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Bosten JM, Lawrance-Owen AJ, Bargary G, Goodbourn PT, Mollon JD. 13q32.1 as a candidate region for physiological anisocoria. Br J Ophthalmol 2023; 107:1730-1735. [PMID: 35273018 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiological anisocoria is an asymmetry of pupil size in the absence of pathology. METHODS Images of the pupils under standard illumination were collected in the course of a whole-genome association study of a range of visual functions in 1060 healthy adults. DNA for each participant was extracted from saliva samples. RESULTS We found no relationship between anisocoria and the difference in refraction between the eyes, nor between anisocoria and difference in acuity. There was a small but significant relationship with lightness of the iris, in that the eye with the smaller pupil was associated with the lighter iris. There was a strong association between anisocoria and a local region of chromosome 13 (13q32.1), a region lying between the genes GPR180 and SOX21. The strongest association was with the single-nucleotide polymorphism rs9524583. CONCLUSION The very specific region associated with anisocoria is one where microdeletions (or microduplications) are known to lead to abnormal development of pupil dilator muscle and hence to the autosomal dominant condition of microcoria. It is possible that alterations at 13q32.1 act by altering the expression of SOX21, which encodes a nuclear transcription factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Bosten
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | | | - Gary Bargary
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Patrick T Goodbourn
- School of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - John D Mollon
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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2
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Pinheiro HM, da Costa RM. Pupillary light reflex as a diagnostic aid from computational viewpoint: A systematic literature review. J Biomed Inform 2021; 117:103757. [PMID: 33826949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2021.103757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a detailed and complete review of publications on pupillary light reflex (PLR) used to aid diagnoses. These are computational techniques used in the evaluation of pupillometry, as well as their application in computer-aided diagnoses (CAD) of pathologies or physiological conditions that can be studied by observing the movements of miosis and mydriasis of the human pupil. A careful survey was carried out of all studies published over the last 10 years which investigated, electronic devices, recording protocols, image treatment, computational algorithms and the pathologies related to PLR. We present the frontier of existing knowledge regarding methods and techniques used in this field of knowledge, which has been expanding due to the possibility of performing diagnoses with high precision, at a low cost and with a non-invasive method.
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Gutiérrez-Amavizca BE, Prado Montes de Oca E, Gutiérrez-Amavizca JP, Castro OD, Ruíz-Marquez CH, Perez Conde-Andreu K, Pérez Calderón R, Aguirre Ramírez M, Pérez-León JA. Association of P10L Polymorphism in Melanopsin Gene with Chronic Insomnia in Mexicans. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18020571. [PMID: 33445464 PMCID: PMC7827055 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18020571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to determine the association of the P10L (rs2675703) polymorphism of the OPN4 gene with chronic insomnia in uncertain etiology in a Mexican population. A case control study was performed including 98 healthy subjects and 29 individuals with chronic insomnia not related to mental disorders, medical condition, medication or substance abuse. Samples were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Genetic analyses showed that the T allele of P10L increased risk to chronic insomnia in a dominant model (p = 1 ×10−4; odds ratio (OR) = 9.37, CI = 8.18–335.66, Kelsey statistical power (KSP) = 99.9%), and in a recessive model (p = 7.5 × 10−5, OR = 9.37, KSP = 99.3%, CI = 2.7–34.29). In the insomnia group, we did not find a correlation between genotypes and chronotype (p = 0.219 Fisher’s exact test), severity of chronic insomnia using ISI score (p = 0.082 Fisher’s exact test) and ESS score (p ˃ 0.999 Fisher’s exact test). However, evening chronotype was correlated to daytime sleepiness severity, individuals with an eveningness chronotype had more severe drowsiness according to their insomnia severity index (ISI) score (p = 0.021 Fisher’s exact test) and Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS) score (p = 0.015 Fisher’s exact test) than the morningness and intermediate chronotype. We demonstrated that the T allele of the P10L polymorphism in the OPN4 gene is associated with chronic insomnia in Mexicans. We suggest the need to conduct larger studies in different ethnic populations to test the probable association and function of P10L and other SNPs in the OPN4 gene and in the onset of chronic insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Ethel Gutiérrez-Amavizca
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (B.E.G.-A.); (J.P.G.-A.); (O.D.C.); (C.H.R.-M.); (K.P.C.-A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Ernesto Prado Montes de Oca
- Laboratory of Regulatory SNPs and Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Preventive Medicine, Personalized Medicine National Laboratory (LAMPER), Pharmaceutical and Medical Biotechnology, Central Unit, CIATEJ, A.C., National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT), Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; or
- Scripps Research Translational Institute & Scripps Integrative Structural and Computational Biology Research Institute La Jolla, La Jolla, CA 92307, USA
| | - Jaime Paul Gutiérrez-Amavizca
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (B.E.G.-A.); (J.P.G.-A.); (O.D.C.); (C.H.R.-M.); (K.P.C.-A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Oscar David Castro
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (B.E.G.-A.); (J.P.G.-A.); (O.D.C.); (C.H.R.-M.); (K.P.C.-A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Cesar Heriberto Ruíz-Marquez
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (B.E.G.-A.); (J.P.G.-A.); (O.D.C.); (C.H.R.-M.); (K.P.C.-A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Kricel Perez Conde-Andreu
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (B.E.G.-A.); (J.P.G.-A.); (O.D.C.); (C.H.R.-M.); (K.P.C.-A.); (M.A.R.)
| | - Ricardo Pérez Calderón
- Genomics Sciences Masters Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico;
| | - Marisela Aguirre Ramírez
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (B.E.G.-A.); (J.P.G.-A.); (O.D.C.); (C.H.R.-M.); (K.P.C.-A.); (M.A.R.)
- Cuerpo Académico Consolidado Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico
| | - Jorge Alberto Pérez-León
- Chemical Biological Sciences PhD Graduate Program, Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Ciudad Juarez Autonomous University, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico; (B.E.G.-A.); (J.P.G.-A.); (O.D.C.); (C.H.R.-M.); (K.P.C.-A.); (M.A.R.)
- Cuerpo Académico Consolidado Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua 32310, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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Münch M, Wirz-Justice A, Brown SA, Kantermann T, Martiny K, Stefani O, Vetter C, Wright KP, Wulff K, Skene DJ. The Role of Daylight for Humans: Gaps in Current Knowledge. Clocks Sleep 2020; 2:61-85. [PMID: 33089192 PMCID: PMC7445840 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep2010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Daylight stems solely from direct, scattered and reflected sunlight, and undergoes dynamic changes in irradiance and spectral power composition due to latitude, time of day, time of year and the nature of the physical environment (reflections, buildings and vegetation). Humans and their ancestors evolved under these natural day/night cycles over millions of years. Electric light, a relatively recent invention, interacts and competes with the natural light-dark cycle to impact human biology. What are the consequences of living in industrialised urban areas with much less daylight and more use of electric light, throughout the day (and at night), on general health and quality of life? In this workshop report, we have classified key gaps of knowledge in daylight research into three main groups: (I) uncertainty as to daylight quantity and quality needed for "optimal" physiological and psychological functioning, (II) lack of consensus on practical measurement and assessment methods and tools for monitoring real (day) light exposure across multiple time scales, and (III) insufficient integration and exchange of daylight knowledge bases from different disciplines. Crucial short and long-term objectives to fill these gaps are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Münch
- Sleep/Wake Research Centre, Massey University Wellington, Wellington 6021, New Zealand
| | - Anna Wirz-Justice
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.W.-J.); (O.S.)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steven A. Brown
- Chronobiology and Sleep Research Group, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Thomas Kantermann
- Faculty for Health and Social Affairs, University of Applied Sciences for Economics and Management (FOM), 45141 Essen, Germany;
- SynOpus, 44789 Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Martiny
- Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Oliver Stefani
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland; (A.W.-J.); (O.S.)
- Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences (MCN), University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Vetter
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.V.); (K.P.W.J.)
| | - Kenneth P. Wright
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (C.V.); (K.P.W.J.)
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Katharina Wulff
- Departments of Radiation Sciences and Molecular Biology, Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden;
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Debra J. Skene
- Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
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Ahmadi H, Lund‐Andersen H, Kolko M, Bach‐Holm D, Alberti M, Ba‐Ali S. Melanopsin-mediated pupillary light reflex and sleep quality in patients with normal tension glaucoma. Acta Ophthalmol 2020; 98:65-73. [PMID: 31062491 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and sleep quality are impaired in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). In this study, we investigated whether ipRGCs and sleep quality were also impaired in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG). METHODS We performed pupillometry and sleep quality assessment in 15 patients with NTG and 17 healthy age-matched controls. Pupillometry protocol consisted of monocular stimulation with high illuminance (100 lux) red (633 nm, 300 cd/m2 or 15.23 log quanta/cm2 /s) and blue light (463 nm, 332 cd/m2 or 15.27 log quanta/cm2 /s) and binocular pupil measurements. Prior to light stimulation, patients were dark-adapted for 5 min. The late postillumination pupillary response (PIPRL ate ) to blue light was used as marker of ipRGC activity. Sleep quality was assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. RESULTS The PIPRL ate to blue light was significantly reduced in patients with NTG compared to healthy subjects (p < 0.001), indicating impairment of the melanopsin-mediated pupillary pathway. There was no significant difference in the response elicited by red light (p = 0.6). Baseline pupil diameter and pupillary constriction amplitude to both red and blue light were reduced in patients with NTG (p < 0.05). The global score in PSQI was not significantly different between healthy controls and patients with NTG, indicating normal sleep quality (p = 0.6). Furthermore, we found no correlation between sleep parameters and pupillary light reflex parameters. CONCLUSION Patients with NTG exhibited reduced ipRGC activity compared to healthy subjects, while no differences were observed in sleep quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ahmadi
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Henrik Lund‐Andersen
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Daniella Bach‐Holm
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Mark Alberti
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Shakoor Ba‐Ali
- Department of Ophthalmology Rigshospitalet Glostrup Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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6
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Rukmini AV, Milea D, Gooley JJ. Chromatic Pupillometry Methods for Assessing Photoreceptor Health in Retinal and Optic Nerve Diseases. Front Neurol 2019; 10:76. [PMID: 30809186 PMCID: PMC6379484 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pupillary light reflex is mediated by melanopsin-containing intrinsically-photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), which also receive input from rods and cones. Melanopsin-dependent pupillary light responses are short-wavelength sensitive, have a higher threshold of activation, and are much slower to activate and de-activate compared with rod/cone-mediated responses. Given that rod/cone photoreceptors and melanopsin differ in their response properties, light stimuli can be designed to stimulate preferentially each of the different photoreceptor types, providing a read-out of their function. This has given rise to chromatic pupillometry methods that aim to assess the health of outer retinal photoreceptors and ipRGCs by measuring pupillary responses to blue or red light stimuli. Here, we review different types of chromatic pupillometry protocols that have been tested in patients with retinal or optic nerve disease, including approaches that use short-duration light exposures or continuous exposure to light. Across different protocols, patients with outer retinal disease (e.g., retinitis pigmentosa or Leber congenital amaurosis) show reduced or absent pupillary responses to dim blue-light stimuli used to assess rod function, and reduced responses to moderately-bright red-light stimuli used to assess cone function. By comparison, patients with optic nerve disease (e.g., glaucoma or ischemic optic neuropathy, but not mitochondrial disease) show impaired pupillary responses during continuous exposure to bright blue-light stimuli, and a reduced post-illumination pupillary response after light offset, used to assess melanopsin function. These proof-of-concept studies demonstrate that chromatic pupillometry methods can be used to assess damage to rod/cone photoreceptors and ipRGCs. In future studies, it will be important to determine whether chromatic pupillometry methods can be used for screening and early detection of retinal and optic nerve diseases. Such methods may also prove useful for objectively evaluating the degree of recovery to ipRGC function in blind patients who undergo gene therapy or other treatments to restore vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Rukmini
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dan Milea
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,The Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme (EYE-ACP), SingHealth and Duke-NUS, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua J Gooley
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Katsuura T, Lee S. A review of the studies on nonvisual lighting effects in the field of physiological anthropology. J Physiol Anthropol 2019; 38:2. [PMID: 30670097 PMCID: PMC6343353 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-018-0190-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we review the history and the trends in the research on the nonvisual effect of light in the field of physiological anthropology. Research on the nonvisual effect of light in the field of physiological anthropology was pioneered by Sato and colleagues in the early 1990s. These authors found that the color temperature of light affected physiological functions in humans. The groundbreaking event with regard to the study of nonvisual effects of light was the discovery of the intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells in the mammalian retina in the early 2000s. The interest of the physiological anthropology scientific community in the nonvisual effects of light has been increasing since then. A total of 61 papers on nonvisual effects of light were published in the Journal of Physiological Anthropology (including its predecessor journals) until October 2018, 14 papers (1.4/year) in the decade from 1992 to 2001, 45 papers (2.8/year) in the 16 years between 2002 and 2017, and two papers in 2018 (January-October). The number of papers on this topic has been increasing in recent years. We categorized all papers according to light conditions, such as color temperature of light, light intensity, and monochromatic light. Among the 61 papers, 11 papers were related to color temperature, 20 papers were related to light intensity, 18 papers were related to monochromatic light, and 12 papers were classified as others. We provide an overview of these papers and mention future research prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Katsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba, 263-8522, Japan.
| | - Soomin Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
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Rodgers J, Peirson SN, Hughes S, Hankins MW. Functional characterisation of naturally occurring mutations in human melanopsin. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3609-3624. [PMID: 29700553 PMCID: PMC6133154 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2813-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanopsin is a blue light-sensitive opsin photopigment involved in a range of non-image forming behaviours, including circadian photoentrainment and the pupil light response. Many naturally occurring genetic variants exist within the human melanopsin gene (OPN4), yet it remains unclear how these variants affect melanopsin protein function and downstream physiological responses to light. Here, we have used bioinformatic analysis and in vitro expression systems to determine the functional phenotypes of missense human OPN4 variants. From 1242 human OPN4 variants collated in the NCBI Short Genetic Variation database (dbSNP), we identified 96 that lead to non-synonymous amino acid substitutions. These 96 missense mutations were screened using sequence alignment and comparative approaches to select 16 potentially deleterious variants for functional characterisation using calcium imaging of melanopsin-driven light responses in HEK293T cells. We identify several previously uncharacterised OPN4 mutations with altered functional properties, including attenuated or abolished light responses, as well as variants demonstrating abnormal response kinetics. These data provide valuable insight into the structure-function relationships of human melanopsin, including several key functional residues of the melanopsin protein. The identification of melanopsin variants with significantly altered function may serve to detect individuals with disrupted melanopsin-based light perception, and potentially highlight those at increased risk of sleep disturbance, circadian dysfunction, and visual abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rodgers
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OMPI G, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OMPI G, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Steven Hughes
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OMPI G, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
| | - Mark W Hankins
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OMPI G, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK.
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Rodgers J, Hughes S, Pothecary CA, Brown LA, Hickey DG, Peirson SN, Hankins MW. Defining the impact of melanopsin missense polymorphisms using in vivo functional rescue. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:2589-2603. [PMID: 29718372 PMCID: PMC6048994 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanopsin (OPN4) is an opsin photopigment expressed within intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) that mediate non-image forming (NIF) responses to light. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in human melanopsin (hOPN4), Pro10Leu and Thr394Ile, have recently been associated with abnormal NIF responses to light, including seasonal affective disorder. It has been suggested these behavioural changes are due to altered melanopsin signalling. However, there is currently no direct evidence to support this. Here we have used ipRGC-specific delivery of hOPN4 wild-type (WT), Pro10Leu or Thr394Ile adeno-associated viruses (AAV) to determine the functional consequences of hOPN4 SNPs on melanopsin-driven light responses and associated behaviours. Immunohistochemistry confirmed hOPN4 AAVs exclusively transduced mouse ipRGCs. Behavioural phenotyping performed before and after AAV injection demonstrated that both hOPN4 Pro10Leu and Thr394Ile could functionally rescue pupillary light responses and circadian photoentrainment in Opn4-/- mice, with no differences in NIF behaviours detected for animals expressing either SNP compared to hOPN4 WT. Multi-electrode array recordings revealed that ipRGCs expressing hOPN4 Thr394Ile exhibit melanopsin-driven light responses with significantly attenuated response amplitude, decreased sensitivity and faster offset kinetics compared to hOPN4 WT. IpRGCs expressing hOpn4 Pro10Leu also showed reduced response amplitude. Collectively these data suggest Thr394Ile and Pro10Leu may be functionally significant SNPs, which result in altered melanopsin signalling. To our knowledge, this study provides the first direct evidence for the effects of hOPN4 polymorphisms on melanopsin-driven light responses and NIF behaviours in vivo, providing further insight into the role of these SNPs in melanopsin function and human physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rodgers
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, OMPI G, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven Hughes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, OMPI G, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Carina A Pothecary
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, OMPI G, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, OMPI G, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Doron G Hickey
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, OMPI G, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mark W Hankins
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, OMPI G, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Lee S, Uchiyama Y, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. Subadditive responses to extremely short blue and green pulsed light on visual evoked potentials, pupillary constriction and electroretinograms. J Physiol Anthropol 2017; 36:39. [PMID: 29149913 PMCID: PMC5693602 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-017-0156-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The simultaneous exposure to blue and green light was reported to result in less melatonin suppression than monochromatic exposure to blue or green light. Here, we conducted an experiment using extremely short blue- and green-pulsed light to examine their visual and nonvisual effects on visual evoked potentials (VEPs), pupillary constriction, electroretinograms (ERGs), and subjective evaluations. Methods Twelve adult male subjects were exposed to three light conditions: blue-pulsed light (2.5-ms pulse width), green-pulsed light (2.5-ms pulse width), and simultaneous blue- and green-pulsed light with white background light. We measured the subject’s pupil diameter three times in each condition. Then, after 10 min of rest, the subject was exposed to the same three light conditions. We measured the averaged ERG and VEP during 210 pulsed-light exposures in each condition. We also determined subjective evaluations using a visual analog scale (VAS) method. Results The pupillary constriction during the simultaneous exposure to blue- and green-pulsed light was significantly lower than that during the blue-pulsed light exposure despite the double irradiance intensity of the combination. We also found that the b/|a| wave of the ERGs during the simultaneous exposure to blue- and green-pulsed light was lower than that during the blue-pulsed light exposure. We confirmed the subadditive response to pulsed light on pupillary constriction and ERG. However, the P100 of the VEPs during the blue-pulsed light were smaller than those during the simultaneous blue- and green-pulsed light and green-pulsed light, indicating that the P100 amplitude might depend on the luminance of light. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated the effect of the subadditive response to extremely short pulsed light on pupillary constriction and ERG responses. The effects on ipRGCs by the blue-pulsed light exposure are apparently reduced by the simultaneous irradiation of green light. The blue versus yellow (b/y) bipolar cells in the retina might be responsible for this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Yuria Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Katsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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11
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Adhikari P, Zele AJ, Thomas R, Feigl B. Quadrant Field Pupillometry Detects Melanopsin Dysfunction in Glaucoma Suspects and Early Glaucoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33373. [PMID: 27622679 PMCID: PMC5020729 DOI: 10.1038/srep33373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is difficult to detect visual function deficits in patients at risk for glaucoma (glaucoma suspects) and at early disease stages with conventional ophthalmic tests such as perimetry. To this end, we introduce a novel quadrant field measure of the melanopsin retinal ganglion cell mediated pupil light response corresponding with typical glaucomatous arcuate visual field defects. The melanopsin-mediated post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) was measured in 46 patients with different stages of glaucoma including glaucoma suspects and compared to a healthy group of 21 participants with no disease. We demonstrate that the superonasal quadrant PIPR differentiated glaucoma suspects and early glaucoma patients from controls with fair (AUC = 0.74) and excellent (AUC = 0.94) diagnostic accuracy, respectively. The superonasal PIPR provides a linear functional correlate of structural retinal nerve fibre thinning in glaucoma suspects and early glaucoma patients. This first report that quadrant PIPR stimulation detects melanopsin dysfunction in patients with early glaucoma and at pre-perimetric stages may have future implications in treatment decisions of glaucoma suspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Adhikari
- Medical Retina and Visual Science Laboratories, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J. Zele
- Medical Retina and Visual Science Laboratories, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ravi Thomas
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Beatrix Feigl
- Medical Retina and Visual Science Laboratories, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Avenue, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
- Queensland Eye Institute, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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12
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Lee S, Ishibashi S, Shimomura Y, Katsuura T. Effect of simultaneous exposure to extremely short pulses of blue and green light on human pupillary constriction. J Physiol Anthropol 2016; 35:20. [PMID: 27580696 PMCID: PMC5006526 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-016-0109-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soomin Lee
- Center for Environment, Health and Field Sciences, Chiba University, 6-2-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Shougo Ishibashi
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan.,Present address: East Japan Railway Company, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuo Katsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
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13
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van der Meijden WP, Van Someren JL, Te Lindert BHW, Bruijel J, van Oosterhout F, Coppens JE, Kalsbeek A, Cajochen C, Bourgin P, Van Someren EJW. Individual Differences in Sleep Timing Relate to Melanopsin-Based Phototransduction in Healthy Adolescents and Young Adults. Sleep 2016; 39:1305-10. [PMID: 27091519 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Individual differences in sleep timing have been widely recognized and are of particular relevance in adolescents and young adults who often show mild to severely delayed sleep. The biological mechanisms underlying the between-subject variance remain to be determined. Recent human genetics studies showed an association between sleep timing and melanopsin gene variation, but support for functional effects on downstream pathways and behavior was not demonstrated before. We therefore investigated the association between the autonomic (i.e., pupil diameter) and behavioral (i.e., sleep timing) readouts of two different downstream brain areas, both affected by the same melanopsin-dependent retinal phototransduction: the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). METHODS Our study population included 71 healthy individuals within an age range with known vulnerability to a delayed sleep phase (16.8-35.7 y, 37 males, 34 females). Pupillometry was performed to estimate functionality of the intrinsic melanopsin-signaling circuitry based on the OPN-mediated post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) to blue light. Sleep timing was quantified by estimating the SCN-mediated mid-sleep timing in three different ways in parallel: using a chronotype questionnaire, a sleep diary, and actigraphy. RESULTS All three measures consistently showed that those individuals with a later mid-sleep timing had a more pronounced PIPR (0.03 < P < 0.05), indicating a stronger blue-light responsiveness of the intrinsic melanopsin-based phototransduction circuitry. CONCLUSIONS Trait-like individual differences in the melanopsin phototransduction circuitry contribute to individual differences in sleep timing. Blue light-sensitive young individuals are more prone to delayed sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisse P van der Meijden
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Sleep and Cognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sleep Disorders Center, CHU and FMTS, CNRS-UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Center for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jamie L Van Someren
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Sleep and Cognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Barlaeus Gymnasium, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bart H W Te Lindert
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Sleep and Cognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Bruijel
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Sleep and Cognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floor van Oosterhout
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Sleep and Cognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Sleep Center, MC Slotervaart, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joris E Coppens
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Sleep and Cognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Dept. Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Cajochen
- Center for Chronobiology, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrice Bourgin
- Sleep Disorders Center, CHU and FMTS, CNRS-UPR 3212, Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Eus J W Van Someren
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Sleep and Cognition, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Departments of Integrative Neurophysiology and Medical Psychology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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14
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Daneault V, Dumont M, Massé É, Vandewalle G, Carrier J. Light-sensitive brain pathways and aging. J Physiol Anthropol 2016; 35:9. [PMID: 26980095 PMCID: PMC4791759 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-016-0091-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Notwithstanding its effects on the classical visual system allowing image formation, light acts upon several non-image-forming (NIF) functions including body temperature, hormonal secretions, sleep-wake cycle, alertness, and cognitive performance. Studies have shown that NIF functions are maximally sensitive to blue wavelengths (460–480 nm), in comparison to longer light wavelengths. Higher blue light sensitivity has been reported for melatonin suppression, pupillary constriction, vigilance, and performance improvement but also for modulation of cognitive brain functions. Studies investigating acute stimulating effects of light on brain activity during the execution of cognitive tasks have suggested that brain activations progress from subcortical regions involved in alertness, such as the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the brainstem, before reaching cortical regions associated with the ongoing task. In the course of aging, lower blue light sensitivity of some NIF functions has been reported. Here, we first describe neural pathways underlying effects of light on NIF functions and we discuss eye and cerebral mechanisms associated with aging which may affect NIF light sensitivity. Thereafter, we report results of investigations on pupillary constriction and cognitive brain sensitivity to light in the course of aging. Whereas the impact of light on cognitive brain responses appears to decrease substantially, pupillary constriction seems to remain more intact over the lifespan. Altogether, these results demonstrate that aging research should take into account the diversity of the pathways underlying the effects of light on specific NIF functions which may explain their differences in light sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Daneault
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - M Dumont
- Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - É Massé
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - G Vandewalle
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Carrier
- Functional Neuroimaging Unit, University of Montreal Geriatric Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Higuchi S, Nagafuchi Y, Lee SI, Harada T. Influence of light at night on melatonin suppression in children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:3298-303. [PMID: 24840814 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2014-1629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The sensitivity of melatonin to light suppression is expected to be higher in children because children have large pupils and pure crystal lenses. However, melatonin suppression by light in children remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether light-induced melatonin suppression in children is larger than that in adults. METHODS Thirty-three healthy primary school children (mean age, 9.2 ± 1.5 y) and 29 healthy adults (mean age, 41.6 ± 4.7 y) participated in two experiments. In the first experiment, salivary melatonin concentrations in 13 children and 13 adults were measured at night under a dim light (<30 lux) and a moderately bright light (580 lux) in an experimental facility. Pupil diameters were also measured under dim light and bright light. In the second experiment, melatonin concentrations in 20 children and 16 adults were measured under dim light in the experimental facility and under room light at home (illuminance, 140.0 ± 82.7 lux). RESULTS In experiment 1, the melatonin concentration was significantly decreased by exposure to moderately bright light in both adults and children. Melatonin suppression was significantly larger in children (88.2%; n = 5) than in adults (46.3%; n = 6; P < .01), although the data for some participants were excluded because melatonin concentrations had not yet risen. In experiment 2, melatonin secretion was significantly suppressed by room light at home in children (n = 15; P < .05) but not in adults (n = 11). CONCLUSION We found that the percentage of melatonin suppression by light in children was almost twice that in adults, suggesting that melatonin is more sensitive to light in children than in adults at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigekazu Higuchi
- Department of Human Science (S.H., Y.N., S.L.), Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan; and Laboratory of Environmental Physiology (T.H.), Faculty of Education, Kochi University, Kochi 780-8520, Japan
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16
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Lee SI, Hida A, Kitamura S, Mishima K, Higuchi S. Association between the melanopsin gene polymorphism OPN4*Ile394Thr and sleep/wake timing in Japanese university students. J Physiol Anthropol 2014; 33:9. [PMID: 24887407 PMCID: PMC4048048 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-33-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In our previous studies, we found that the Ile394Thr SNP in the melanopsin gene (OPN4) was functionally associated with the pupillary light reflex. This indicates the possibility that OPN4*Ile394Thr is associated with other non-image forming responses. The aim of this study was therefore to determine whether OPN4*Ile394Thr is associated with sleep/wake timing. Methods A total of 348 healthy Japanese university students participated in this study. Scalp hair was used to genotype the Ile394Thr SNP of OPN4. Sleep habits, including bedtime, wake time and sleep duration, were assessed separately for weekdays and weekends. A total of 328 samples, including 223 samples with TT genotype, 91 with TC genotype and 14 with CC genotype, were used for statistical analysis. No significant difference in age or male/female distribution was found among the three genotype groups. Results There was no significant difference in circadian preference among the genotype groups. During weekdays, bedtime, wake time and midpoint of sleep for CC subjects were significantly later than those for TT and TC subjects. However, there was no difference between TT and TC subjects in any of their sleep habits. During weekends, bedtime of CC subjects was significantly later than those of TT and TC subjects, and the midpoint of sleep of CC subjects was significantly later than that of TC subjects. Conclusions Our findings demonstrated that OPN4*Ile394Thr is associated with sleep/wake timing. We also found that the sleep/wake timing of subjects with the CC genotype was later than that of subjects with the TT or TC genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shigekazu Higuchi
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan.
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