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Liu H, Huang M, Xin D, Wang H, Yu H, Pu W. Natural products with anti-tumorigenesis potential targeting macrophage. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 131:155794. [PMID: 38875811 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is a risk factor for tumorigenesis. Macrophage, a subset of immune cells with high plasticity, plays a multifaceted role in this process. Natural products, which are bioactive compounds derived from traditional herbs or foods, have exhibited diverse effects on macrophages and tumorigenesis making them a valuable resource of drug discovery or optimization in tumor prevention. PURPOSE Provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles of macrophages in tumorigenesis, as well as the effects of natural products on tumorigenesis by modulating macrophage function. METHODS A thorough literature search spanning the past two decades was carried out using PubMed, Web of Science, Elsevier, and CNKI following the PRISMA guidelines. The search terms employed included "macrophage and tumorigenesis", "natural products, macrophages and tumorigenesis", "traditional Chinese medicine and tumorigenesis", "natural products and macrophage polarization", "macrophage and tumor related microenvironment", "macrophage and tumor signal pathway", "toxicity of natural products" and combinations thereof. Furthermore, certain articles are identified through the tracking of citations from other publications or by accessing the websites of relevant journals. Studies that meet the following criteria are excluded: (1) Articles not written in English or Chinese; (2) Full texts were not available; (3) Duplicate articles and irrelevant studies. The data collected was organized and summarized based on molecular mechanisms or compound structure. RESULTS This review elucidates the multifaceted effect of macrophages on tumorigenesis, encompassing process such as inflammation, angiogenesis, and tumor cell invasion by regulating metabolism, non-coding RNA, signal transduction and intercellular crosstalk. Natural products, including vitexin, ovatodiolide, ligustilide, and emodin, as well as herbal remedies, have demonstrated efficacy in modulating macrophage function, thereby attenuating tumorigenesis. These interventions mainly focus on mitigating the initial inflammatory response or modifying the inflammatory environment within the precancerous niche. CONCLUSIONS These mechanistic insights of macrophages in tumorigenesis offer valuable ideas for researchers. The identified natural products facilitate the selection of promising candidates for future cancer drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Manru Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Dandan Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Medical Technology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Haihe Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
| | - Weiling Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, PR China.
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Jakubek P, Pakula B, Rossmeisl M, Pinton P, Rimessi A, Wieckowski MR. Autophagy alterations in obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: the evidence from human studies. Intern Emerg Med 2024:10.1007/s11739-024-03700-w. [PMID: 38971910 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-024-03700-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process that plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and its impairment has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various metabolic diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). This review synthesizes the current evidence from human studies on autophagy alterations under these metabolic conditions. In obesity, most data point to autophagy upregulation during the initiation phase of autophagosome formation, potentially in response to proinflammatory conditions in the adipose tissue. Autophagosome formation appears to be enhanced under hyperglycemic or insulin-resistant conditions in patients with T2D, possibly acting as a compensatory mechanism to eliminate damaged organelles and proteins. Other studies have proposed that prolonged hyperglycemia and disrupted insulin signaling hinder autophagic flux, resulting in the accumulation of dysfunctional cellular components that can contribute to β-cell dysfunction. Evidence from patients with MASLD supports autophagy inhibition in disease progression. Nevertheless, given the available data, it is difficult to ascertain whether autophagy is enhanced or suppressed in these conditions because the levels of autophagy markers depend on the overall metabolism of specific organs, tissues, experimental conditions, or disease duration. Owing to these constraints, determining whether the observed shifts in autophagic activity precede or result from metabolic diseases remains challenging. Additionally, autophagy-modulating strategies are shortly discussed. To conclude, more studies investigating autophagy impairment are required to gain a more comprehensive understanding of its role in the pathogenesis of obesity, T2D, and MASLD and to unveil novel therapeutic strategies for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Jakubek
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Barbara Pakula
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Martin Rossmeisl
- Laboratory of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Center of Research for Innovative Therapies in Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariusz Roman Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.
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Liu HS, Wang YP, Lin PW, Chu ML, Lan SH, Wu SY, Lee YR, Chang HY. The role of Atg5 gene in tumorigenesis under autophagy deficiency conditions. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2024; 40:631-641. [PMID: 38826147 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a self-recycling machinery to maintain cellular homeostasis by degrading harmful materials in the cell. Autophagy-related gene 5 (Atg5) is required for autophagosome maturation. However, the role of Atg5 in tumorigenesis under autophagy deficient conditions remains unclear. This study focused on the autophagy-independent role of Atg5 and the underlying mechanism in tumorigenesis. We demonstrated that knockout of autophagy-related genes including Atg5, Atg7, Atg9, and p62 in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells consistently decreased cell proliferation and motility, implying that autophagy is required to maintain diverse cellular functions. An Atg7 knockout MEF (Atg7-/- MEF) cell line representing deprivation of autophagy function was used to clarify the role of Atg5 transgene in tumorigenesis. We found that Atg5-overexpressed Atg7-/-MEF (clone A) showed increased cell proliferation, colony formation, and migration under autophagy deficient conditions. Accordingly, rescuing the autophagy deficiency of clone A by overexpression of Atg7 gene shifts the role of Atg5 from pro-tumor to anti-tumor status, indicating the dual role of Atg5 in tumorigenesis. Notably, the xenograft mouse model showed that clone A of Atg5-overexpressed Atg7-/- MEF cells induced temporal tumor formation, but could not prolong further tumor growth. Finally, biomechanical analysis disclosed increased Wnt5a secretion and p-JNK expression along with decreased β-catenin expression. In summary, Atg5 functions as a tumor suppressor to protect the cell under normal conditions. In contrast, Atg5 shifts to a pro-tumor status under autophagy deprivation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Sheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Tropical Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Teaching and Research Center, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medial University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Lin
- Tropical Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Man-Ling Chu
- Tropical Medicine College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hui Lan
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Ying Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Yi Chang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Wang Z, Liu Y, Wang X, Wang X, Wu Y, Song Y, Xu J, Xue C. Sea cucumber plasmalogen enhance lipophagy to alleviate abnormal lipid accumulation induced by high-fat diet. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2024; 1869:159495. [PMID: 38609006 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2024.159495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Sea cucumber phospholipids, including the plasmalogen (PlsEtn) and plasmanylcholine (PakCho), have been shown to play a regulatory role in lipid metabolism disorders, but their mechanism of action remains unclear. Therefore, high-fat diet (HFD) and palmitic acid were used to establish lipid accumulation models in mice and HepG2 cells, respectively. Results showed that PlsEtn can reduce lipid deposition both in vivo and in vitro. HFD stimulation abnormally activated lipophagy through the phosphorylation of the AMPK/ULK1 pathway. The lipophagy flux monitor revealed abnormalities in the fusion stage of lipophagy. Of note, only PlsEtn stimulated the dynamic remodeling of the autophagosome membrane, which was indicated by the significantly decreased LC3 II/I ratio and p62 level. In all experiments, the effect of PlsEtn was significantly higher than that of PakCho. These findings elucidated the mechanism of PlsEtn in alleviating lipid accumulation, showed that it might be a lipophagy enhancer, and provided new insights into the high-value utilization of sea cucumber as an agricultural resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sanshan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
| | - Yanjun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sanshan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
| | - Xiaoxu Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sanshan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
| | - Xincen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sanshan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China; Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China.
| | - Yuan Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sanshan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
| | - Yu Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sanshan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sanshan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China.
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, No. 1299, Sanshan Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266003, China; Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266235, China.
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Pangarkar M, Wagh U, Pathak A. Autophagy indicators in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Pathology 2024; 56:59-64. [PMID: 37981514 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Dysregulation of autophagy has been linked to a number of diseases, including cancer. We retrospectively evaluated immunohistochemical expression of the autophagy markers LC3B and p62 and the autophagy regulator mTOR as an indicator of autophagy in 100 surgically resected primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) samples and sought associations with various clinicopathological factors. The expression of all three proteins was significantly higher in malignant squamous cells than in benign squamous cells in the free mucosal margin adjacent to the OSCC. Male sex, higher tumour (T) stage, node (N) stage and tumour, node, metastasis (TNM) stage were significantly associated with high marker expression; age and histological grade showed no significant association. LC3B, p62 and mTOR expression were positively correlated with one another in OSCCs, and the correlation was significant for LC3B and mTOR as well as for LC3B and p62. Disease-free survival showed an inverse correlation with high mTOR expression. Our data suggest that autophagy inhibitors and mTOR inhibitors may have a therapeutic role in the treatment of OSCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Uttara Wagh
- National Cancer Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anand Pathak
- National Cancer Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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6
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Rismanbaf A. Improving targeted small molecule drugs to overcome chemotherapy resistance. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e1945. [PMID: 37994401 PMCID: PMC10809209 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional cancer treatments face the challenge of therapeutic resistance, which causes poor treatment outcomes. The use of combination therapies can improve treatment results in patients and is one of the solutions to overcome this challenge. Chemotherapy is one of the conventional treatments that, due to the non-targeted and lack of specificity in targeting cancer cells, can cause serious complications in the short and long-term for patients by damaging healthy cells. Also, the employment of a wide range of strategies for chemotherapy resistance by cancer cells, metastasis, and cancer recurrence create serious problems to achieve the desired results of chemotherapy. Accordingly, targeted therapies can be used as a combination treatment with chemotherapy to both cause less damage to healthy cells, which as a result, they reduce the side effects of chemotherapy, and by targeting the factors that cause therapeutic challenges, can improve the results of chemotherapy in patients. RECENT FINDINGS Small molecules are one of the main targeted therapies that can be used for diverse targets in cancer treatment due to their penetration ability and characteristics. However, small molecules in cancer treatment are facing obstacles that a better understanding of cancer biology, as well as the mechanisms and factors involved in chemotherapy resistance, can lead to the improvement of this type of major targeted therapy. CONCLUSION In this review article, at first, the challenges that lead to not achieving the desired results in chemotherapy and how cancer cells can be resistant to chemotherapy are examined, and at the end, research areas are suggested that more focusing on them, can lead to the improvement of the results of using targeted small molecules as an adjunctive treatment for chemotherapy in the conditions of chemotherapy resistance and metastasis of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Rismanbaf
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
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Adelipour M, Naghashpour M, Roshanazadeh MR, Chenaneh H, Mohammadi A, Pourangi P, Miri SR, Zahedi A, Haghighatnezhad M, Golabi S. Evaluation of Beclin1 and mTOR genes and p62 protein expression in breast tumor tissues of Iranian patients. MOLECULAR BIOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 13:11-19. [PMID: 38164366 PMCID: PMC10644314 DOI: 10.22099/mbrc.2023.47597.1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that plays a major role in the fate of tumor cells. Understanding the role of autophagy in cancer therapy is a major challenge, particularly for breast cancer as the sole top cause of mortality among women. In this study, we evaluated the gene expression of mTOR and Beclin1 and the levels of p62 protein, in breast tumors and compared them to a control condition. To explore the role of autophagy in breast cancer, we acquired tumor biopsies from 41 new cases of breast cancer patients. We extracted total RNA from each biopsy and used real-time PCR to quantify Beclin1 and mTOR-specific RNA expression. In addition, we evaluated the expression of the p62 protein in paraffin-embedded tumor tissue using the immunohistochemistry technique. The data revealed an upregulation of Beclin1 and a downregulation of mTOR in tumor tissues compared to the control condition. The correlation between p62 expression and Beclin1/mTOR showed a negative and positive correlation, respectively, confirming autophagy activation in the tumor tissues. However, there was no correlation between autophagy markers and tumor size, grade and stage. The findings revealed that autophagy activation was found in breast tumor tissues, suggesting that autophagy can be a target for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Adelipour
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahshid Naghashpour
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Science, Abadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Roshanazadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Hadi Chenaneh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Asma Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Science, Abadan, Iran
| | - Pegah Pourangi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Science, Abadan, Iran
| | - Seyed Rouhollah Miri
- Department of surgical oncology, Cancer institute, Tehran University of Medical Science
| | | | - Mahmood Haghighatnezhad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Science, Abadan, Iran
| | - Sahar Golabi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Science, Abadan, Iran
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8
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Gulia S, Chandra P, Das A. The Prognosis of Cancer Depends on the Interplay of Autophagy, Apoptosis, and Anoikis within the Tumor Microenvironment. Cell Biochem Biophys 2023; 81:621-658. [PMID: 37787970 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01179-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Within the tumor microenvironment, the fight between the immune system and cancer influences tumor transformation. Metastasis formation is an important stage in the progression of cancer. This process is aided by cellular detachment and resistance to anoikis, which are achieved by altering intercellular signaling. Autophagy, specifically pro-survival autophagy, aids cancer cells in developing treatment resistance. Numerous studies have shown that autophagy promotes tumor growth and resistance to anoikis. To regulate protective autophagy, cancer-related genes phosphorylate both pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. Apoptosis, a type of controlled cell death, eliminates damaged or unwanted cells. Anoikis is a type of programmed cell death in which cells lose contact with the extracellular matrix. The dysregulation of these cellular pathways promotes tumor growth and spread. Apoptosis, anoikis, and autophagy interact meticulously and differently depending on the cellular circumstances. For instance, autophagy can protect cancer cells from apoptosis by removing cellular components that are damaged and might otherwise trigger apoptotic pathways. Similarly, anoikis dysregulation can trigger autophagy by causing cellular harm and metabolic stress. In order to prevent or treat metastatic disease, specifically, targeting these cellular mechanisms may present a promising prospect for cancer therapy. This review discourses the state of our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying tumor transformation and the establishment of metastatic tumors. To enhance the prognosis for cancer, we highlight and discuss potential therapeutic approaches that target these processes and genes involved in them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Gulia
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Prakash Chandra
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India
| | - Asmita Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Main Bawana Road, Delhi, 110042, India.
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Obradovic M, Zafirovic S, Gluvic Z, Radovanovic J, Isenovic ER. Autophagy and diabetes. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2023:576-588. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The current literature findings on autophagy’s beneficial and detrimental roles in diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetes-related comorbidities were reviewed. The effects of oral hypoglycaemic medicines and autophagy in DM. Autophagy plays an important function in cellular homeostasis by promoting cell survival or initiating cell death in physiological settings was also assessed. Although autophagy protects insulin-target tissues, organelle failure caused by autophagy malfunction influences DM and other metabolic diseases. Endoplasmic reticulum and oxidative stress enhance autophagy levels, making it easier to regulate stress-induced intracellular changes. Evidence suggests that autophagy-caused cell death can occur when autophagy is overstimulated and constitutively activated, which might prevent or develop DM. Even though the precise role of autophagy in DM complications is uncertain, deregulation of the autophagic machinery is strongly linked to beta cell destruction and the aetiology of DM. Thus, improving autophagy dysfunction is a possible therapeutic objective in treating DM and other metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Obradovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja Zafirovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Gluvic
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Zemun Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Radovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Rühmkorf A, Harbauer AB. Role of Mitochondria-ER Contact Sites in Mitophagy. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1198. [PMID: 37627263 PMCID: PMC10452924 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are often referred to as the "powerhouse" of the cell. However, this organelle has many more functions than simply satisfying the cells' metabolic needs. Mitochondria are involved in calcium homeostasis and lipid metabolism, and they also regulate apoptotic processes. Many of these functions require contact with the ER, which is mediated by several tether proteins located on the respective organellar surfaces, enabling the formation of mitochondria-ER contact sites (MERCS). Upon damage, mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can harm the surrounding cell. To circumvent toxicity and to maintain a functional pool of healthy organelles, damaged and excess mitochondria can be targeted for degradation via mitophagy, a form of selective autophagy. Defects in mitochondria-ER tethers and the accumulation of damaged mitochondria are found in several neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, which argues that the interplay between the two organelles is vital for neuronal health. This review provides an overview of the different mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control that are implicated with the different mitochondria-ER tether proteins, and also provides a novel perspective on how MERCS are involved in mediating mitophagy upon mitochondrial damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Rühmkorf
- TUM Medical Graduate Center, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Angelika Bettina Harbauer
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Intelligence, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, 80802 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Li M, Qian M, Jiang Q, Tan B, Yin Y, Han X. Evidence of Flavonoids on Disease Prevention. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020527. [PMID: 36830086 PMCID: PMC9952065 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence highlights the properties of flavonoids in natural foods for disease prevention. Due to their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-carcinogenic activities, flavonoids have been revealed to benefit skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, adipocytes, and neural cells. In this review, we introduced the basic classification, natural sources, and biochemical properties of flavonoids, then summarize the experimental results and underlying molecular mechanisms concerning the effects of flavonoid consumption on obesity, cancers, and neurogenerative diseases that greatly threaten public health. Especially, the dosage and duration of flavonoids intervening in these diseases are discussed, which might guide healthy dietary habits for people of different physical status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Mengqi Qian
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Bie Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Xinyan Han
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya 572000, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-88982446
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12
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van Son KC, Verschuren L, Hanemaaijer R, Reeves H, Takkenberg RB, Drenth JPH, Tushuizen ME, Holleboom AG. Non-Parenchymal Cells and the Extracellular Matrix in Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:1308. [PMID: 36831649 PMCID: PMC9954729 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the setting of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)-related cirrhosis and even in the pre-cirrhotic state is increasing in incidence. NAFLD-related HCC has a poor clinical outcome as it is often advanced at diagnosis due to late diagnosis and systemic treatment response is poor due to reduced immune surveillance. Much of the focus of molecular research has been on the pathological changes in hepatocytes; however, immune cells, hepatic stellate cells, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and the extracellular matrix may play important roles in the pathogenesis of NAFLD-related HCC as well. Here, we review the role of non-parenchymal cells in the liver in the pathogenesis of HCC in the context of NAFLD-NASH, with a particular focus on the innate and the adaptive immune system, fibrogenesis and angiogenesis. We review the key roles of macrophages, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), T cells, natural killer (NK) cells, NKT cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and the role of the extracellular matrix in hepatocarcinogenesis within the steatotic milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen C. van Son
- Department of Vascular and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Verschuren
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Roeland Hanemaaijer
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Reeves
- Newcastle University Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - R. Bart Takkenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost P. H. Drenth
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten E. Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan G. Holleboom
- Department of Vascular and Internal Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gamage CDB, Kim JH, Yang Y, Taş İ, Park SY, Zhou R, Pulat S, Varlı M, Hur JS, Nam SJ, Kim H. Libertellenone T, a Novel Compound Isolated from Endolichenic Fungus, Induces G2/M Phase Arrest, Apoptosis, and Autophagy by Activating the ROS/JNK Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020489. [PMID: 36672439 PMCID: PMC9857212 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most deadly type of cancer in the world and continuous investigations are required to discover novel therapeutics for CRC. Induction of apoptosis is one of the promising strategies to inhibit cancers. Here, we have identified a novel compound, Libertellenone T (B), isolated from crude extracts of the endolichenic fungus from Pseudoplectania sp. (EL000327) and investigated the mechanism of action. CRC cells treated by B were subjected to apoptosis detection assays, immunofluorescence imaging, and molecular analyses such as immunoblotting and QRT-PCR. Our findings revealed that B induced CRC cell death via multiple mechanisms including G2/M phase arrest caused by microtubule stabilization and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Further studies revealed that B induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) attributed to activating the JNK signaling pathway by which apoptosis and autophagy was induced in Caco2 cells. Moreover, B exhibited good synergistic effects when combined with the well-known anticancer drug, 5-FU, and another cytotoxic novel compound D, which was isolated from the same crude extract of EL000327. Overall, Libertellenone T induces G2/M phase arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy via activating the ROS/JNK pathway in CRC. Thus, B may be a potential anticancer therapeutic against CRC that is suitable for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathurika D. B. Gamage
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - İsa Taş
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sultan Pulat
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Mücahit Varlı
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.N.); (H.K.)
| | - Hangun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.N.); (H.K.)
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14
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Jain M, Patil N, Abdi G, Abbasi Tarighat M, Mohammed A, Ahmad Mohd Zain MR, Goh KW. Mechanistic Insights and Potential Therapeutic Approaches in PolyQ Diseases via Autophagy. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11010162. [PMID: 36672670 PMCID: PMC9856063 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine diseases are a group of congenital neurodegenerative diseases categorized with genomic abnormalities in the expansion of CAG triplet repeats in coding regions of specific disease-related genes. Protein aggregates are the toxic hallmark for polyQ diseases and initiate neuronal death. Autophagy is a catabolic process that aids in the removal of damaged organelles or toxic protein aggregates, a process required to maintain cellular homeostasis that has the potential to fight against neurodegenerative diseases, but this pathway gets affected under diseased conditions, as there is a direct impact on autophagy-related gene expression. The increase in the accumulation of autophagy vesicles reported in neurodegenerative diseases was due to an increase in autophagy or may have been due to a decrease in autophagy flux. These reports suggested that there is a contribution of autophagy in the pathology of diseases and regulation in the process of autophagy. It was demonstrated in various disease models of polyQ diseases that autophagy upregulation by using modulators can enhance the dissolution of toxic aggregates and delay disease progression. In this review, interaction of the autophagy pathway with polyQ diseases was analyzed, and a therapeutic approach with autophagy inducing drugs was established for disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Jain
- Department of Lifesciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
- Lab 209 Cell and Developmental Biology Lab, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Nil Patil
- Department of Lifesciences, Parul Institute of Applied Sciences, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
- Lab 209 Cell and Developmental Biology Lab, Centre of Research for Development, Parul University, Vadodara 391760, India
| | - Gholamreza Abdi
- Department of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (M.R.A.M.Z.); (K.W.G.)
| | - Maryam Abbasi Tarighat
- Faculty of Nano and Bio Science and Technology, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr 75169, Iran
| | - Arifullah Mohammed
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Rajaei Ahmad Mohd Zain
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (M.R.A.M.Z.); (K.W.G.)
| | - Khang Wen Goh
- Faculty of Data Science and Information Technology, INTI International University, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (G.A.); (M.R.A.M.Z.); (K.W.G.)
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Li G, Huang D, Zou Y, Kidd J, Gehr TWB, Li N, Ritter JK, Li PL. Impaired autophagic flux and dedifferentiation in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene: Role of lysosomal TRPML1 channel. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119386. [PMID: 36302466 PMCID: PMC9869931 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Podocytopathy and associated nephrotic syndrome have been reported in a mouse strain (Asah1fl/fl/Podocre) with a podocyte-specific deletion of α subunit (the main catalytic subunit) of acid ceramidase (Ac). However, the pathogenesis of podocytopathy in these mice remains unclear. The present study tested whether Ac deficiency impairs autophagic flux in podocytes through blockade of transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 (TRPML1) channel as a potential pathogenic mechanism of podocytopathy in Asah1fl/fl/Podocre mice. We first demonstrated that impairment of autophagic flux occurred in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene, which was evidenced by autophagosome accumulation and reduced lysosome-autophagosome interaction. TRPML1 channel agonists recovered lysosome-autophagosome interaction and attenuated autophagosome accumulation in podocytes from Asah1fl/fl/Podocre mice, while TRPML1 channel inhibitors impaired autophagic flux in WT/WT podocytes and worsened autophagic deficiency in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene. The effects of TRPML1 channel agonist were blocked by dynein inhibitors, indicating a critical role of dynein activity in the control of lysosome movement due to TRPML1 channel-mediated Ca2+ release. It was also found that there is an enhanced phenotypic transition to dedifferentiation status in podocytes lacking Asah1 gene in vitro and in vivo. Such podocyte phenotypic transition was inhibited by TRPML1 channel agonists but enhanced by TRPML1 channel inhibitors. Moreover, we found that TRPML1 gene silencing induced autophagosome accumulation and dedifferentiation in podocytes. Based on these results, we conclude that Ac activity is essential for autophagic flux and maintenance of differentiated status of podocytes. Dysfunction or deficiency of Ac may impair autophagic flux and induce podocyte dedifferentiation, which may be an important pathogenic mechanism of podocytopathy and associated nephrotic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbi Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dandan Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Yao Zou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jason Kidd
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Todd W B Gehr
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Ningjun Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joseph K Ritter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Pin-Lan Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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16
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Negi S, Chaudhuri A, Kumar DN, Dehari D, Singh S, Agrawal AK. Nanotherapeutics in autophagy: a paradigm shift in cancer treatment. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2589-2612. [PMID: 35149969 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process in which an organism responds to its nutrient or metabolic emergencies. It involves the degradation of cytoplasmic proteins and organelles by forming double-membrane vesicles called "autophagosomes." They sequester cargoes, leading them to degradation in the lysosomes. Although autophagy acts as a protective mechanism for maintaining homeostasis through cellular recycling, it is ostensibly a cause of certain cancers, but a cure for others. In other words, insufficient autophagy, due to genetic or cellular dysfunctions, can lead to tumorigenesis. However, many autophagy modulators are developed for cancer therapy. Diverse nanoparticles have been documented to induce autophagy. Also, the highly stable nanoparticles show blockage to autophagic flux. In this review, we revealed a general mechanism by which autophagy can be induced or blocked via nanoparticles as well as several studies recently performed to prove the stated fact. In addition, we have also elucidated the paradoxical roles of autophagy in cancer and how their differential role at different stages of various cancers can affect its treatment outcomes. And finally, we summarize the breakthroughs in cancer disease treatments by using metallic, polymeric, and liposomal nanoparticles as potent autophagy modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shloka Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Aiswarya Chaudhuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Dulla Naveen Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Deepa Dehari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
| | - Ashish Kumar Agrawal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Eng. & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India.
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17
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Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of porphyran, a sulfated galactan. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 301:120326. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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18
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Khan F, Khan H, Khan A, Yamasaki M, Moustaid-Moussa N, Al-Harrasi A, Rahman SM. Autophagy in adipogenesis: Molecular mechanisms and regulation by bioactive compounds. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113715. [PMID: 36152415 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
White adipose tissue expands rapidly due to increased adipocyte number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy), which results in obesity. Adipogenesis is a process of the formation of mature adipocytes from precursor cells. Additionally, obesity-related metabolic complications, such as fatty liver and insulin resistance, are linked to adipogenesis. On the contrary, autophagy is a catabolic process; essential to maintain cellular homeostasis via the degradation or recycling of unnecessary or damaged components. Importantly, autophagy dictates obesity and adipogenesis. Hence, a clear understanding of how autophagy regulates adipogenesis is crucial for drug development and the prevention and treatment of obesity and its associated disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In this review, we highlighted recent findings regarding the crosstalk between adipogenesis and autophagy, as well as the molecules involved. Furthermore, the review discussed how bioactive compounds regulate adipogenesis by manipulating autophagy and underlying molecular mechanisms. Based on in vitro and animal studies, we summarized the effects of bioactive compounds on adipogenesis and autophagy. Hence, human studies are necessary to validate the effectiveness and optimal dosage of these bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizullah Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman; Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ajmal Khan
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Masao Yamasaki
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Naima Moustaid-Moussa
- Texas Tech University, Nutritional Sciences, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Obesity Research Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Ahmed Al-Harrasi
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Shaikh Mizanoor Rahman
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Center, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Sultanate of Oman.
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19
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Di Sotto A, Gullì M, Minacori M, Mancinelli R, Garzoli S, Percaccio E, Incocciati A, Romaniello D, Mazzanti G, Eufemi M, Di Giacomo S. β-Caryophyllene Counteracts Chemoresistance Induced by Cigarette Smoke in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer MDA-MB-468 Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092257. [PMID: 36140359 PMCID: PMC9496176 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) has been associated with an increased risk of fatal breast cancers and recurrence, along with chemoresistance and chemotherapy impairment. This strengthens the interest in chemopreventive agents to be exploited both in healthy and oncological subjects to prevent or repair CS damage. In the present study, we evaluated the chemopreventive properties of the natural sesquiterpene β-caryophyllene towards the damage induced by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) in triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-468 cells. Particularly, we assessed the ability of the sesquiterpene to interfere with the mechanisms exploited by CSC to promote cell survival and chemoresistance, including genomic instability, cell cycle progress, autophagy/apoptosis, cell migration and related pathways. β-Caryophyllene was found to be able to increase the CSC-induced death of MDA-MB-468 cells, likely triggering oxidative stress, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; moreover, it hindered cell recovery, autophagy activation and cell migration; at last, a marked inhibition of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation was highlighted: this could represent a key mechanism of the chemoprevention by β-caryophyllene. Although further studies are required to confirm the in vivo efficacy of β-caryophyllene, the present results suggest a novel strategy to reduce the harmful effect of smoke in cancer patients and to improve the survival expectations in breast cancer women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.D.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Marco Gullì
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Minacori
- Department of Biochemical Science “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Mancinelli
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ester Percaccio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Incocciati
- Department of Biochemical Science “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Donatella Romaniello
- Department of Biochemical Science “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriela Mazzanti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.D.S.); (G.M.)
| | - Margherita Eufemi
- Department of Biochemical Science “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Vilar JB, Christmann M, Tomicic MT. Alterations in Molecular Profiles Affecting Glioblastoma Resistance to Radiochemotherapy: Where Does the Good Go? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14102416. [PMID: 35626024 PMCID: PMC9139489 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma is a type of brain cancer that remains incurable. Despite multiple past and ongoing preclinical studies and clinical trials, involving adjuvants to the conventional therapy and based on molecular targeting, no relevant benefit for patients’ survival has been achieved so far. The current first-line treatment regimen is based on ionizing radiation and the monoalkylating compound, temozolomide, and has been administered for more than 15 years. Glioblastoma is extremely resistant to most agents due to a mutational background that elicits quick response to insults and adapts to microenvironmental and metabolic changes. Here, we present the most recent evidence concerning the molecular features and their alterations governing pathways involved in GBM response to the standard radio-chemotherapy and discuss how they collaborate with acquired GBM’s resistance. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a brain tumor characterized by high heterogeneity, diffuse infiltration, aggressiveness, and formation of recurrences. Patients with this kind of tumor suffer from cognitive, emotional, and behavioral problems, beyond exhibiting dismal survival rates. Current treatment comprises surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with the methylating agent, temozolomide (TMZ). GBMs harbor intrinsic mutations involving major pathways that elicit the cells to evade cell death, adapt to the genotoxic stress, and regrow. Ionizing radiation and TMZ induce, for the most part, DNA damage repair, autophagy, stemness, and senescence, whereas only a small fraction of GBM cells undergoes treatment-induced apoptosis. Particularly upon TMZ exposure, most of the GBM cells undergo cellular senescence. Increased DNA repair attenuates the agent-induced cytotoxicity; autophagy functions as a pro-survival mechanism, protecting the cells from damage and facilitating the cells to have energy to grow. Stemness grants the cells capacity to repopulate the tumor, and senescence triggers an inflammatory microenvironment favorable to transformation. Here, we highlight this mutational background and its interference with the response to the standard radiochemotherapy. We discuss the most relevant and recent evidence obtained from the studies revealing the molecular mechanisms that lead these cells to be resistant and indicate some future perspectives on combating this incurable tumor.
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Wang X, Hua P, He C, Chen M. Non-apoptotic cell death-based cancer therapy: Molecular mechanism, pharmacological modulators, and nanomedicine. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3567-3593. [PMID: 36176912 PMCID: PMC9513500 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As an emerging cancer therapeutic target, non-apoptotic cell death such as ferroptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, etc., has revealed significant potential in cancer treatment for bypassing apoptosis to enhance the undermined therapeutic efficacy triggered by apoptosis resistance. A variety of anticancer drugs, synthesized compounds and natural products have been proven recently to induce non-apoptotic cell death and exhibit excellent anti-tumor effects. Moreover, the convergence of nanotechnology with functional materials and biomedicine science has provided tremendous opportunities to construct non-apoptotic cell death-based nanomedicine for innovative cancer therapy. Nanocarriers are not only employed in targeted delivery of non-apoptotic inducers, but also used as therapeutic components to induce non-apoptotic cell death to achieve efficient tumor treatment. This review first introduces the main characteristics, the mechanism and various pharmacological modulators of different non-apoptotic cell death forms, including ferroptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, autophagy, paraptosis, lysosomal-dependent cell death, and oncosis. Second, we comprehensively review the latest progresses of nanomedicine that induces various forms of non-apoptotic cell death and focus on the nanomedicine targeting different pathways and components. Furthermore, the combination therapies of non-apoptotic cell death with photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy and other modalities are summarized. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in this regard are also discussed.
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22
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An R, Zhang W, Huang X. Developments in the Antitumor Activity, Mechanisms of Action, Structural Modifications, and Structure-Activity Relationships of Steroidal Saponins. Mini Rev Med Chem 2022; 22:2188-2212. [PMID: 35176980 DOI: 10.2174/1389557522666220217113719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Steroidal saponins, a class of natural products formed by the combination of spirosteranes with sugars, are widely distributed in plants and have various biological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-oxidation, etc. Particularly, extensive researches on the antitumor property of steroidal saponins have been received. Steroidal sapogenins, the aglycones of steroidal saponins, also have attracted much attention due to a vast range of pharmacological activities similar to steroidal saponins. In the past few years, structural modifications on the aglycones and sugar chains of steroidal saponins have been carried out and some achievements have been made. In this mini-review, the antitumor activity, action mechanisms, and structural modifications along with the structure-activity relationships of steroidal saponins and their derivatives are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfeng An
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Wenjin Zhang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Huang
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
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Kim J, Mondaca-Ruff D, Singh S, Wang Y. SIRT1 and Autophagy: Implications in Endocrine Disorders. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:930919. [PMID: 35909524 PMCID: PMC9331929 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.930919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process involved in the selective degradation and recycling of dysfunctional intracellular components. It plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and survival by removing damaged and harmful proteins, lipids, and organelles. SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent multifunctional enzyme, is a key regulator of the autophagy process. Through its deacetylase activity, SIRT1 participates in the regulation of different steps of autophagy, from initiation to degradation. The levels and function of SIRT1 are also regulated by the autophagy process. Dysregulation in SIRT1-mediated autophagy hinders the proper functioning of the endocrine system, contributing to the onset and progression of endocrine disorders. This review provides an overview of the crosstalk between SIRT1 and autophagy and their implications in obesity, type-2 diabetes mellitus, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and hepatic steatosis.
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24
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The Secrets of Alternative Autophagy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113241. [PMID: 34831462 PMCID: PMC8623506 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
For many years, it was thought that ATG5 and ATG7 played a pivotal role in autophagy, and that the knockdown of one of these genes would result in its inhibition. However, cells with ATG5 or ATG7 depletion still generate autophagic vacuoles with mainly trans-Golgi-originated isolation membranes and do not die. This indicates that autophagy can occur via ATG5/ATG7-independent alternative autophagy. Its molecular mechanism differs from that of the canonical pathway, including inter alia the phosphorylation of ULK1, and lack of LC3 modifications. As the alternative autophagy pathway has only recently been described, little is known of its precise role; however, a considerable body of evidence suggests that alternative autophagy participates in mitochondrion removal. This review summarizes the latest progress made in research on alternative autophagy and describes its possible molecular mechanism, roles and methods of detection, and possible modulators. There is a need for further research focused on types of autophagy, as this can elucidate the functioning of various cell types and the pathogenesis of human and animal diseases.
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25
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Alvur O, Kucuksayan H, Baygu Y, Kabay N, Gok Y, Akca H. The dicyano compound induces autophagic or apoptotic cell death via Twist/c-Myc axis depending on metastatic characteristics of breast cancer cells. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:39-50. [PMID: 34775571 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06817-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer (BC) is a heterogeneous disease with various subtypes, therefore, the illumination of distinctive mechanisms between subtypes for the development of novel treatment strategies is important. Here, we revealed the antiproliferative effects of our customized dicyano compound (DC) on BC cells. METHODS AND RESULTS We determined the antiproliferative effect of the DC on non-metastatic MCF-7 and metastatic MDA-MB-231 cell lines by MTT. We evaluated protein levels of LC3BI-II and p62 to detect effects of the DC on autophagy. Furthermore, we examined whether the DC induce apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells by performing TUNEL and western blotting. We showed that the DC induces autophagic cell death in MDA-MB-231 while it leads to apoptosis in MCF-7, demonstrating that DC can induce different cell death mechanisms in BC cells according to what they represent subtypes. To understand the reason of different cell response to the DC, we evaluated the expressions of several regulator proteins involved in survival, cell arrest and proliferation. All findings revealed that c-Myc expression is directly correlated with autophagy induction in BC cells and it could be a marker for the selection of cell death mechanism against anti-cancer drugs. Interestingly, we showed that the overexpression of Twist, responsible for metastatic features of BC cells, imitates the effects of autophagy on c-Myc expression in MCF-7 cells, indicating that it is implicated in both the regulation of c-Myc as a upstream factor and subsequently the selection of cell death mechanisms. CONCLUSION Taken together, we suggest that Twist/c-Myc axis may have a role in different response to the DC-induced cell death pathways in BC subtypes with different invasive characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Alvur
- Department of Medical Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Hakan Kucuksayan
- Department of Medical Biology, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Baygu
- Department of Chemistry, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Nilgun Kabay
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Yasar Gok
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Usak University, Usak, Turkey
| | - Hakan Akca
- Department of Medical Genetics, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.
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26
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Zarei M, Shrestha R, Johnson S, Yu Z, Karki K, Vaziri-Gohar A, Epps J, Du H, Suva L, Zarei M, Safe S. Nuclear Receptor 4A2 (NR4A2/NURR1) Regulates Autophagy and Chemoresistance in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 1:65-78. [PMID: 35582016 PMCID: PMC9109828 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive cancer with poor prognosis and chemotherapy with gemcitabine has limited effects and is associated with development of drug resistance. Treatment of Panc1 and MiaPaca2 pancreatic cancer cells with gemcitabine induced expression of the orphan nuclear receptor 4A2 (NURR1) and analysis of the cancer genome atlas indicated the NURR1 is overexpressed in pancreatic tumors and is a negative prognostic factor for patient survival. Results of NURR1 knockdown or treatment with the NURR1 antagonist 1,1-bis(3΄-indolyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)methane (C-DIM 12) demonstrated that NURR1 was pro-oncogenic in pancreatic cancer cells and regulated cancer cell and tumor growth and survival. NURR1 is induced by gemcitabine and serves as a key drug-resistance factor and is also required for gemcitabine-induced cytoprotective autophagy. NURR1 regulated genes were determined by RNA sequencing of mRNAs expressed in MiaPaCa2 cells expressing NURR1 and in CRISPR/Cas9 gene edited cells for NURR1 knockdown and KEGG enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed that autophagy was the major pathway regulated by NURR1. Moreover, NURR1 regulated expression of two major autophagic genes ATG7 and ATG12 which are also overexpressed in pancreatic tumors and like NURR1 are negative prognostic factors for patient survival. Thus, gemcitabine-induced cytoprotective autophagy is due to the NURR1 - ATG7/ATG12 axis and this can be targeted and disrupted by NURR1 antagonist C-DIM12 demonstrating the potential clinical applications for combination therapies with gemcitabine and NURR1 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Zarei
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals; Case Western University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rupesh Shrestha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Sneha Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Zuhua Yu
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
- Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan Province, China, P.R
| | - Keshav Karki
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Ali Vaziri-Gohar
- Department of Surgery, University Hospitals; Case Western University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jessica Epps
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Heng Du
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Larry Suva
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Mahsa Zarei
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
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27
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Rein T. Harnessing autophagy to fight SARS-CoV-2: An update in view of recent drug development efforts. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:155-160. [PMID: 34668225 PMCID: PMC9088732 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is an attractive option for identifying new treatment strategies, in particular in extraordinary situations of urgent need such as the current coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic. Recently, the World Health Organization announced testing of three drugs as potential Covid-19 therapeutics that are known for their dampening effect on the immune system. Thus, the underlying concept of selecting these drugs is to temper the potentially life-threatening overshooting of the immune system reacting to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. This viewpoint discusses the possibility that the impact of these and other drugs on autophagy contributes to their therapeutic effect by hampering the SARS-CoV-2 life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Rein
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
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28
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Tsai WL, Wang CY, Lee YC, Tang WC, Anuraga G, Ta HDK, Wu YF, Lee KH. A New Light on Potential Therapeutic Targets for Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1438. [PMID: 34680556 PMCID: PMC8533612 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) involve changes in genetic and epigenetic levels of oncogenes and/or tumor suppressors. In spite of advances in understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in CRC, the overall survival rate of CRC still remains relatively low. Thus, more research is needed to discover and investigate effective biomarkers and targets for diagnosing and treating CRC. The roles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participating in various aspects of cell biology have been investigated and potentially contribute to tumor development. Our recent study also showed that CRNDE was among the top 20 upregulated genes in CRC clinical tissues compared to normal colorectal tissues by analyzing a Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset (GSE21815). Although CRNDE is widely reported to be associated with different types of cancer, most studies of CRNDE were limited to examining regulation of its transcription levels, and in-depth mechanistic research is lacking. In the present study, CRNDE was found to be significantly upregulated in CRC patients at an advanced TNM stage, and its high expression was correlated with poor outcomes of CRC patients. In addition, we found that knocking down CRNDE could reduce lipid accumulation through the miR-29b-3p/ANGPTL4 axis and consequently induce autophagy of CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Tsai
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (W.-L.T.); (G.A.); (H.D.K.T.)
| | - Chih-Yang Wang
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-Y.W.); (W.-C.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Wan-Chun Tang
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-Y.W.); (W.-C.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Gangga Anuraga
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (W.-L.T.); (G.A.); (H.D.K.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas PGRI Adi Buana, Surabaya 60234, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Hoang Dang Khoa Ta
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (W.-L.T.); (G.A.); (H.D.K.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Fu Wu
- National Defense Medical Center, Department of Medical Research, School of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Kuen-Haur Lee
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (C.-Y.W.); (W.-C.T.)
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Cancer Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
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29
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Tokgun O, Tokgun PE, Turel S, Inal B, Inci K, Tan S, Can Alvur O. Bryonia multiflora Extract Induces Autophagy via Regulating Long Non-coding RNAs in Breast Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2021; 73:1792-1803. [PMID: 34024207 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.1922717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Bryonia multiflora, one of the species of Bryonia L. (Cucurbitaceae) genus, is a perennial, dioecious, herbaceous plant with rhizome-shaped roots. Bryonia species have anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antioxidant, etc., activities and their components consume antitumoral effects. Purpose of the study to investigate the effect of Bryonia Multiflora extract (BMST) on breast cancer cells. Our results revealed that MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells underwent significant morphological changes leading to cell rounding. No significant changes were observed in the cell viability by MTT. Acridine orange staining of our cells gave rise to think that BMST might lead our cells to autophagy. Therefore, possible molecular mechanisms underlying morphological changes such as autophagy (LC-3B, Beclin, AMBRA1) and apoptosis (Bcl-2) were evaluated on mRNA and protein levels. BMST treated MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells had increased levels of autophagy markers whereas decreased levels of Bcl-2. p21 levels were also found to be increased in both cells. Analysis of lncRNA expressions has shown that BMST treatment led to changes in the expression levels of several lncRNAs playing roles in autophagy. The current study has shown that BMST induces autophagy in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells via regulating the lncRNAs revealing that BMST could be a promising therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Tokgun
- Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey.,Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Pervin Elvan Tokgun
- Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Samet Turel
- Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Behcet Inal
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Inci
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Secil Tan
- Department of Cancer Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Ozge Can Alvur
- Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, Turkey
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30
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Ghaznavi H, Shirvaliloo M, Zarebkohan A, Shams Z, Radnia F, Bahmanpour Z, Sargazi S, Saravani R, Shirvalilou S, Shahraki O, Shahraki S, Nazarlou Z, Sheervalilou R. An Updated Review on Implications of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Tumorigenesis: Possible Alterations in Autophagy through Engineered Nanomaterials and Their Importance in Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharmacol 2021; 100:119-143. [PMID: 33990406 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most commonly recognized as a catabolic pathway, autophagy is a perplexing mechanism through which a living cell can free itself of excess cytoplasmic components, i.e., organelles, by means of certain membranous vesicles or lysosomes filled with degrading enzymes. Upon exposure to external insult or internal stimuli, the cell might opt to activate such a pathway, through which it can gain control over the maintenance of intracellular components and thus sustain homeostasis by intercepting the formation of unnecessary structures or eliminating the already present dysfunctional or inutile organelles. Despite such appropriateness, autophagy might also be considered a frailty for the cell, as it has been said to have a rather complicated role in tumorigenesis. A merit in the early stages of tumor formation, autophagy appears to be salutary because of its tumor-suppressing effects. In fact, several investigations on tumorigenesis have reported diminished levels of autophagic activity in tumor cells, which might result in transition to malignancy. On the contrary, autophagy has been suggested to be a seemingly favorable mechanism to progressed malignancies, as it contributes to survival of such cells. Based on the recent literature, this mechanism might also be activated upon the entry of engineered nanomaterials inside a cell, supposedly protecting the host from foreign materials. Accordingly, there is a good chance that therapeutic interventions for modulating autophagy in malignant cells using nanoparticles may sensitize cancerous cells to certain treatment modalities, e.g., radiotherapy. In this review, we will discuss the signaling pathways involved in autophagy and the significance of the mechanism itself in apoptosis and tumorigenesis while shedding light on possible alterations in autophagy through engineered nanomaterials and their potential therapeutic applications in cancer. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Autophagy has been said to have a complicated role in tumorigenesis. In the early stages of tumor formation, autophagy appears to be salutary because of its tumor-suppressing effects. On the contrary, autophagy has been suggested to be a favorable mechanism to progressed malignancies. This mechanism might be affected upon the entry of nanomaterials inside a cell. Accordingly, therapeutic interventions for modulating autophagy using nanoparticles may sensitize cancerous cells to certain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Ghaznavi
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Amir Zarebkohan
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Zinat Shams
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Fatemeh Radnia
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Zahra Bahmanpour
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Ramin Saravani
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Sakine Shirvalilou
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Omolbanin Shahraki
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Sheida Shahraki
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Ziba Nazarlou
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
| | - Roghayeh Sheervalilou
- Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (H.G.), Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, (M.S.), Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences,Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (A.Z.), Department of Biological Science, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran (Z.S.), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (F.R.), Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran (Z.B.), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sar), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.S.), Finetech in Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (S.Sh), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (O.S), Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis Institute, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (S.Sha), Material Engineering Department, College of Science Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey (Z.N.), Pharmacology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran (R.Sh)
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Wang H, Ye T, Cai Y, Chen W, Xie H, Ke C. Downregulation of Ascl2 promotes cell apoptosis by enhancing autophagy in colorectal cancer cells. J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 12:630-638. [PMID: 34012655 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer, according to recently published literature. While the incidence and the mortality of CRC has decreased due to effective cancer screening measures, there has been an increase in the number of young patients diagnosed with colon cancer due to unclear reasons. As a target molecule of the Wnt signaling pathway, Ascl2 is an important marker of CRC stem cells and plays an important role in maintaining the nature of colon cancer stem/precursor cells. However, the role of Ascl2 in autophagy in CRC cells is rarely elucidated. Methods In this study, we found that Ascl2 was increased in CRC compared with adjacent tissue. Downregulation of Ascl2 in CRC cells could suppress proliferation and invasion, and induce apoptosis, of CRC cells. Moreover, we found that autophagy-relative protein LC3 increased after Ascl2 knockdown. Furthermore, we treated CRC cells with autophagy inhibitors 3-MA (3-Methyladenine) and CQ (Chloroquine). Results The results showed that autophagy inhibitors could prevent apoptosis, which was induced by Ascl2 knockdown. Finally, we confirmed that the downregulation of Ascl2 in CRC cells could alleviate the pathological process in vivo by xenograft experiment. Conclusions Our findings indicated that si-Ascl2 (small/short interfering) exerted a tumor suppression function in CRC by inducing autophagic cell death, and suggest that Ascl2 targeted therapy represents a novel strategy for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huipeng Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuankun Cai
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjie Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chongwei Ke
- Department of General Surgery, The Fifth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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32
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Patra S, Pradhan B, Nayak R, Behera C, Panda KC, Das S, Jena M, Bhutia SK. Apoptosis and autophagy modulating dietary phytochemicals in cancer therapeutics: Current evidences and future perspectives. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4194-4214. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science National Institute of Technology Rourkela Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Biswajita Pradhan
- Post Graduate Department of Botany Berhampur University Berhampur Odisha India
| | - Rabindra Nayak
- Post Graduate Department of Botany Berhampur University Berhampur Odisha India
| | - Chhandashree Behera
- Post Graduate Department of Botany Berhampur University Berhampur Odisha India
| | - Krishna Chandra Panda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences Berhampur Odisha India
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology, Department of Life Science National Institute of Technology Rourkela Rourkela Odisha India
| | - Mrutyunjay Jena
- Post Graduate Department of Botany Berhampur University Berhampur Odisha India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science National Institute of Technology Rourkela Rourkela Odisha India
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33
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Feng X, Zhang H, Meng L, Song H, Zhou Q, Qu C, Zhao P, Li Q, Zou C, Liu X, Zhang Z. Hypoxia-induced acetylation of PAK1 enhances autophagy and promotes brain tumorigenesis via phosphorylating ATG5. Autophagy 2021; 17:723-742. [PMID: 32186433 PMCID: PMC8032228 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1731266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the treatment of brain tumors by targeting kinase-regulated macroautophagy/autophagy, is under investigation, the precise mechanism underlying autophagy initiation and its significance in glioblastoma (GBM) remains to be defined. Here, we report that PAK1 (p21 [RAC1] activated kinase 1) is significantly upregulated and promotes GBM development. The Cancer Genome Atlas analysis suggests that the oncogenic role of PAK1 in GBM is mainly associated with autophagy. Subsequent experiments demonstrate that PAK1 indeed serves as a positive modulator for hypoxia-induced autophagy in GBM. Mechanistically, hypoxia induces ELP3-mediated PAK1 acetylation at K420, which suppresses the dimerization of PAK1 and enhances its activity, thereby leading to subsequent PAK1-mediated ATG5 (autophagy related 5) phosphorylation at the T101 residue. This event not only protects ATG5 from ubiquitination-dependent degradation but also increases the affinity between the ATG12-ATG5 complex and ATG16L1 (autophagy related 16 like 1). Consequently, ELP3-dependent PAK1 (K420) acetylation and PAK1-mediated ATG5 (T101) phosphorylation are required for hypoxia-induced autophagy and brain tumorigenesis by promoting autophagosome formation. Silencing PAK1 with shRNA or small molecule inhibitor FRAX597 potentially blocks autophagy and GBM growth. Furthermore, SIRT1-mediated PAK1-deacetylation at K420 hinders autophagy and GBM growth. Clinically, the levels of PAK1 (K420) acetylation significantly correlate with the expression of ATG5 (T101) phosphorylation in GBM patients. Together, this report uncovers that the acetylation modification and kinase activity of PAK1 plays an instrumental role in hypoxia-induced autophagy initiation and maintaining GBM growth. Therefore, PAK1 and its regulator in the autophagy pathway might represent potential therapeutic targets for GBM treatment.Abbreviations: 3-MA: 3-methyladenine; Ac-CoA: acetyl coenzyme A; ATG5: autophagy related 5; ATG16L1, autophagy related 16 like 1; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; CDC42: cell division cycle 42; CGGA: Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas; CHX, cycloheximide; ELP3: elongator acetyltransferase complex subunit 3; GBM, glioblastoma; HBSS: Hanks balanced salts solution; MAP1LC3B/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAP2K1: mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1; MAPK14, mitogen-activated protein kinase 14; PAK1: p21 (RAC1) activated kinase 1; PDK1: pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1; PGK1, phosphoglycerate kinase 1; PTMs: post-translational modifications; RAC1: Rac family small GTPase 1; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TCGA, The Cancer Genome Atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Feng
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Xiang Ya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingbing Meng
- Neurology Department, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing
| | - Huiwen Song
- Department of Cardiology, Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine & Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingxin Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Chao Qu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Pan Zhao
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qinghua Li
- Department of Neurology, the affiliated hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi, China
| | - Chang Zou
- Clinical Medical Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology, the Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Public Service Platform on Tumor Precision Medicine and Molecular Diagnosis, The Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Liu
- Beijing Neurosurgical Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guangxi Neurological Diseases Clinical Research Center, Guilin, Guangxi, China
- Department of Surgery, Robert-Wood-Johnson Medical School University Hospital, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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Arumugam T, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon AA. Molecular and epigenetic modes of Fumonisin B 1 mediated toxicity and carcinogenesis and detoxification strategies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:76-94. [PMID: 33605189 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1881040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a natural contaminant of agricultural commodities that has displayed a myriad of toxicities in animals. Moreover, it is known to be a hepatorenal carcinogen in rodents and may be associated with oesophageal and hepatocellular carcinomas in humans. The most well elucidated mode of FB1-mediated toxicity is its disruption of sphingolipid metabolism; however, enhanced oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and alterations in immune response may also play a role in its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Alterations to the host epigenome may impact on the toxic and carcinogenic response to FB1. Seeing that the contamination of FB1 in food poses a considerable risk to human and animal health, a great deal of research has focused on new methods to prevent and attenuate FB1-induced toxic consequences. The focus of the present review is on the molecular and epigenetic interactions of FB1 as well as recent research involving FB1 detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilona Arumugam
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Erfan OS, Sonpol HMA, Abd El-Kader M. Protective effect of rapamycin against acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity: The associations between autophagy, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2021; 304:1984-1998. [PMID: 33480149 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACRL) was demonstrated to induce hepatotoxicity and programmed cell death (PCD). Rapamycin (RAPA)-induced autophagy had been reported to limit the progression of hepatocellular injury in experimental models. This research was designed to study two death pathways involved in ACRL-induced hepatotoxicity and the modulating effect of RAPA on the resulting hepatic injury. Thirty-six adult male rats were divided into three groups: control group, ACRL-treated group (20 mg kg/day), and the last group co-treated with ACRL plus RAPA (0.5 mg kg/day). Drugs were administered for 21 days via oral gavage. Blood samples were collected to assess alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Livers were dissected; parts were used for detection of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) tissue levels. Other parts were processed for hematoxylin and eosin, Masson's trichrome staining, immunostaining for microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3), ubiquitin-binding protein (p62), caspase-3, and receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1). ACRL induced a significant elevation in ALT, AST, MDA levels, and reduction in the SOD level. ACRL also induced hepatocellular injury, fibrosis, and defective autophagy indicated by elevation of LC3 and p62 and increased p62/LC3 ratio. Moreover, it increased the apoptotic (caspase-3) and necroptotic (RIPK1) markers expression. RAPA significantly reduced liver enzymes, oxidative stress, fibrosis, and improved liver histology. Moreover, RAPA decreased p62/LC3 ratio indicated enhanced autophagy, and significantly reduced caspase-3 and RIPK1 expression. In conclusion, RAPA maintained autophagic activity which may save the hepatocytes from PCD and enhance cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia S Erfan
- Anatomy and embryology department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Hany M A Sonpol
- Anatomy and embryology department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,Basic medical sciences department, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa Abd El-Kader
- Anatomy and embryology department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Chandra A, Rick J, Yagnik G, Aghi MK. Autophagy as a mechanism for anti-angiogenic therapy resistance. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 66:75-88. [PMID: 31472232 PMCID: PMC7047534 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent degradation process that is highly conserved and maintains cellular homeostasis by sequestering cytosolic material for degradation either non-specifically by non-selective autophagy, or targeting specific proteins aggregates by selective autophagy. Autophagy serves as a protective mechanism defending the cell from stressors and also plays an important role in enabling tumor cells to overcome harsh conditions arising in their microenvironment during growth as well as oxidative and non-oxidative injuries secondary to therapeutic stressors. Recently, autophagy has been implicated to cause tumor resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy, joining an existing literature implicating autophagy in cancer resistance to conventional DNA damaging chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. In this review, we discuss the role of angiogenesis in malignancy, mechanisms of resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy in general, the role of autophagy in driving malignancy, and the current literature in autophagy-mediated anti-angiogenic therapy resistance. Finally, we provide future insight into the current challenges of using autophagy inhibitors in the clinic and provides tips for future studies to focus on to effectively target autophagy in overcoming resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Chandra
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America (USA); School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States of America (USA).
| | - Jonathan Rick
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America (USA).
| | - Garima Yagnik
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America (USA).
| | - Manish K Aghi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America (USA).
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Exosomal Long Non-coding RNAs: Emerging Players in the Tumor Microenvironment. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 23:1371-1383. [PMID: 33738133 PMCID: PMC7940039 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in exosome biology have uncovered a significant role of exosomes in cancer and make them a determining factor in intercellular communication. Exosomes are types of extracellular vesicles that are involved in the communication between cells by exchanging various signaling molecules between the surrounding cells. Among various signaling molecules, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), a type of non-coding RNA having a size of more than 200 nt in length and lacking protein-coding potential, have emerged as crucial regulators of intercellular communication. Tumor-derived exosomes containing various lncRNAs, known as exosomal lncRNAs, reprogram the microenvironment by regulating numerous cellular functions, including the regulation of gene transcription that favors cancer growth and progression, thus significantly determining the biological effects of exosomes. In addition, deregulated expression of lncRNAs is found in various human cancers and serves as a diagnostic biomarker to predict cancer type. The present review discusses the role of exosomal lncRNAs in the crosstalk between tumor cells and the surrounding cells of the microenvironment. Furthermore, we also discuss the involvement of exosomal lncRNAs within the tumor microenvironment in favoring tumor growth, metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells, and tumor-supportive autophagy. Therefore, lncRNAs can be used as a therapeutic target in the treatment of various human cancers.
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38
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Najafzadeh B, Asadzadeh Z, Motafakker Azad R, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baghbanzadeh A, Alemohammad H, Abdoli Shadbad M, Vasefifar P, Najafi S, Baradaran B. The oncogenic potential of NANOG: An important cancer induction mediator. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:2443-2458. [PMID: 32960465 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a unique population in the tumor, but they only comprise 2%-5% of the tumor bulk. Although CSCs share several features with embryonic stem cells, CSCs can give rise to the tumor cells. CSCs overexpress embryonic transcription factor NANOG, which is downregulated in differentiated tissues. This transcription factor confers CSC's stemness, unlimited self-renewal, metastasis, invasiveness, angiogenesis, and drug-resistance with the assistance of WNT, OCT4, SOX2, Hedgehog, BMI-1, and other complexes. NANOG facilitates CSCs development via multiple pathways, like angiogenesis and lessening E-cadherin expression levels, which paves the road for metastasis. Moreover, NANOG represses apoptosis and leads to drug-resistance. This review aims to highlight the pivotal role of NANOG and the pertained pathways in CSCs. Also, this current study intends to demonstrate that targeting NANOG can dimmish the CSCs, sensitize the tumor to chemotherapy, and eradicate the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Parisa Vasefifar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Souzan Najafi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Pang K, Li B, Tang Z, Yang W, Hao L, Shi Z, Zhang J, Cai L, Li R, Liu Y, Lv Q, Ding J, Han C. Resveratrol inhibits hypertrophic scars formation by activating autophagy via the miR-4654/Rheb axis. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:3440-3452. [PMID: 32945452 PMCID: PMC7453609 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars (HSs) are a type of pathological scar which are induced by surgery, burn injuries or trauma during the healing process. Due to the high recurrence rates and strong invasive properties, HSs have become a major clinical issue. Resveratrol has been identified as a potential agent to suppress scar formation; however, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of resveratrol on HS-derived fibroblasts (HSFBs) in vitro. MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell viability following the resveratrol treatment. Western blot and RT-qPCR analysis was used to identify the expression levels and the relationship among autophagic markers, miR-4654 and resveratrol treatment. Finally, GFP-LC3 stable HSFBs cells were generated to further assess the effect of resveratrol. The results revealed that resveratrol significantly induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner and induced autophagy by downregulating the expression levels of Rheb in HSFBs. Notably, microRNA-4654 (miR-4654) was significantly decreased in the HSFBs and re-upregulated by resveratrol treatment dose-dependently. Through the bioinformatic analysis and luciferase assay, miR-4654 was identified to directly target Rheb. Transfection studies showed that miR-4654 negative correlated with Rheb expression, suggesting that the autophagic process may be altered by the miR-4654/Rheb axis under the control of resveratrol. In conclusion, the results of the present study suggested that resveratrol may promote autophagy by upregulating miR-4654, which in turn may suppress Rheb expression via directly binding to the 3′-untranslated region of Rheb. These findings provided a novel insight into the development of potential therapeutic targets for HSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Pang
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Bibo Li
- Department of Urology, Taizhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Tang
- Department of Dermatology, Xuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Wen Yang
- Department of Renal Disease, Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, Shandong 271016, P.R. China
| | - Lin Hao
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Zhenduo Shi
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Suqian People's Hospital of Nanjing Drum-Tower Hospital Group, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Longjun Cai
- Department of Urology, Suqian People's Hospital of Nanjing Drum-Tower Hospital Group, The Affiliated Suqian Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian, Jiangsu 223800, P.R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Qian Lv
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Jicun Ding
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
| | - Conghui Han
- Department of Urology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical College Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221009, P.R. China
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The Antihistamine Deptropine Induces Hepatoma Cell Death through Blocking Autophagosome-Lysosome Fusion. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061610. [PMID: 32570749 PMCID: PMC7352610 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Some antihistamines have exhibited significant antitumor activity alone or in combination with other therapies in in vitro and clinical studies. However, the underlying mechanisms of how antihistamines inhibit hepatocellular carcinoma proliferation are still unknown. We first screened the antiproliferation activity of 12 benzocycloheptene structural-analogue drugs, and results showed that deptropine was the most potent inhibitor of both Hep3B and HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Deptropine significantly increased light chain 3B-II (LC3B-II) expression but did not induce sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) degradation in either cell line. Interestingly, other autophagy-related proteins, such as autophagy-related 7 (ATG7), vacuolar protein sorting 34 (VPS34), phosphorylated adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and phosphorylated protein kinase B (PKB, also known as Akt), exhibited no significant change in either deptropine-treated cell line. Deptropine also inhibited the processing of cathepsin L from its precursor form to its mature form. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed an increase of autophagosomes in deptropine-treated cells, but deptropine blocked the fusion between autophagosomes and lysosomes. In a xenograft nude mice model, 2.5 mg/kg deptropine showed a great inhibitory effect on Hep3B tumor growth. These results suggest that deptropine can induce in vitro and in vivo hepatoma cell death, and the underlying mechanisms might be mediated through inhibiting autophagy by blocking autophagosome-lysosome fusion.
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Chen C, Wei Y, Wei L, Chen J, Chen X, Dong X, He J, Lin L, Zhu Y, Huang H, You D, Lai L, Shen S, Duan W, Su L, Shafer A, Fleischer T, Bjaanæs MM, Karlsson A, Planck M, Wang R, Staaf J, Helland Å, Esteller M, Zhang R, Chen F, Christiani DC. Epigenome-wide gene-age interaction analysis reveals reversed effects of PRODH DNA methylation on survival between young and elderly early-stage NSCLC patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:10642-10662. [PMID: 32511103 PMCID: PMC7346054 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation changes during aging, but it remains unclear whether the effect of DNA methylation on lung cancer survival varies with age. Such an effect could decrease prediction accuracy and treatment efficacy. We performed a methylation–age interaction analysis using 1,230 early-stage lung adenocarcinoma patients from five cohorts. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma patients for methylation–age interactions, which were further confirmed in a validation phase. We identified one adenocarcinoma-specific CpG probe, cg14326354PRODH, with effects significantly modified by age (HRinteraction = 0.989; 95% CI: 0.986–0.994; P = 9.18×10–7). The effect of low methylation was reversed for young and elderly patients categorized by the boundary of 95% CI standard (HRyoung = 2.44; 95% CI: 1.26–4.72; P = 8.34×10-3; HRelderly = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.42–0.82; P = 1.67×10-3). Moreover, there was an antagonistic interaction between low cg14326354PRODH methylation and elderly age (HRinteraction = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.11–0.40; P = 2.20×10−6). In summary, low methylation of cg14326354PRODH might benefit survival of elderly lung adenocarcinoma patients, providing new insight to age-specific prediction and potential drug targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongyue Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Liangmin Wei
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiajin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuesi Dong
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jieyu He
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lijuan Lin
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ying Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dongfang You
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Linjing Lai
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sipeng Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Weiwei Duan
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Su
- China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrea Shafer
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Thomas Fleischer
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Maria Moksnes Bjaanæs
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Anna Karlsson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund 22381, Sweden
| | - Maria Planck
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund 22381, Sweden
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu China
| | - Johan Staaf
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund and CREATE Health Strategic Center for Translational Cancer Research, Lund University, Lund 22381, Sweden
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo 0424, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0424, Norway
| | - Manel Esteller
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Barcelona, 08021, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Cancer, Madrid 28029, Spain.,Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona 08010, Catalonia, Spain.,Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08007, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ruyang Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, Jiangsu China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu, China
| | - David C Christiani
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Ochaba J, Powers AF, Tremble KA, Greenlee S, Post NM, Matson JE, MacLeod AR, Guo S, Aghajan M. A novel and translational role for autophagy in antisense oligonucleotide trafficking and activity. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:11284-11303. [PMID: 31612951 PMCID: PMC6868497 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is a mechanism by which cells sense their environment and internalize various nutrients, growth factors and signaling molecules. This process initiates at the plasma membrane, converges with autophagy, and terminates at the lysosome. It is well-established that cellular uptake of antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) proceeds through the endocytic pathway; however, only a small fraction escapes endosomal trafficking while the majority are rendered inactive in the lysosome. Since these pathways converge and share common molecular machinery, it is unclear if autophagy-related trafficking participates in ASO uptake or whether modulation of autophagy affects ASO activity and localization. To address these questions, we investigated the effects of autophagy modulation on ASO activity in cells and mice. We found that enhancing autophagy through small-molecule mTOR inhibition, serum-starvation/fasting, and ketogenic diet, increased ASO-mediated target reduction in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, autophagy activation enhanced the localization of ASOs into autophagosomes without altering intracellular concentrations or trafficking to other compartments. These results support a novel role for autophagy and the autophagosome as a previously unidentified compartment that participates in and contributes to enhanced ASO activity. Further, we demonstrate non-chemical methods to enhance autophagy and subsequent ASO activity using translatable approaches such as fasting or ketogenic diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ochaba
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | | | | | - Noah M Post
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | - John E Matson
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
| | | | - Shuling Guo
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92010, USA
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Chen KY, Cheng CJ, Cheng CC, Jhan KY, Chen YJ, Wang LC. The excretory/secretory products of fifth-stage larval Angiostrongylus cantonensis induces autophagy via the Sonic hedgehog pathway in mouse brain astrocytes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008290. [PMID: 32479527 PMCID: PMC7289448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiostrongyliasis is induced by the nematode Angiostrongylus cantonensis and leads to eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis in humans. Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) are important investigation targets for studying the relationship between hosts and nematodes. These products assist worms in penetrating the blood-brain barrier and avoiding the host immune response. Autophagy is a catabolic process that is responsible for digesting cytoplasmic organelles, proteins, and lipids and removing them through lysosomes. This process is essential to cell survival and homeostasis during nutritional deficiency, cell injury and stress. In this study, we investigated autophagy induction upon treatment with the ESPs of the fifth-stage larvae (L5) of A. cantonensis and observed the relationship between autophagy and the Shh pathway. First, the results showed that A. cantonensis infection induced blood-brain barrier dysfunction and pathological changes in the brain. Moreover, A. cantonensis L5 ESPs stimulated autophagosome formation and the expression of autophagy molecules, such as LC3B, Beclin, and p62. The data showed that upon ESPs treatment, rapamycin elevated cell viability through the activation of the autophagy mechanism in astrocytes. Finally, we found that ESPs induced the activation of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway and that the expression of autophagy molecules was increased through the Shh signaling pathway. Collectively, these results suggest that A. cantonensis L5 ESPs stimulate autophagy through the Shh signaling pathway and that autophagy has a protective effect in astrocytes. In helminthes, Excretory-secretory products (ESPs) contains a wide range of molecules, including proteins, lipids, glycans, and nucleic acids, that assist in the penetration of host defensive barriers, reduction of oxidative stress, and avoid the host immune attack. It has been known as a key factor for parasite development, including feeding, invasion and molting. Therefore, ESPs is a valuable target for the investigation of the host-parasite relationships. However, only a few researches about the function of Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis ESPs have been verified to date. Angiostrongyliasis cantonensis, a blood-feeding nematode, and it is an important causative agent of eosinophilic meningitis and meningoencephalitis in human. Recent our studies have demonstrated that the A. cantonensis ESPs can induce oxidative stress, apoptosis, and immune response. In this study, we will use a mouse astrocytes as a model to investigate the signaling mechanisms of autophagy induction by ESPs treatment. First, the Microarray, Western blotting, and Transmission electron microscopy data demonstrated that A. cantonensis ESPs can induce autophagy generation in astrocytes. Next, ESPs-induced autophagy was activated via Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling, and it has a protective potential for astrocytes. These finding will provide new insights into the mechanisms and effects of the A. cantonensis ESPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuang-Yao Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ju Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chieh Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Yuan Jhan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Chen Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular Infectious Disease Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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44
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Wong SQ, Kumar AV, Mills J, Lapierre LR. C. elegans to model autophagy-related human disorders. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:325-373. [PMID: 32620247 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradation process that clears damaged intracellular macromolecules and organelles in order to maintain cellular health. Dysfunctional autophagy is fundamentally linked to the development of various human disorders and pathologies. The use of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a model system to study autophagy has improved our understanding of its regulation and function in organismal physiology. Here, we review the genetic, functional, and regulatory conservation of the autophagy pathway in C. elegans and we describe tools to quantify and study the autophagy process in this incredibly useful model organism. We further discuss how these nematodes have been modified to model autophagy-related human diseases and underscore the important insights obtained from such models. Altogether, we highlight the strengths of C. elegans as an exceptional tool to understand the genetic and molecular foundations underlying autophagy-related human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Quan Wong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Anita V Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Joslyn Mills
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Louis R Lapierre
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.
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45
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Lu M, Zhang X, Xu Y, He G, Liu Q, Zhu J, Zhang C. Elevated histone H3 citrullination is associated with increased Beclin1 expression in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 2020; 92:1221-1230. [PMID: 31900950 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Citrullinated histone H3 (H3Cit) is the product of the conversion of peptidylarginine to citrulline in histone H3. We evaluated the H3Cit level in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues and assessed its association with Beclin1 messenger RNA (mRNA) (a key autophagic regulator). The level of H3Cit was detected by a capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while Beclin1 mRNA was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction in 80 HBV-related patients with HCC. We found that the mean level of H3Cit was 72.25 ng/mg in HCC and 44.02 ng/mg in nontumor tissues. The mean HCC/nontumor ratio of Beclin1 mRNA was higher (0.096) in tumor samples than in nontumor specimens (0.056). Specifically, Beclin1 mRNA was elevated in 51 HCC cases (63.75%) and decreased in 29 cases (36.25%). Moreover, the levels of H3Cit and Beclin1 mRNA were significantly associated with vascular invasion and serum AFP levels. A shorter survival (19 months) was associated with a high H3Cit level. We also found increased levels of Beclin1 mRNA in the H3Cit (high) group compared with the H3Cit (low) group. The results implied that elevated histone H3 citrullination is associated with increased Beclin1 expression during the development of HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Lu
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Xianjing Zhang
- The Second Clinical Medical School, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Department of Oncology, Nanyang Center Hospital, Nanyang, China
| | - Guangzhao He
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Clinical Oncology Laboratory, Changzhou Cancer Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Laboratory, the Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
| | - Changsong Zhang
- Department of Laboratory, the Affiliated Suzhou Science and Technology Town Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, China
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46
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Hill C, Wang Y. The importance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and autophagy in cancer drug resistance. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:38-47. [PMID: 32226927 PMCID: PMC7100899 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and autophagy are both known to play an important role in the development of cancer. Subsequently, these processes are now being utilised as targets for therapy. Cancer is globally one of the leading causes of death, and despite many advances in treatment options, patients still face many challenges. Drug-resistance in cancer-therapy is a large problem, and both EMT and autophagy have been shown to contribute. However, given the context-dependent role of these processes and the complexity of the interactions between them, elucidating how they both act alone and interact together is important. In this review, we will provide an insight into the current landscape of the interactions of autophagy and EMT in the context of malignancy, and how this ultimately may affect drug-resistance in cancer-therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Hill
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Yihua Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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47
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Yiu SPT, Hui KF, Münz C, Lo KW, Tsao SW, Kao RYT, Yang D, Chiang AKS. Autophagy-Dependent Reactivation of Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Cycle and Combinatorial Effects of Autophagy-Dependent and Independent Lytic Inducers in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121871. [PMID: 31769432 PMCID: PMC6966612 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a conserved cellular mechanism, is manipulated by a number of viruses for different purposes. We previously demonstrated that an iron-chelator-like small compound, C7, reactivates Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) lytic cycle by activating the ERK1/2-autophagy axis in epithelial cancers. Here, we aim to identify the specific stage of autophagy required for EBV lytic reactivation, determine the autophagy dependency of EBV lytic inducers including histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) and C7/iron chelators, for EBV lytic reactivation and measure the combinatorial effects of these types of lytic inducers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Inhibition of autophagy initiation by 3-MA and autolysosome formation by chloroquine demonstrated that only autophagy initiation is required for EBV lytic reactivation. Gene knockdown of various autophagic proteins such as beclin-1, ATG5, ATG12, ATG7, LC3B, ATG10, ATG3 and Rab9, revealed the importance of ATG5 in EBV lytic reactivation. 3-MA could only abrogate lytic cycle induction by C7/iron chelators but not by HDACi, providing evidence for autophagy-dependent and independent mechanisms in EBV lytic reactivation. Finally, the combination of C7 and SAHA at their corresponding reactivation kinetics enhanced EBV lytic reactivation. These findings render new insights in the mechanisms of EBV lytic cycle reactivation and stimulate a rational design of combination drug therapy against EBV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Pei Tung Yiu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (S.P.T.Y.); (K.F.H.)
| | - Kwai Fung Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (S.P.T.Y.); (K.F.H.)
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, CH-8006 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China;
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Richard Yi Tsun Kao
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Alan Kwok Shing Chiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; (S.P.T.Y.); (K.F.H.)
- Center for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Research, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence:
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48
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D'Eletto M, Rossin F, Fedorova O, Farrace MG, Piacentini M. Transglutaminase type 2 in the regulation of proteostasis. Biol Chem 2019; 400:125-140. [PMID: 29908126 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a fundamental aspect of cell physiology that is essential for the survival of organisms under a variety of environmental and/or intracellular stress conditions. Acute and/or persistent stress exceeding the capacity of the intracellular homeostatic systems results in protein aggregation and/or damaged organelles that leads to pathological cellular states often resulting in cell death. These events are continuously suppressed by a complex macromolecular machinery that uses different intracellular pathways to maintain the proteome integrity in the various subcellular compartments ensuring a healthy cellular life span. Recent findings have highlighted the role of the multifunctional enzyme type 2 transglutaminase (TG2) as a key player in the regulation of intracellular pathways, such as autophagy/mitophagy, exosomes formation and chaperones function, which form the basis of proteostasis regulation under conditions of cellular stress. Here, we review the role of TG2 in these stress response pathways and how its various enzymatic activities might contributes to the proteostasis control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D'Eletto
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Rossin
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Fedorova
- Institute of Cytology, 194064 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maria Grazia Farrace
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Via della Ricerca Scientifica, I-00133 Rome, Italy.,National Institute for Infectious Diseases I.R.C.C.S. 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', I-00149 Rome, Italy
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Movia D, Bazou D, Prina-Mello A. ALI multilayered co-cultures mimic biochemical mechanisms of the cancer cell-fibroblast cross-talk involved in NSCLC MultiDrug Resistance. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:854. [PMID: 31464606 PMCID: PMC6714313 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. This study focuses on its most common form, Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). No cure exists for advanced NSCLC, and patient prognosis is extremely poor. Efforts are currently being made to develop effective inhaled NSCLC therapies. However, at present, reliable preclinical models to support the development of inhaled anti-cancer drugs do not exist. This is due to the oversimplified nature of currently available in vitro models, and the significant interspecies differences between animals and humans. Methods We have recently established 3D Multilayered Cell Cultures (MCCs) of human NSCLC (A549) cells grown at the Air-Liquid Interface (ALI) as the first in vitro tool for screening the efficacy of inhaled anti-cancer drugs. Here, we present an improved in vitro model formed by growing A549 cells and human fibroblasts (MRC-5 cell line) as an ALI multilayered co-culture. The model was characterized over 14-day growth and tested for its response to four benchmarking chemotherapeutics. Results ALI multilayered co-cultures showed an increased resistance to the four drugs tested as compared to ALI multilayered mono-cultures. The signalling pathways involved in the culture MultiDrug Resistance (MDR) were influenced by the cancer cell-fibroblast cross-talk, which was mediated through TGF-β1 release and subsequent activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. As per in vivo conditions, when inhibiting mTOR phosphorylation, MDR was triggered by activation of the MEK/ERK pathway activation and up-regulation in cIAP-1/2 expression. Conclusions Our study opens new research avenues for the development of alternatives to animal-based inhalation studies, impacting the development of anti-NSCLC drugs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-6038-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Movia
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, University of Dublin Trinity College, James's Street, D8, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Despina Bazou
- Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Department of Clinical Medicine/Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, University of Dublin Trinity College, James's Street, D8, Dublin, Ireland.,AMBER Centre, CRANN Institute, University of Dublin Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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Christowitz C, Davis T, Isaacs A, van Niekerk G, Hattingh S, Engelbrecht AM. Mechanisms of doxorubicin-induced drug resistance and drug resistant tumour growth in a murine breast tumour model. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:757. [PMID: 31370818 PMCID: PMC6670209 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Doxorubicin is currently the most effective chemotherapeutic drug used to treat breast cancer. It has, however, been shown that doxorubicin can induce drug resistance resulting in poor patient prognosis and survival. Studies reported that the interaction between signalling pathways can promote drug resistance through the induction of proliferation, cell cycle progression and prevention of apoptosis. The aim of this study was therefore to determine the effects of doxorubicin on apoptosis signalling, autophagy, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)- and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway, cell cycle control, and regulators of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process in murine breast cancer tumours. METHODS A tumour-bearing mouse model was established by injecting murine E0771 breast cancer cells, suspended in Hank's Balances Salt Solution and Corning® Matrigel® Basement Membrane Matrix, into female C57BL/6 mice. Fourty-seven mice were randomly divided into three groups, namely tumour control (received Hank's Balances Salt Solution), low dose doxorubicin (received total of 6 mg/ml doxorubicin) and high dose doxorubicin (received total of 15 mg/ml doxorubicin) groups. A higher tumour growth rate was, however, observed in doxorubicin-treated mice compared to the untreated controls. We therefore compared the expression levels of markers involved in cell death and survival signalling pathways, by means of western blotting and fluorescence-based immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Doxorubicin failed to induce cell death, by means of apoptosis or autophagy, and cell cycle arrest, indicating the occurrence of drug resistance and uncontrolled proliferation. Activation of the MAPK/ extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway contributed to the resistance observed in treated mice, while no significant changes were found with the PI3K/Akt pathway and other MAPK pathways. Significant changes were also observed in cell cycle p21 and DNA replication minichromosome maintenance 2 proteins. No significant changes in EMT markers were observed after doxorubicin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that doxorubicin-induced drug resistance and tumour growth can occur through the adaptive role of the MAPK/ERK pathway in an effort to protect tumour cells. Previous studies have shown that the efficacy of doxorubicin can be improved by inhibition of the ERK signalling pathway and thereby treatment failure can be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Christowitz
- Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, African Cancer Institute, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Tanja Davis
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600 South Africa
| | - Ashwin Isaacs
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600 South Africa
| | - Gustav van Niekerk
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600 South Africa
| | - Suzel Hattingh
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 8000 South Africa
| | - Anna-Mart Engelbrecht
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, 7600 South Africa
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