1
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Light-sheet laser speckle imaging for cilia motility assessment. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1661-1669. [PMID: 36874161 PMCID: PMC9978471 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucociliary clearance is an important innate defense mechanism predominantly mediated by ciliated cells in the upper respiratory tract. Ciliary motility on the respiratory epithelium surface and mucus pathogen trapping assist in maintaining healthy airways. Optical imaging methods have been used to obtain several indicators for assessing ciliary movement. Light-sheet laser speckle imaging (LSH-LSI) is a label-free and non-invasive optical technique for three-dimensional and quantitative mapping of velocities of microscopic scatterers. Here, we propose to use an inverted LSH-LSI platform to study cilia motility. We have experimentally confirmed that LSH-LSI can reliably measure the ciliary beating frequency and has the potential to provide many additional quantitative indicators for characterizing the ciliary beating pattern without labeling. For example, the asymmetry between the power stroke and the recovery stroke is apparent in the local velocity waveform. PIV (particle imaging velocimetry) analysis of laser speckle data could determine the cilia motion directions in different phases.
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2
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Rethinking the cilia hypothesis of hydrocephalus. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 175:105913. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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3
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Scopulovic L, Francis D, Pandzic E, Francis R. Quantifying cilia beat frequency using high-speed video microscopy: Assessing frame rate requirements when imaging different ciliated tissues. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15349. [PMID: 35678028 PMCID: PMC9178357 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are found in numerous locations throughout our body and play a critical role in various physiological processes. The most commonly used method to assess cilia motility is to quantify cilia beat frequency (CBF) via video microscopy. However, a large heterogeneity exists within published literature regarding the framerate used to image cilia motility for calculating CBF. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal frame rate required to image cilia motility for CBF assessment, and if the Nyquist theorem may be used to set this rate. One‐second movies of cilia were collected at >600 fps from mouse airways and ependyma at room‐temperature or 37°C. Movies were then down‐sampled to 30–300 fps. CBF was quantified for identical cilia at different framerates by either manual counting or automated MATLAB script. Airway CBF was significantly impaired in 30 fps movies, while ependymal CBF was significantly impaired in both 60 and 30 fps movies. Pairwise comparison showed that video framerate should be at least 150 fps to accurately measure CBF, with minimal improvement in CBF accuracy in movies >150 fps. The automated script was also found to be less accurate for measuring CBF in lower fps movies than manual counting, however, this difference disappeared in higher framerate movies (>150 fps). In conclusion, our data suggest the Nyquist theorem is unreliable for setting sampling rate for CBF measurement. Instead, sampling rate should be 3–4 times faster than CBF for accurate CBF assessment. Especially if CBF calculation is to be automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Scopulovic
- Cilia Research Laboratory, College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Deanne Francis
- Cilia Research Laboratory, College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elvis Pandzic
- Biomedical Imaging Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Richard Francis
- Cilia Research Laboratory, College of Public Health Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
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4
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Hyland RM, Brody SL. Impact of Motile Ciliopathies on Human Development and Clinical Consequences in the Newborn. Cells 2021; 11:125. [PMID: 35011687 PMCID: PMC8750550 DOI: 10.3390/cells11010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia are hairlike organelles that project outward from a tissue-restricted subset of cells to direct fluid flow. During human development motile cilia guide determination of the left-right axis in the embryo, and in the fetal and neonatal periods they have essential roles in airway clearance in the respiratory tract and regulating cerebral spinal fluid flow in the brain. Dysregulation of motile cilia is best understood through the lens of the genetic disorder primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). PCD encompasses all genetic motile ciliopathies resulting from over 60 known genetic mutations and has a unique but often underrecognized neonatal presentation. Neonatal respiratory distress is now known to occur in the majority of patients with PCD, laterality defects are common, and very rarely brain ventricle enlargement occurs. The developmental function of motile cilia and the effect and pathophysiology of motile ciliopathies are incompletely understood in humans. In this review, we will examine the current understanding of the role of motile cilia in human development and clinical considerations when assessing the newborn for suspected motile ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M. Hyland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Newborn Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110,USA;
| | - Steven L. Brody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Washington University in Saint Louis School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
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5
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Zou W, Lv Y, Liu ZI, Xia P, Li H, Jiao J. Loss of Rsph9 causes neonatal hydrocephalus with abnormal development of motile cilia in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12435. [PMID: 32709945 PMCID: PMC7382491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69447-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus is a brain disorder triggered by cerebrospinal fluid accumulation in brain cavities. Even though cerebrospinal fluid flow is known to be driven by the orchestrated beating of the bundled motile cilia of ependymal cells, little is known about the mechanism of ciliary motility. RSPH9 is increasingly becoming recognized as a vital component of radial spokes in ciliary "9 + 2" ultrastructure organization. Here, we show that deletion of the Rsph9 gene leads to the development of hydrocephalus in the early postnatal period. However, the neurodevelopment and astrocyte development are normal in embryonic Rsph9-/- mice. The tubular structure of the central aqueduct was comparable in Rsph9-/- mice. Using high-speed video microscopy, we visualized lower beating amplitude and irregular rotation beating pattern of cilia bundles in Rsph9-/- mice compared with that of wild-type mice. And the centriolar patch size was significantly increased in Rsph9-/- cells. TEM results showed that deletion of Rsph9 causes little impact in ciliary axonemal organization but the Rsph9-/- cilia frequently had abnormal ectopic ciliary membrane inclusions. In addition, hydrocephalus in Rsph9-/- mice results in the development of astrogliosis, microgliosis and cerebrovascular abnormalities. Eventually, the ependymal cells sloughed off of the lateral wall. Our results collectively suggested that RSPH9 is essential for ciliary structure and motility of mouse ependymal cilia, and its deletion causes the pathogenesis of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuqing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zux Iang Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, The Innovation Center of Excellence on Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Pengyan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China. .,Innovertion Academy for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Group of Neural Stem Cell and Neurogenesis, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
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6
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A Novel Approach for the Automatic Estimation of the Ciliated Cell Beating Frequency. ELECTRONICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics9061002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of nasal epithelial cells is interesting in chronic infectious and inflammatory pathologies of the nose and sinuses. Among the cells of the population of the nasal mucosa, ciliated cells are particularly important. In fact, the observation of these cells is essential to investigate primary ciliary dyskinesia, a rare and severe disease associated with other serious diseases such as respiratory diseases, situs inversus, heart disease, and male infertility. Biopsy or brushing of the ciliary mucosa and assessment of ciliary function through measurements of the Ciliary Beating Frequency (CBF) are usually required to facilitate diagnosis. Therefore, low-cost and easy-to-use technologies devoted to measuring the ciliary beating frequency are desirable. We have considered related works in this field and noticed that up to date an actually usable system is not available to measure and monitor CBF. Moreover, performing this operation manually is practically unfeasible or demanding. For this reason, we designed BeatCilia, a low cost and easy-to-use system, based on image processing techniques, with the aim of automatically measuring CBF. This system performs cell Region of Interest (RoI) detection basing on dense optical flow computation of cell body masking, focusing on the cilia movement and taking advantage of the structural characteristics of the ciliated cell and CBF estimation by applying a fast Fourier transform to extract the frequency with the peak amplitude. The experimental results show that it offers a reliable and fast CBF estimation method and can efficiently run on a consumer-grade smartphone. It can support rhinocytologists during cell observation, significantly reducing their efforts.
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7
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8
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Motile cilia of the male reproductive system require miR-34/miR-449 for development and function to generate luminal turbulence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3584-3593. [PMID: 30659149 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1817018116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cilia are cell-surface, microtubule-based organelles that project into extracellular space. Motile cilia are conserved throughout eukaryotes, and their beat induces the flow of fluid, relative to cell surfaces. In mammals, the coordinated beat of motile cilia provides highly specialized functions associated with the movement of luminal contents, as seen with metachronal waves transporting mucus in the respiratory tract. Motile cilia are also present in the male and female reproductive tracts. In the female, wave-like motions of oviductal cilia transport oocytes and embryos toward the uterus. A similar function has been assumed for motile cilia in efferent ductules of the male-i.e., to transport immotile sperm from rete testis into the epididymis. However, we report here that efferent ductal cilia in the male do not display a uniform wave-like beat to transport sperm solely in one direction, but rather exert a centripetal force on luminal fluids through whip-like beating with continual changes in direction, generating turbulence, which maintains immotile spermatozoa in suspension within the lumen. Genetic ablation of two miRNA clusters (miR-34b/c and -449a/b/c) led to failure in multiciliogenesis in murine efferent ductules due to dysregulation of numerous genes, and this mouse model allowed us to demonstrate that loss of efferent duct motile cilia causes sperm aggregation and agglutination, luminal obstruction, and sperm granulomas, which, in turn, induce back-pressure atrophy of the testis and ultimately male infertility.
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9
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Kempeneers C, Chilvers MA. To beat, or not to beat, that is question! The spectrum of ciliopathies. Pediatr Pulmonol 2018; 53:1122-1129. [PMID: 29938933 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are widely distributed throughout the human body, and have numerous roles in physiology, development, and disease. Ciliary ultrastructure is complex, consisting of nine parallel microtubules doublets, with or without motor dynein arms and a central pair of microtubules. Classification of cilia has evolved over time, and currently, four main classes are described: motile and non-motile cilia with a "9 + 2" structure, and motile and non-motile cilia with a "9 + 0" structure, which depend on the presence or absence of dynein arms and a central pair. Ciliopathies are inherited multisystem disorders of cilia, and may present with a varied spectrum of genotypes and phenotypes. Motor and sensory ciliopathies were historically considered as distinct dysfunctions of motile and non-motile cilia, but recent data indicate that the classical features of motor and sensory cilia may overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Kempeneers
- Pediatric Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mark A Chilvers
- Division of Respirology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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10
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The mouse Jhy gene regulates ependymal cell differentiation and ciliogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184957. [PMID: 29211732 PMCID: PMC5718522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first postnatal week of mouse development, radial glial cells lining the ventricles of the brain differentiate into ependymal cells, undergoing a morphological change from pseudostratified cuboidal cells to a flattened monolayer. Concomitant with this change, multiple motile cilia are generated and aligned on each nascent ependymal cell. Proper ependymal cell development is crucial to forming the brain tissue:CSF barrier, and to the establishment of ciliary CSF flow, but the mechanisms that regulate this differentiation event are poorly understood. The JhylacZ mouse line carries an insertional mutation in the Jhy gene (formerly 4931429I11Rik), and homozygous JhylacZ/lacZ mice develop a rapidly progressive juvenile hydrocephalus, with defects in ependymal cilia morphology and ultrastructure. Here we show that beyond just defective motile cilia, JhylacZ/lacZ mice display abnormal ependymal cell differentiation. Ventricular ependyma in JhylacZ/lacZ mice retain an unorganized and multi-layered morphology, representative of undifferentiated ependymal (radial glial) cells, and they show altered expression of differentiation markers. Most JhylacZ/lacZ ependymal cells do eventually acquire some differentiated ependymal characteristics, suggesting a delay, rather than a block, in the differentiation process, but ciliogenesis remains perturbed. JhylacZ/lacZ ependymal cells also manifest disruptions in adherens junction formation, with altered N-cadherin localization, and have defects in the polarized organization of the apical motile cilia that do form. Functional studies showed that cilia of JhylacZ/lacZ mice have severely reduced motility, a potential cause for the development of hydrocephalus. This work shows that JHY does not only control ciliogenesis, but is a crucial component of the ependymal differentiation process, with ciliary defects likely a consequence of altered ependymal differentiation.
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11
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Omran AJA, Saternos HC, Althobaiti YS, Wisner A, Sari Y, Nauli SM, AbouAlaiwi WA. Alcohol consumption impairs the ependymal cilia motility in the brain ventricles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13652. [PMID: 29057897 PMCID: PMC5651853 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13947-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cilia protrude into the central canal of the brain ventricles and spinal cord to circulate the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF). Ependymal cilia dysfunction can hinder the movement of CSF leading to an abnormal accumulation of CSF within the brain known as hydrocephalus. Although the etiology of hydrocephalus was studied before, the effects of ethanol ingestion on ependymal cilia function have not been investigated in vivo. Here, we report three distinct types of ependymal cilia, type-I, type-II and type-III classified based upon their beating frequency, their beating angle, and their distinct localization within the mouse brain-lateral ventricle. Our studies show for the first time that oral gavage of ethanol decreased the beating frequency of all three types of ependymal cilia in both the third and the lateral rat brain ventricles in vivo. Furthermore, we show for the first time that hydin, a hydrocephalus-inducing gene product whose mutation impairs ciliary motility, and polycystin-2, whose ablation is associated with hydrocephalus are colocalized to the ependymal cilia. Thus, our studies reinforce the presence of three types of ependymal cilia in the brain ventricles and demonstrate the involvement of ethanol as a risk factor for the impairment of ependymal cilia motility in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzahra J Al Omran
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Hannah C Saternos
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Yusuf S Althobaiti
- Taif University, College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Wisner
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Youssef Sari
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Surya M Nauli
- Chapman University, College of Pharmacy, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Wissam A AbouAlaiwi
- University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Toledo, Ohio, USA.
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12
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Mitchison HM, Shoemark A. Motile cilia defects in diseases other than primary ciliary dyskinesia: The contemporary diagnostic and research role for transmission electron microscopy. Ultrastruct Pathol 2017; 41:415-427. [PMID: 28925789 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2017.1370050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultrastructural studies have underpinned the cell biological and clinical investigations of the varied roles of motile cilia in health and disease, with a long history since the 1950s. Recent developments from transmission electron microscopy (TEM; cryo-electron microscopy, electron tomography) have yielded higher resolution and fresh insights into the structure and function of these complex organelles. Microscopy in ciliated organisms, disease models, and in patients with ciliopathy diseases has dramatically expanded our understanding of the ubiquity, multisystem involvement, and importance of cilia in normal human development. Here, we review the importance of motile cilia ultrastructural studies in understanding the basis of diseases other than primary ciliary dyskinesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Mitchison
- a Newlife Birth Defects Research Centre, Experimental and Personalised Medicine, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Programme, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health , University College London , London , UK
| | - Amelia Shoemark
- b Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine , Royal Brompton & Harefield NHS Trust , London , UK.,c Division of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine , Ninewells Hospital and Medical School , Dundee , UK
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13
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Jing JC, Chen JJ, Chou L, Wong BJF, Chen Z. Visualization and Detection of Ciliary Beating Pattern and Frequency in the Upper Airway using Phase Resolved Doppler Optical Coherence Tomography. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8522. [PMID: 28819309 PMCID: PMC5561030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08968-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary motion plays a critical role in the overall respiratory health of the upper airway. These cilia beat at a native frequency and in a synchronized pattern to continuously transport foreign particulate trapped in a layer of mucous out of the upper airway. Disruption of ciliary motion can lead to severe respiratory diseases and compromised respiratory function. Currently, the study of cilia requires expensive high speed cameras and high powered microscopes which is unsuitable for in vivo imaging and diagnosis. Doppler based optical coherence tomography has the potential to visualize the microscopic motion of cilia during their beating cycle. We demonstrate the development of a high-speed Doppler optical coherence tomography system that not only can rapidly determine the cilia beat frequency, but also simultaneously visualize the temporal cilia beating pattern which plays critical roles in cilia function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C Jing
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, 92617, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, 92697-2715, CA, USA
| | - Jason J Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, 92617, CA, USA
| | - Lidek Chou
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, 92617, CA, USA
| | - Brian J F Wong
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, 92617, CA, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, 92697-2715, CA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, 101 The City Drive South, Orange, 92868, CA, USA
| | - Zhongping Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California, Irvine, 1002 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, 92617, CA, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, 3120 Natural Sciences II, Irvine, 92697-2715, CA, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Systemic and odontogenic etiologies of chronic rhinosinusitis, although rare, are an integral consideration in the comprehensive management of patients with sinonasal disease. Proper knowledge and timely recognition of each disease process, with referrals to appropriate consultants, will facilitate treatment, because many of these conditions require both local and systemic therapy. In some instances, medical therapy plays a pivotal role, with surgery being a supplemental treatment technique. We review the most commonly encountered systemic etiologies of chronic rhinosinusitis and odontogenic sinusitis, including clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and treatment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C Kuan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 62-132 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Suh
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Medical Center, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, 62-132 CHS, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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15
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Solomon GM, Francis R, Chu KK, Birket SE, Gabriel G, Trombley JE, Lemke KL, Klena N, Turner B, Tearney GJ, Lo CW, Rowe SM. Assessment of ciliary phenotype in primary ciliary dyskinesia by micro-optical coherence tomography. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e91702. [PMID: 28289722 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary motion defects cause defective mucociliary transport (MCT) in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Current diagnostic tests do not assess how MCT is affected by perturbation of ciliary motion. In this study, we sought to use micro-optical coherence tomography (μOCT) to delineate the mechanistic basis of cilia motion defects of PCD genes by functional categorization of cilia motion. Tracheae from three PCD mouse models were analyzed using μOCT to characterize ciliary motion and measure MCT. We developed multiple measures of ciliary activity, integrated these measures, and quantified dyskinesia by the angular range of the cilia effective stroke (ARC). Ccdc39-/- mice, with a known severe PCD mutation of ciliary axonemal organization, had absent motile ciliary regions, resulting in abrogated MCT. In contrast, Dnah5-/- mice, with a missense mutation of the outer dynein arms, had reduced ciliary beat frequency (CBF) but preserved motile area and ciliary stroke, maintaining some MCT. Wdr69-/- PCD mice exhibited normal motile area and CBF and partially delayed MCT due to abnormalities of ciliary ARC. Visualization of ciliary motion using μOCT provides quantitative assessment of ciliary motion and MCT. Comprehensive ciliary motion investigation in situ classifies ciliary motion defects and quantifies their contribution to delayed mucociliary clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- George M Solomon
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Kengyeh K Chu
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Susan E Birket
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - John E Trombley
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Nikolai Klena
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brett Turner
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven M Rowe
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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16
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Effect of Fluid Viscosity on the Cilia-Generated Flow on a Mouse Tracheal Lumen. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:1048-1057. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1743-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Quinn SP, Zahid MJ, Durkin JR, Francis RJ, Lo CW, Chennubhotla SC. Automated identification of abnormal respiratory ciliary motion in nasal biopsies. Sci Transl Med 2016; 7:299ra124. [PMID: 26246169 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaa1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia lining the nasal and bronchial passages beat synchronously to clear mucus and foreign matter from the respiratory tract. This mucociliary defense mechanism is essential for pulmonary health, because respiratory ciliary motion defects, such as those in patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or congenital heart disease, can cause severe sinopulmonary disease necessitating organ transplant. The visual examination of nasal or bronchial biopsies is critical for the diagnosis of ciliary motion defects, but these analyses are highly subjective and error-prone. Although ciliary beat frequency can be computed, this metric cannot sensitively characterize ciliary motion defects. Furthermore, PCD can present without any ultrastructural defects, limiting the use of other detection methods, such as electron microscopy. Therefore, an unbiased, computational method for analyzing ciliary motion is clinically compelling. We present a computational pipeline using algorithms from computer vision and machine learning to decompose ciliary motion into quantitative elemental components. Using this framework, we constructed digital signatures for ciliary motion recognition and quantified specific properties of the ciliary motion that allowed high-throughput classification of ciliary motion as normal or abnormal. We achieved >90% classification accuracy in two independent data cohorts composed of patients with congenital heart disease, PCD, or heterotaxy, as well as healthy controls. Clinicians without specialized knowledge in machine learning or computer vision can operate this pipeline as a "black box" toolkit to evaluate ciliary motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon P Quinn
- Joint Carnegie Mellon-University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Department of Computation and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA. Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Maliha J Zahid
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - John R Durkin
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Richard J Francis
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15201, USA.
| | - S Chakra Chennubhotla
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
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Chen JJ, Lemieux BT, Wong BJF. A Low-Cost Method of Ciliary Beat Frequency Measurement Using iPhone and MATLAB: Rabbit Study. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2016; 155:252-6. [PMID: 27048675 DOI: 10.1177/0194599816640219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES (1) To determine ciliary beat frequency (CBF) using a consumer-grade cellphone camera and MATLAB and (2) to evaluate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method. STUDY DESIGN Prospective animal study. SETTING Academic otolaryngology department research laboratory. METHODS Five ex vivo tracheal samples were extracted from 3 freshly euthanized (<3 hours postmortem) New Zealand white rabbits and incubated for 30 minutes in buffer at 23°C, buffer at 37°C, or 10% formalin at 23°C. Samples were sectioned transversely and observed under a phase-contrast microscope. Cilia movement was recorded through the eyepiece using an iPhone 6 at 240 frames per second (fps). Through MATLAB programming, the video of the 23°C sample was downsampled to 120, 60, and 30 fps, and Fourier analysis was performed on videos of all frame rates and conditions to determine CBF. CBF of the 23°C sample was also calculated manually frame by frame for verification. RESULTS Recorded at 240 fps, the CBF at 23°C was 5.03 ± 0.4 Hz, and the CBF at 37°C was 9.08 ± 0.49 Hz (P < .001). The sample with 10% formalin did not display any data beyond DC noise. Compared with 240 fps, the means of other frame rates/methods (120, 60, 30 fps; manual counting) at 23°C all showed no statistical difference (P > .05). CONCLUSION There is no significant difference between CBF measured via visual inspection and that analyzed by the developed program. Furthermore, all tested acquisition rates are shown to be effective, providing a fast and inexpensive alternative to current CBF measurement protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Chen
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Bryan T Lemieux
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Brian J F Wong
- Beckman Laser Institute, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Effects of histamine on ciliary beat frequency of ciliated cells from guinea pigs nasal mucosa. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014; 272:2839-45. [PMID: 25367704 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-014-3354-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the effect of histamine on ciliary beat frequency (CBF) through combining high-speed digital microscopy and patch-clamp technology. Ciliated cells were obtained from septum and turbinate of 90-120-day-old healthy male guinea pigs. Tight seal was formed by applying negative pressure on the glass electrode after the drawing and pushing progress. Then, we enrolled high-speed digital microscopy to measure CBF before and after treatment with histamine of different concentrations ranging from 10(-6) to 10(-1) mol/L in Hank's solution and D-Hank's solution as well as after administrating adenosine triphosphate. One-way ANOVA, Student's t test or Kruskal-Wallis test was used for statistical comparisons. Glass electrode fix up ciliated cell is available at tip diameter of 2-5 μm and negative pressure of 10-20 cmH2O column. The baseline CBF in Hank's solution was higher than in D-Hank's solution. Treatment with 10(-6)-l0(-3) mol/L histamine of concentrations can stimulate a rise of CBF. Nevertheless, CBF in all groups decreased to baseline CBF within 20 min. Generally, 10(-2) mol/L histamine can stimulate a rise of CBF; meanwhile, the high concentration of histamine killed 50% ciliated cell. Histamine at 10(-1) mol/L killed all ciliated cells. Ciliary beating activity decreased in Ca(2+)-free solution. Moreover, adenosine triphosphate could increase CBF effectively after the stimulation effect of histamine. We construct an effective technology integrating patch-clamp technique with CBF measurements on ciliated cells. Extracellular histamine stimulation could increase CBF effectively.
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Jain N, Lim LW, Tan WT, George B, Makeyev E, Thanabalu T. Conditional N-WASP knockout in mouse brain implicates actin cytoskeleton regulation in hydrocephalus pathology. Exp Neurol 2014; 254:29-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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O'Callaghan C, Sikand K. The effect of halothane and pentobarbital sodium on brain ependymal cilia. Cilia 2012; 1:12. [PMID: 23351190 PMCID: PMC3555704 DOI: 10.1186/2046-2530-1-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND The effect of anesthetic agents on ependymal ciliary function is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of halothane and pentobarbital sodium on brain ependymal ciliary function. METHODS We used an ex vivo rat brain slice model to measure ependymal ciliary beat frequency by high speed video photography at 37°C. RESULTS Exposure to halothane caused a significant reduction in ciliary beat frequency of 2 % (P = 0.006), 15.5 % (P < 0.001), and 21.5 % (P < 0.001) for halothane concentrations of 1.8 %, 3.4 % and 4.4 %, respectively, compared to controls. Following a one-hour wash-out period, there was no significant difference between control samples and cilia that had been exposed to 1.8 % (P = 0.5) and 3.4 % (P = 0.3) halothane. The beat frequency of cilia exposed to 4.4 % halothane had increased following the wash-out period but cilia were still beating significantly more slowly than cilia from the control group (P = <0.001).Pentobarbitone at concentrations of 25 and 50 μg/ml had no effect on ciliary beat frequency compared to controls (P = 0.6 and 0.4 respectively). A significant (P = 0.002) decrease in ciliary beat frequency was seen following incubation with a pentobarbitone concentration of 250 μg/ml (mean (SD) frequency, 24(8) Hz compared to controls, 38(9) Hz). CONCLUSIONS Halothane reversibly inhibits the rate at which ependymal cilia beat. Pentobarbitone has no effect on ciliary activity at levels used for anesthesia. It is unclear whether the slowing of ependymal ciliary by halothane is responsible for some of the secondary central nervous system effects of volatile anesthetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris O'Callaghan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Portex Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL) and Great Ormond Street Hospital, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, England, UK.
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