Dogan S. A Pan-Cancer Study of Somatic TERT Promoter Mutations and Amplification in 30,773 Tumors Profiled by Clinical Genomic Sequencing. J Mol Diagn 2020; 23:253-263. [PMID: 33285287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
TERT gene promoter mutations are known in multiple cancer types. Other TERT alterations remain poorly characterized. Sequencing data from 30,773 tumors analyzed by a hybridization capture next-generation sequencing assay (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Integrated Mutation Profiling of Actionable Cancer Targets) were analyzed for the presence of TERT alterations. Promoter rearrangements (500 bases upstream of the transcriptional start site), hypermethylation (n = 57), and gene expression (n = 155) were evaluated for a subset of cases. Mutually exclusive and recurrent promoter mutations were identified at three hot spots upstream of the transcriptional start site in 11.3% of cases (-124: 74%; -146: 24%; and -138: <2%). Mutually exclusive amplification events were identified in another 2.3% of cases, whereas mutually exclusive rearrangements proximal to the TERT gene were seen in 24 cases. The highest incidence of TERT promoter mutations was seen in cutaneous melanoma (82%), whereas amplification events significantly outnumbered promoter mutations in well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcoma (14.1% versus 2.4%) and adrenocortical carcinoma (13.6% versus 4.5%). Gene expression analysis suggests that the highest levels of gene expression are seen in cases with amplifications and rearrangements. Hypermethylation events upstream of the TERT coding sequence were not mutually exclusive with known pathogenic alterations. Studies aimed at defining the prevalence and prognostic impact of TERT alterations should incorporate other pathogenic TERT alterations as these may impact telomerase function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Chad M Vanderbilt
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Yun-Te Lin
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Jamal K Benhamida
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Achim A Jungbluth
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Satshil Rana
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Jason C Chang
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Tiffany Mcfarlane
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Paulo Salazar
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Kerry Mullaney
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sumit Middha
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ahmet Zehir
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Anuradha Gopalan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Tejus A Bale
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ian Ganly
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maria E Arcila
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ryma Benayed
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Michael F Berger
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Snjezana Dogan
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
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25
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Lucas CHG, Grenert JP, Horvai A. Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies Molecular and Genetic Events in Dedifferentiated Chondrosarcoma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2020; 145:1009-1017. [PMID: 33147331 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0379-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma is a rare adult bone tumor with a dismal prognosis and is composed of a conventional chondrosarcoma juxtaposed to high-grade nonchondrogenic sarcoma. Dedifferentiated chondrosarcomas may represent tumor progression from a differentiated to a primitive histotype. OBJECTIVE.— To determine the genetic and molecular events that drive progression from a conventional chondrosarcoma to high grade nonchondrogenic sarcoma. DESIGN.— We analyzed the genomic landscape of paired conventional and dedifferentiated components of 11 dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma using targeted next-generation DNA sequencing with immunohistochemical validation. Clinical, radiographic, and pathologic features of tumors were reviewed. Capture-based DNA sequencing targeting the coding regions of 479 cancer genes and select introns was performed. RESULTS.— The tumors arose in the femur (n = 4; 36%), scapula (n = 3; 27%), pelvis (n = 3; 27%), and humerus (n = 1; 9%) of 7 men (64%) and 4 women (36%; median age, 61 years). DNA was adequate for sequencing from all 11 dedifferentiated components (100%) and 9 paired conventional chondrosarcoma components (82%). All tumors (100%) harbored either IDH1 p.R132 or IDH2 p.R172S hotspot mutations. Seven tumors (64%) displayed COL2A1 alterations. TERT promoter mutations were present in 5 of 9 pairs (56%) and 2 (22%) additional unpaired dedifferentiated components. IDH1/2, COL2A1, and TERT mutations were identical in both components of the paired samples. Pathogenic missense or truncating mutations in TP53 and large-scale copy number alterations were more common in dedifferentiated components than in those of matched conventional components. CONCLUSIONS.— The results support IDH1/2, COL2A1, and TERT promoter mutations being common in dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma and as likely early events in progression, whereas inactivating mutation of TP53 and high-level copy number alterations may be later events in the dedifferentiated phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James P Grenert
- From the Department of Pathology (Lucas, Grenert, Horvai).,the Clinical Cancer Genomics Laboratory (Grenert), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Andrew Horvai
- From the Department of Pathology (Lucas, Grenert, Horvai)
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26
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Bertz S, Stöhr R, Gaisa NT, Wullich B, Hartmann A, Agaimy A. TERT promoter mutation analysis as a surrogate to morphology and immunohistochemistry in problematic spindle cell lesions of the urinary bladder. Histopathology 2020; 77:949-962. [PMID: 32645760 DOI: 10.1111/his.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferations (PSMPs) of the urinary bladder are diagnostically challenging. Diagnostic difficulties are mainly due to frequent cytokeratin expression, variable ALK expression and worrisome morphological features suggestive of malignancy. Conversely, sarcomatoid urothelial carcinoma (UC) may show bland inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour (IMT)-like morphology. TERT promoter mutations are characteristic events in urothelial cancers, but have not been studied in PSMPs. METHODS AND RESULTS We compared histomorphological and immunohistochemical features and TERT promoter status in 16 PSMPs and 18 sarcomatoid UC. In a subset of PSMPs, RNA sequencing was performed. At least focal IMT-like morphology was seen in nine of 17 sarcomatoid UC. Atypical mitoses, differentiated urothelial component and heterologous elements were the most reliable distinguishing histomorphological features of sarcomatoid UC, if present. A panel of immunohistochemistry (IHC) including ALK (clone D5F3), p53 pattern, p63 and GATA3 reliably distinguished PSMP from sarcomatoid UC. GATA3 (P = 0.001) and p53 patterns (mutant versus wild-type; P < 0.001) were differentially expressed between PSMPs and sarcomatoid UC. Diffuse pancytokeratin staining was significantly associated with PSMPs (10 of 13) compared to four of 14 sarcomatoid UCs (P = 0.012). TERT promoter mutations were found in 17 of 18 sarcomatoid UC versus none of 16 PSMPs (P < 0.001). RNA sequencing revealed ALK genetic rearrangements in one of two ALK-positive and one of 10 ALK-negative PSMPs, which revealed a novel FN1/RET gene fusion. CONCLUSION Careful histomorphological analysis and differential IHC reliably distinguish the majority of PSMPs and sarcomatoid UC. In equivocal cases, TERT promoter mutation analysis and/or detection of ALK expression/rearrangements are valuable additional diagnostic adjuncts, strongly supporting sarcomatoid UC and PSMP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Bertz
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Stöhr
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Wullich
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arndt Hartmann
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Coskun S, Gamsizkan M, Yilmaz I, Yalcinkaya U, Sungur MA, Buyucek S, Onal B. BRAF mutation, TERT promoter mutation, and HER2 amplification in sporadic or neurofibromatosis-related neurofibromas and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors: do these molecules have a signature in malignant transformation? APMIS 2020; 128:515-522. [PMID: 32580246 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve sheath tumors may occur sporadically or related to neurofibromatosis (NF). Unless the mechanisms of tumorigenesis in NF related malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are better understood, it remained unclear in sporadic cases. We aimed to investigate the genetic route for malignancy in both individuals with NF-1 and sporadic ones to open a way for targeted therapies in the future. We investigated the role of HER2 with Dual ISH DNA Probe Cocktail test, BRAF mutation (exon 15) and TERT promoter mutation frequency with Sanger sequencing method in respectively 25 sporadic neurofibromas, 25 NF-1 related neurofibromas and 25 MPNST cases from two institutes. Categorical data were analyzed and summarized as frequency and percentage. Statistical analysis was done with SPSS v.22 statistical package, and the statistical significance level was considered as 0.05. We identified TERT promoter mutation only in one sporadic MPNST (4%) and no BRAF mutation in any case. HER2 amplification is found in 10/25 (40%) MPNST cases. No mutations or gene amplification detected in neurofibromas (p < 0.001). MPNSTs are sarcomas with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. TERT promoter mutations and HER2 amplification may play a putative role in therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Coskun
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Gamsizkan
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Ismail Yilmaz
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Sultan Abdulhamid Khan Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ulviye Yalcinkaya
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ali Sungur
- Department of Statistics, School of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Seyma Buyucek
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Binnur Onal
- Department of Pathology and Cytology, School of Medicine, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
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28
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Wang Z, Rice SV, Chang TC, Liu Y, Liu Q, Qin N, Putnam DK, Shelton K, Lanctot JQ, Wilson CL, Ness KK, Rusch MC, Edmonson MN, Wu G, Easton J, Kesserwan CA, Downing JR, Chen X, Nichols KE, Yasui Y, Robison LL, Zhang J. Molecular Mechanism of Telomere Length Dynamics and Its Prognostic Value in Pediatric Cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2020; 112:756-764. [PMID: 31647544 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to systematically evaluate telomere dynamics across a spectrum of pediatric cancers, search for underlying molecular mechanisms, and assess potential prognostic value. METHODS The fraction of telomeric reads was determined from whole-genome sequencing data for paired tumor and normal samples from 653 patients with 23 cancer types from the Pediatric Cancer Genome Project. Telomere dynamics were characterized as the ratio of telomere fractions between tumor and normal samples. Somatic mutations were gathered, RNA sequencing data for 330 patients were analyzed for gene expression, and Cox regression was used to assess the telomere dynamics on patient survival. RESULTS Telomere lengthening was observed in 28.7% of solid tumors, 10.5% of brain tumors, and 4.3% of hematological cancers. Among 81 samples with telomere lengthening, 26 had somatic mutations in alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked gene, corroborated by a low level of the gene expression in the subset of tumors with RNA sequencing. Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene amplification and/or activation was observed in 10 tumors with telomere lengthening, including two leukemias of the E2A-PBX1 subtype. Among hematological cancers, pathway analysis for genes with expressions most negatively correlated with telomere fractions suggests the implication of a gene ontology process of antigen presentation by Major histocompatibility complex class II. A higher ratio of telomere fractions was statistically significantly associated with poorer survival for patients with brain tumors (hazard ratio = 2.18, 95% confidence interval = 1.37 to 3.46). CONCLUSION Because telomerase inhibitors are currently being explored as potential agents to treat pediatric cancer, these data are valuable because they identify a subpopulation of patients with reactivation of telomerase who are most likely to benefit from this novel therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control.,Department of Computational Biology
| | | | | | - Yu Liu
- Department of Computational Biology
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Na Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control
| | | | | | | | | | - Kirsten K Ness
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control.,Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology
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29
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Trybek T, Kowalik A, Góźdź S, Kowalska A. Telomeres and telomerase in oncogenesis. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:1015-1027. [PMID: 32724340 PMCID: PMC7377093 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.11659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres are located at the ends of chromosomes and protect them from degradation. Suppressing the activity of telomerase, a telomere-synthesizing enzyme, and maintaining short telomeres is a protective mechanism against cancer in humans. In most human somatic cells, the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is repressed and telomerase activity is inhibited. This leads to the progressive shortening of telomeres and inhibition of cell growth in a process called replicative senescence. Most types of primary cancer exhibit telomerase activation, which allows uncontrolled cell proliferation. Previous research indicates that TERT activation also affects cancer development through activities other than the canonical function of mediating telomere elongation. Recent studies have improved the understanding of the structure and function of telomeres and telomerase as well as key mechanisms underlying the activation of TERT and its role in oncogenesis. These advances led to a search for drugs that inhibit telomerase as a target for cancer therapy. The present review article summarizes the organization and function of telomeres, their role in carcinogenesis, and advances in telomerase-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Trybek
- Endocrinology Clinic, Holycross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Artur Kowalik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Holycross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Stanisław Góźdź
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-319 Kielce, Poland.,Oncology Clinic, Holycross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland
| | - Aldona Kowalska
- Endocrinology Clinic, Holycross Cancer Center, 25-734 Kielce, Poland.,The Faculty of Health Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-319 Kielce, Poland
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30
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Histological and molecular features of solitary fibrous tumor of the extremities: clinical correlation. Virchows Arch 2019; 476:445-454. [PMID: 31463729 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-019-02650-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumor is a rare mesenchymal neoplasm that exhibits a broad spectrum of biological behaviors. Few studies relative to clinical-pathologic features and predictive factors have been reported, all involving a mixed population of tumors occurring at different anatomic sites. In this study, we described a cohort of 41 patients with solitary fibrous tumor of the extremities and evaluated the prognostic role of clinical and histological features, presence of C228T and C250T mutations at the TERT promoter region, and NAB2-STAT6 fusion variants. Patients were stratified according to the latest risk stratification model proposed by Demicco. The two patients with metastasis at presentation were in the high-risk group; the one with metastasis after surgery was classified in the intermediate-risk group. TERT promoter mutations were detected in 9 out of 38 DNA available. All patients with metastasis were characterized by a TERT promoter mutation. TERT promoter mutation was associated with mitoses > 4 per high-power field (p = 0.001), necrosis (p = 0.049), and size > 10 cm (p = 0.031). NAB2-STAT6 fusion variants were detected in 27 out of 41 cases without any prognostic value. In conclusion, we confirmed that the patients with solitary fibrous tumor of the limbs have a better prognosis than other solitary fibrous tumors, with a very low percentage of metastatic events. Besides, our data support an association between TERT promoter mutations and histologically malignant features, suggesting a possible molecular role in stratifying patients into intermediate- to high-risk tumor.
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Straub BK, Witzel HR, Pawella LM, Renner M, Eiteneuer E, Hashani M, Schirmacher P, Roth W, Mechtersheimer G. Perilipin 1 Expression Differentiates Liposarcoma from Other Types of Soft Tissue Sarcoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1547-1558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Park HK, Yu DB, Sung M, Oh E, Kim M, Song JY, Lee MS, Jung K, Noh KW, An S, Song K, Nam DH, Kim YJ, Choi YL. Molecular changes in solitary fibrous tumor progression. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1413-1425. [PMID: 31321477 PMCID: PMC6746689 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are NAB2-STAT6 fusion-associated neoplasms. There are several subtypes of NAB2-STAT6 fusions, but their clinical significances are still unclear. Moreover, the mechanisms of malignant progression are also poorly understood. In this study, using 91 SFT cases, we examined whether fusion variants are associated with clinicopathological parameters and also investigated the molecular mechanism of malignant transformation using whole-exome sequencing. We detected variant 1b (NAB2ex4-STAT6ex2) in 51/91 (56%) cases and variants 2a/2b (NAB2ex6-STAT6ex16/17) in 17/91 (19%) cases. The NAB2-STAT6 fusion variant types were significantly associated with their primary site (P < 0.001). In addition, a TERT promoter mutation was detected in 7/73 (10%) cases, and it showed a significant association with malignant SFTs (P = 0.003). To identify molecular changes during malignant progression, we selected an index patient to obtain parallel tissue samples from the primary and metastatic tumors. In the metastatic tissue, 10 unique molecular alterations, including those in TP53 and APAF1, were detected. In vitro functional experiments showed that APAF1 depletion increased the tumor potency of cells expressing NAB2-STAT6 fusion protein under treatment with staurosporine. We found that TP53 immunopositivity (P = 0.006) and loss of APAF1 immunoreactivity (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with malignant SFTs. Our study suggests that dysfunction of TP53 and APAF1 leads to impaired apoptotic function, and eventually contributes toward malignant SFT transformation. Key messages We firstly found that the TERT promoter mutation was strongly associated with malignant SFTs (P = 0.003) and the representative 1b (NAB2ex4-STAT6ex2) or 2a (NAB2ex6-STAT6ex16) fusion variants similarly contribute to tumorigenicity. We also found that TP53 immunopositivity (P = 0.006) and loss of APAF1 immunoreactivity (P < 0.001) were significantly associated with malignant SFTs. Our study suggests that dysfunction of TP53 and APAF1 leads to impaired apoptotic function, and eventually contributes toward malignant SFT transformation.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00109-019-01815-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, Konkuk University Medical Center, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dan Bi Yu
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Minjung Sung
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Ensel Oh
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Mingi Kim
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Song
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Mi-Sook Lee
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Kyungsoo Jung
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Ka-Won Noh
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Sungbin An
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Song
- The Center for Companion Diagnostics, LOGONE Bio Convergence Research Foundation, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yu Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
| | - Yoon-La Choi
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, South Korea. .,Laboratory of Cancer Genomics and Molecular Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea. .,Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Irwon-ro 81, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06351, South Korea.
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Braig D, Becherer C, Bickert C, Braig M, Claus R, Eisenhardt AE, Heinz J, Scholber J, Herget GW, Bronsert P, Fricke A, Follo M, Stark GB, Bannasch H, Eisenhardt SU. Genotyping of circulating cell-free DNA enables noninvasive tumor detection in myxoid liposarcomas. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:1148-1161. [PMID: 30779112 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are rare tumors of mesenchymal origin. About 50% of patients with STS experience relapse and more than 30% will die within 10 years after diagnosis. In this study we investigated circulating free DNA (cfDNA) and tumor-specific genetic alterations therein (circulating tumor DNA, ctDNA) as diagnostic biomarkers. Plasma concentrations and fragmentation of cfDNA was analyzed with quantitative PCR. Patients with STS (n = 64) had significantly higher plasma concentrations and increased fragmentation of cfDNA when compared to patients in complete remission (n = 19) and healthy controls (n = 41) (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001). Due to overlapping values between patients with STS and controls, the sensitivity and specificity of these assays is limited. Sensitive assays to detect genomic alterations in cfDNA of synovial sarcomas (t(X;18)), myxoid liposarcomas (t(12;16) and TERT C228T promoter mutation) and well-differentiated/de-differentiated liposarcomas (MDM2 amplifications) were established. ctDNA was quantified in nine liposarcoma patients during the course of their treatment. Levels of breakpoint t(12;16) and TERT C228T ctDNA correlated with the clinical course and tumor burden in patients with myxoid liposarcomas (n = 4). ctDNA could detect minimal residual disease and tumor recurrence. In contrast, detection of MDM2 amplifications was not sensitive enough to detect tumors in patients with well-differentiated/de-differentiated liposarcomas (n = 5). Genotyping of cfDNA for tumor specific genetic alterations is a feasible and promising approach for monitoring tumor activity in patients with myxoid liposarcomas. Detection of ctDNA during follow-up examinations despite negative standard imaging studies might warrant more sensitive imaging (e.g. PET-CT) or closer follow-up intervals to timely localize and treat recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Braig
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Caroline Becherer
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christiane Bickert
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Braig
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Claus
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Augsburg Hospital, Medical Faculty of the University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Anja E Eisenhardt
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Juergen Heinz
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jutta Scholber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Georg W Herget
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Bronsert
- Institute for Surgical Pathology, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Tumorbank Comprehensive Cancer Center Freiburg, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alba Fricke
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Plastic Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, HELIOS Klinikum Emil von Behring, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Follo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - G Bjoern Stark
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Holger Bannasch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen U Eisenhardt
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Abstract
Adipocytic neoplasms include a diversity of both benign tumors (lipomas) and malignancies (liposarcomas), and each tumor type is characterized by its own unique molecular alterations driving tumorigenesis. Work over the past 30 years has established the diagnostic utility of several of these characteristic molecular alterations (e.g. MDM2 amplification in well- and dedifferentiated liposarcoma, FUS/EWSR1-DDIT3 gene fusions in myxoid liposarcoma, RB1 loss in spindle cell/pleomorphic lipoma). More recent studies have focused on additional molecular alterations which may have therapeutic or prognostic impact. This review will summarize several of the important molecular findings in adipocytic tumors that have been described over the past 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Demicco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, and Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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35
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Prognostication in Mesenchymal Tumors: Can We Improve? Surg Pathol Clin 2019; 12:217-225. [PMID: 30709445 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2018.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prognostication in mesenchymal tumors can be challenging. They exhibit diverse, and sometimes overlapping, histologic features that are not always predictive of their true behavior. This article highlights examples of both traditional and emerging sarcoma biomarkers.
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36
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Okamoto K, Seimiya H. Revisiting Telomere Shortening in Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020107. [PMID: 30709063 PMCID: PMC6406355 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres, the protective structures of chromosome ends are gradually shortened by each cell division, eventually leading to senescence or apoptosis. Cancer cells maintain the telomere length for unlimited growth by telomerase reactivation or a recombination-based mechanism. Recent genome-wide analyses have unveiled genetic and epigenetic alterations of the telomere maintenance machinery in cancer. While telomerase inhibition reveals that longer telomeres are more advantageous for cell survival, cancer cells often have paradoxically shorter telomeres compared with those found in the normal tissues. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge about telomere length alterations in cancer and revisit its rationality. Finally, we discuss the potential utility of telomere length as a prognostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Okamoto
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Seimiya
- Division of Molecular Biotherapy, Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8550, Japan.
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37
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Stichel D, Ebrahimi A, Reuss D, Schrimpf D, Ono T, Shirahata M, Reifenberger G, Weller M, Hänggi D, Wick W, Herold-Mende C, Westphal M, Brandner S, Pfister SM, Capper D, Sahm F, von Deimling A. Distribution of EGFR amplification, combined chromosome 7 gain and chromosome 10 loss, and TERT promoter mutation in brain tumors and their potential for the reclassification of IDHwt astrocytoma to glioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:793-803. [PMID: 30187121 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1905-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
EGFR amplification (EGFRamp), the combination of gain of chromosome 7 and loss of chromosome 10 (7+/10-), and TERT promoter mutation (pTERTmut) are alterations frequently observed in adult IDH-wild-type (IDHwt) glioblastoma (GBM). In the absence of endothelial proliferation and/or necrosis, these alterations currently are considered to serve as a surrogate for upgrading IDHwt diffuse or anaplastic astrocytoma to GBM. Here, we set out to determine the distribution of EGFRamp, 7+/10-, and pTERTmut by analyzing high-resolution copy-number profiles and next-generation sequencing data of primary brain tumors. In addition, we addressed the question whether combinations of partial gains on chromosome 7 and partial losses on chromosome 10 exhibited a diagnostic and prognostic value similar to that of complete 7+/10-. Several such combinations proved relevant and were combined as the 7/10 signature. Our results demonstrate that EGFRamp and the 7/10 signature are closely associated with IDHwt GBM. In contrast, pTERTmut is less specific for IDHwt GBM. We conclude that, in the absence of endothelial proliferation and/or necrosis, the detection of EGFRamp is a very strong surrogate marker for the diagnosis of GBM in IDHwt diffuse astrocytic tumors. The 7/10 signature is also a strong surrogate marker. However, care should be taken to exclude pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. pTERTmut is less restricted to this entity and needs companion analysis by other molecular markers to serve as a surrogate for diagnosing IDHwt GBM. A combination of any two of EGFRamp, the 7/10 signature and pTERTmut, is highly specific for IDHwt GBM and the combination of all three alterations is frequent and exclusively seen in IDHwt GBM.
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38
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Demicco EG, Wani K, Ingram D, Wagner M, Maki RG, Rizzo A, Meeker A, Lazar AJ, Wang WL. TERT promoter mutations in solitary fibrous tumour. Histopathology 2018; 73:843-851. [PMID: 29985536 DOI: 10.1111/his.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIMS TERT promoter mutations have been reported in 22% of solitary fibrous tumours (SFT) and have been associated with poor outcomes. We performed testing for TERT hot-spot mutations in a large series of SFT in order to confirm this finding and explore clinicopathological correlates of mutation status. METHODS AND RESULTS PCR for TERT hot-spot mutations C250T and C228T was performed on DNA extracted from 216 SFT and mutation status correlated with clinicopathological factors, including predicted risk for metastasis using a previously published model. Testing was successful in 189 tumours from 172 patients, and mutations were present in 29%. The presence of TERT promoter mutation was associated with larger primary tumour size, necrosis and older patient age. TERT promoter mutations were most common in high-risk tumours (nine of 20, 45%), and were present in 11 of 26 (42%) moderate-risk tumours and 14 of 67 (21%) low-risk tumours (P = 0.004). Overall, TERT mutations were associated with shorter time to first metastasis (P = 0.04), but had no impact on overall survival. TERT promoter mutation status was found not to provide additional prognostic information in low- and high-risk SFT, but did identify a group of patients with intermediate risk SFT who had an increased risk of metastasis. CONCLUSIONS TERT promoter mutations were more frequent in SFT with higher risk of metastasis, but TERT promoter mutation status was not a reliable predictor of clinical outcome by itself. However, mutations in the TERT promoter may be useful in further stratifying patients with intermediate risk tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth G Demicco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Khalida Wani
- Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Davis Ingram
- Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert G Maki
- Northwell Cancer Institute, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, Cold Spring, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Rizzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan Meeker
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Hofvander J, Viklund B, Isaksson A, Brosjö O, Vult von Steyern F, Rissler P, Mandahl N, Mertens F. Different patterns of clonal evolution among different sarcoma subtypes followed for up to 25 years. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3662. [PMID: 30201954 PMCID: PMC6131146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06098-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare clonal evolution in tumors arising through different mechanisms, we selected three types of sarcoma-amplicon-driven well-differentiated liposarcoma (WDLS), gene fusion-driven myxoid liposarcoma (MLS), and sarcomas with complex genomes (CXS)-and assessed the dynamics of chromosome and nucleotide level mutations by cytogenetics, SNP array analysis and whole-exome sequencing. Here we show that the extensive single-cell variation in WDLS has minor impact on clonal key amplicons in chromosome 12. In addition, only a few of the single nucleotide variants in WDLS were present in more than one lesion, suggesting that such mutations are of little significance in tumor development. MLS displays few mutations other than the FUS-DDIT3 fusion, and the primary tumor is genetically sometimes much more complex than its relapses, whereas CXS in general shows a gradual increase of both nucleotide- and chromosome-level mutations, similar to what has been described in carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Hofvander
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Björn Viklund
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Isaksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Otte Brosjö
- Department of Orthopedics, Karolinska Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Vult von Steyern
- Department of Orthopedics, Clinical Sciences, Lund University and Skåne University Hospital, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pehr Rissler
- Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nils Mandahl
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Mertens
- Division of Clinical Genetics, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics and Pathology, University and Regional Laboratories Region Skåne, SE-221 85, Lund, Sweden
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40
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Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Kaltsas G, Kaltsatou M, Lev-Cohain N, Klimov A, Vergadis V, Uri I, Bloom AI, Gross DJ. Hepatic intra-arterial therapies in metastatic neuroendocrine tumors: lessons from clinical practice. Endocrine 2018; 60:499-509. [PMID: 29383678 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1537-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver metastases are common in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), having a negative impact on disease prognosis. The options for selective therapy in patients with unresectable multiple liver metastases are limited to TACE (transarterial chemoembolization), TAE (transarterial embolization), or SIRT (selective internal radiation therapy). AIM To explore the clinical outcome, survival and safety of these therapies in NETs patients. METHODS Retrospective case series of consecutive patients (mean age 56.6 years, 59% male) treated at two tertiary university medical centers from 2005 to 2015. RESULTS Fifty-seven patients with G1, G2, and low G3 NETs with liver metastases were investigated (pancreatic NET (pNET), 24; small bowel, 16; unknown origin (UKO), 9; rectal, 3; lung, 3; and gastric, 2). Fifty-three patients underwent TACE, three patients underwent TAE, and one patient underwent SIRT. Clinical improvement and tumor response were observed in 54/57 patients (95%), together with marked decreased in tumor markers. The median time to tumor progression following the first treatment was 14 ± 16 months. The median overall survival was 22 ± 18 months, more pronounced in the pNET, followed by small bowel and UKO subgroups. There was a trend for a better survival in patients with disease limited to the liver and in whom the primary tumor was resected. CONCLUSION Hepatic intra-arterial therapies are well tolerated in the majority of patients with NETs and liver metastases and associated with both clinical improvement and tumor stabilization for prolonged periods. These therapies should be always considered, irrespective of the presence of extrahepatic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Grozinsky-Glasberg
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - G Kaltsas
- Department of Pathophysiology, Division of Endocrinology, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Kaltsatou
- Department of Pathophysiology, Division of Endocrinology, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - N Lev-Cohain
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A Klimov
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - V Vergadis
- Department of Radiology, Laiko General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - I Uri
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - A I Bloom
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - D J Gross
- Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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41
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Hoang NT, Acevedo LA, Mann MJ, Tolani B. A review of soft-tissue sarcomas: translation of biological advances into treatment measures. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 10:1089-1114. [PMID: 29785138 PMCID: PMC5955018 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s159641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft-tissue sarcomas are rare malignant tumors arising from connective tissues and have an overall incidence of about five per 100,000 per year. While this diverse family of malignancies comprises over 100 histological subtypes and many molecular aberrations are prevalent within specific sarcomas, very few are therapeutically targeted. Instead of utilizing molecular signatures, first-line sarcoma treatment options are still limited to traditional surgery and chemotherapy, and many of the latter remain largely ineffective and are plagued by disease resistance. Currently, the mechanism of sarcoma oncogenesis remains largely unknown, thus necessitating a better understanding of pathogenesis. Although substantial progress has not occurred with molecularly targeted therapies over the past 30 years, increased knowledge about sarcoma biology could lead to new and more effective treatment strategies to move the field forward. Here, we discuss biological advances in the core molecular determinants in some of the most common soft-tissue sarcomas - liposarcoma, angiosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, and synovial sarcoma - with an emphasis on emerging genomic and molecular pathway targets and immunotherapeutic treatment strategies to combat this confounding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc T Hoang
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Luis A Acevedo
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Mann
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bhairavi Tolani
- Thoracic Oncology Program, Department of Surgery, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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42
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Gaspar TB, Sá A, Lopes JM, Sobrinho-Simões M, Soares P, Vinagre J. Telomere Maintenance Mechanisms in Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E241. [PMID: 29751586 PMCID: PMC5977181 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour cells can adopt telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) to avoid telomere shortening, an inevitable process due to successive cell divisions. In most tumour cells, telomere length (TL) is maintained by reactivation of telomerase, while a small part acquires immortality through the telomerase-independent alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism. In the last years, a great amount of data was generated, and different TMMs were reported and explained in detail, benefiting from genome-scale studies of major importance. In this review, we address seven different TMMs in tumour cells: mutations of the TERT promoter (TERTp), amplification of the genes TERT and TERC, polymorphic variants of the TERT gene and of its promoter, rearrangements of the TERT gene, epigenetic changes, ALT, and non-defined TMM (NDTMM). We gathered information from over fifty thousand patients reported in 288 papers in the last years. This wide data collection enabled us to portray, by organ/system and histotypes, the prevalence of TERTp mutations, TERT and TERC amplifications, and ALT in human tumours. Based on this information, we discuss the putative future clinical impact of the aforementioned mechanisms on the malignant transformation process in different setups, and provide insights for screening, prognosis, and patient management stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Bordeira Gaspar
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Sá
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José Manuel Lopes
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Centro Hospitalar São João, 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Sobrinho-Simões
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Centro Hospitalar São João, 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paula Soares
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Vinagre
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (i3S), University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Cancer Signaling and Metabolism Group, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Medical Faculty of University of Porto (FMUP), 4200-139 Porto, Portugal.
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43
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Lin Y, Seger N, Tsagkozis P, Hesla AC, Ghaderi M, Chen Y, Ehnman M, Warsito D, Wejde J, Larsson O, Haglund F. Telomerase promoter mutations and copy number alterations in solitary fibrous tumours. J Clin Pathol 2018; 71:832-839. [PMID: 29703757 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2018-205132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) is an infrequently metastasising mesenchymal tumour defined by the NAB2-STAT6 fusion gene. Activating mutations in the telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene promoter has been reported to associate with adverse patient outcome in SFTs. METHODS We analysed the hTERT gene for promoter mutations and copy number alterations in 43 primary extrameningeal SFTs (9 malignant and 34 benign tumours according to WHO 2013 criteria), six local recurrences and three metastatic lesions. RESULTS Activating -124 C>T (n=12) or -148 C>T (n=2) mutations were found in 33% of the tumours and associated with older age (P=0.006), necrosis (P=0.009), higher mitotic rate (P=0.003), nuclear atypia (P=0.002), malignant histological diagnosis (P=0.04) and worse progression-free survival (P=0.023). We also observed frequent (24%) hTERT promoter mutations in histologically benign tumours without metastasis (mean follow-up >9 years), and in 14%-18% of low-risk SFTs as determined by three risk-stratification models. Mutations were seen in 2/6 metastatic tumours and metastatic lesions. hTERT copy number gain was seen in 11/28 hTERT promoter wild-type cases. CONCLUSIONS Activating hTERT promoter mutations associate with aggressive histopathological features, indicating a role in tumour progression. Given the comparatively high prevalence of hTERT promoter mutations in low-risk and non-metastasising lesions, further studies are required to clarify the prognostic value of hTERT promoter analysis before implementing the analysis in clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingbo Lin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nelly Seger
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Panagiotis Tsagkozis
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asle C Hesla
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mehran Ghaderi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Ehnman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dudi Warsito
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Wejde
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olle Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Felix Haglund
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
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44
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Jiang H, Guo S, Xiao D, Bian X, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhou H, Cai J, Zheng Z. Arginine deiminase expressed in vivo, driven by human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter, displays high hepatoma targeting and oncolytic efficiency. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37694-37704. [PMID: 28455966 PMCID: PMC5514941 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginine starvation has the potential to selectively treat both primary tumor and (micro) metastatic tissue with very low side effects. Arginine deiminase (ADI; EC 3.5.3.6), an arginine-degrading enzyme, has been studied as a potential anti-tumor drug for the treatment of arginine-auxotrophic tumors. Though ADI-PEG20 (pegylated ADI by PEG 20,000) already passed the phase I/II clinical trials [1], it is just used as adjuvant therapy because of its low efficiency and less targeting. Then, this paper discussed the efficiency of arginine starvation mediated by ADI expressed in cytoplasm for liver cancers. In order to guarantee the tumor targeting, human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter was used to drive the expression of ADI in vivo. To access the anti-tumor efficiency of ADI, p53 gene was used as the positive control. Thus, ADI displayed obvious cytotoxicity to BEL7402 and HUH7 cell lines in cytoplasm. The apoptosis rates rose from 15% to nearly 60% after changing the expression vectors from pcDNA4 plasmid to adenovirus. Compared with p53-adenovirus, ADI-adenovirus showed the higher oncolytic activity in the intratumoral injection model of mice. Tumor disappeared after the treatment of ADI-adenovirus for two weeks, and the mice pulled through all. Therefore, ADI is an ideal anti-tumor gene for caner targeting therapy with the help of hTERT promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Song Guo
- Department of Orthopedic, Wuhan Puai Hospital, Wuhan 430034, China
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jianghan University Affiliated Hospital, Wuhan 430000, China
| | - Xuzhao Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huiting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jun Cai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Industrial Fermentation, College of Biotechnology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430068, China
| | - Zhongliang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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45
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Ferreira MSV, Crysandt M, Braunschweig T, Jost E, Voss B, Bouillon AS, Knuechel R, Brümmendorf TH, Beier F. Presence of TERT Promoter Mutations is a Secondary Event and Associates with Elongated Telomere Length in Myxoid Liposarcomas. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020608. [PMID: 29463038 PMCID: PMC5855830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of TERT promoter mutations has been well described in soft tissue sarcomas (STS). However, the biological role of these mutations as well as their impact on telomere length in STS is still unclear. We analyzed 116 patient samples diagnosed with 22 distinct histological subtypes of bone and STS for the occurrence of TERT promoter mutations by Sanger sequencing. We observed TERT promoter mutations at an overall frequency of 9.5% distributed over 7 different sarcoma subtypes. Except for one chondrosarcoma case harboring a C250T mutation, all other mutations were detected at location C228T. By far the far highest frequency of TERT promoter mutations was found in myxoid liposarcoma (MLS) (4 out of 9 cases studied, i.e., 44%). Assessment of telomere length from tumor biopsies revealed that TERT promoter-mutated MLSs had significantly fewer shortened telomeres in comparison to TERT wildtype MLSs. Based on the frequency of TERT promoter mutations and the elongated telomere length in mutated compared to wildtype MLS, we hypothesize that occurrence of TERT promoter mutations has a pivotal role in the disease progression as a secondary genetic event at a time when tumor cells face the need for telomere elongation to allow further proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S Ventura Ferreira
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Martina Crysandt
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Till Braunschweig
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Edgar Jost
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Barbara Voss
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Anne-Sophie Bouillon
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ruth Knuechel
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Tim H Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Fabian Beier
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Haemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, RWTH Aachen University Medical Faculty, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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46
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Pompili L, Leonetti C, Biroccio A, Salvati E. Diagnosis and treatment of ALT tumors: is Trabectedin a new therapeutic option? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2017; 36:189. [PMID: 29273061 PMCID: PMC5741932 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-017-0657-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are specialized nucleoprotein structures responsible for protecting chromosome ends in order to prevent the loss of genomic information. Telomere maintenance is required for achieving immortality by neoplastic cells. While most cancer cells rely on telomerase re-activation for linear chromosome maintenance and sustained proliferation, a significant population of cancers (10-15%) employs telomerase-independent strategies, collectively referred to as Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT). ALT mechanisms involve different types of homology-directed telomere recombination and synthesis. These processes are facilitated by loss of the ATRX or DAXX chromatin-remodeling factors and by abnormalities of the telomere nucleoprotein architecture. Although the functional consequences of telomerase and ALT up-regulation are similar in that they both prevent overall telomere shortening in tumors, these telomere maintenance mechanisms (TMMs) differ in several aspects which may account for their differential prognostic significance and response to therapy in various tumor types. Therefore, reliable methods for detecting telomerase activity and ALT are likely to become an important pre-requisite for the use of treatments targeting one or other of these mechanisms. However, the question whether ALT presence can confer sensitivity to rationally designed anti-cancer therapies is still open. Here we review the latest discoveries in terms of mechanisms of ALT activation and maintenance in human tumors, methods for ALT identification in cell lines and human tissues and biomarkers validation. Then, original results on sensitivity to rational based pre-clinical and clinical anti-tumor drugs in ALT vs hTERT positive cells will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pompili
- UOSD SAFU, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy.,University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Carlo Leonetti
- UOSD SAFU, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Biroccio
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53 -, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Erica Salvati
- Oncogenomic and Epigenetic Unit, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Via Elio Chianesi, 53 -, 00144, Rome, Italy.
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47
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Demicco EG, Wagner MJ, Maki RG, Gupta V, Iofin I, Lazar AJ, Wang WL. Risk assessment in solitary fibrous tumors: validation and refinement of a risk stratification model. Mod Pathol 2017; 30:1433-1442. [PMID: 28731041 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumors are an uncommon sarcoma type characterized by NAB2-STAT6 gene fusion. While solitary fibrous tumors metastasize in 5-25% of cases, it has historically been challenging to determine which specific tumor and patient characteristics predict aggressive behavior. We previously reported on a novel risk stratification scheme for solitary fibrous tumors incorporating patient age, tumor size, and mitotic activity to predict risk of metastasis. Herein we validate this risk stratification scheme in an independent, lower-risk population of 79 patients with primary non-meningeal solitary fibrous tumors, and propose incorporating tumor necrosis as a fourth variable to further improve the risk score. Fifty-seven percent of cases were considered low risk, 29% intermediate risk, and 14% high risk for metastasis. Of 50 patients with sufficient clinical follow-up data, no metastases developed in the low-risk patients (n=23), while there was a 7% 10-year metastatic risk in the intermediate risk group (n=17), and a 49% 5-year metastatic risk for the high-risk patients (n=10). When tumor necrosis was added as a fourth variable to the model, predictive power was enhanced. Under the revised stratification, the proportion of tumors identified as low risk increased to 66%, with no metastasis at 10 years, intermediate risk cases comprised 24% with 10% risk of metastasis at 10 years, and high risk comprised 10% of cases with 73% risk of metastasis at 5 years. In Kaplan-Meier analysis, this fourth-variable stratification provided significant discrimination between the risk groups (P=0.0005). These findings confirmed the clinical utility of our previously published risk stratification model and support the inclusion of necrosis as a fourth variable in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Wagner
- Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Robert G Maki
- Monter Cancer Center, Northwell Health, New Hyde Park, NY, USA.,Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Vishal Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ilya Iofin
- Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander J Lazar
- Department of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei-Lien Wang
- Department of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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48
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Pleomorphic Liposarcoma Arising in a Lipoleiomyosarcoma of the Uterus: Report of a Case With Genetic Profiling by a Next Generation Sequencing Panel. Int J Gynecol Pathol 2017; 35:321-6. [PMID: 26598981 DOI: 10.1097/pgp.0000000000000241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Uterine tumors with adipocytic differentiation are very uncommon. Mature adipocytes are sometimes seen as an element of smooth muscle neoplasms, more often as lipoleiomyoma, but also in the rare lipoleiomyosarcoma. Exceptional cases have been reported of various subtypes of liposarcoma associated with uterine smooth muscle tumors with or without adipocytic differentiation. We present a case of pleomorphic liposarcoma arising in a lipoleiomyosarcoma of the uterus. Genomic profiling was performed using a validated next generation sequencing panel covering 410 common cancer genes. Alterations were identified in TP53, PTEN, RB1, FAT1 and TERT. The patient's presentation and clinical course as well as the tumor's morphologic, immunohistochemical and molecular genetic findings are reviewed.
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49
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Eastley N, Ottolini B, Garrido C, Shaw JA, McCulloch TA, Ashford RU, Royle NJ. Telomere maintenance in soft tissue sarcomas. J Clin Pathol 2017; 70:371-377. [PMID: 28183782 PMCID: PMC5484030 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a diverse group of heterogeneous malignant tumours derived from mesenchymal tissues. Over 50 different STS subtypes are recognised by WHO, which show a wide range of different biological behaviours and prognoses. At present, clinicians managing this complex group of tumours face several challenges. This is reflected by the relatively poor outcome of patients with STSs compared with many other solid malignant tumours. These include difficulties securing accurate diagnoses, a lack of effective systemic treatments and absence of any sensitive circulating biomarkers to monitor patients throughout their treatment and follow-up. In order to progress STS's cells must evade the usual cellular proliferative checkpoints, and then activate a telomere maintenance mechanism in order to achieve replicative immortality. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of STS genetics focusing particularly on these mechanisms. We will also highlight some of the key barriers to improving outcome for patients with STS, and hypothesise how a better understanding of these genetic characteristics may impact on future STS management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara Ottolini
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Carmen Garrido
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jacqueline A Shaw
- Department of Cancer Studies, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Nicola J Royle
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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50
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Lee S, Borah S, Bahrami A. Detection of Aberrant TERT Promoter Methylation by Combined Bisulfite Restriction Enzyme Analysis for Cancer Diagnosis. J Mol Diagn 2017; 19:378-386. [PMID: 28284778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant CpG dinucleotide methylation in a specific region of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter is associated with increased TERT mRNA levels and malignancy in several cancer types. However, routine screening of this region to aid cancer diagnosis can be challenging because i) several established methylation assays may inaccurately report on hypermethylation of this particular region, ii) interpreting the results of methylation assays can sometimes be difficult for clinical laboratories, and iii) use of high-throughput methylation assays for a few patient samples can be cost prohibitive. Herein, we describe the use of combined bisulfite restriction enzyme analysis (COBRA) as a diagnostic tool for detecting the hypermethylated TERT promoter using in vitro methylated and unmethylated genomic DNA as well as genomic DNA from four melanomas and two benign melanocytic lesions. We compare COBRA with MassARRAY, a more commonly used high-throughput approach, in screening for promoter hypermethylation in 28 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded neuroblastoma samples. COBRA sensitively and specifically detected samples with hypermethylated TERT promoter and was as effective as MassARRAY at differentiating high-risk from benign or low-risk tumors. This study demonstrates the utility of this low-cost, technically straightforward, and easily interpretable assay for cancer diagnosis in tumors of an ambiguous nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungjae Lee
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Sumit Borah
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
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