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Yao M, Lei Z, Peng F, Wang D, Li M, Zhong G, Shao H, Zhou J, Du C, Zhang Y. Establishment of orthotopic osteosarcoma animal models in immunocompetent rats through muti-rounds of in-vivo selection. BMC Cancer 2024; 24:703. [PMID: 38849717 PMCID: PMC11162025 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-024-12361-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunodeficient murine models are usually used as the preclinical models of osteosarcoma. Such models do not effectively simulate the process of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Establishing a suitable animal model for understanding the mechanism of osteosarcoma and the clinical translation is indispensable. The UMR-106 cell suspension was injected into the marrow cavity of Balb/C nude mice. Tumor masses were harvested from nude mice and sectioned. The tumor fragments were transplanted into the marrow cavities of SD rats immunosuppressed with cyclosporine A. Through muti-rounds selection in SD rats, we constructed orthotopic osteosarcoma animal models using rats with intact immune systems. The primary tumor cells were cultured in-vitro to obtain the immune-tolerant cell line. VX2 tumor fragments were transplanted into the distal femur and parosteal radius of New Zealand white rabbit to construct orthotopic osteosarcoma animal models in rabbits. The rate of tumor formation in SD rats (P1 generation) was 30%. After four rounds of selection and six rounds of acclimatization in SD rats with intact immune systems, we obtained immune-tolerant cell lines and established the orthotopic osteosarcoma model of the distal femur in SD rats. Micro-CT images confirmed tumor-driven osteolysis and the bone destruction process. Moreover, the orthotopic model was also established in New Zealand white rabbits by implanting VX2 tumor fragments into rabbit radii and femurs. We constructed orthotopic osteosarcoma animal models in rats with intact immune systems through muti-rounds in-vivo selection and the rabbit osteosarcoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyu Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zehua Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Donghui Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Smart Theranostics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Guoqing Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Hongwei Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Biomaterials and Smart Theranostics, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China
| | - Jielong Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Chang Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
- GuangDong Engineering Technology Research Center of Functional Repair of Bone Defects and Biomaterials, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Jiang M, Jike Y, Liu K, Gan F, Zhang K, Xie M, Zhang J, Chen C, Zou X, Jiang X, Dai Y, Chen W, Qiu Y, Bo Z. Exosome-mediated miR-144-3p promotes ferroptosis to inhibit osteosarcoma proliferation, migration, and invasion through regulating ZEB1. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:113. [PMID: 37461104 PMCID: PMC10351131 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01804-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most prevalent orthopedic malignancy with a dismal prognosis. The high iron absorption rate in OS cells of patients suggests that ferroptosis may be related to the progression of OS, but its potential molecular regulatory role is still unclear. Based on the ability to couple with exosomes for targeted delivery of signals, exosome-derived micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) can potentially serve as diagnostic biomarkers for OS. METHODS We identified ferroptosis-related miRNAs and messenger ribonucleic acids(mRNAs) in OS using bioinformatics analysis and performed survival analysis. Then we measured miRNA expression levels through exosome microarray sequencing, and used RT-qPCR and IHC to verify the expression level of miR-144-3p and ZEB1. Stable gene expression cell lines were fabricated for in vitro experiments. Cell viability, migration and invasion were determined by CCK-8 and transwell experiment. Use the corresponding reagent kit to detect GSH/GSSG ratio, Fe2+ level, MDA level and ROS level, and measure the expression levels of GPX4, ACSL4 and xCT through RT-qPCR and WB. We also constructed nude mice model for in vivo experiments. Finally, the stability of the miRNA/mRNA axis was verified through functional rescue experiments. RESULTS Low expression of miR-144-3p and high expression of ZEB1 in OS cell lines and tissues was observed. Overexpression of miR-144-3p can promote ferroptosis, reduce the survival ability of OS cells, and prevent the progression of OS. In addition, overexpression of miR-144-3p can downregulate the expression of ZEB1 in cell lines and nude mice. Knockdown of miR-144-3p has the opposite effect. The functional rescue experiment validated that miR-144-3p can regulate downstream ZEB1, and participates in the occurrence and development of OS by interfering with redox homeostasis and iron metabolism. CONCLUSIONS MiR-144-3p can induce the occurrence of ferroptosis by negatively regulating the expression of ZEB1, thereby inhibiting the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Jiang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yiji Jike
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Kaicheng Liu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Fu Gan
- Department of Urology Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Mingjing Xie
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Junlei Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chuanliang Chen
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaochong Zou
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- Department of Trauma Orthopedic and Hand Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yongheng Dai
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Weikui Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhandong Bo
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
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3
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Tarone L, Mareschi K, Tirtei E, Giacobino D, Camerino M, Buracco P, Morello E, Cavallo F, Riccardo F. Improving Osteosarcoma Treatment: Comparative Oncology in Action. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122099. [PMID: 36556464 PMCID: PMC9783386 DOI: 10.3390/life12122099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OSA) is the most common pediatric malignant bone tumor. Although surgery together with neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy has improved survival for localized OSA, most patients develop recurrent/metastatic disease with a dismally poor outcome. Therapeutic options have not improved for these OSA patients in recent decades. As OSA is a rare and "orphan" tumor, with no distinct targetable driver antigens, the development of new efficient therapies is still an unmet and challenging clinical need. Appropriate animal models are therefore critical for advancement in the field. Despite the undoubted relevance of pre-clinical mouse models in cancer research, they present some intrinsic limitations that may be responsible for the low translational success of novel therapies from the pre-clinical setting to the clinic. From this context emerges the concept of comparative oncology, which has spurred the study of pet dogs as a uniquely valuable model of spontaneous OSA that develops in an immune-competent system with high biological and clinical similarities to corresponding human tumors, including in its metastatic behavior and resistance to conventional therapies. For these reasons, the translational power of studies conducted on OSA-bearing dogs has seen increasing recognition. The most recent and relevant veterinary investigations of novel combinatorial approaches, with a focus on immune-based strategies, that can most likely benefit both canine and human OSA patients have been summarized in this commentary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Tarone
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Mareschi
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Paediatric Onco-Haematology Department, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Tirtei
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Paediatric Onco-Haematology Department, Regina Margherita Children’s Hospital, City of Health and Science of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Giacobino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Camerino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Buracco
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Morello
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, 10095 Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (F.R.)
| | - Federica Riccardo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center “Guido Tarone”, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.C.); (F.R.)
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4
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Whittle SB, Offer K, Roberts RD, LeBlanc A, London C, Majzner RG, Huang AY, Houghton P, Cordero EAS, Grohar PJ, Isakoff M, Bishop MW, Stewart E, Slotkin EK, Greengard E, Borinstein SC, Navid F, Gorlick R, Janeway KA, Reed DR, Hingorani P. Charting a path for prioritization of novel agents for clinical trials in osteosarcoma: A report from the Children's Oncology Group New Agents for Osteosarcoma Task Force. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e29188. [PMID: 34137164 PMCID: PMC8316376 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common bone tumor in children and young adults. Metastatic and relapsed disease confer poor prognosis, and there have been no improvements in outcomes for several decades. The disease's biological complexity, lack of drugs developed specifically for osteosarcoma, imperfect preclinical models, and limits of existing clinical trial designs have contributed to lack of progress. The Children's Oncology Group Bone Tumor Committee established the New Agents for Osteosarcoma Task Force to identify and prioritize agents for inclusion in clinical trials. The group identified multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors, immunotherapies targeting B7-H3, CD47-SIRPα inhibitors, telaglenastat, and epigenetic modifiers as the top agents of interest. Only multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors met all criteria for frontline evaluation and have already been incorporated into an upcoming phase III study concept. The task force will continue to reassess identified agents of interest as new data become available and evaluate novel agents using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B. Whittle
- Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Centers, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Katharine Offer
- Joseph M. Sanzari Children’s Hospital, Hackensack Meridian Health, Hackensack, NJ
| | - Ryan D. Roberts
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Amy LeBlanc
- Comparative Oncology Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Cheryl London
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Robbie G. Majzner
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Alex Y. Huang
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and UH Rainbow Babies & Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Peter Houghton
- Greehy Children’s Cancer Research Institute, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX
| | - E. Alejandro Sweet Cordero
- Benioff Children’s Hospitals, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Michael Isakoff
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Connecticut Children’s Medical Center, Hartford, CT
| | - Michael W. Bishop
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | - Scott C. Borinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Fariba Navid
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Damon R. Reed
- Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, FL and Moffitt Cancer Center Department of Individualized Cancer Management, Tampa, FL
| | - Pooja Hingorani
- Division of Pediatrics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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5
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Zhao J, Dean DC, Hornicek FJ, Yu X, Duan Z. Emerging next-generation sequencing-based discoveries for targeted osteosarcoma therapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 474:158-167. [PMID: 31987920 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary bone malignancy and is frequently lethal via metastasis to the lung. While surgical techniques and adjuvant chemotherapies have emerged to combat this deadly cancer, the 5-year survival rate has plateaued over the past four decades. Therapeutic progress has been notably poor because past technologies have not been able to reveal obscured OS biomarkers and targets. With the advent and implementation of large-scale next-generation sequencing (NGS) studies, various somatic mutations and copy number changes involved in OS progression and metastasis have surfaced. These findings have significantly expanded the amount of genome-informed pathways and candidate genes suitable for targeting in pre-clinical models. Furthermore, NGS analyses comparing primary and matched pulmonary metastatic tumor tissues have catalogued previously unknown prognostic biomarkers in OS. In this review, we delineate the most recent findings in NGS for OS therapy and how this technology has advanced personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, China.
| | - Dylan C Dean
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Xiuchun Yu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The 960th Hospital of the PLA Joint Logistics Support Force, Jinan, Shandong, 250031, China.
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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6
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Cancer Stem Cells and Osteosarcoma: Opportunities and Limitations. Tech Orthop 2019. [DOI: 10.1097/bto.0000000000000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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7
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Izadpanah S, Shabani P, Aghebati-Maleki A, Baghbanzadeh A, Fotouhi A, Bisadi A, Aghebati-Maleki L, Baradaran B. Prospects for the involvement of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4167-4182. [PMID: 31709547 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is one of the most common bone tumors in children and adolescents that cause a high rate of mortality in this age group and tends to be metastatic, in spite of chemotherapy and surgery. The main reason for this can be returned to a small group of malignant cells called cancer stem cells (CSCs). OS-CSCs play a key role in the resistance to treatment and relapse and metastasis through self-renewal and differentiation abilities. In this review, we intend to go through the different aspects of this malignant disease, including the cancer stem cell-phenotype, methods for isolating CSCs, signaling pathways, and molecular markers in this disease, and drugs showing resistance in treatment efforts of OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Izadpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parastoo Shabani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Fotouhi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Bisadi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leili Aghebati-Maleki
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Abstract
This chapter describes the procedures for inducing bone sarcoma in mice. Two models based on inoculation of cancer cells in paraosseous and intraosseous site will be described. In addition to providing technical aspects of anesthesia and surgical options, key information of cell preparation and postoperative follow-up will be discussed.
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9
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Tolerance to sustained activation of the cAMP/Creb pathway activity in osteoblastic cells is enabled by loss of p53. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:844. [PMID: 30154459 PMCID: PMC6113249 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The loss of p53 function is a central event in the genesis of osteosarcoma (OS). How mutation of p53 enables OS development from osteoblastic lineage cells is poorly understood. We and others have reported a key role for elevated and persistent activation of the cAMP/PKA/Creb1 pathway in maintenance of OS. In view of the osteoblast lineage being the cell of origin of OS, we sought to determine how these pathways interact within the context of the normal osteoblast. Normal osteoblasts (p53 WT) rapidly underwent apoptosis in response to acute elevation of cAMP levels or activity, whereas p53-deficient osteoblasts tolerated this aberrant cAMP/Creb level and activity. Using the p53 activating small-molecule Nutlin-3a and cAMP/Creb1 activator forskolin, we addressed the question of how p53 responds to the activation of cAMP. We observed that p53 acts dominantly to protect cells from excessive cAMP accumulation. We identify a Creb1-Cbp complex that functions together with and interacts with p53. Finally, translating these results we find that a selective small-molecule inhibitor of the Creb1-Cbp interaction demonstrates selective toxicity to OS cells where this pathway is constitutively active. This highlights the cAMP/Creb axis as a potentially actionable therapeutic vulnerability in p53-deficient tumors such as OS. These results define a mechanism through which p53 protects normal osteoblasts from excessive or abnormal cAMP accumulation, which becomes fundamentally compromised in OS.
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10
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Gambera S, Abarrategi A, Rodríguez-Milla MA, Mulero F, Menéndez ST, Rodriguez R, Navarro S, García-Castro J. Role of Activator Protein-1 Complex on the Phenotype of Human Osteosarcomas Generated from Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1487-1500. [PMID: 30001480 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is a highly aggressive bone tumor that usually arises intramedullary at the extremities of long bones. Due to the fact that the peak of incidence is in the growth spurt of adolescence, the specific anatomical location, and the heterogeneity of cells, it is believed that osteosarcomagenesis is a process associated with bone development. Different studies in murine models showed that the tumor-initiating cell in OS could be an uncommitted mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) developing in a specific bone microenvironment. However, only a few studies have reported transgene-induced human MSCs transformation and mostly obtained undifferentiated sarcomas. In our study, we demonstrate that activator protein 1 family members induce osteosarcomagenesis in immortalized hMSC. c-JUN or c-JUN/c-FOS overexpression act as tumorigenic factors generating OS with fibroblastic or pleomorphic osteoblastic phenotypes, respectively. Stem Cells 2018;36:1487-1500.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Gambera
- Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ander Abarrategi
- Cellular Biotechnology Unit, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Haematopoietic Stem Cell Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
| | | | - Francisca Mulero
- Molecular Image Core Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sofía T Menéndez
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias and, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - René Rodriguez
- Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias and, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,CIBER de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Samuel Navarro
- CIBER de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.,Pathology Department, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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11
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Walia MK, Castillo-Tandazo W, Mutsaers AJ, Martin TJ, Walkley CR. Murine models of osteosarcoma: A piece of the translational puzzle. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:4241-4250. [PMID: 29236321 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common cancer of bone in children and young adults. Despite extensive research efforts, there has been no significant improvement in patient outcome for many years. An improved understanding of the biology of this cancer and how genes frequently mutated contribute to OS may help improve outcomes for patients. While our knowledge of the mutational burden of OS is approaching saturation, our understanding of how these mutations contribute to OS initiation and maintenance is less clear. Murine models of OS have now been demonstrated to be highly valid recapitulations of human OS. These models were originally based on the frequent disruption of p53 and Rb in familial OS syndromes, which are also common mutations in sporadic OS. They have been applied to significantly improve our understanding about the functions of recurrently mutated genes in disease. The murine models can be used as a platform for preclinical testing and identifying new therapeutic targets, in addition to testing the role of additional mutations in vivo. Most recently these models have begun to be used for discovery based approaches and screens, which hold significant promise in furthering our understanding of the genetic and therapeutic sensitivities of OS. In this review, we discuss the mouse models of OS that have been reported in the last 3-5 years and newly identified pathways from these studies. Finally, we discuss the preclinical utilization of the mouse models of OS for identifying and validating actionable targets to improve patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wilson Castillo-Tandazo
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - Thomas John Martin
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia
| | - Carl R Walkley
- St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Vic, Australia
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12
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13
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Ameloblastin induces tumor suppressive phenotype and enhances chemosensitivity to doxorubicin via Src-Stat3 inactivation in osteosarcoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40187. [PMID: 28054649 PMCID: PMC5214574 DOI: 10.1038/srep40187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ameloblastin (AMBN), the most abundant non-amelogenin enamel matrix protein, plays a role in ameloblast differentiation. Previously, we found that AMBN promoted osteogenic differentiation via the interaction between CD63 and integrin β1, leading to the inactivation of Src; however, how AMBN affects the malignant behavior of osteosarcoma is still unclear. Osteosarcoma affects the bone and is associated with poor prognosis because of the high rate of pulmonary metastases and drug resistance. Here we demonstrated that stable overexpression of AMBN induced apoptosis and suppressed colony formation and cell migration via the inactivation of Src-Stat3 pathway in human osteosarcoma cells. Moreover, AMBN induced chemosensitivity to doxorubicin. Thus, AMBN induced a tumor suppressive phenotype and chemosensitivity to doxorubicin via the AMBN-Src-Stat3 axis in osteosarcoma. Indeed, immunohistochemical expression of AMBN was significantly correlated with better outcome of osteosarcoma patients. Our findings suggest that AMBN can be a new prognostic marker and therapeutic target for osteosarcoma combined with conventional doxorubicin treatment.
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14
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Hartford SA, Chittela R, Ding X, Vyas A, Martin B, Burkett S, Haines DC, Southon E, Tessarollo L, Sharan SK. Interaction with PALB2 Is Essential for Maintenance of Genomic Integrity by BRCA2. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006236. [PMID: 27490902 PMCID: PMC4973925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, encodes a 3418-amino acid protein that is essential for maintaining genomic integrity. Among the proteins that physically interact with BRCA2, Partner and Localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2), which binds to the N-terminal region of BRCA2, is vital for its function by facilitating its subnuclear localization. A functional redundancy has been reported between this N-terminal PALB2-binding domain and the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of BRCA2, which undermines the relevance of the interaction between these two proteins. Here, we describe a genetic approach to examine the functional significance of the interaction between BRCA2 and PALB2 by generating a knock-in mouse model of Brca2 carrying a single amino acid change (Gly25Arg, Brca2G25R) that disrupts this interaction. In addition, we have combined Brca2G25R homozygosity as well as hemizygosity with Palb2 and Trp53 heterozygosity to generate an array of genotypically and phenotypically distinct mouse models. Our findings reveal defects in body size, fertility, meiotic progression, and genome stability, as well as increased tumor susceptibility in these mice. The severity of the phenotype increased with a decrease in the interaction between BRCA2 and PALB2, highlighting the significance of this interaction. In addition, our findings also demonstrate that hypomorphic mutations such as Brca2G25R have the potential to be more detrimental than the functionally null alleles by increasing genomic instability to a level that induces tumorigenesis, rather than apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A. Hartford
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rajanikant Chittela
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xia Ding
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aradhana Vyas
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Betty Martin
- Leidos Biomedical Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diana C. Haines
- Leidos Biomedical Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eileen Southon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Leidos Biomedical Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shyam K. Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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15
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Osteosarcoma: Cells-of-Origin, Cancer Stem Cells, and Targeted Therapies. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:3631764. [PMID: 27366153 PMCID: PMC4913005 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3631764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of primary solid tumor that develops in bone. Although standard chemotherapy has significantly improved long-term survival over the past few decades, the outcome for those patients with metastatic or recurrent OS remains dismally poor and, therefore, novel agents and treatment regimens are urgently required. A hypothesis to explain the resistance of OS to chemotherapy is the existence of drug resistant CSCs with progenitor properties that are responsible of tumor relapses and metastasis. These subpopulations of CSCs commonly emerge during tumor evolution from the cell-of-origin, which are the normal cells that acquire the first cancer-promoting mutations to initiate tumor formation. In OS, several cell types along the osteogenic lineage have been proposed as cell-of-origin. Both the cell-of-origin and their derived CSC subpopulations are highly influenced by environmental and epigenetic factors and, therefore, targeting the OS-CSC environment and niche is the rationale for many recently postulated therapies. Likewise, some strategies for targeting CSC-associated signaling pathways have already been tested in both preclinical and clinical settings. This review recapitulates current OS cell-of-origin models, the properties of the OS-CSC and its niche, and potential new therapies able to target OS-CSCs.
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16
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Weekes D, Kashima TG, Zandueta C, Perurena N, Thomas DP, Sunters A, Vuillier C, Bozec A, El-Emir E, Miletich I, Patiño-Garcia A, Lecanda F, Grigoriadis AE. Regulation of osteosarcoma cell lung metastasis by the c-Fos/AP-1 target FGFR1. Oncogene 2016; 35:2852-61. [PMID: 26387545 PMCID: PMC4688957 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of the skeleton and is prevalent in children and adolescents. Survival rates are poor and have remained stagnant owing to chemoresistance and the high propensity to form lung metastases. In this study, we used in vivo transgenic models of c-fos oncogene-induced osteosarcoma and chondrosarcoma in addition to c-Fos-inducible systems in vitro to investigate downstream signalling pathways that regulate osteosarcoma growth and metastasis. Fgfr1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) was identified as a novel c-Fos/activator protein-1(AP-1)-regulated gene. Induction of c-Fos in vitro in osteoblasts and chondroblasts caused an increase in Fgfr1 RNA and FGFR1 protein expression levels that resulted in increased and sustained activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), morphological transformation and increased anchorage-independent growth in response to FGF2 ligand treatment. High levels of FGFR1 protein and activated pFRS2α signalling were observed in murine and human osteosarcomas. Pharmacological inhibition of FGFR1 signalling blocked MAPK activation and colony growth of osteosarcoma cells in vitro. Orthotopic injection in vivo of FGFR1-silenced osteosarcoma cells caused a marked twofold to fivefold decrease in spontaneous lung metastases. Similarly, inhibition of FGFR signalling in vivo with the small-molecule inhibitor AZD4547 markedly reduced the number and size of metastatic nodules. Thus deregulated FGFR signalling has an important role in osteoblast transformation and osteosarcoma formation and regulates the development of lung metastases. Our findings support the development of anti-FGFR inhibitors as potential antimetastatic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Weekes
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Takeshi G Kashima
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Carolina Zandueta
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Naiara Perurena
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - David P Thomas
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Andrew Sunters
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Céline Vuillier
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Aline Bozec
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ethaar El-Emir
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Isabelle Miletich
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, UK
| | - Ana Patiño-Garcia
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando Lecanda
- Division of Oncology, Adhesion and Metastasis Laboratory, Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA), University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
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17
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Identifying novel therapeutic agents using xenograft models of pediatric cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:221-32. [PMID: 27193096 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In the USA, the overall cure rate for all childhood cancers is seventy percent, and in many patients that ultimately fail curative therapy, initial responses to current multimodality treatments (surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy) is good, with overall 5-year event-free survival approaching 80 %. However, current approaches to curative therapy result in significant morbidity and long-term sequelae, including cardiac dysfunction and cognitive impairment. Furthermore, dose-intensive chemotherapy with conventional agents has not significantly improved outcomes for patients that present with advanced or metastatic disease. Classical cytotoxic agents remain the backbone for curative therapy of both hematologic and solid tumors of childhood. While 'molecularly' targeted agents have shown some clinical activity, responses are often modest and of short duration; hence, there is a need to identify new classes of cytotoxic agent that are effective in patients at relapse and that have reduced or different toxicity profiles to normal tissues. Here we review the pediatric preclinical testing program experience of testing novel agents, and the value and limitations of preclinical xenograft models and genetically engineered mouse models for developing novel agents for treatment of childhood cancer.
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18
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Liu T, Shen JK, Li Z, Choy E, Hornicek FJ, Duan Z. Development and potential applications of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology in sarcoma. Cancer Lett 2016; 373:109-118. [PMID: 26806808 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sarcomas include some of the most aggressive tumors and typically respond poorly to chemotherapy. In recent years, specific gene fusion/mutations and gene over-expression/activation have been shown to drive sarcoma pathogenesis and development. These emerging genomic alterations may provide targets for novel therapeutic strategies and have the potential to transform sarcoma patient care. The RNA-guided nuclease CRISPR-Cas9 (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein-9 nuclease) is a convenient and versatile platform for site-specific genome editing and epigenome targeted modulation. Given that sarcoma is believed to develop as a result of genetic alterations in mesenchymal progenitor/stem cells, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technologies hold extensive application potentials in sarcoma models and therapies. We review the development and mechanisms of the CRISPR-Cas9 system in genome editing and introduce its application in sarcoma research and potential therapy in clinic. Additionally, we propose future directions and discuss the challenges faced with these applications, providing concise and enlightening information for readers interested in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tang Liu
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States; Department of Orthopaedic, the 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Jacson K Shen
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic, the 2nd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139 Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Edwin Choy
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Francis J Hornicek
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Zhenfeng Duan
- Sarcoma Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 55 Fruit Street, Jackson 1115, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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19
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Kong G, Liu Z, Wu K, Zhang Y, Deng Z, Feng W, Chen S, Wang H. Strong expression of paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) is associated with a favorable outcome in human osteosarcoma. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:7735-41. [PMID: 25936343 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3512-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired-like homeodomain transcription factor 1 (PITX1) has been implicated as a tumor suppressor in various cancers. However, the biological and clinical significance of PITX1 in osteosarcoma has not been fully elucidated. Here, we studied the expression and clinical significance of PITX1 in 6 normal lower limb bone tissue specimens and 35 osteosarcoma tissue samples by immunohistochemistry. PITX1 was expressed in all normal tissues (6/6, 100 %) and in 85.7 % (30/35) of tumor tissues (P > 0.05). In addition, all normal tissue specimens showed high PITX1 expression (6/6, 100 %) while only 23.3 % (7/30) osteosarcoma tissue specimens had high PITX1 expression (P < 0.05). Patients with median overall survival (OS) >12 months had significantly higher PITX1 levels compared with those whose median OS was less than or equal to 12 months (P < 0.05 or 0.001). Furthermore, patients with lung metastasis had significantly lower PITX1 levels than patients without lung metastasis. In conclusion, PITX1 expression is downregulated in osteosarcoma and correlates with patient survival and lung metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengbin Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Kezhou Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shantou University Medical College, No.22 Xinling Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihua Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Weili Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shubiao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, No.57 Changping Road, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Uluçkan Ö, Segaliny A, Botter S, Santiago JM, Mutsaers AJ. Preclinical mouse models of osteosarcoma. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:670. [PMID: 25987985 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common form of primary bone tumors with high prevalence in children. Survival rates of osteosarcoma are low, especially in the case of metastases. Mouse models of this disease have been very valuable in investigation of mechanisms of tumorigenesis, metastasis, as well as testing possible therapeutic options. In this chapter, we summarize currently available mouse models for osteosarcoma and provide detailed methodology for the isolation of cell lines from genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs), gene modification and tumor cell injection methods, as well as imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Uluçkan
- BBVA Foundation-CNIO Cancer Cell Biology Programme, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Aude Segaliny
- INSERM, UMR957, Equipe LIGUE 2012, Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Faculté de Médecine , Nantes, France
| | - Sander Botter
- Laboratory for Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Janice M Santiago
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph , Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Baker EK, Taylor S, Gupte A, Chalk AM, Bhattacharya S, Green AC, Martin TJ, Strbenac D, Robinson MD, Purton LE, Walkley CR. Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) is a marker of osteoblastic differentiation stage and is not silenced by DNA methylation in osteosarcoma. Bone 2015; 73:223-32. [PMID: 25571841 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Wnt pathway targeting is of high clinical interest for treating bone loss disorders such as osteoporosis. These therapies inhibit the action of negative regulators of osteoblastic Wnt signaling. The report that Wnt inhibitory factor 1 (WIF1) was epigenetically silenced via promoter DNA methylation in osteosarcoma (OS) raised potential concerns for such treatment approaches. Here we confirm that Wif1 expression is frequently reduced in OS. However, we demonstrate that silencing is not driven by DNA methylation. Treatment of mouse and human OS cells showed that Wif1 expression was robustly induced by HDAC inhibition but not by methylation inhibition. Consistent with HDAC dependent silencing, the Wif1 locus in OS was characterized by low acetylation levels and a bivalent H3K4/H3K27-trimethylation state. Wif1 expression marked late stages of normal osteoblast maturation and stratified OS tumors based on differentiation stage across species. Culture of OS cells under differentiation inductive conditions increased expression of Wif1. Together these results demonstrate that Wif1 is not targeted for silencing by DNA methylation in OS. Instead, the reduced expression of Wif1 in OS cells is in context with their stage in differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K Baker
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
| | - Scott Taylor
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Ankita Gupte
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Alistair M Chalk
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Shreya Bhattacharya
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Alanna C Green
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - T John Martin
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia; Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Dario Strbenac
- Cancer Epigenetics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Mark D Robinson
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Louise E Purton
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia
| | - Carl R Walkley
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Australia.
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22
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Rubio R, Abarrategi A, Garcia-Castro J, Martinez-Cruzado L, Suarez C, Tornin J, Santos L, Astudillo A, Colmenero I, Mulero F, Rosu-Myles M, Menendez P, Rodriguez R. Bone environment is essential for osteosarcoma development from transformed mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1136-48. [PMID: 24446210 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cellular microenvironment plays a relevant role in cancer development. We have reported that mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) deficient for p53 alone or together with RB (p53(-/-)RB(-/-)) originate leiomyosarcoma after subcutaneous (s.c.) inoculation. Here, we show that intrabone or periosteal inoculation of p53(-/-) or p53(-/-)RB(-/-) bone marrow- or adipose tissue-derived MSCs originated metastatic osteoblastic osteosarcoma (OS). To assess the contribution of bone environment factors to OS development, we analyzed the effect of the osteoinductive factor bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and calcified substrates on p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs. We show that BMP-2 upregulates the expression of osteogenic markers in a WNT signaling-dependent manner. In addition, the s.c. coinfusion of p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs together with BMP-2 resulted in appearance of tumoral osteoid areas. Likewise, when p53(-/-)RB(-/-) MSCs were inoculated embedded in a calcified ceramic scaffold composed of hydroxyapatite and tricalciumphosphate (HA/TCP), tumoral bone formation was observed in the surroundings of the HA/TCP scaffold. Moreover, the addition of BMP-2 to the ceramic/MSC implants further increased the tumoral osteoid matrix. Together, these data indicate that bone microenvironment signals are essential to drive OS development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Rubio
- GENyO, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research, Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Government, Granada, Spain
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23
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Guijarro MV, Ghivizzani SC, Gibbs CP. Animal models in osteosarcoma. Front Oncol 2014; 4:189. [PMID: 25101245 PMCID: PMC4102850 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common non-hematologic primary tumor of bone in children and adults. High-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection have improved prognosis, with long-term survival for non-metastatic disease approaching 70%. However, most OS tumors are high grade and tend to rapidly develop pulmonary metastases. Despite clinical advances, patients with metastatic disease or relapse have a poor prognosis. Toward a better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of human OS, several genetically modified OS mouse models have been developed and will be reviewed here. However, better animal models that more accurately recapitulate the natural progression of the disease are needed for the development of improved prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as targeted therapies for both primary and metastatic OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Guijarro
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - Steven C Ghivizzani
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
| | - C Parker Gibbs
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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24
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Khanna C, Fan TM, Gorlick R, Helman LJ, Kleinerman ES, Adamson PC, Houghton PJ, Tap WD, Welch DR, Steeg PS, Merlino G, Sorensen PHB, Meltzer P, Kirsch DG, Janeway KA, Weigel B, Randall L, Withrow SJ, Paoloni M, Kaplan R, Teicher BA, Seibel NL, Smith M, Uren A, Patel SR, Trent J, Savage SA, Mirabello L, Reinke D, Barkaukas DA, Krailo M, Bernstein M. Toward a drug development path that targets metastatic progression in osteosarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:4200-9. [PMID: 24803583 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite successful primary tumor treatment, the development of pulmonary metastasis continues to be the most common cause of mortality in patients with osteosarcoma. A conventional drug development path requiring drugs to induce regression of established lesions has not led to improvements for patients with osteosarcoma in more than 30 years. On the basis of our growing understanding of metastasis biology, it is now reasonable and essential that we focus on developing therapeutics that target metastatic progression. To advance this agenda, a meeting of key opinion leaders and experts in the metastasis and osteosarcoma communities was convened in Bethesda, Maryland. The goal of this meeting was to provide a "Perspective" that would establish a preclinical translational path that could support the early evaluation of potential therapeutic agents that uniquely target the metastatic phenotype. Although focused on osteosarcoma, the need for this perspective is shared among many cancer types. The consensus achieved from the meeting included the following: the biology of metastatic progression is associated with metastasis-specific targets/processes that may not influence grossly detectable lesions; targeting of metastasis-specific processes is feasible; rigorous preclinical data are needed to support translation of metastasis-specific agents into human trials where regression of measurable disease is not an expected outcome; preclinical data should include an understanding of mechanism of action, validation of pharmacodynamic markers of effective exposure and response, the use of several murine models of effectiveness, and where feasible the inclusion of the dog with naturally occurring osteosarcoma to define the activity of new drugs in the micrometastatic disease setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chand Khanna
- Molecular Oncology Section, Metastasis Biology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois;
| | - Richard Gorlick
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Pharmacology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University; Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Bronx
| | - Lee J Helman
- Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Peter C Adamson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J Houghton
- Center for Childhood Cancer, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - William D Tap
- Sarcoma Oncology, Melanoma and Sarcoma Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York; Departments of
| | - Danny R Welch
- Kansas University Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Patricia S Steeg
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Glenn Merlino
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Poul H B Sorensen
- Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia; BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia; and
| | - Paul Meltzer
- Genetics Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David G Kirsch
- Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Katherine A Janeway
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School; Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Brenda Weigel
- Department of Pediatrics, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lor Randall
- Huntsman Cancer Institute & Primary Children's Medical Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Stephen J Withrow
- Flint Animal Cancer Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; Departments of
| | - Melissa Paoloni
- Comparative Oncology Program; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rosandra Kaplan
- Tumor Microenvironment Section, Pediatric Oncology Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Beverly A Teicher
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nita L Seibel
- Cancer Therapy Evaluations Program; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Aykut Uren
- Oncology and Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Shreyaskumar R Patel
- Sarcoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Jeffrey Trent
- Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Sharon A Savage
- Clinical Genetics Branch; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lisa Mirabello
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics; Center for Cancer Research; National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Denise Reinke
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Donald A Barkaukas
- Children's Oncology Group, QuadW-COG Childhood Sarcoma Biostatistics and Annotation Office, Monrovia
| | - Mark Krailo
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Mark Bernstein
- Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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25
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Mutsaers AJ, Walkley CR. Cells of origin in osteosarcoma: mesenchymal stem cells or osteoblast committed cells? Bone 2014; 62:56-63. [PMID: 24530473 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is a disease with many complex genetic abnormalities but few well defined genetic drivers of tumor initiation and evolution. The disease is diagnosed and defined through the observation of malignant osteoblastic cells that produce osteoid, however the exact cell of origin for this cancer remains to be definitively defined. Evidence exists to support a mesenchymal stem cell as well as committed osteoblast precursors as the cell of origin. Increasing numbers of experimental models have begun to shed light on to the likely cell population that gives rise to OS in vivo with the weight of evidence favoring an osteoblastic population as the cell of origin. As more information is gathered regarding osteosarcoma initiating cells and how they may relate to the cell of origin we will derive a better understanding of the development of this disease which may ultimately lead to clinical improvements through more personalized therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carl R Walkley
- Stem Cell Regulation Unit and ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
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26
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Botter SM, Neri D, Fuchs B. Recent advances in osteosarcoma. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:15-23. [PMID: 24632219 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although osteosarcoma (OS) is a rare malignancy, it is ranked among the leading causes of cancer-related death in the pediatric age group. The cancer's low prevalence and its large tumor heterogeneity make it difficult to obtain meaningful progress in patient survival. In this review we present an overview of current clinical trials which largely focus on stimulation of the immune system or rely on the inhibition of kinases such as Src and mTOR. The potential efficacy of tumor-targeted TNFalpha is discussed, as well as the importance of preclinical validation of new targets. To improve the success of future clinical trials, clinicians and basic researchers need to intensify their exchange. Finally, a case is made for individualized treatment of OS patients, based on interdisciplinary cooperation in dedicated Sarcoma Centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander M Botter
- Sarcoma Center & Laboratory for Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Fuchs
- Sarcoma Center & Laboratory for Orthopedic Research, Department of Orthopedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Forchstrasse 340, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland.
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27
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Colvin EK, Weir C, Ikin RJ, Hudson AL. SV40 TAg mouse models of cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 27:61-73. [PMID: 24583142 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of a number of viruses with the ability to induce tumours in animals and transform human cells has vastly impacted cancer research. Much of what is known about tumorigenesis today regarding tumour drivers and tumour suppressors has been discovered through experiments using viruses. The SV40 virus has proven extremely successful in generating transgenic models of many human cancer types and this review provides an overview of these models and seeks to give evidence as to their relevance in this modern era of personalised medicine and technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Colvin
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
| | - Chris Weir
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
| | - Rowan J Ikin
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
| | - Amanda L Hudson
- Bill Walsh Translational Cancer Research Laboratory, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales 2065, Australia.
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28
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Guijarro MV. Osteosarcoma: mouse models, cell of origin and cancer stem cell. POSTDOC JOURNAL : A JOURNAL OF POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCH AND POSTDOCTORAL AFFAIRS 2014; 2:19-30. [PMID: 27617267 DOI: 10.14304/surya.jpr.v2n2.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common non-hematologic primary tumor of bone in children and adults. High-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy and surgical resection have improved prognosis, with long-term survival for non-metastatic disease approaching 70%. However, most OS tumors are high grade and tend to rapidly develop pulmonary metastases. Despite clinical advances, patients with metastatic disease or relapse have a poor prognosis. Here the cell biology of OS is reviewed with a special emphasis on mouse models as well as the roles of the cell of origin and cancer stem cells. A better understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of human OS is essential for the development of improved prognostic and diagnostic markers as well as targeted therapies for both primary and metastatic OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V Guijarro
- Gene Therapy Lab. Dept. Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation. University of Florida. 1600 Archer Road, MSB M2-212. Gainesville, FL 32610. USA
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29
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Sampson VB, Kamara DF, Kolb EA. Xenograft and genetically engineered mouse model systems of osteosarcoma and Ewing's sarcoma: tumor models for cancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:1181-9. [PMID: 23844615 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.817988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are > 75 histological types of solid tumors that are classified into two major groups: bone and soft-tissue sarcomas. These diseases are more prevalent in children, and pediatric sarcomas tend to be highly aggressive and rapidly progressive. Sarcomas in adults may follow a more indolent course, but aggressive tumors are also common. Sarcomas that are metastatic at diagnosis, or recurrent following therapy, remain refractory to current treatment options with dismal overall survival rates. A major focus of clinical trials, for patients with sarcoma, is to identify novel and more effective therapeutic strategies targeted to genomic or proteomic aberrations specific to the malignant cells. Critical to the understanding of the potential for targeted therapies are models of disease that are representative of clinical disease and predictive of relevant clinical responses. AREAS COVERED In this article, the authors discuss the use of mouse xenograft models and genetically engineered mice in cancer drug discovery. The authors provide a special focus on models for the two most common bone sarcomas: osteosarcoma (OS) and Ewing's sarcoma (ES). EXPERT OPINION Predicting whether a new anticancer agent will have a positive therapeutic index in patients with OS and ES remains a challenge. The use of mouse sarcoma models for understanding the mechanisms involved in the response of tumors to new treatments is an important step in the process of drug discovery and the development of clinically relevant therapeutic strategies for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie B Sampson
- A.I. duPont Hospital for Children, Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory , 1701 Rockland Rd, Wilmington DE, 19803 , USA
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30
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Mutsaers AJ, Ng AJM, Baker EK, Russell MR, Chalk AM, Wall M, Liddicoat BJJ, Ho PWM, Slavin JL, Goradia A, Martin TJ, Purton LE, Dickins RA, Walkley CR. Modeling distinct osteosarcoma subtypes in vivo using Cre:lox and lineage-restricted transgenic shRNA. Bone 2013; 55:166-78. [PMID: 23486187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary cancer of bone and one that predominantly affects children and adolescents. Osteoblastic osteosarcoma represents the major subtype of this tumor, with approximately equal representation of fibroblastic and chondroblastic subtypes. We and others have previously described murine models of osteosarcoma based on osteoblast-restricted Cre:lox deletion of Trp53 (p53) and Rb1 (Rb), resulting in a phenotype most similar to fibroblastic osteosarcoma in humans. We now report a model of the most prevalent form of human osteosarcoma, the osteoblastic subtype. In contrast to other osteosarcoma models that have used Cre:lox mediated gene deletion, this model was generated through shRNA-based knockdown of p53. As is the case with the human disease the shRNA tumors most frequently present in the long bones and preferentially disseminate to the lungs; feature less consistently modeled using Cre:lox approaches. Our approach allowed direct comparison of the in vivo consequences of targeting the same genetic drivers using two different technologies, Cre:lox and shRNA. This demonstrated that the effects of Cre:lox and shRNA mediated knock-down are qualitatively different, at least in the context of osteosarcoma, and yielded distinct subtypes of osteosarcoma. Through the use of complementary genetic modification strategies we have established a model of the most common clinical subtype of osteosarcoma that was not previously represented and more fully recapitulated the clinical spectrum of this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Mutsaers
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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Thomas DM, Savage SA, Bond GL. Hereditary and environmental epidemiology of sarcomas. Clin Sarcoma Res 2012; 2:13. [PMID: 23036137 PMCID: PMC3496692 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David M Thomas
- Division of Cancer Medicine, Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, Australia.
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