1
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Farana R, Williams G, Fujihara T, Wyatt HE, Naundorf F, Irwin G. Current issues and future directions in gymnastics research: biomechanics, motor control and coaching interface. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:161-185. [PMID: 34962219 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2021.2016928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The sport of gymnastics is undergoing a global examination of its culture and the relationship between the gymnast, coach and environment is a central focus. The aim of this review is to explore biomechanics and motor control research in skill development and technique selection in artistic gymnastics with a focus on the underlying concepts and scientific principles that allow performance enhancement, skill development and injury risk reduction. The current review examines peer reviewed papers from 2000 onwards, with a focus on contemporary approaches in the field of gymnastics research, and highlights several key directions for future gymnastics research. Based on our review and the integration of the models of Newell (1986) and Irwin et al. (2005), we recommend that future gymnastics research should embrace at the very least a multidisciplinary approach and aim for an interdisciplinary paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Farana
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | | | - T Fujihara
- Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - H E Wyatt
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - F Naundorf
- Institute for Applied Training Science Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - G Irwin
- University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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2
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Mkaouer B, Akkari-Ghazouani H, Amara S, Bouguezzi R, Jemni M, Chaabene H. Kinetic and Kinematic Analysis of Landing during Standing Back Somersault Using Three Technical Arm Swings in Artistic Gymnastics. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:jfmk8010010. [PMID: 36648902 PMCID: PMC9887589 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The crucial criteria when assessing technical performance in artistic gymnastics is the higher elevation of the gymnast's body and a stable landing (i.e., stick-landing). The purpose of this study was to compare kinetic and kinematic parameters during the landing phase of standing back somersaults (SBS) following three technical arm-swing performed during the preparatory phase in high-level male gymnasts. The three different arm-swing pertain to three "gymnastics schools", i.e., Russian, Chinese, and Romanian. Six high-level male gymnasts participated in this study. Three arm-swing with different angles (i.e., SBS270°, SBS180°, and SBS90°) were randomly performed. A 3D kinetic and kinematic analysis was conducted. Results showed significant variation in the landing angle (p = 0.009) across the three arm-swing techniques. The SBS90° arm-swing resulted in the closest angle to the vertical. Additionally, the SBS90° arm-swing technique induced the lowest horizontal and vertical force values upon landing compared to the other arm-swing techniques (SBS270°: p = 0.023 and 0.009, respectively; SBS180°: p = 0.004 and 0.080, respectively). The same was noted for the horizontal velocity (p = 0.021) with the lowest values noted for the SBS90° arm-swing technique. However, the best opening angle was observed during the SBS270° technique, since it presented the best vertical displacement. In conclusion, the SBS with a SBS90° arm-swing seems to favor a better absorption of the ground reaction force upon landing by reducing the intensity of the impact with the ground and by affording a landing angle closer to the vertical in high-level male gymnasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bessem Mkaouer
- Department of Individual Sports, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Hounaida Akkari-Ghazouani
- Department of Individual Sports, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Tunisian Research Laboratory “Sport Performance Optimization”, National Centre of Medicine and Science in Sport, Tunis 1004, Tunisia
| | - Samiha Amara
- Department of Individual Sports, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 50 Al-Khod, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - Raja Bouguezzi
- Research Unit (UR17JS01) Sport Performance, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Monèm Jemni
- The Carrick Institute of Neuroscience, Cap Canaveral, FL 32920, USA
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Department of Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Human Sciences, University of Potsdam, 14469 Potsdam, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)331-977-17-69
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3
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The Neuromuscular Characteristics of Gymnasts' Jumps and Landings at Particular Stages of Sports Training. J Hum Kinet 2021; 78:15-28. [PMID: 34025860 PMCID: PMC8120959 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Safe and proper landings are crucial elements of gymnastics events. Long-term training leads to specific neuromuscular adaptations which are yet to be explored in terms of gymnastic landings. The aim of the study was to assess differences in landings’ neuromuscular characteristics between gymnasts at three subsequent gymnastic training stages and age-matched non-athletes. Forty-six gymnasts (G) and 58 controls (C) performed countermovement jumps on a force plate with simultaneous surface electromyography (SEMG) of lower body muscles, measured during the pre-(100 ms) and post-landing phase (0-100 and 0-200 ms). Three age groups participated in the study: 8–10 (G1, C1), 12–14 (G2, C2), 18–25 (G3, C3) years. Analysis included the normalized root mean square (NRMS) SEMG signal and ground reaction forces (GRFs). Gymnasts achieved 13% higher values (p = 0.04) of relative peak GRFs in comparison with controls. It was especially seen in 8–10-year-olds: G1 presented 33% higher (p = 0.03) results than C1 and G2. In SEMG analysis, gymnasts showed overall lower NRMS values in comparison with the controls. In the pre-landing phase, the NRMS in the rectus femoris was from 1.6 up to 3.4 times higher for C1 (p = 0.02) than for C2, G2, C3, and G3. Gymnasts across subsequent training stages exhibit different patterns of neuromuscular coordination during landings. The highest GRF observed in the youngest gymnasts may be a potential risk factor of injuries. Therefore, further injury-focused investigation is recommended to monitor landing strategies among gymnasts of different stages with particular emphasis on the beginners.
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Estevan I, Monfort-Torres G, Farana R, Zahradnik D, Jandacka D, García-Massó X. Children's Single-Leg Landing Movement Capability Analysis According to the Type of Sport Practiced. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176414. [PMID: 32899167 PMCID: PMC7503518 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Understanding children's motor patterns in landing is important not only for sport performance but also to prevent lower limb injury. The purpose of this study was to analyze children's lower limb joint angles and impact force during single-leg landings (SLL) in different types of jumping sports using statistical parametric mapping (SPM). (2) Methods: Thirty children (53.33% girls, M = 10.16 years-old, standard deviation (SD) = 1.52) divided into three groups (gymnastics, volleyball and control) participated in the study. The participants were asked to do SLLs with the dominant lower limb (barefoot) on a force plate from a height of 25 cm. The vertical ground reaction force (GRF) and lower limb joint angles were assessed. SPM{F} one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and SPM{t} unpaired t-tests were performed during the landing and stability phases. (3) Results: A significant main effect was found in the landing phase of jumping sport practice in GRF and joint angles. During the stability phase, this effect was exhibited in ankle and knee joint angles. (4) Conclusions: Evidence was obtained of the influence of practicing a specific sport in childhood. Child volleyball players performed SLL with lower impact force and higher knee flexion than child gymnasts. Training in specific jumping sports (i.e., volleyball and gymnastics) could affect the individual capacity to adapt SLL execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Estevan
- Activitat Física i Promoció de la Salut (AFIPS) Research Group, Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gonzalo Monfort-Torres
- Human Movement Analysis Research Group (HUMAG), Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Education Unit, Florida Universitaria, 46470 Catarroja, Spain
| | - Roman Farana
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech; (R.F.); (D.Z.); (D.J.)
| | - David Zahradnik
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech; (R.F.); (D.Z.); (D.J.)
| | - Daniel Jandacka
- Department of Human Movement Studies, Human Motion Diagnostic Centre, University of Ostrava, 70100 Ostrava, Czech; (R.F.); (D.Z.); (D.J.)
| | - Xavier García-Massó
- Activitat Física i Promoció de la Salut (AFIPS) Research Group, Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Human Movement Analysis Research Group (HUMAG), Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression, University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
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Campbell RA, Bradshaw EJ, Ball N, Hunter A, Spratford W. Effects of digital filtering on peak acceleration and force measurements for artistic gymnastics skills. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:1859-1868. [PMID: 32329647 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1757374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Low-pass filters are ideal when filtering human movements, however the effectiveness of such filters relies on the correct selection of the cut-off frequency. The aim of this study was to determine the most appropriate filter cut-off for acceleration- and force-time data when measuring peak resultant acceleration (PRA) and ground reaction force (PRGRF) during gymnastics landings. Sixteen gymnasts executed backward handsprings and backward somersault landings onto a matted force plate while wearing four inertial measurement units (IMUs). Acceleration- and force-time data were filtered using a fourth-order Butterworth filter at different cut-off frequencies ranging from raw through to 250 Hz. Residual analysis plots were produced, and the PRGRF and PRA for all IMUs were calculated for each participant and skill at all cut-off frequencies. Descriptive statistics, model II linear regressions and Bland-Altman plots were conducted. Results indicated that a minimum 85 Hz cut-off is optimal. High cut-off frequencies (>80 Hz) showed good linear relationships and had minimal mean bias compared with raw values, indicating that either filtered (above ~85 Hz) or raw signals can be used. It is suggested that for applied sports settings no filtering is needed, however a minimum cut-off of 85 Hz should be implemented for research purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon A Campbell
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra , Canberra, Australia.,Applied Technology and Innovation, Australian Institute of Sport , Canberra, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Bradshaw
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University , Melbourne, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology , Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nick Ball
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra , Canberra, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra , Canberra, Australia
| | - Adam Hunter
- Performance Services, Australian Institute of Sport , Canberra, Australia
| | - Wayne Spratford
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra , Canberra, Australia.,Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra , Canberra, Australia
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6
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Wu C, Hao W, Mei Q, Xiao X, Li X, Sun W. Strategies of elite Chinese gymnasts in coping with landing impact from backward somersault. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7914. [PMID: 31667015 PMCID: PMC6816378 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate how elite Chinese gymnasts manage the landing impact from a backward somersault. Six international-level male gymnasts performed backward somersault tests with a synchronous collection of kinematics (250 Hz), ground reaction forces (1,000 Hz), and surface electromyography (EMG) (2,000 Hz). A 19-segment human model was developed and lower extremity joints torques were calculated by means of a computer simulation. The angles of the lower extremity joints initially extended and then flexed. These angular velocities of extension continued to decrease and the joint torques changed from extensor to flexor within 100 ms before touchdown. The angles of the hips, knees, and ankles flexed rapidly by 12°, 36°, and 29°, respectively, and the angular velocities of flexion, flexor torque, and EMG peaked sharply during the initial impact phase of the landing. The angles of the hips, knees, and ankles flexed at approximately 90°, 100°, and 80°, respectively. The torques were reversed with the extensor torques, showing a relatively high level of muscle activation during the terminal impact phase of the landing. The results showed that the international-level gymnasts first extended their lower extremity joints, then flexed just before touchdown. They continued flexing actively and rapidly in the initial impact phase and then extended to resist the landing impact and maintain body posture during the terminal impact phase of the landing. The information gained from this study could improve our understanding of the landings of elite gymnasts and assist in injury prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengliang Wu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,School of Physical Education and Health, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiya Hao
- China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing, China
| | - Qichang Mei
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xiaofei Xiao
- School of Rehabilitation Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xuhong Li
- School of Physical Education and Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Sports Biomechanics Lab, Shandong Institute of Sports Science, Jinan, China
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7
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Low back pain in female adolescent gymnasts and functional pain scales. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 38:66-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Sonvico L, Spencer SM, Fawcett L, Bucke J, Heneghan NR, Rushton A. INVESTIGATION OF OPTIMAL LUMBAR SPINE POSTURE DURING A SIMULATED LANDING TASK IN ELITE GYMNASTS. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2019; 14:65-73. [PMID: 30746293 PMCID: PMC6350669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbar spine range of motion (ROM) is a key component of injury prevention and normative data has not currently been determined for an elite gymnastics population. In current clinical practice, it is commonplace to measure sagittal spinal alignment, during 'high-load, low-dynamic' control tasks, subjectively, while also only considering the lumbar spine as a single segment. PURPOSE To develop normative data for total lumbar spine ROM and ROM during a simulated landing task (SLT) in an elite gymnastics population, evaluating findings in the context of the existing biomechanical literature. STUDY DESIGN Repeated measures, cross sectional design. METHODS Lumbar spine and low lumbar spine (LLS) ROM during a SLT were measured, using the Dorsa Vi: Vi Perform™ system in asymptomatic male and female elite gymnasts. Values for maximal ROM and LLS angle during the SLT were collated and descriptively analyzed. Lumbar ROM and posture was evaluated in relation to the current biomechanical literature and a proposed Conceptual Compressive Lumbar Load Distribution Model (CCLLDM). RESULTS Thirty elite gymnasts (15 male, 15 female), participated. Participants were members of the British Artistic Gymnastics elite senior and junior training program and were between the ages of 16 to 30 years. Mean (SD) maximal lumbar spinal movements were 64.23˚ (6.34 °) for flexion and 25.89˚ (11.14 °) for extension. During the SLT, participants performed lumbar spine flexion of 15.96˚ (8.80 °), when considered as a single segment. When considering the lumbar spine as a two segment model the LLS position during the SLT was towards end range anterior pelvic tilt, suggesting LLS extension. CONCLUSION These data provide a baseline for asymptomatic lumbar spine movements in an elite gymnastics population and provides insight into upper and lower lumbar spine movement during a SLT. The data and newly developed CCLLDM provide clinicians with a potential framework to identify sporting skills that may be associated with increased spinal tissue load. LEVELS OF EVIDENCE 3b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Sonvico
- The English Institute of Sport, Bisham Abbey National Sports Centre, Marlow, United Kingdom
| | - Simon M Spencer
- The English Institute of Sport, Lilleshall National Sport Centre, Nr Newport, Shropshire, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Fawcett
- The English Institute of Sport, Lilleshall National Sport Centre, Nr Newport, Shropshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Bucke
- The English Institute of Sport, Lilleshall National Sport Centre, Nr Newport, Shropshire, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola R Heneghan
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Rushton
- School of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation Sciences, The University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom
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9
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Moeskops S, Oliver JL, Read PJ, Cronin JB, Myer GD, Lloyd RS. The Physiological Demands of Youth Artistic Gymnastics: Applications to Strength and Conditioning. Strength Cond J 2019. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Fields JB, Metoyer CJ, Casey JC, Esco MR, Jagim AR, Jones MT. Comparison of Body Composition Variables Across a Large Sample of National Collegiate Athletic Association Women Athletes From 6 Competitive Sports. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:2452-2457. [PMID: 29189580 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Fields, JB, Metoyer, CJ, Casey, JC, Esco, MR, Jagim, AR, and Jones, MT. Comparison of body composition variables across a large sample of National Collegiate Athletic Association women athletes from 6 competitive sports. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2452-2457, 2018-Body composition (BC) plays a critical role in sport performance and athlete health. Body size and BC have been widely studied in men's sports, with reported changes observed over time. However, a paucity of current data exists in women athletes. The purpose of this descriptive study was to measure and compare BC data for collegiate women athletes from 6 competitive sports. A total of 524 athletes from 2 National Collegiate Athletic Association institutions participated: basketball (BB; n = 95), gymnastics (GYM; n = 42), lacrosse (LAX; n = 81), rowing (ROW; n = 57), soccer (SOC; n = 188), and volleyball (VB; n = 61). Body height (BH) and body mass (BM) were measured using a stadiometer and calibrated digital scale, respectively. Body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass (FM), and fat-free mass (FFM) were assessed using air displacement plethysmography. One-way analysis of variance was used to assess differences across sports. Least squares difference post hoc analyses were performed when a significant finding (p ≤ 0.05) was identified. ROW had the highest BF% (29.9 ± 6.1%) and BB the greatest FFM (57.2 ± 6.1 kg). GYM had the lowest BM (58.9 ± 5.3 kg), FM (11.6 ± 2.6 kg), and BH (158.73 ± 2.13 cm). LAX, SOC, and VB had similar BF%. Body height was greatest for BB and VB (177.92 ± 7.55 cm, 176.79 ± 7.36 cm, respectively). These data may assist in the establishment of descriptive values for use in goal setting and exercise programming. The current data demonstrate a trend toward increased body size and BC from previous research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B Fields
- Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia
| | - Casey J Metoyer
- Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama.,Athletic Performance Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jason C Casey
- Department of Kinesiology, Charleston Southern University, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael R Esco
- Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - Andrew R Jagim
- Exercise Science Department, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - Margaret T Jones
- Health and Human Performance, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia.,Center for Sports Performance, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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11
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Sweeney EA, Howell DR, James DA, Potter MN, Provance AJ. Returning to Sport After Gymnastics Injuries. Curr Sports Med Rep 2018; 17:376-390. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Maldonado G, Bailly F, Souères P, Watier B. On the coordination of highly dynamic human movements: an extension of the Uncontrolled Manifold approach applied to precision jump in parkour. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12219. [PMID: 30111843 PMCID: PMC6093881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body generally has more degrees of freedom than necessary for generating a given movement. According to the motor abundance principle, this redundancy is beneficial as it provides the central nervous system with flexibility and robustness for the generation of movements. Under the hypothesis of the Uncontrolled Manifold, the additional degrees of freedom are used to produce motor solutions by reducing the variability that affects the motion performance across repetitions. In this paper, we present a general mathematical framework derived from robotics to formulate kinematic and dynamic tasks in human movement. On this basis, an extension of the Uncontrolled Manifold approach is introduced to deal with dynamic movements. This extension allows us to present a complex experimental application of the proposed framework to highly dynamic task variables in parkour movements. This experiment involves dynamic tasks expressed in terms of linear and angular momenta. The results show that the central nervous system is able to coordinate such skilled tasks which appear to be preferentially controlled and hierarchically organized. The proposed extension is promising for the study of motion generation in anthropomorphic systems and provides a formal description to investigate kinematics and dynamics tasks in human motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galo Maldonado
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - François Bailly
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Bruno Watier
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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13
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Maldonado G, Soueres P, Watier B. Strategies of Parkour practitioners for executing soft precision landings. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2551-2557. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1469226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Galo Maldonado
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Bruno Watier
- LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
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14
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Colclough A, Munro AG, Herrington LC, McMahon JJ, Comfort P. The effects of a four week jump-training program on frontal plane projection angle in female gymnasts. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 30:29-33. [PMID: 29366914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of a four week jump training program on frontal plane projection angle (FPPA) in young female gymnasts. DESIGN Intervention study, consisting of a four week jump training program performed for 15 min as part of a warm-up, three days per week for four weeks. SETTING Gymnastics training center. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen youth female gymnasts (age: 13.5 ± 2.14 years, height: 1.54 ± 0.11 m, body mass: 46.23 ± 7.68 kg). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Change in FPPA during a 30 cm drop landing and tuck back somersault. RESULTS Large and significant decreases (p < 0.001) in FPPA of 6.8° (39%) and 8.4° (37%) during the drop landing and tuck back somersault, respectively. CONCLUSION The jump training program was successful in improving FPPA in female gymnasts and is advised to be implemented into the warm-ups and training programs of competitive female gymnasts to improve FPPA and therefore reduce the risk factors associated with knee injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Colclough
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, M6 6PU, United Kingdom
| | - A G Munro
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, M6 6PU, United Kingdom
| | - L C Herrington
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, M6 6PU, United Kingdom
| | - J J McMahon
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, M6 6PU, United Kingdom
| | - P Comfort
- Directorate of Sport, Exercise and Physiotherapy, University of Salford, Frederick Road, Salford, Greater Manchester, M6 6PU, United Kingdom.
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15
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Twenty-Year Systematic Review of the Hip Pathology, Risk Factors, Treatment, and Clinical Outcomes in Artistic Athletes-Dancers, Figure Skaters, and Gymnasts. Clin J Sport Med 2018; 28:82-90. [PMID: 28742616 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify (1) the predominant level of evidence of the clinical studies regarding the hip pathology, risk factors, treatment, and clinical outcomes in artistic athletes (dancers, figure skaters, and gymnasts) (2) the most commonly reported hip pathology, risk factors, treatments, and clinical outcomes in dancers, figure skaters, and gymnasts. METHODS To conduct this systematic review PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus databases were searched for relevant studies and pertinent data were collected from the eligible articles. Included were studies which reported hip injuries in artistic athletes, the risk factors, treatment, and/or the clinical outcomes. We excluded case reports or irrelevant studies. No meta-analysis was performed because of study heterogeneity. The methodical index for nonrandomized studies (MINORS) criteria were used for quality control. MAIN RESULTS Thirty-eight studies were included in the analysis. The mean MINORS score was 13.6 ± 4.6 points indicating fair quality of evidence of the included articles. The predominant level of evidence was level IV. Chondrolabral pathology and muscle injuries were the most commonly reported pathologies. We found only 2 risk factor analysis studies; however, many studies reported risk correlation between artistic sports or imaging findings and hip pathology. Treatment strategies were reported in only 7 studies, clinical outcomes are significantly underreported. CONCLUSION Chondrolabral pathology was the most commonly reported hip pathology in artistic athletes, however, prospective cohort studies are necessary to really understand these injuries and their associated risk factors. The lack of clinical outcomes is significant and future data collection is required to assess the effectiveness of the various treatments.
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Christoforidou Α, Patikas DA, Bassa E, Paraschos I, Lazaridis S, Christoforidis C, Kotzamanidis C. Landing from different heights: Biomechanical and neuromuscular strategies in trained gymnasts and untrained prepubescent girls. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2016; 32:1-8. [PMID: 27863284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the biomechanics of the lower limb, during landing in female prepubertal gymnasts and prepubertal untrained girls, aged 9-12years. Ten healthy participants were included in each group and performed five landings from 20, 40, and 60cm. Kinematics, ground reaction forces (GRF) and electromyogram (EMG) from the lateral gastrocnemius, tibialis anterior, and vastus lateralis are presented. Gymnasts had higher vertical GRF and shorter braking phase during landing. Compared to untrained girls, gymnasts exhibited for all examined drop heights more knee flexion before and at ground contact, but less knee flexion at maximum knee flexion position. Especially when increasing drop heights the gymnasts activated their examined muscles earlier, and generally they had higher pre- and post landing EMG amplitudes normalized to the peak EMG at 60cm drop height. Furthermore, gymnasts had lower antagonist EMG for the tibialis anterior compared to untrained girls, especially when landing from higher heights. It is concluded that the landing strategy preferred by gymnasts is influenced by long-term and specialized training and induces a stiffer landing pattern. This could have implications in injury prevention, which requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Α Christoforidou
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D A Patikas
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - E Bassa
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - I Paraschos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S Lazaridis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - C Christoforidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
| | - C Kotzamanidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
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