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Abstract
Several imaging modalities have now been employed to visualize the manifestations of larval Toxocara infection in hepatic, neurologic, ocular, renal, and other anatomical sites. This report reviews the usefulness and value of these individual imaging methods in diagnosis and follow-up of the different cases causing eosinophilic (granulomatous) infiltrations the liver, lungs, brain, heart, and eyes. Imaging provides a means of assisting in diagnosis and management in this infection where diagnosis by biopsy is often unlikely to capture an actual larva for the purpose of making a definitive diagnosis on the basis of larval morphology or DNA detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph F Dietrich
- Department of Internal Medicine (DAIM), Kliniken Hirslanden Beau Site, Salem und Permanence, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Carmen Cretu
- Department of Parasitology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Molina B, González-Vicent M, Valls I, Díaz MÁ. Ocular toxocariasis in a pediatric patient undergoing a bone marrow transplantation. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018; 37:617-618. [PMID: 30360919 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Molina
- Stem Cell Transplant Unit, Hospital Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Isabel Valls
- Ophthalmology Section, Hospital Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
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Serrano-Moliner M, Morales-Suarez-Varela M, Valero MA. Epidemiology and management of foodborne nematodiasis in the European Union, systematic review 2000-2016. Pathog Glob Health 2018; 112:249-258. [PMID: 29957154 PMCID: PMC6225410 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2018.1487663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foodborne nematodiasis are caused by the ingestion of food contaminated by helminths. In Europe, these diseases are present in all countries. OBJECTIVES To review the available data on epidemiology and management of foodborne nematodiasis in the European Union, detect any trends and determine the possible causes of the observed changes. METHODS A review of available literature published between 2000 and 2016 was conducted. RESULTS Out of 1523 cases described in the literature, 1493 cases were autochthonous and 30 cases were imported. The detected parasites were Toxocara spp (34.7%), Ascaris lumbricoides (27.1%), Trichinella spp (21.9%), Anisakis spp (15.5%) and Angiostrongylus cantonensis (0.8%). CONCLUSIONS Foodborne nematodiasis remains a public health challenge for the European Union. Autochthonous cases of nematodiasis present the greatest health risk within the European Union. Foodborne nematodes due to lack of hygiene in food processing are diseases that can be avoided by increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Serrano-Moliner
- Department of Cellular Biology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - María Morales-Suarez-Varela
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Legal Medicine, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red (CIBER), Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Adela Valero
- Department of Cellular Biology and Parasitology, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
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Iddawela D, Ehambaram K, Bandara P. Prevalence of Toxocara antibodies among patients clinically suspected to have ocular toxocariasis: A retrospective descriptive study in Sri Lanka. BMC Ophthalmol 2017; 17:50. [PMID: 28438141 PMCID: PMC5404299 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-017-0444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human toxocariasis, caused by Toxocara canis, T. cati, and T. vitulorum of dogs, cats and ruminants respectively, is recognized as an important zoonotic infection worldwide. The typical clinical syndromes of toxocariasis in humans are ocular larva migrans (OLM) and visceral larva migrans (VLM). The most commonly affected sites of OLM are the peripheral retina and/or vitreous humor. In Sri Lanka, there is a dearth of information on prevalence of ocular infection in our population. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Toxocara antibodies in suspected OLM patients and to describe demographic factors and clinical manifestations of seropositive patients. A total of 250 clinically suspected ocular toxocariasis cases referred by consultant eye surgeons to the Department of Parasitology, University of Peradeniya were studied between the years 1995 to April 2015. METHODS Data (age, sex, fundoscopic findings) were gathered from the referral letters. Each serum sample was subjected to Toxocara excretory - secretory antigen ELISA (TES - ELISA). RESULTS Out of the 250 cases, 155 (62%) were seropositive. The age range of the seropositive cases was 1 to 78 years with the mean age of 27 years. The highest seropositivity (25/155) was observed within the age group of 10 to 14 years. The most frequent clinical presentation of seropositive OLM cases were unilateral reduced vision and red eye. The other symptoms include tearing, photophobia and leukokoria. A high proportion of seropositive OLM cases had uveitis (34.19%) followed by reduced vision (21.94%), vitritis (12.9%) and choroiditis (7.74%). However none of these clinical manifestations were significantly associated with TES-ELISA seropositivity except vitreits (X2 = 8.557, p = 0.003). CONCLUSION In conclusion, the results of this study showed high seroprevalence of toxocariasis among clinically suspected OLM cases confirming the toxoplasmic etiology. This high rate of Toxocara seropositivity in ocular patients should alert ophthalmologists in Sri Lanka to include toxocariasis in the differential diagnosis of ocular diseases presented with the symptoms and signs stated above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devika Iddawela
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka.
| | - Kiruthiha Ehambaram
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Pemindra Bandara
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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Mazur-Melewska K, Figlerowicz M, Cwalińska A, Mikoś H, Jończyk-Potoczna K, Lewandowska-Stachowiak M, Służewski W. Production of interleukins 4 and 10 in children with hepatic involvement in the course of Toxocara spp. infection. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:101-7. [PMID: 26732352 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Toxocara spp. infestations present with a wide spectrum of symptoms, from general inflammation of internal organs with eosinophilic granuloma formulation through ocular or brain involvement. There is also an asymptomatic form. The known factors that influence the clinical form of the disease are the intensity of the infestation, the localization of the larvae, the age of the patient, the efficiency of the immune system and the history of reinfection. The aim of our study was to evaluate the production of interleukins 4 (IL-4) and 10 (IL-10) in children in the course of Toxocara spp. infections with hepatic involvement. The analysis of peripheral leucocytes, eosinophils, immunoglobulin E, and IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations presented significantly higher values in children with radiologically confirmed liver granuloma than in uncomplicated hepatomegaly. Based on statistical analysis, we confirmed the IL-4/IL-10 ratio variation in the analysed groups: patients with liver lesions showed a ratio of <1, while children without granulomas had a ratio of >2. The relevant analysis confirmed a positive statistical correlation in both seropositive groups for IgE and IL-4, and only in the granuloma group for IgE and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mazur-Melewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - M Figlerowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - A Cwalińska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - H Mikoś
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - K Jończyk-Potoczna
- Pediatric Radiology Department Chair of Radiology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - M Lewandowska-Stachowiak
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology and Nephrology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - W Służewski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Koç B, Dikme G, Özdemir N, Zülfikar B. A patient who presented with abdominal pain and eosinophilia. TURK PEDIATRI ARSIVI 2016; 51:57-59. [PMID: 27103867 PMCID: PMC4829169 DOI: 10.5152/turkpediatriars.2016.3483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Başak Koç
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine and Oncology Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Gürcan Dikme
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihal Özdemir
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Bülent Zülfikar
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine and Oncology Institute, İstanbul, Turkey
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Mazur-Melewska K, Jończyk K, Modlińska-Cwalińska A, Figlerowicz M, Służewski W. Visceral larva migrans syndrome: analysis of serum cytokine levels in children with hepatic lesions confirmed in radiological findings. Parasite Immunol 2015; 36:668-73. [PMID: 25180780 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human toxocariasis is a helminth zoonosis resulting from accidental infection of humans by the roundworms Toxocara canis (T. canis) and cati (T. cati). The infection occurs in five forms: systemic (VLM), ocular, neurological, covert and asymptomatic. The aim of this study was to characterize the radiological and immunological findings in hepatic inflammation during the course of systemic infection by Toxocara sp. in children. Fifteen children, 2 to 17 years of age, with serological diagnosis of T. canis infection underwent abdominal ultrasonography and computer tomography (CT). Eosinophil counts, immunoglobulin E titres, interleukins IL-1α, IL-4, Il-6, IL-10 and interferon gamma were measured for all patients. Abdominal ultrasound revealed multiple hypoechoic areas in the livers of all patients. On the CT images, the hepatic lesions were seen as multiple, ill-defined, oval low-attenuating nodules that measured 6 to 9 millimetres in diameter. The nodules were usually best seen in the portal venous phase and were not seen on arterial-phase images. Significant intergroup differences were observed in the concentrations of IL-1α, IL-4, IL-6 and IL-10. The level of IFN-γ was not significantly elevated in patient sera relative to controls. The analysis shows that the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines is insufficient for granuloma formation in children presenting liver lesions in the course of VLM.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mazur-Melewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, Karol Marcinkowski University of Medical Sciences in Poznań, Poland
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Fellrath JM, Magnaval JF. Toxocariasis after slug ingestion characterized by severe neurologic, ocular, and pulmonary involvement. Open Forum Infect Dis 2014; 1:ofu063. [PMID: 25734133 PMCID: PMC4281794 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofu063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Human toxocariasis is generally a benign, self-curing disease, and neurologic involvement is quite exceptional. In this study, we report a case of toxocariasis caused by ingestion of an unusual transport host, namely live slugs. The clinical picture comprised eosinophilic lung involvement with severe neurologic disorders in relation to vasculitis as well as retinal detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-François Magnaval
- Department of Medical Parasitology , Faculty of Medicine Purpan , Toulouse , France ; CNRS UMR 5288 "Anthropobiology" , Paul-Sabatier University , Toulouse , France
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Ahn SJ, Woo SJ, Jin Y, Chang YS, Kim TW, Ahn J, Heo JW, Yu HG, Chung H, Park KH, Hong ST. Clinical features and course of ocular toxocariasis in adults. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2938. [PMID: 24922534 PMCID: PMC4055477 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the clinical features, clinical course of granuloma, serologic findings, treatment outcome, and probable infection sources in adult patients with ocular toxocariasis (OT). Methods In this retrospective cohort study, we examined 101 adult patients diagnosed clinically and serologically with OT. Serial fundus photographs and spectral domain optical coherence tomography images of all the patients were reviewed. A clinic-based case-control study on pet ownership, occupation, and raw meat ingestion history was performed to investigate the possible infection sources. Results Among the patients diagnosed clinically and serologically with OT, 69.6% showed elevated immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Granuloma in OT involved all retinal layers and several vitreoretinal comorbidities were noted depending on the location of granuloma: posterior pole granuloma was associated with epiretinal membrane and retinal nerve fiber layer defects, whereas peripheral granuloma was associated with vitreous opacity. Intraocular migration of granuloma was observed in 15 of 93 patients (16.1%). Treatment with albendazole (400 mg twice a day for 2 weeks) and corticosteroids (oral prednisolone; 0.5–1 mg/kg/day) resulted in comparable outcomes to patients on corticosteroid monotherapy; however, the 6-month recurrence rate in patients treated with combined therapy (17.4%) was significantly lower than that in patients treated with corticosteroid monotherapy (54.5%, P = 0.045). Ingestion of raw cow liver (80.8%) or meat (71.2%) was significantly more common in OT patients than healthy controls. Conclusions Our study discusses the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies for OT. Evaluation of total IgE, in addition to anti-toxocara antibody, can assist in the serologic diagnosis of OT. Combined albendazole and corticosteroid therapy may reduce intraocular inflammation and recurrence. Migrating feature of granuloma is clinically important and may further suggest the diagnosis of OT. Clinicians need to carefully examine comorbid conditions for OT. OT may be associated with ingestion of uncooked meat, especially raw cow liver, in adult patients. Toxocariasis is one of America's most common neglected infections of poverty and a helminthiasis of global importance. Little is known about the epidemiologic, demographic, and clinical features of ocular toxocariasis (OT) in adult patients, and the treatment regimen for OT has not been standardized. We conducted a retrospective cohort study examining the clinical features, serologic markers, clinical course of granuloma, probable infection sources, and treatment outcome in 101 adult patients diagnosed clinically and serologically with OT. All the patients had unilateral involvement. Ninety-three (92.1%) and 78 (77.2%) of 101 adult patients had retinal granuloma and intraocular inflammation, respectively. In addition to retinal granuloma, retinal nerve fiber layer defect, epiretinal membrane, vitreous opacity, retinal detachment, macular edema, and macular hole were observed in the eyes with OT. Granuloma in OT can involve all retinal layers, and its intraocular migration was observed in 15 patients (16.1%). Among the 101 patients, 69.6% and 11.6% showed elevated immunoglobulin E levels and eosinophilia, respectively. We believe that OT may be associated with ingestion of uncooked meat, especially cow liver, in adult patients. Furthermore, we suggest that combined albendazole and corticosteroid therapy may reduce intraocular inflammation and recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Joon Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeeyun Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jang Won Heo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeong Gon Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hum Chung
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu Hyung Park
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Sung Tae Hong
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Woodhall DM, Fiore AE. Toxocariasis: A Review for Pediatricians. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2014; 3:154-9. [PMID: 26625368 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/pit066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Toxocariasis is a parasitic disease caused by roundworms of cats and dogs. The disease is endemic throughout the United States and causes significant morbidity in children, including damage to the lungs, liver, or central nervous system, especially the eyes. Two well established clinical syndromes of disease include visceral and ocular toxocariasis. Symptoms of visceral toxocariasis include abdominal pain, cough, or wheezing. Vision loss or strabismus are common symptoms of ocular toxocariasis. Serologic testing for presence of Toxocara antibody is available, although a positive test result does not necessarily correlate with active clinical infection. Albendazole or mebendazole is the recommended treatment for visceral toxocariasis. Treatment options for ocular toxocariasis include corticosteroids or ophthalmic surgery; anthelminthic medications also may be used. Risk for toxocariasis can be reduced by handwashing after soil contact, routine pets deworming, discouraging geophagia, and appropriate disposal of pet feces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony E Fiore
- Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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McGuinness SL, Leder K. Global Burden of Toxocariasis: A Common Neglected Infection of Poverty. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-013-0012-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ocular toxocariasis: epidemiologic, anatomic, and therapeutic variations based on a survey of ophthalmic subspecialists. Ophthalmology 2012; 119:1211-7. [PMID: 22336630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the current burden of ocular toxocariasis (OT) and to gain knowledge regarding the diagnostic and treatment practices used in the ophthalmologic community in the United States. DESIGN Web-based, cross-sectional survey. PARTICIPANTS Subspecialty ophthalmologists who are currently practicing in the United States. METHODS An electronic survey was sent to 3020 ophthalmologic subspecialists belonging to the American Uveitis Society (AUS), the American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS), or the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus (AAPOS) to capture demographic, clinical, diagnostic, and treatment data on patients with OT seen in their practices between September 2009 and September 2010. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical characteristics of each reported patient with OT. RESULTS A total of 159 patients with OT were reported by 559 respondents (19%). The median patient age was 11.5 years (range, 1-66 years). Seventy-two patients (45%) with OT lived in the Southern region of the United States. Thirty-one (69%) of 45 patients with OT owned a dog or cat. Vision loss was reported in 46 (85%) of 54 patients with OT; 32 (71%) of 45 patients had permanent vision loss, 13 patients (29%) had temporary vision loss, and duration of vision loss was unreported for 1 patient. Of the 32 patients with OT with permanent vision loss, 30 (94%) had a subretinal granulomatous mass/scar, peripheral granuloma with traction bands, or posterior pole granuloma noted on ophthalmologic examination. Subretinal granulomatous mass/scar, vitritis, and scotoma were the most common ophthalmologic signs found on examination of patients with OT. CONCLUSIONS Ocular toxocariasis continues to occur in the United States, where it affects mainly children and causes permanent vision loss in many patients. Healthcare professionals should counsel patients and their family members about prevention strategies in an effort to decrease infection rates and morbidity due to Toxocara. Further improvement of diagnostic and treatment tools is needed to assist ophthalmologists in treating patients with OT. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
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Schneier AJ, Durand ML. Ocular toxocariasis: advances in diagnosis and treatment. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2012; 51:135-44. [PMID: 21897146 DOI: 10.1097/iio.0b013e31822d6a5a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Schneier
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, 243 Charles Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Cortez RT, Ramirez G, Collet L, Giuliari GP. Ocular parasitic diseases: a review on toxocariasis and diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2011; 48:204-12. [PMID: 20669882 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20100719-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections may damage various ocular tissues, thereby causing visual dysfunction. In 1950, Wilder described the first case in which larval forms of nematodal intestinal roundworms (Ascaridoidea: Ascaris, Toxocara, Ancylostoma, Necator, and Strongyloides) were implicated as a cause of intraocular disease. This review focuses on two disorders associated with parasitic infections: ocular toxocariasis and diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis.
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