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Ashique S, Mohanto S, Kumar N, Nag S, Mishra A, Biswas A, Rihan M, Srivastava S, Bhowmick M, Taghizadeh-Hesary F. Unlocking the possibilities of therapeutic potential of silymarin and silibinin against neurodegenerative Diseases-A mechanistic overview. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 981:176906. [PMID: 39154829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Silymarin, a bioflavonoid derived from the Silybum marianum plant, was discovered in 1960. It contains C25 and has been extensively used as a therapeutic agent against liver-related diseases caused by alcohol addiction, acute viral hepatitis, and toxins-inducing liver failure. Its efficacy stems from its role as a potent anti-oxidant and scavenger of free radicals, employed through various mechanisms. Additionally, silymarin or silybin possesses immunomodulatory characteristics, impacting immune-enhancing and immune-suppressive functions. Recently, silymarin has been recognized as a potential neuroprotective therapy for various neurological conditions, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, along with conditions related to cerebral ischemia. Its hepatoprotective qualities, primarily due to its anti-oxidant and tissue-regenerating properties, are well-established. Silymarin also enhances health by modifying processes such as inflammation, β-amyloid accumulation, cellular estrogenic receptor mediation, and apoptotic machinery. While believed to reduce oxidative stress and support neuroprotective mechanisms, these effects represent just one aspect of the compound's multifaceted protective action. This review article further delves into the possibilities of potential therapeutic advancement of silymarin and silibinin for the management of neurodegenerative disorders via mechanics modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumel Ashique
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Department of Pharmaceutics, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur, 713212, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to Be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
| | - Nitish Kumar
- SRM Modinagar College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to Be University), Delhi-NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201204, India
| | - Sagnik Nag
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Anuradha Mishra
- Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Lucknow Campus, Uttar Pradesh, 226010, India
| | - Aritra Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara Akhil Mukherjee Road, Khardaha, West Bengal, 700118, India; UNESCO Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, 121001, Haryana, India.
| | - Mohd Rihan
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Shriyansh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, 203201, India; Department of Pharmacology, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University (DPSRU), Sector 3 Pushp Vihar, New Delhi, 110017, India
| | - Mithun Bhowmick
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Bengal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Research, Durgapur, 713212, West Bengal, India
| | - Farzad Taghizadeh-Hesary
- ENT and Head and Neck Research Center and Department, The Five Senses Health Institute, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Khodabandelou S, Nazem Z, Komaki A, Ramezani M, Firoozian F, Faraji N, Mahboobian MM, Mohammadi M. Development of silibinin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers for Alzheimer's disease induced by amyloid beta in Wistar rats. J Mater Chem B 2024. [PMID: 39380555 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00775a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study is to develop, optimize, and evaluate the in vivo effectiveness of orally administered silibinin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (SB-NLCs) in amyloid β-induced Alzheimer's disease in Wistar rats. Methods. The emulsification-solvent evaporation method was used for preparing the NLCs, using stearic acid, triacetin, and Cremophor® RH40. The statistical optimization of SB-NLCs was done using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Then, the following parameters were evaluated: zeta potential, average size, in vitro drug release, and drug entrapment efficiency. Physicochemical properties of the optimized SB-NLCs were determined by FTIR, DSC, and P-XRD. The behavioral (OFT, NOR, MWM), histological (H&E, Congo Red), and biochemical (TAC, MDA, GSH) tests were conducted on 48 male Wistar rats. Results. The findings showed that the mean particle size, zeta potential and entrapment efficiency of optimized SB-NLCs were 194.71 ± 14.06 nm, -12.46 ± 0.25 mV, and 72.13% ± 1.41, respectively. XRD and DSC studies confirmed a reduction in the crystallinity of SB which occurred due to its embedment in the nanostructured lipid. The FTIR results indicated the lack of existence of any chemical interaction between the carrier components and the drug. Drug release in the external environment was slow and steady. Drug-containing nanoparticles showed good stability during three months of storage at 4 °C. The behavioral test of OFT showed no significant change between groups. The group treated with SB-NLCs showed a markedly higher discrimination rate compared to the Aβ group (p < 0.001). The time of the SB-NLC treated group in the target area was considerably more than the time of the SB and Aβ groups, respectively (p < 0.01, p < 0.001), in the MWM test. Histological and biochemical analysis revealed better results in the SB-NLC group as against the SB group. Conclusion. SB-NLCs can be considered as a promising formulation for the proper treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the oral drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Khodabandelou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Zeynab Nazem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ramezani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farzin Firoozian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Nafiseh Faraji
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Mahboobian
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
| | - Mojdeh Mohammadi
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
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Haddadi R, Eyvari-Brooshghalan S, Makhdoomi S, Fadaiie A, Komaki A, Daneshvar A. Neuroprotective effects of silymarin in 3-nitropropionic acid-induced neurotoxicity in male mice: improving behavioral deficits by attenuating oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:2447-2463. [PMID: 37847410 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02776-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) is strongly believed to be an irreversible inhibitor of mitochondrial complex II, leading to neural damage. This study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of silymarin against 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity in male mice. Six-week-old mice received subacute doses of 3-NP intraperitoneally for 17 days. Mice were given silymarin (70 mg/kg/day, P.O.) for 2 weeks before 3-NP administration or for 4 weeks after 3-NP administration. At the end of the treatment schedule, animals were evaluated for behavioral alterations. Subsequently, neuronal damage in the hippocampus region of the brain tissues, oxidative stress-related parameters (lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity), and pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-1β) levels were evaluated. Our results indicated that 3-NP treatment significantly (p < 0.05) tended to reduce motor coordination, memory, and neuronal antioxidant status while increasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. However, silymarin in both treatment and pretreatment protocols markedly (p < 0.05) attenuated the behavioral deficits, oxidative stress status, and neuroinflammation. The results of the current study suggest that the neuroprotective effect of silymarin against 3-NP-induced neurotoxicity might be due to the mitigation of oxidative stress status and provide insight into the therapeutic potential of silymarin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Haddadi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plant and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838678, Iran.
| | - Shahla Eyvari-Brooshghalan
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Sajjad Makhdoomi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plant and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838678, Iran
| | - Ahmad Fadaiie
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plant and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838678, Iran
| | - Alireza Komaki
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Afsoon Daneshvar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal Plant and Natural Products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838678, Iran
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Jabbari A, Alani B, Arjmand A, Mazoochi T, Kheiripour N, Ardjmand A. Silymarin pretreatment protects against ethanol-induced memory impairment: Biochemical and histopathological evidence. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 132:102310. [PMID: 37429530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ethanol (Eth.) abuse induces memory impairment. Oxidative damage and apoptosis are considered the likely causes of memory impairment. Silymarin (Sil.) is a flavonoid isolated from the plant Silymarin marianum (milk thistle). While studies have reported the neuroprotective effect of Sil. against neurodegenerative processes, the precise mechanism of action of Sil. in Eth.-induced memory impairment remains unclear. METHODS Twenty-eight rats were equally divided into four groups: Control (saline 1 ml/rat); Sil. (200 mg/kg for 30 days); Eth. (2 g/kg/day for 30 days); and Sil. + Eth. Behavioral tests including inhibitory avoidance and open field were used to investigate memory and locomotion. Brain antioxidant parameters, including catalase, superoxide dismutase, total antioxidant capacity and total thiol group, plus oxidative parameters, including malondialdehyde and total oxidant status, followed by hippocampal apoptosis (Bax/Bcl2, cleaved caspase) and histopathological changes were evaluated in the groups. RESULTS While the administration of Eth. impaired memory, Sil. significantly reversed Eth-induced memory deficits. Eth. administration also augmented brain oxidative and hippocampal apoptosis parameters. In contrast, a marked reduction in brain antioxidant and anti-apoptotic parameters was observed in the Eth. group. At the tissue level, hippocampal sections from Eth.-treated animals revealed severe neuronal damage. The administration of Sil. to Eth.-treated rats remarkably alleviated all the said Eth.-induced biochemical and histopathological effects. On the contrary, Sil. alone did not change the behavior and biochemical/molecular parameters. CONCLUSION The memory-enhancing effect of Sil. in Eth.-induced demented rats may be partly mediated by the augmented antioxidant effects and amelioration of apoptotic and histopathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Jabbari
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - B Alani
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - A Arjmand
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - T Mazoochi
- Gametogenesis Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - N Kheiripour
- Biochemistry and Nutrition Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - A Ardjmand
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Ranjan S, Gautam A. Pharmaceutical prospects of Silymarin for the treatment of neurological patients: an updated insight. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1159806. [PMID: 37274201 PMCID: PMC10232807 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1159806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Silymarin is a polyphenolic flavonoid complex extricated from dried fruits and seeds of the plant Silybum marianum L. Chemically, it is a mixture of flavonolignan complexes consisting of silybin, isosilybin, silychristin, silydianin, a minor quantity of taxifolin, and other polyphenolic compounds, which possess different bio medicinal values. Purpose This review critically looks into the current status, pharmaceutical prospects and limitations of the clinical application of Silymarin for treating neurological disorders. In particular, Silymarin's medicinal properties and molecular mechanisms are focused on providing a better-compiled understanding helpful in its neuro-pharmacological or therapeutic aspects. Methods This review was compiled by the literature search done using three databases, i.e., PubMed (Medline), EMBASE and Science Direct, up to January 2023, using the keywords-Silymarin, neurological disorders, cognitive disorders, Type 2 Diabetes, pharmaceutical prospects and treatment. Then, potentially relevant publications and studies (matching the eligible criteria) were retrieved and selected to explain in this review using PRISMA 2020 (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) study flow chart. Result Since its discovery, it has been widely studied as a hepatoprotective drug for various liver disorders. However, in the last 10-15 years, several research studies have shown its putative neuroprotective nature against various brain disorders, including psychiatric, neurodegenerative, cognitive, metabolic and other neurological disorders. The main underlying neuroprotective mechanisms in preventing and curing such disorders are the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, pro-neurotrophic and pro-estrogenic nature of the bioactive molecules. Conclusion This review provides a lucid summary of the well-studied neuroprotective effects of Silymarin, its underlying molecular mechanisms and current limitations for its usage during neurological disorders. Finally, we have suggested a future course of action for developing it as a novel herbal drug for the treatment of brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovit Ranjan
- University Department of Zoology, Kolhan University, Chaibasa, Jharkhand, India
| | - Akash Gautam
- Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Koul B, Farooq U, Yadav D, Song M. Phytochemicals: A Promising Alternative for the Prevention of Alzheimer's Disease. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040999. [PMID: 37109528 PMCID: PMC10144079 DOI: 10.3390/life13040999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological condition that worsens with ageing and affects memory and cognitive function. Presently more than 55 million individuals are affected by AD all over the world, and it is a leading cause of death in old age. The main purpose of this paper is to review the phytochemical constituents of different plants that are used for the treatment of AD. A thorough and organized review of the existing literature was conducted, and the data under the different sections were found using a computerized bibliographic search through the use of databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, MEDLINE, EMBASE, INMEDPLAN, NATTS, and numerous other websites. Around 360 papers were screened, and, out of that, 258 papers were selected on the basis of keywords and relevant information that needed to be included in this review. A total of 55 plants belonging to different families have been reported to possess different bioactive compounds (galantamine, curcumin, silymarin, and many more) that play a significant role in the treatment of AD. These plants possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticholinesterase, and anti-amyloid properties and are safe for consumption. This paper focuses on the taxonomic details of the plants, the mode of action of their phytochemicals, their safety, future prospects, limitations, and sustainability criteria for the effective treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupendra Koul
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Usma Farooq
- Department of Botany, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Saravanan K, Sugarthi S, Suganya S, Kumaradhas P. Probing the intermolecular interactions, binding affinity, charge density distribution and dynamics of silibinin in dual targets AChE and BACE1: QTAIM and molecular dynamics perspective. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:12880-12894. [PMID: 34637680 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1977699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the grievous neurodegenerative disorder. Reportedly, many enzymes are responsible for this disease, in which notably, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and β-secretase (BACE1) are largely involved for AD. An experimental study reports that silibinin molecule inhibits both AChE and BACE1 enzymes. Present study aims to understand the dual binding mechanism of silibinin in the active site of AChE and BACE1 from the intermolecular interactions, conformational flexibility, charge density distribution, binding energy and the stability of molecule. To obtain the above information, the molecular docking, molecular dynamics (MD) and QTAIM (quantum theory of atoms in molecules) calculations have been performed. The molecular docking reveals that silibinin molecule is forming strong and weak intermolecular interactions with the catalytic site of both enzymes. The QTAIM analysis for the binding pockets of both complexes shows the charge density distribution of intermolecular interactions. The electrostatic potential map displays the electronegative/positive regions at the interaction zone of silibinin with AChE and BACE1 complexes. The MD simulation confirms that the silibinin molecule is stable in the active site of AChE and BACE1 enzymes. The binding free energies of silibinin with both enzymes are more favorable to have the interactions.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanan
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India.,Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Srinivasan Sugarthi
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Kancheepuram, India
| | - Suresh Suganya
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Poomani Kumaradhas
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
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Tyler SEB, Tyler LDK. Therapeutic roles of plants for 15 hypothesised causal bases of Alzheimer's disease. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:34. [PMID: 35996065 PMCID: PMC9395556 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is progressive and ultimately fatal, with current drugs failing to reverse and cure it. This study aimed to find plant species which may provide therapeutic bioactivities targeted to causal agents proposed to be driving AD. A novel toolkit methodology was employed, whereby clinical symptoms were translated into categories recognized in ethnomedicine. These categories were applied to find plant species with therapeutic effects, mined from ethnomedical surveys. Survey locations were mapped to assess how this data is at risk. Bioactivities were found of therapeutic relevance to 15 hypothesised causal bases for AD. 107 species with an ethnological report of memory improvement demonstrated therapeutic activity for all these 15 causal bases. The majority of the surveys were found to reside within biodiversity hotspots (centres of high biodiversity under threat), with loss of traditional knowledge the most common threat. Our findings suggest that the documented plants provide a large resource of AD therapeutic potential. In demonstrating bioactivities targeted to these causal bases, such plants may have the capacity to reduce or reverse AD, with promise as drug leads to target multiple AD hallmarks. However, there is a need to preserve ethnomedical knowledge, and the habitats on which this knowledge depends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luke D K Tyler
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Gwynedd, UK
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Mechanistic Insights into the Pharmacological Significance of Silymarin. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165327. [PMID: 36014565 PMCID: PMC9414257 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants are considered the reservoir of diverse therapeutic agents and have been traditionally employed worldwide to heal various ailments for several decades. Silymarin is a plant-derived mixture of polyphenolic flavonoids originating from the fruits and akenes of Silybum marianum and contains three flavonolignans, silibinins (silybins), silychristin and silydianin, along with taxifolin. Silybins are the major constituents in silymarin with almost 70–80% abundance and are accountable for most of the observed therapeutic activity. Silymarin has also been acknowledged from the ancient period and is utilized in European and Asian systems of traditional medicine for treating various liver disorders. The contemporary literature reveals that silymarin is employed significantly as a neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-viral, anti-hypertensive, immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, photoprotective and detoxification agent by targeting various cellular and molecular pathways, including MAPK, mTOR, β-catenin and Akt, different receptors and growth factors, as well as inhibiting numerous enzymes and the gene expression of several apoptotic proteins and inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the current review aims to recapitulate and update the existing knowledge regarding the pharmacological potential of silymarin as evidenced by vast cellular, animal, and clinical studies, with a particular emphasis on its mechanisms of action.
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Local Insulin-Derived Amyloidosis Model Confronted with Silymarin: Histological Insights and Gene Expression of MMP, TNF-α, and IL-6. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094952. [PMID: 35563343 PMCID: PMC9101448 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyloidosis is a heterogeneous group of protein deposition diseases associated with the presence of amyloid fibrils in tissues. Analogs of insulin that are used for treating diabetic patients (including regular insulin) can form amyloid fibrils, both in vitro and in vivo as reported in patients. The main purpose of this study was the induction of localized insulin-generated amyloidosis and the observation of silymarin effects on this process. In order to obtain amyloid structures, regular insulin was incubated at 37 °C for 24 h. Congo red absorbance and transmission electron microscopy images validated the formation of amyloid fibrils. Those fibrils were then injected subcutaneously into rats once per day for 6, 12 or 18 consecutive days in the presence or absence of silymarin, and caused development of firm waxy masses. These masses were excised and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Congo red and Thioflavin S. Histological examination showed adipose cells and connective tissue in which amyloid deposition was visible. Amyloids decreased in the presence of silymarin, and the same effect was observed when silymarin was added to normal insulin and injected subsequently. Furthermore, plasma concentrations of MMP2, TNF-α, and IL-6 inflammatory factors were measured, and their gene expression was locally assessed in the masses by immunohistochemistry. All three factors increased in the amyloidosis state, while silymarin had an attenuating effect on their plasma levels and gene expression. In conclusion, we believe that silymarin could be effective in counteracting insulin-generated local amyloidosis.
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Saini V, Singh A, Shukla R, Jain K, Yadav AK. Silymarin-Encapsulated Xanthan Gum-Stabilized Selenium Nanocarriers for Enhanced Activity Against Amyloid Fibril Cytotoxicity. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:125. [PMID: 35474400 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-beta at the neuronal sites is a major pathological hallmark involved in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease. To reduce the Aβ-induced neuronal cytotoxicity, selenium nanoparticles and silymarin were fabricated in a single polysaccharide matrix for dual antioxidant and Aβ fibril disaggregation activity. These nanoparticles were further stabilized by an exopolysaccharide xanthan gum. The nanoparticles were fabricated to reduce the amyloid-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. A three-step method employing redox reaction of sodium selenite and ascorbic acid has been adopted for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles. Consequently, xanthan gum powder was added to impart stability to the nanocarriers. The nanoparticles exhibited a particle size of 119.2 ± 2.8 nm, zeta potential of - 35.4 ± 3.8 mV, and % EE of 87.7 ± 2.23. HR-TEM with EDX analysis confirmed the presence of spherical nanoparticles. An in vitro drug release study exhibited 89.33 ± 5.4% release of silymarin from nanocarriers and was able to scavenge 90% free radicals of DPPH reagent. The thioflavin T (ThT) fibrillation kinetics study showed that the nanoparticles elicited maximum disaggregation of Aβ fibrils that was depicted by the quenched fluorescence intensity signal. The cell viability results revealed that the highest neuroprotection activity was observed in the cell group treated with SLY-XG-Se against Aβ 1-42-induced toxicity. The nanoparticles were able to internalize in SH-SY5Y cells. Our findings showed that the nanocarrier elicited anti-aggregation efficacy in neuronal cell lines and mitigated the Aβ-induced cytotoxicity, which represents the prospects of neuroprotection involved in the therapeutics of AD.
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Javeed A, Ahmed M, Sajid AR, Sikandar A, Aslam M, Hassan TU, Dogar S, Nazir Z, Ji M, Li C. Comparative Assessment of Phytoconstituents, Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Analysis of Different Parts of Milk Thistle Silybum marianum L. Molecules 2022; 27:2641. [PMID: 35565993 PMCID: PMC9102823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Silybum marianum L. is a therapeutic plant belonging to the family Asteraceae, which has exhibited silymarin, a principal component used to cure various physiochemical disorders. The study appraised the phytochemical analysis, antioxidant activity and chemical analysis of an extract from the seed, stem and leaves. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis was evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent method and aluminum chloride colorimetric method, respectively. While the antioxidant activity was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and acetate buffer in ferric chloride (FRAP) assay, respectively, the chemical profile was evaluated by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) assay. The study outcomes identified that alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and catcholic tannins were present in seed, stem and leaves extracts except for saponins and Gallic tannins. Whereas, phenols were absent only in seed extract. Quantitative analysis revealed the presence of phenols and flavonoids in appreciable amounts of 21.79 (GAE/g), 129.66 (QE/g) and 17.29 (GAE/g), 114.29 (QE/g) from the leaves and stem extract, respectively. Similarly, all extracts expressed reasonable DPPH inhibition (IC50) and FRAP reducing power such as 75.98, 72.39 and 63.21% and 46.60, 51.40 and 41.30 mmol/g from the seeds, stem and leaves extract, respectively. Additionally, chemical analysis revealed the existence of 6, 8 and 9 chemical compounds from the seeds, stem and leaves extract, respectively, corresponding to 99.95, 99.96 and 98.89% of the whole extract. The chemical compound, Dibutyl phthalate was reported from all extracts while, Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester and Silane, (1,1-dimethylethyl), dimethyl (phenylmethoxy) were reported only from the seed and leaves extract. Moreover, Methyl stearate was also a major compound reported from all extracts except for seed extract. It is demonstrable that extracts from different parts of S. marianum possess significant antioxidant activity, as well as valuable chemical compounds accountable for therapeutic effects that might be incorporated as an alternative to synthetic chemical agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansar Javeed
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China
| | - Maqsood Ahmed
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (M.A.); (A.S.); (M.J.)
- Agriculture Department (Plant Protection) Pest Warning & Quality Control of Pesticides, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan;
| | - Allah Rakha Sajid
- Directorate General of Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Lahore 42000, Pakistan; (A.R.S.); (M.A.); (T.u.H.); (Z.N.)
| | - Aatika Sikandar
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (M.A.); (A.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Directorate General of Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Lahore 42000, Pakistan; (A.R.S.); (M.A.); (T.u.H.); (Z.N.)
| | - Talfoor ul Hassan
- Directorate General of Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Lahore 42000, Pakistan; (A.R.S.); (M.A.); (T.u.H.); (Z.N.)
| | - Samiullah Dogar
- Agriculture Department (Plant Protection) Pest Warning & Quality Control of Pesticides, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan;
| | - Zahid Nazir
- Directorate General of Pest Warning and Quality Control of Pesticides, Lahore 42000, Pakistan; (A.R.S.); (M.A.); (T.u.H.); (Z.N.)
| | - Mingshan Ji
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (M.A.); (A.S.); (M.J.)
| | - Cong Li
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
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Ju T, Sun L, Fan Y, Wang T, Liu Y, Liu D, Liu T, Zhao C, Wang W, Chi L. Decreased Netrin-1 in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 13:762649. [PMID: 35250531 PMCID: PMC8888826 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.762649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Inflammatory mediators are closely associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Netrin-1 is an axon guidance protein and despite its capacity to function as a neuroimmune guidance signal, its role in AD or MCI is poorly understood. In addition, the association among netrin-1, cognitive impairment and serum inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis (TNF-α) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine serum levels of IL-17, TNF-α and netrin-1in a cohort of AD and MCI patients, and to study the relationship between these cytokines and cognitive status, as well as to assess the possible relationships between netrin-1 levels and inflammatory molecules. METHODS Serum concentrations of netrin-1, TNF-α and IL-17 were determined in 20 AD patients, 22 MCI patients and 22 healthy controls using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, neuropsychological evaluations and psychometric assessments were performed in all subjects. RESULTS Serum netrin-1 levels were decreased in AD and MCI patients and were positively correlated with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores. In contrast, serum TNF-α and IL-17 levels were elevated in AD and MCI cohorts and negatively correlated with MMSE scores. Serum netrin-1 levels were inversely related with TNF-α and IL-17 levels in AD, but not MCI, patients. CONCLUSION Based on the findings reported here, netrin-1 may serve as a marker for the early recognition of dementia and predict cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ju
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuwei Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanchen Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianyi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Intensive Care Unit, Jiangyin People’s Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Samii Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Chi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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14
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Khazaei R, Seidavi A, Bouyeh M. A review on the mechanisms of the effect of silymarin in milk thistle (Silybum marianum) on some laboratory animals. Vet Med Sci 2022; 8:289-301. [PMID: 34599793 PMCID: PMC8788984 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most valuable medicinal plants is milk thistle (Silybum marianum) or martighal. An annual or biennial plant of the Asteraceae family and English name Milk thistle, a Matte green colour and prickly plant with a standing stem that can be thick, simple, or slightly branched (ramified). Its seeds contain about 70%-80% of the flavonolignans of silymarin and about 20%-30% of polymeric and oxidized polyphenolic compounds (such as tannins). Traditionally, the plant has been used to increase milk secretion, relieve menstrual cramps, lessen depression, decrease gallstones, and jaundice as well as improve functions of the liver, spleen, and kidney. This review reviews studies on the effects of adding milk thistle to quail diet. Consumption (0.5% and 1%) of milk thistle powder in the diet of Japanese quail significantly increased feed intake, body weight, and improved carcass components. Blood constituents including total protein and albumin were improved along with decreased HDL, ALT, and AST. The use of milk thistle levels (0.5% and 1.5%) significantly improved the antioxidant total of plasma. Consumption of silymarin in quail diet increased the number of white blood cells, calcium, vitamin D3, and albumin. Silymarin also decreased the relative weights of bursa of Fabricius and spleen. This review indicates that milk thistle can improve growth performance, feed conversion ratio, and immune system in quail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Khazaei
- Department of Animal ScienceRasht BranchIslamic Azad UniversityRashtIran
| | - Alireza Seidavi
- Department of Animal ScienceRasht BranchIslamic Azad UniversityRashtIran
| | - Mehrdad Bouyeh
- Department of Animal ScienceRasht BranchIslamic Azad UniversityRashtIran
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15
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Alipour HR, Yaghmaei P, Ahmadian S, Ghobeh M, Ebrahim-Habibi A. A study on alpha-terpineol in Alzheimer’s disease with the use of rodent in vivo model, restraint stress effect and in vitro Amyloid beta fibrils. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e19090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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16
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Wang Q, Dong X, Zhang R, Zhao C. Flavonoids with Potential Anti-Amyloidogenic Effects as Therapeutic Drugs for Treating Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 84:505-533. [PMID: 34569961 DOI: 10.3233/jad-210735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a central neurodegenerative disease generally among the elderly; it accounts for approximately 50-75%of total cases of dementia patients and poses a serious threat to physical and mental health. Currently available treatments for AD mainly relieves its symptoms, and effective therapy is urgently needed. Deposition of amyloid-β protein in the brain is an early and invariant neuropathological feature of AD. Currently the main efforts in developing anti-AD drugs focus on anti-amyloidogenic therapeutics that prevent amyloid-β production or aggregation and decrease the occurrence of neurotoxic events. The results of an increasing number of studies suggest that natural extracts and phytochemicals have a positive impact on brain aging. Flavonoids belong to the broad group of polyphenols and recent data indicate a favorable effect of flavonoids on brain aging. In this review, we collect relevant discoveries from 1999 to 2021, discuss 75 flavonoids that effectively influence AD pathogenesis, and summarize their functional mechanisms in detail. The data we have reviewed show that, these flavonoids belong to various subclasses, including flavone, flavanone, biflavone, etc. Our results provide a reference for further study of the effects of flavonoids on AD and the progress of anti-AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Wang
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofang Dong
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Zhang
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Changqi Zhao
- Gene Engineering and Biotechnology Beijing Key Laboratory, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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17
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Iqubal A, Iqubal MK, Fazal SA, Pottoo FH, Haque SE. Nutraceuticals and their Derived Nano-formulations for the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:23-50. [PMID: 33687906 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210309115605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the common chronic neurological disorders and associated with cognitive dysfunction, depression and progressive dementia. Presence of β-amyloid or senile plaques, hyper-phosphorylated tau proteins, neurofibrillary tangle, oxidative-nitrative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, neuroinflammation and derailed neurotransmitter status are the hallmark of AD. Currently, donepezil, memantine, rivastigmine and galantamine are approved by the FDA for symptomatic management. It is well-known that these approved drugs only exert symptomatic relief and possess poor patient-compliance. Additionally, various published evidence shows the neuroprotective potential of various nutraceuticals via their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effects in the preclinical and clinical studies. These nutraceuticals possess a significant neuroprotective potential and hence, can be a future pharmacotherapeutic for the management and treatment of AD. However, nutraceutical suffers from certain major limitations such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, low stability, fast hepatic-metabolism and larger particle size. These pharmacokinetic attributes restrict their entry into the brain via the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, to over such issues, various nanoformulation of nutraceuticals was developed, that allows their effective delivery into brain owning to reduced particle size, increased lipophilicity increased bioavailability and avoidance of fast hepatic metabolism. Thus, in this review, we have discussed the etiology of AD, focused on the pharmacotherapeutics of nutraceuticals with preclinical and clinical evidence, discussed pharmaceutical limitation and regulatory aspects of nutraceuticals to ensure safety and efficacy. We further explored the latitude of various nanoformulation of nutraceuticals as a novel approach to overcome the existing pharmaceutical limitation and for effective delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Mohammad Kashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Syed Abul Fazal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal, University, P.O.BOX 1982, Damman, 31441. Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Ehtaishamul Haque
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi-110062. India
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18
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Seifi-Nahavandi B, Yaghmaei P, Ahmadian S, Ghobeh M, Ebrahim-Habibi A. Cymene consumption and physical activity effect in Alzheimer's disease model: an in vivo and in vitro study. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 19:1381-1389. [PMID: 33520841 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00658-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative diseases and accompanied by the production of free radicals and inflammatory factors. Studies have shown that p-cymene has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects. Here, the effects of this compound were investigated on a rat model of AD. Methods In order to create Alzheimer's rat model, bilateral injection of Amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1-42) into rats hippocampus was performed. Both therapeutic (post-AD induction) and preventive effects of p-cymene consumption with doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg were investigated. In addition, the effects of adding short-term exercise to the process were also observed. In vitro, Aβ1-42 peptide was driven toward fibril formation and effect of p-cymene was observed on the resulting fibrils. Results Learning and memory indices in the AD rats were significantly reduced compared to the Sham group, while p-cymene consumption with both doses, as well as performing exercise counteracted AD consequences. Moreover, increased neurogenesis and reduced amyloid plaques counts were observed in treated rats. In vitro formed fibrils of Aβ1-42 were partially disaggregated in the presence of p-cymene. Discussion p-Cymene could act on this AD model via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties as well as direct anti-fibril effect. Conclusion p-cymene can improve AD-related disorders including memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Parichehreh Yaghmaei
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahin Ahmadian
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghobeh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Maan G, Sikdar B, Kumar A, Shukla R, Mishra A. Role of Flavonoids in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Limitations and Future Perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1169-1194. [PMID: 32297582 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200416085330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flavonoids, a group of natural dietary polyphenols, are known for their beneficial effects on human health. By virtue of their various pharmacological effects, like anti-oxidative, antiinflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and neuroprotective effects, flavonoids have now become an important component of herbal supplements, pharmaceuticals, medicinals and cosmetics. There has been enormous literature supporting neuroprotective effect of flavonoids. Recently their efficacy in various neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson diseases, has received particular attention. OBJECTIVE The mechanism of flavanoids neuroprotection might include antioxidant, antiapoptotic, antineuroinflammatory and modulation of various cellular and intracellular targets. In in-vivo systems, before reaching to brain, they have to cross barriers like extensive first pass metabolism, intestinal barrier and ultimately blood brain barrier. Different flavonoids have varied pharmacokinetic characteristics, which affect their pharmacodynamic profile. Therefore, brain accessibility of flavonoids is still debatable. METHODS This review emphasized on current trends of research and development on flavonoids, especially in neurodegenerative diseases, possible challenges and strategies to encounter using novel drug delivery system. RESULTS Various flavonoids have elicited their therapeutic potential against neurodegenerative diseases, however by using nanotechnology and novel drug delivery systems, the bioavailability of favonoids could be enhanced. CONCLUSION This study bridges a significant opinion on medicinal chemistry, ethanopharmacology and new drug delivery research regarding use of flavonoids in management of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Maan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Biplab Sikdar
- Department of Regulatory Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
| | - Awanish Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli (NIPER-R), Bijnor-Sisendi Road, Sarojini Nagar, Near CRPF Base Camp, Lucknow-226002, U.P., India
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20
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Ebrahim-Habibi A, Kashani-Amin E, Larijani B. Modeling and simulation in medical sciences: an overview of specific applications based on research experience in EMRI (Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute of Tehran University of Medical Sciences). J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021:1-7. [PMID: 33500880 PMCID: PMC7821172 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The concomitant use of various types of models (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo) has been exemplified here within the context of biomedical researches performed in the Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI) of Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Two main research aeras have been discussed: the search for new small molecules as therapeutics for diabetes and related metabolic conditions, and diseases related to protein aggregation. Due to their multidisciplinary nature, the majority of these studies have needed the collaboration of different specialties. In both cases, a brief overview of the subject is provided through literature examples, and sequential use of these methods is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Ebrahim-Habibi
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Jalal-al-Ahmad Street, Chamran Highway, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Elaheh Kashani-Amin
- Biosensor Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Jalal-al-Ahmad Street, Chamran Highway, 1411713137 Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Haddadi R, Shahidi Z, Eyvari-Brooshghalan S. Silymarin and neurodegenerative diseases: Therapeutic potential and basic molecular mechanisms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:153320. [PMID: 32920285 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are primarily characterized by selective neuronal loss in the brain. Alzheimer's disease as the most common NDDs and the most prevalent cause of dementia is characterized by Amyloid-beta deposition, which leads to cognitive and memory impairment. Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the dramatic death of dopaminergic neuronal cells, especially in the SNc and caused alpha-synuclein accumulation in the neurons. Silymarin, an extract from seeds of Silybum marianum, administered mostly for liver disorders and also had anti-oxidant and anti-carcinogenic activities. PURPOSE The present comprehensive review summarizes the beneficial effects of Silymarin in-vivo and in-vitro and even in animal models for these NDDs. METHODS A diagram model for systematic review is utilized for this search. The research is conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. RESULTS Based on the inclusion criteria, 83 studies were selected and discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Lastly, we review the latest experimental evidences supporting the potential effects of Silymarin, as a neuroprotective agent in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Haddadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Medicinal plant and natural products Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan 6517838678, Iran.
| | - Zahra Shahidi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Shahla Eyvari-Brooshghalan
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Science and Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Student Research Committee, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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22
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Aboelwafa HR, El-kott AF, Abd-Ella EM, Yousef HN. The Possible Neuroprotective Effect of Silymarin against Aluminum Chloride-Prompted Alzheimer's-Like Disease in Rats. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E628. [PMID: 32932753 PMCID: PMC7564174 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10090628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a worldwide rapidly growing neurodegenerative disease. Here, we elucidated the neuroprotective effects of silymarin (SM) on the hippocampal tissues of aluminum chloride (AlCl3)-induced Alzheimer-like disease in rats using biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural approaches. Forty rats were divided into control, SM, AlCl3, and AlCl3 + SM groups. Biochemically, AlCl3 administration resulted in marked elevation in levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) and decrease in levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Moreover, AlCl3 significantly increased tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities. Furthermore, myriad histological and ultrastructural alterations were recorded in the hippocampal tissues of AlCl3-treated rats represented as marked degenerative changes of pyramidal neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Additionally, some myelinated nerve fibers exhibited irregular arrangement of their myelin coats, while the others revealed focal degranulation of their myelin sheaths. Severe defects in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) were also recorded. However, co-administration of SM with AlCl3 reversed most of the biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural changes triggered by AlCl3 in rats. The results of the current study indicate that SM can potentially mend most of the previously evoked neuronal damage in the hippocampal tissues of AlCl3-kindled rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa R. Aboelwafa
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
| | - Attalla F. El-kott
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia;
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Eman M. Abd-Ella
- Zoology Department, College of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum 63514, Egypt;
- Biology Department, College of Science and Art, Al-Baha University, Al-Mandaq 65581, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hany N. Yousef
- Department of Biological and Geological Sciences, Faculty of Education, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt;
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Dual SMO/BRAF Inhibition by Flavonolignans from Silybum marianum †. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050384. [PMID: 32380762 PMCID: PMC7278695 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is the standardized extract from the fruits of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., a well-known hepatoprotectant and antioxidant. Recently, bioactive compounds of silymarin, i.e., silybins and their 2,3-dehydro derivatives, have been shown to exert anticancer activities, yet with unclear mechanisms. This study combines in silico and in vitro methods to reveal the potential interactions of optically pure silybins and dehydrosilybins with novel protein targets. The shape and chemical similarity with approved drugs were evaluated in silico, and the potential for interaction with the Hedgehog pathway receptor Smoothened (SMO) and BRAF kinase was confirmed by molecular docking. In vitro studies on SMO and BRAF V600E kinase activity and in BRAF V600E A-375 human melanoma cell lines were further performed to examine their effects on these proteins and cancer cell lines and to corroborate computational predictions. Our in silico results direct to new potential targets of silymarin constituents as dual inhibitors of BRAF and SMO, two major targets in anticancer therapy. The experimental studies confirm that BRAF kinase and SMO may be involved in mechanisms of anticancer activities, demonstrating dose-dependent profiles, with dehydrosilybins showing stronger effects than silybins. The results of this work outline the dual SMO/BRAF effect of flavonolignans from Silybum marianum with potential clinical significance. Our approach can be applied to other natural products to reveal their potential targets and mechanism of action.
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Fanoudi S, Alavi MS, Karimi G, Hosseinzadeh H. Milk thistle ( Silybum Marianum) as an antidote or a protective agent against natural or chemical toxicities: a review. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 43:240-254. [PMID: 30033764 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1485687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biological and chemical agents cause dangerous effects on human health via different exposing ways. Recently, herbal medicine is considered as a biological and safe treatment for toxicities. Silybum marianum (milk thistle), belongs to the Asteraceae family, possesses different effects such as hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic activities. Several studies have demonstrated that this plant has protective properties against toxic agents. Herein, the protective effects of S. marianum and its main component, silymarin, which is the mixture of flavonolignans including silibinin, silydianin and silychristin acts against different biological (mycotoxins, snake venoms, and bacterial toxins) and chemical (metals, fluoride, pesticides, cardiotoxic, neurotoxic, hepatotoxic, and nephrotoxic agents) poisons have been summarized. This review reveals that main protective effects of milk thistle and its components are attributed to radical scavenging, anti-oxidative, chelating, anti-apoptotic properties, and regulating the inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Fanoudi
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR, Iran
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, IR, Iran
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Role of Astrocytic Dysfunction in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease Animal Models from a Molecular Signaling Perspective. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:1859431. [PMID: 32089670 PMCID: PMC7029263 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1859431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells, critical for brain function, few studies have dealt with their possible role in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD). This article explores relevant evidence on the involvement of astrocytes in experimental PD neurodegeneration from a molecular signaling perspective. For a long time, astrocytic proliferation was merely considered a byproduct of neuroinflammation, but by the time being, it is clear that astrocytic dysfunction plays a far more important role in PD pathophysiology. Indeed, ongoing experimental evidence suggests the importance of astrocytes and dopaminergic neurons' cross-linking signaling pathways. The Wnt-1 (wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 1) pathway regulates several processes including neuron survival, synapse plasticity, and neurogenesis. In PD animal models, Frizzled (Fzd) neuronal receptors' activation by the Wnt-1 normally released by astrocytes following injuries leads to β-catenin-dependent gene expression, favoring neuron survival and viability. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) capsaicin receptor also participates in experimental PD genesis. Activation of astrocyte TRPV1 receptors by noxious stimuli results in reduced inflammatory response and increased ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) synthesis, which enhances neuronal survival and differentiation. Another major pathway involves IκB kinase (IKK) downregulation by ARL6ip5 (ADP-ribosylation-like factor 6 interacting protein 5, encoded by the cell differentiation-associated, JWA, gene). Typically, IKK releases the proinflammatory NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) molecule from its inhibitor. Therefore, by downregulating NF-κB inhibitor, ARL6ip5 promotes an anti-inflammatory response. The evidence provided by neurotoxin-induced PD animal models guarantees further research on the neuroprotective potential of normalizing astrocyte function in PD.
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Soleimani V, Delghandi PS, Moallem SA, Karimi G. Safety and toxicity of silymarin, the major constituent of milk thistle extract: An updated review. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1627-1638. [PMID: 31069872 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) is a medicinal plant from the Asteraceae family. Silymarin is the major constituent of milk thistle extract and is a mixture of some flavonolignans such as silybin, which is the most active component of silymarin. It is most commonly known for its hepatoprotective effect. Also, studies have shown other therapeutic effects such as anticancer, anti-Alzheimer, anti-Parkinson, and anti-diabetic, so its safety is very important. It has no major toxicity in animals. Silymarin was mutagen in Salmonella typhimurium strains in the presence of metabolic enzymes. Silybin, silydianin, and silychristin were not cytotoxic and genotoxic at concentration of 100 μM. Silymarin is safe in humans at therapeutic doses and is well tolerated even at a high dose of 700 mg three times a day for 24 weeks. Some gastrointestinal discomforts occurred like nausea and diarrhea. One clinical trial showed silymarin is safe in pregnancy, and there were no anomalies. Consequently, caution should be exercised during pregnancy, and more studies are needed especially in humans. Silymarin has low-drug interactions, and it does not have major effects on cytochromes P-450. Some studies demonstrated that the use of silymarin must be with caution when co-administered with narrow therapeutic window drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Soleimani
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadat Delghandi
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Adel Moallem
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ahl Al Bayt, Karbala, Iraq
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University ofMedical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alzahraa University, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Sun L, Ju T, Wang T, Zhang L, Ding F, Zhang Y, An R, Sun Y, Li Y, Lu Y, Zhang X, Chi L. Decreased Netrin-1 and Correlated Th17/Tregs Balance Disorder in Aβ 1-42 Induced Alzheimer's Disease Model Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:124. [PMID: 31191297 PMCID: PMC6548067 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence indicating that inflammation represents a key pathological component of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). A possible factor that may contribute to this process is netrin-1, a neuronal guidance molecule. This molecule has been shown to exert an unexpected immunomodulatory function. However, the potential changes and correlations of netrin-1 with T helper 17/regulatory T cells (Th17/Tregs) as related to inflammation in AD has yet to be examined. In this study, netrin-1 and Th17/Tregs balance were investigated, and the relationship among netrin-1, Th17/Tregs and cognitive function were analyzed in a rat model of AD. In this model, a bilateral intracerebroventricular administration of Amyloid β1-42 (Aβ1–42) was used to produce spatial learning and memory deficits, as well as increased neuronal apoptosis, which were detected 7 days after injection for AD7d group and 14 days for AD14d group. Netrin-1 concentrations were significantly down regulated in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of these AD rats, effects which were strongly correlated with cognitive deficits. Increased levels of interleukin (IL)-17 and deceased IL-10 were observed in both the circulation and CSF and were also correlated with the percent of time spent in the target quadrant of AD in these rats. These changes resulted in netrin-1 concentrations being negatively correlated with IL-17 but positively correlated with IL-10 concentrations in the serum and CSF. We also found that the Th17/Tregs balance was disrupted in these AD rats. Collectively, these findings reveal that the reduction in netrin-1 and the correlated disruption of Th17/Tregs balance in AD rats may diminish the immunosuppressive effect of netrin-1 on Th17/Tregs in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ting Ju
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tianhang Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feifan Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ran An
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yilei Sun
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - You Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yidan Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lijun Chi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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Guo H, Cao H, Cui X, Zheng W, Wang S, Yu J, Chen Z. Silymarin's Inhibition and Treatment Effects for Alzheimer's Disease. Molecules 2019; 24:E1748. [PMID: 31064071 PMCID: PMC6539875 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24091748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a longstanding problem, Alzheimer's disease (AD) has stymied researchers in the medical field with its increasing incidence and enormous treatment difficulty. Silymarin has always been valued by researchers for its good efficacy and safety in treating liver disease. Recent studies have shown that silymarin also has good pharmacological activity in the nervous system, especially for the treatment of AD. Silymarin can control the production of Aβ by inhibiting the precursor substance of Aβ (β-amyloid precursor protein), and it can inhibit the polymerization of Aβ. Silymarin can also increase the acetylcholine content in the nervous system by inhibiting cholinesterase activity. At the same time, it also has the effect of resisting oxidative stress and the inflammatory response of the nervous system. These pharmacological activities contribute to the inhibition of the onset of AD. The good efficacy of silymarin on AD and its high safety and availability give it huge potential for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Hui Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Xiaowei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Wenxiu Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Jiyang Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
| | - Zhi Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China.
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El-Marasy SA, Abd-Elsalam RM, Ahmed-Farid OA. Ameliorative Effect of Silymarin on Scopolamine-induced Dementia in Rats. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1215-1224. [PMID: 30087724 PMCID: PMC6062269 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: This study aims to elucidate the possible ameliorative effect of silymarin on scopolamine-induced dementia using the object recognition test (ORT) in rats. METHODS: The study was extended to demonstrate the role of cholinergic activity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, brain neurotransmitters and histopathological changes in the anti-amnestic effect of silymarin in demented rats. Wistar rats were pre-treated with silymarin (200, 400, 800 mg/kg) or donepezil (10 mg/kg) orally for 14 consecutive days. Dementia was induced after the last drug administration by a single intraperitoneal dose of scopolamine (16 mg/kg). Then behavioural, biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical analyses were then performed. RESULTS: Rats pre-treated with silymarin counteracted scopolamine-induced non-spatial working memory impairment in the ORT and decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA), elevated reduced glutathione (GSH), restored gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and dopamine (DA) contents in the cortical and hippocampal brain homogenates. Silymarin reversed scopolamine-induced histopathological changes. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that silymarin mitigated protein expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) in the brain cortex and hippocampus. All these effects of silymarin were similar to that of the standard anti-amnestic drug, donepezil. CONCLUSION: This study reveals that the ameliorative effect of silymarin on scopolamine-induced dementia in rats using the ORT maybe in part mediated by, enhancement of cholinergic activity, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities as well as mitigation in brain neurotransmitters and histopathological changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reham M Abd-Elsalam
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Giza, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar A Ahmed-Farid
- Physiology Department, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Giza, Egypt
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The Dynamics of Neurosteroids and Sex-Related Hormones in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2018; 20:215-224. [DOI: 10.1007/s12017-018-8493-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Sadhukhan P, Saha S, Dutta S, Mahalanobish S, Sil PC. Nutraceuticals: An emerging therapeutic approach against the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:100-114. [PMID: 29183770 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Onaolapo OJ, Adekola MA, Azeez TO, Salami K, Onaolapo AY. l-Methionine and silymarin: A comparison of prophylactic protective capabilities in acetaminophen-induced injuries of the liver, kidney and cerebral cortex. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:323-333. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Activation of NRF2/ARE by isosilybin alleviates Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress injury in HT-22 cells. Neurosci Lett 2016; 632:92-7. [PMID: 27567700 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aβ-mediated oxidative stress damage is considered a direct cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, drugs that have been developed to block oxidative stress are considered effective for AD treatment. Isosilybin is a flavonoid compound extracted from Silybum marianum, and it has been confirmed to have many pharmacological activities. This study aimed to verify that isosilybin could alleviate the Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress damage in HT-22 hippocampal cells and to investigate the specific targets of isosilybin. A non-toxic dose of isosilybin significantly inhibited the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the release of malondialdehyde (MDA) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the Aβ25-35-stimulated reduction in total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Subsequent studies showed that isosilybin significantly increased the protein and mRNA expression of antioxidases, including heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and aldo-keto reductases 1C1 and 1C2 (AKR1C2). Moreover, isosilybin stimulated the activity of an antioxidant-response element (ARE)-driven luciferase reporter gene. Further studies showed that isosilybin induced the expression of NFR-2 in a time- and dose-dependent manner and promoted its translocation to the nucleus. This result indicated that the antioxidant function of isosilybin might be achieved through the activation of NRF2/ARE signalling. Subsequent studies showed that the NRF2-specific agonist t-BHQ effectively inhibited ROS, MDA and LDH release and T-AOC reduction under Aβ25-35 stimulation. In addition, t-BHQ induced the expression of HO-1, GST, and AKR1C2, as well as the activity of ARE luciferase reporter plasmids. NRF2 siRNA blocked the antioxidative stress damage function of isosilybin. Therefore, NRF2 is likely to be a key mediator of isosilybin's anti-Aβ25-35-mediated oxidative stress damage function. Overall, our results confirmed that isosilybin regulates the expression of HO-1, GST, and AKR1C2 through the activation of NRF2/ARE signalling, inhibiting ROS accumulation and ultimately alleviating Aβ25-35-induced oxidative stress damage in HT-22 cells.
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Jiang HH, Yan FS, Shen L, Ji HF. Silymarin versus Silibinin: Differential Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Effects against H 2O 2-induced Oxidative Stress in PC12 Cells. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study assessed comparatively the antioxidant activities of silymarin and its major active component silibinin and their neuroprotective effects against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. It was found that despite newly prepared silymarin and silibinin solution possessing comparable superoxide anion (O2.–)-scavenging activities, with time the activity of silymarin lowered slightly, but that of silibinin decreased dramatically. Both silymarin and silibinin suppressed H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis, and the neuroprotective effect of silymarin was overall relatively stronger than that of silibinin. The findings provided clues for future studies on therapeutic potentials of the whole silymarin or purified silibinin for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Fa-Shun Yan
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Liang Shen
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Fang Ji
- Shandong Provincial Research Center for Bioinformatic Engineering and Technique, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
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Lee Y, Chun HJ, Lee KM, Jung YS, Lee J. Silibinin suppresses astroglial activation in a mouse model of acute Parkinson׳s disease by modulating the ERK and JNK signaling pathways. Brain Res 2015; 1627:233-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Haddadi R, Nayebi AM, Farajniya S, Brooshghalan SE, Sharifi H. Silymarin improved 6-OHDA-induced motor impairment in hemi-parkisonian rats: behavioral and molecular study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 22:38. [PMID: 24726284 PMCID: PMC4001109 DOI: 10.1186/2008-2231-22-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress has been shown to be associated with the development of Parkinson disease (PD). In the present study, we investigated the effect of intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of silymarin, on 6-OHDA-induced motor-impairment, brain lipid per-oxidation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of inflammatory cytokine in the rats. Results The results showed that silymarin is able to improve motor coordination significantly (p < 0.001) in a dose dependent manner. There was a significant (p < 0.001) increase in MDA levels of 6-OHDA-lesioned rats whereas; in silymarin (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, i.p. for 5 days) pre-treated hemi-parkinsonian rats MDA levels was decreased markedly (p < 0.001). Furthermore the CSF levels of IL-1β was decreased (p < 0.001) in silymarin (100, 200 and 300 mg/kg) pre-treated rats up to the range of normal non-parkinsonian animals. Conclusion We found that pre-treatment with silymarin could improve 6-OHDA-induced motor imbalance by attenuating brain lipid per-oxidation as well as CSF level of IL-1β as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. We suggest a potential prophylactic effect for silymarin in PD. However, further clinical trial studies should be carried out to prove this hypothesis.
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