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Chang L, Tzean Y, Hsin KT, Lin CY, Wang CN, Yeh HH. Stress associated proteins coordinate the activation of comprehensive antiviral immunity in Phalaenopsis orchids. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:145-155. [PMID: 34614215 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Viruses cause severe damage on crops, and identification of key gene(s) that can comprehensively activate antiviral immunity will provide insights for designing effective antiviral strategies. Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated antiviral immunity and RNA interference (RNAi) are two independently discovered antiviral pathways. Previously, we identified the orchid stress-associated protein (SAP), Pha13, which serves as a hub in SA-mediated antiviral immunity. As SAPs exist as a protein family, whether duplicated SAPs have redundant or distinctive functions in antiviral immunity remains elusive. We performed functional assays on orchid Pha21, a homolog of Pha13, using transient and transgenic approaches on orchid, Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana to overexpress and/or silence Pha21. The SA treatment induced the expression of both Pha13 and Pha21, whereas Pha21 was found to play a key role in the initiation of the RNAi pathway in Phalaenopsis orchids. We demonstrated that Pha21-mediated antiviral immunity and enhancement of the RNAi pathway is conserved between dicotyledons and monocotyledons. We provide new insight that orchid SAPs confer distinctive functions to coordinate both SA-signaling and RNAi for comprehensive activation of antiviral immunity, and this information will help us develop antiviral strategies on crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yuh Tzean
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Ting Hsin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ying Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Neng Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hung Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
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Qin X, Zhao X, Huang S, Deng J, Li X, Luo Z, Zhang Y. Pest management via endophytic colonization of tobacco seedlings by the insect fungal pathogen Beauveria bassiana. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:2007-2018. [PMID: 33342046 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that entomopathogenic fungi can be introduced into plants as endophytes potentially leading to insect control. Here, we sought to identify specific strains of the insect pathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana that would form endophytic associations with tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) benefitting host plant growth and/or resistance against insect pests and pathogens. RESULTS Tobacco seeds were inoculated with six different B. bassiana strains and entophytic colonization, plant growth, and resistance to pathogens and insect pests were evaluated over a 50 day-period. Although all the strains could colonize seedlings, 90% seedling colonization was seen for four strains. Fungal cells could be detected in stems more readily than in leaf and root tissues. Colonization by B. bassiana boosted plant growth with an increased photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, and stomatal and trichome density seen in fungal treated plants. Tobacco seedlings colonized by specific B. bassiana strains displayed significantly increased tolerance/resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogens. B. bassiana-colonized seedlings also displayed higher resistance to aphids (Myzus persicae) as compared to untreated controls. Colonization by B. bassiana was shown to trigger both of the salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonate acid (JA) defense pathways, but SA pathway was upregulated much more than JA pathway for some of the tested strains. CONCLUSION Specific strains of B. bassiana can be introduced into host plants as endophytes, resulting in promotion of host plant growth, increased resistance to microbial pathogens, and/or increased resistance to insect pests. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Qin
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Juan Deng
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Xuebing Li
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Zhibing Luo
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center, State Cultivation Base of Crop Stress Biology for Southern Mountainous Land of Southwest University, Southwest University, Chongqing, P. R. China
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Identification and Characterization of NPR1 and PR1 Homologs in Cymbidium orchids in Response to Multiple Hormones, Salinity and Viral Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061977. [PMID: 32183174 PMCID: PMC7139473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant nonexpressor of pathogenesis-related 1 (NPR1) and pathogenesis-associated 1 (PR1) genes play fundamental roles in plant immunity response, as well as abiotic-stress tolerance. Nevertheless, comprehensive identification and characterization of NPR1 and PR1 homologs has not been conducted to date in Cymbidium orchids, a valuable industrial crop cultivated as ornamental and medicinal plants worldwide. Herein, three NPR1-like (referred to as CsNPR1-1, CsNPR1-2, and CsNPR1-3) and two PR1-like (CsPR1-1 and CsPR1-2) genes were genome-widely identified from Cymbidium orchids. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that CsNPR1-1 and CsNPR1-2 were grouped closest to NPR1 homologs in Zea mays (sharing 81.98% identity) and Phalaenopsis (64.14%), while CsNPR1-3 was classified into a distinct group with Oryza sativaNPR 3 (57.72%). CsPR1-1 and CsPR1-2 were both grouped closest to Phalaenopsis PR1 and other monocot plants. Expression profiling showed that CsNPR1 and CsPR1 were highly expressed in stem/pseudobulb and/or flower. Salicylic acid (SA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) significantly up-regulated expressions of CsNPR1-2, CsPR1-1 and CsPR1-2, while CsNPR1-3, CsPR1-1 and CsPR1-2 were significantly up-regulated by abscisic acid (ABA) or salinity (NaCl) stress. In vitro transcripts of entire Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) genomic RNA were successfully transfected into Cymbidium protoplasts, and the CymMV infection up-regulated the expression of CsNPR1-2, CsPR1-1 and CsPR1-2. Additionally, these genes were transiently expressed in Cymbidium protoplasts for subcellular localization analysis, and the presence of SA led to the nuclear translocation of the CsNPR1-2 protein, and the transient expression of CsNPR1-2 greatly enhanced the expression of CsPR1-1 and CsPR1-2. Collectively, the CsNPR1-2-mediated signaling pathway is SA-dependent, and confers to the defense against CymMV infection in Cymbidium orchids.
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Wang JH, Gu KD, Han PL, Yu JQ, Wang CK, Zhang QY, You CX, Hu DG, Hao YJ. Apple ethylene response factor MdERF11 confers resistance to fungal pathogen Botryosphaeria dothidea. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 291:110351. [PMID: 31928678 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene response factor (ERF) is a plant-specific transcription factor involved in many biological processes including root formation, hypocotyl elongation, fruit ripening, organ senescence and stress responses, as well as fruit quality formation. However, its underlying mechanism in plant pathogen defense against Botryosphaeria dothidea (B. dothidea) remains poorly understood. Here, we isolate MdERF11, an apple nucleus-localized ERF transcription factor, from apple cultivar 'Royal Gala'. qRT-PCR assays show that the expression of MdERF11 is significantly induced in apple fruits after B. dothidea infection. Overexpression of MdERF11 gene in apple calli significantly increases the resistance to B.dothidea infection, while silencing MdERF11 in apple calli results in reduced resistance. Ectopic expression of MdERF11 in Arabidopsis also exhibits enhanced resistance to B. dothidea infection compared to that of wild type. Infections in apple calli and Arabidopsis leaves by B. dothidea respectively cause an increase in endogenous levels of salicylic acid (SA) followed by induction of SA synthesis-related and signaling-related gene expression. Taken together, these findings illustrate a potential mechanism by which MdERF11 elevates plant pathogen defense against B. dothidea by regulating SA synthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Kai-Di Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Peng-Liang Han
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Chu-Kun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Quan-Yan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Da-Gang Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Yu-Jin Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Fruit and Vegetable Production with High Quality and Efficiency, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai-An, Shandong, 271018, China.
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Xu YQ, Wang H, Qin RL, Fang LJ, Liu Z, Yuan SS, Gai YP, Ji XL. Characterization of NPR1 and NPR4 genes from mulberry (Morus multicaulis) and their roles in development and stress resistance. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2019; 167:302-316. [PMID: 30506684 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The quality and quantity of mulberry leaves are often affected by various environmental factors. The plant NPR1 and its homologous genes are important for plant systemic acquired resistance. Here, the full-length cDNAs encoding the NPR1 and NPR4 genes (designated MuNPR1 and MuNPR4, respectively) were isolated from Morus multicaulis. Sequence analysis of the amino acids and protein modeling of the MuNPR1 and MuNPR4 proteins showed that MuNPR1 shares some conserved characteristics with its homolog MuNPR4. MuNPR1 was shown to have different expression patterns than MuNPR4 in mulberry plants. Interestingly, MuNPR1 or MuNPR4 transgenic Arabidopsis produced an early flowering phenotype, and the expression of the pathogenesis-related 1a gene was promoted in MuNPR1 transgenic Arabidopsis. The MuNPR1 transgenic plants showed more resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst. DC3000) than did the wild-type Arabidopsis. Moreover, the ectopic expression of MuNPR1 might lead to enhanced scavenging ability and suppress collase accumulation. In contrast, the MuNPR4 transgenic Arabidopsis were hypersensitive to Pst. DC3000 infection. In addition, transgenic Arabidopsis with the ectopic expression of either MuNPR1 or MuNPR4 showed sensitivity to salt and drought stresses. Our data suggest that both the MuNPR1 and MuNPR4 genes play a role in the coordination between signaling pathways, and the information provided here enables the in-depth functional analysis of the MuNPR1 and MuNPR4 genes and may promote mulberry resistance breeding in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qi Xu
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Rong-Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Li-Jing Fang
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Shuo-Shuo Yuan
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ying-Ping Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xian-Ling Ji
- College of Forestry, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong, 271018, China
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Zheng X, Xing J, Zhang K, Pang X, Zhao Y, Wang G, Zang J, Huang R, Dong J. Ethylene Response Factor ERF11 Activates BT4 Transcription to Regulate Immunity to Pseudomonas syringae. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:1132-1151. [PMID: 30926656 PMCID: PMC6548261 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas syringae, a major hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogen, causes many devastating plant diseases. However, the transcriptional regulation of plant defense responses to P. syringae remains largely unknown. Here, we found that gain-of-function of BTB AND TAZ DOMAIN PROTEIN 4 (BT4) enhanced the resistance of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to Pst DC3000 (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000). Disruption of BT4 also weakened the salicylic acid (SA)-induced defense response to Pst DC3000 in bt4 mutants. Further investigation indicated that, under Pst infection, transcription of BT4 is modulated by components of both the SA and ethylene (ET) signaling pathways. Intriguingly, the specific binding elements of ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) proteins, including dehydration responsive/C-repeat elements and the GCC box, were found in the putative promoter of BT4 Based on publicly available microarray data and transcriptional confirmation, we determined that ERF11 is inducible by salicylic acid and Pst DC3000 and is modulated by the SA and ET signaling pathways. Consistent with the function of BT4, loss-of-function of ERF11 weakened Arabidopsis resistance to Pst DC3000 and the SA-induced defense response. Biochemical and molecular assays revealed that ERF11 binds specifically to the GCC box of the BT4 promoter to activate its transcription. Genetic studies further revealed that the BT4-regulated Arabidopsis defense response to Pst DC3000 functions directly downstream of ERF11. Our findings indicate that transcriptional activation of BT4 by ERF11 is a key step in SA/ET-regulated plant resistance against Pst DC3000, enhancing our understanding of plant defense responses to hemibiotrophic bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jihong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xi Pang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yating Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Jinping Zang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Rongfeng Huang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Key Facility of Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- Mycotoxin and Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
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Sung YC, Lin CP, Hsu HJ, Chen YL, Chen JC. Silencing of CrNPR1 and CrNPR3 Alters Plant Susceptibility to Periwinkle Leaf Yellowing Phytoplasma. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1183. [PMID: 31632422 PMCID: PMC6779864 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmas are prokaryotic plant pathogens that cause considerable loss in many economically important crops, and an increasing number of phytoplasma diseases are being reported on new hosts. Knowledge of plant defense mechanisms against such pathogens should help to improve strategies for controlling these diseases. Salicylic acid (SA)-mediated defense may play an important role in defense against phytoplasmas. Here, we report that SA accumulated in Madagascar periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) infected with periwinkle leaf yellowing (PLY) phytoplasma. CrPR1a expression was induced in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic tissues of plants exhibiting PLY. NPR1 plays a central role in SA signaling, and two NPR1 homologs, CrNPR1 and CrNPR3, were identified from a periwinkle transcriptome database. Similar to CrPR1a, CrNPR1 expression was also induced in both symptomatic and non-symptomatic tissues of plants exhibiting PLY. Silencing of CrNPR1, but not CrNPR3, significantly repressed CrPR1a induction in Tobacco rattle virus-infected periwinkle plants. In addition, symptoms of PLY progressed fastest in CrNPR1-silenced plants and slowest in CrNPR3-silenced plants. Consistently, expression of CrNPR1, but not CrNPR3, was induced by phytoplasma infection as well as SA treatment. This study highlights the importance of NPR1- and SA-mediated defense against phytoplasma in periwinkle and offers insight into plant-phytoplasma interactions to improve disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chang Sung
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chan-Pin Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ling Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chih Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Jen-Chih Chen,
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Backer R, Naidoo S, van den Berg N. The NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) and Related Family: Mechanistic Insights in Plant Disease Resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:102. [PMID: 30815005 PMCID: PMC6381062 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) and related NPR1-like proteins are a functionally similar, yet surprisingly diverse family of transcription co-factors. Initially, NPR1 in Arabidopsis was identified as a positive regulator of systemic acquired resistance (SAR), paralogs NPR3 and NPR4 were later shown to be negative SAR regulators. The mechanisms involved have been the subject of extensive research and debate over the years, during which time a lot has been uncovered. The known roles of this protein family have extended to include influences over a broad range of systems including circadian rhythm, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins and the development of lateral organs. Recently, important advances have been made in understanding the regulatory relationship between members of the NPR1-like protein family, providing new insight regarding their interactions, both with each other and other defense-related proteins. Most importantly the influence of salicylic acid (SA) on these interactions has become clearer with NPR1, NPR3, and NPR4 being considered bone fide SA receptors. Additionally, post-translational modification of NPR1 has garnered attention during the past years, adding to the growing regulatory complexity of this protein. Furthermore, growing interest in NPR1 overexpressing crops has provided new insights regarding the role of NPR1 in both biotic and abiotic stresses in several plant species. Given the wealth of information, this review aims to highlight and consolidate the most relevant and influential research in the field to date. In so doing, we attempt to provide insight into the mechanisms and interactions which underly the roles of the NPR1-like proteins in plant disease responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Backer
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Noëlani van den Berg
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Noëlani van den Berg,
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Zandvakili N, Zamani M, Motallebi M, Moghaddassi Jahromi Z. Cloning, Overexpression and in vitro Antifungal Activity of Zea Mays PR10 Protein. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 15:42-49. [PMID: 28959351 PMCID: PMC5582252 DOI: 10.15171/ijb.1357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background
Plants have various defense mechanisms such as production of antimicrobial peptides, particularly
pathogenesis related proteins (PR proteins). PR10 family is an essential member of this group, with antifungal, antibacterial
and antiviral activities.
Objective
The goal of this study is to assess the antifungal activity of maize PR10 against some of fungal phytopathogens.
Materials and Methods Zea mays PR10 gene (TN-05-147) was cloned from genomic DNA and cDNA and overexpressed
in Escherichia coli. The existence of a 77- bp intron and two exons in PR10 was confi rmed by comparing the genomic and
cDNA sequences. The PR10 cDNA was cloned in pET26b (+) expression vector and transformed into E. coli strain Rosetta
DE3 in order to express PR10 recombinant protein. Expression of the recombinant protein was checked by western analysis.
Recombinant PR10 appeared as insoluble inclusion bodies and thus solubilized and refolded. PR10 was isolated using Ni-
NTA column. The activity of the refolded protein was confi rmed by DNA degradation test. The antifungal activity of PR10
was assessed using radial diff usion, disc diff usion and spore germination. The hemolytic assay was performed to investigate
the biosafety of recombinant PR10.
Results
Recombinant maize PR10 exerted broad spectrum antifungal activity against
Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum, Fusarium oxysporum, Verticillium dahlia
and Alternaria solani. Hemolysis biosafety test indicated that the
protein is not poisonous to mammalian cells.
Conclusions
Maize PR10 has the potential to be used as the antifungal agent against diff erent fungal phytopathogens.
Therefore, this protein can be used in order to produce antifungal agents and fungi resistance transgenic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Zandvakili
- Department of Plant Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IAB), NIGEB, Tehran, 14965/161, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Zamani
- Department of Plant Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IAB), NIGEB, Tehran, 14965/161, Iran
| | - Mostafa Motallebi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IAB), NIGEB, Tehran, 14965/161, Iran
| | - Zahra Moghaddassi Jahromi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IAB), NIGEB, Tehran, 14965/161, Iran
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Dutt M, Barthe G, Irey M, Grosser J. Transgenic Citrus Expressing an Arabidopsis NPR1 Gene Exhibit Enhanced Resistance against Huanglongbing (HLB; Citrus Greening). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137134. [PMID: 26398891 PMCID: PMC4580634 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial sweet orange cultivars lack resistance to Huanglongbing (HLB), a serious phloem limited bacterial disease that is usually fatal. In order to develop sustained disease resistance to HLB, transgenic sweet orange cultivars ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Valencia’ expressing an Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1 gene under the control of a constitutive CaMV 35S promoter or a phloem specific Arabidopsis SUC2 (AtSUC2) promoter were produced. Overexpression of AtNPR1 resulted in trees with normal phenotypes that exhibited enhanced resistance to HLB. Phloem specific expression of NPR1 was equally effective for enhancing disease resistance. Transgenic trees exhibited reduced diseased severity and a few lines remained disease-free even after 36 months of planting in a high-disease pressure field site. Expression of the NPR1 gene induced expression of several native genes involved in the plant defense signaling pathways. The AtNPR1 gene being plant derived can serve as a component for the development of an all plant T-DNA derived consumer friendly GM tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Dutt
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gary Barthe
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Michael Irey
- Southern Gardens Citrus, Clewiston, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jude Grosser
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
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Gao QM, Zhu S, Kachroo P, Kachroo A. Signal regulators of systemic acquired resistance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:228. [PMID: 25918514 PMCID: PMC4394658 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important phytohormone that plays a vital role in a number of physiological responses, including plant defense. The last two decades have witnessed a number of breakthroughs related to biosynthesis, transport, perception and signaling mediated by SA. These findings demonstrate that SA plays a crictical role in both local and systemic defense responses. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is one such SA-dependent response. SAR is a long distance signaling mechanism that provides broad spectrum and long-lasting resistance to secondary infections throughout the plant. This unique feature makes SAR a highly desirable trait in crop production. This review summarizes the recent advances in the role of SA in SAR and discusses its relationship to other SAR inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ming Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Shifeng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai UniversityTianjin, China
| | - Pradeep Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
| | - Aardra Kachroo
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA
- *Correspondence: Aardra Kachroo, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, 201F Plant Science Building, 1405 Veterans drive, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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