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Sangüesa G, Batlle M, Muñoz-Moreno E, Soria G, Alcarraz A, Rubies C, Sitjà-Roqueta L, Solana E, Martínez-Heras E, Meza-Ramos A, Amaro S, Llufriu S, Mont L, Guasch E. Intense long-term training impairs brain health compared with moderate exercise: Experimental evidence and mechanisms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1518:282-298. [PMID: 36256544 PMCID: PMC10092505 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The consequences of extremely intense long-term exercise for brain health remain unknown. We studied the effects of strenuous exercise on brain structure and function, its dose-response relationship, and mechanisms in a rat model of endurance training. Five-week-old male Wistar rats were assigned to moderate (MOD) or intense (INT) exercise or a sedentary (SED) group for 16 weeks. MOD rats showed the highest motivation and learning capacity in operant conditioning experiments; SED and INT presented similar results. In vivo MRI demonstrated enhanced global and regional connectivity efficiency and clustering as well as a higher cerebral blood flow (CBF) in MOD but not INT rats compared with SED. In the cortex, downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation complex IV and AMPK activation denoted mitochondrial dysfunction in INT rats. An imbalance in cortical antioxidant capacity was found between MOD and INT rats. The MOD group showed the lowest hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels. The mRNA and protein levels of inflammatory markers were similar in all groups. In conclusion, strenuous long-term exercise yields a lesser improvement in learning ability than moderate exercise. Blunting of MOD-induced improvements in CBF and connectivity efficiency, accompanied by impaired mitochondrial energetics and, possibly, transient local oxidative stress, may underlie the findings in intensively trained rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Sangüesa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Batlle
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Muñoz-Moreno
- Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Soria
- Experimental 7T MRI Unit, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Alcarraz
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cira Rubies
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Laia Sitjà-Roqueta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neurosciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Solana
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Center of Neuroimmunology, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (ImaginEM), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eloy Martínez-Heras
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Center of Neuroimmunology, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (ImaginEM), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Aline Meza-Ramos
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Mexico City, Mexico.,Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sergi Amaro
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Comprehensive Stroke Center, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sara Llufriu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Center of Neuroimmunology, Laboratory of Advanced Imaging in Neuroimmunological Diseases (ImaginEM), Hospital Clinic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lluís Mont
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Institute, Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Guasch
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red - Cardiovascular (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Cardiovascular Institute, Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Departament de Medicina, Facultat de Medicina seu Casanova, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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2
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Palumbo P, Massimi F, Lucchese S, Grimaldi S, Vernaccini N, Cirocchi R, Sorrenti S, Usai S, Intini SG. Open Surgery for Sportsman’s Hernia a Retrospective Study. Front Surg 2022; 9:893390. [PMID: 35784930 PMCID: PMC9243487 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.893390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sportsman’s hernia is a painful syndrome in the inguinal area occurring in patients who play sports at an amatorial or professional level. Pain arises during sport, and sometimes persists after activity, representing an obstacle to sport resumption. A laparoscopic/endoscopic approach is proposed by many authors for treatment of the inguinal wall defect. Aim of this study is to assess the open technique in terms of safety and effectiveness, in order to obtain the benefit of an open treatment in an outpatient management. From October 2017 to July 2019, 34 patients underwent surgery for groin pain syndrome. All cases exhibited a bulging of the inguinal posterior wall. 14 patients were treated with Lichtenstein technique with transversalis fascia plication and placement of a polypropylene mesh fixed with fibrin glue. In 20 cases, a polypropylene mesh was placed in the preperitoneal space. The procedure was performed in day surgery facilities. Early or late postoperative complications did not occur in both groups. All patients returned to sport, in 32 cases with complete pain relief, whereas 2 patients experienced mild residual pain. The average value of return to sport was 34.11 ± 8.44 days. The average value of return to play was 53.82 ± 11.69 days. With regard to postoperative pain, no substantial differences between the two techniques were detected, and good results in terms of the resumption of sport were ensured in both groups. Surgical treatment for sportsman’s hernia should be considered only after the failure of conservative treatment. The open technique is safe and allows a rapid postoperative recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergaspare Palumbo
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: Piergaspare Palumbo
| | - Fanny Massimi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Lucchese
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Grimaldi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Cirocchi
- Department of Surgical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sorrenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Sofia Usai
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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3
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Alterations in spontaneous electrical brain activity after an extreme mountain ultramarathon. Biol Psychol 2022; 171:108348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2022.108348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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4
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Ogino Y, Kawamichi H, Takizawa D, Sugawara SK, Hamano YH, Fukunaga M, Toyoda K, Watanabe Y, Abe O, Sadato N, Saito S, Furui S. Enhanced structural connectivity within the motor loop in professional boxers prior to a match. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9015. [PMID: 33907206 PMCID: PMC8079439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Professional boxers train to reduce their body mass before a match to refine their body movements. To test the hypothesis that the well-defined movements of boxers are represented within the motor loop (cortico-striatal circuit), we first elucidated the brain structure and functional connectivity specific to boxers and then investigated plasticity in relation to boxing matches. We recruited 21 male boxers 1 month before a match (Time1) and compared them to 22 age-, sex-, and body mass index (BMI)-matched controls. Boxers were longitudinally followed up within 1 week prior to the match (Time2) and 1 month after the match (Time3). The BMIs of boxers significantly decreased at Time2 compared with those at Time1 and Time3. Compared to controls, boxers presented significantly higher gray matter volume in the left putamen, a critical region representing motor skill training. Boxers presented significantly higher functional connectivity than controls between the left primary motor cortex (M1) and left putamen, which is an essential region for establishing well-defined movements. Boxers also showed significantly higher structural connectivity in the same region within the motor loop from Time1 to Time2 than during other periods, which may represent the refined movements of their body induced by training for the match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Ogino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8510, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Kawamichi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8510, Japan
| | - Daisuke Takizawa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Japanese Red Cross Medical Center, 1-22 Hiroo, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, 150-8935, Japan
| | - Sho K Sugawara
- Neural Prosthesis Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yuki H Hamano
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukunaga
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Keiko Toyoda
- Department of Radiology, The Jikei University School of Medicine, 3-28-8 Nishi-Shimbashi, Minato-Ku, Tokyo, 105-864, Japan
| | - Yusuke Watanabe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Osamu Abe
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of System Neuroscience, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-15 Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8510, Japan
| | - Shigeru Furui
- Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
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5
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König S, Jockenhöfer C, Billich C, Beer M, Machann J, Schmidt-Trucksäss A, Schütz U. Long distance running - Can bioprofiling predict success in endurance athletes? Med Hypotheses 2020; 146:110474. [PMID: 33418424 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The TransEuropeFootRace (TEFR) was one of the most extreme multistage competitions worldwide. The ultramarathon took the runners over a distance of 4487 km, from Bari, Italy, to the North Cape, Norway, in 64 days. The participating ultra-long-distance runners had to complete almost two marathons per day (~70 km). The race was accompanied by a research team analysing adaptations of different organ systems of the human body that were exposed to a chronic lack of regeneration time. Here, we analyzed runner's urine using mass spectrometric profiling of thousands of low-molecular weight compounds. The results indicated that pre-race molecular factors can predict finishers and separate them from nonfinishers already before the race. These observations were related to the training volume as finishers ran about twice as many kilometers per week before TEFR than nonfinishers, thus apparently achieving a higher performance level and resistance against overuse. While this hypothesis needs to be validated in future long-distance races, the bioprofiling experiments suggest that the competition readiness of the runners is measurable and might be adjustable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone König
- Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Germany.
| | - Charlotte Jockenhöfer
- Core Unit Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University of Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Billich
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Meinrad Beer
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany; Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arno Schmidt-Trucksäss
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Health, Division Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Schütz
- Clinic for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Ulm, Germany
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6
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Structural brain differences between ultra-endurance athletes and sedentary persons. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:89-94. [PMID: 35784180 PMCID: PMC9219350 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Participation in ultra-endurance events has increased in recent years and requires extreme levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Moderate levels of MVPA have been associated with increased brain volume but the effects of extreme levels of MVPA on brain volume is unknown. As a result, we sought to compare the brains of those who engage in extremely high levels of MVPA with those who are sedentary using magnetic resonance imaging. We performed whole brain volumetric analyses and voxel-based morphometry on 12 ultra-endurance athletes (1078.75 ± 407.86 min of MVPA/week) and 9 sedentary persons (18.0 ± 56.9 min of MVPA/week). Whole-brain analyses revealed that those who participate in ultra-endurance training have increased grey (p< 0.0001), white (p = 0.031), and total matter volume (p < 0.0001), while regional analyses revealed that ultra-endurance athletes have smaller regional grey matter volume in the right primary sensory and motor cortex, inferior and middle frontal gyrus, and left thalamus. Future research is warranted to determine why ultra-endurance athletes have lower regional volumes in these areas despite having overall increased grey and white matter volumes.
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7
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Prehn K, Profitlich T, Rangus I, Heßler S, Witte AV, Grittner U, Ordemann J, Flöel A. Bariatric Surgery and Brain Health-A Longitudinal Observational Study Investigating the Effect of Surgery on Cognitive Function and Gray Matter Volume. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12010127. [PMID: 31906475 PMCID: PMC7019777 DOI: 10.3390/nu12010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary modifications leading to weight loss have been suggested as a means to improve brain health. In morbid obesity, bariatric surgery (BARS)-including different procedures, such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), gastric banding (GB), or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery-is performed to induce rapid weight loss. Combining reduced food intake and malabsorption of nutrients, RYGB might be most effective, but requires life-long follow-up treatment. Here, we tested 40 patients before and six months after surgery (BARS group) using a neuropsychological test battery and compared them with a waiting list control group. Subsamples of both groups underwent structural MRI and were examined for differences between surgical procedures. No substantial differences between BARS and control group emerged with regard to cognition. However, larger gray matter volume in fronto-temporal brain areas accompanied by smaller volume in the ventral striatum was seen in the BARS group compared to controls. RYGB patients compared to patients with restrictive treatment alone (VSG/GB) had higher weight loss, but did not benefit more in cognitive outcomes. In sum, the data of our study suggest that BARS might lead to brain structure reorganization at long-term follow-up, while the type of surgical procedure does not differentially modulate cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Prehn
- Department of Neurology & NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.F.); Tel.: +49-40-36122649384 (K.P.); +49-3834-866875 (A.F.)
| | - Thorge Profitlich
- Department of Neurology & NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ida Rangus
- Department of Neurology & NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heßler
- Department of Neurology & NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology & NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Aging and Obesity Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grittner
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Ordemann
- Center for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Center for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Vivantes Klinikum Spandau, 13585 Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Standort Rostock/Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (A.F.); Tel.: +49-40-36122649384 (K.P.); +49-3834-866875 (A.F.)
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Prehn K, Lesemann A, Krey G, Witte AV, Köbe T, Grittner U, Flöel A. Using resting-state fMRI to assess the effect of aerobic exercise on functional connectivity of the DLPFC in older overweight adults. Brain Cogn 2019; 131:34-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Tremblay S, Pascual-Leone A, Théoret H. A review of the effects of physical activity and sports concussion on brain function and anatomy. Int J Psychophysiol 2018; 132:167-175. [PMID: 28893565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Physical activity has been associated with widespread anatomical and functional brain changes that occur following acute exercise or, in the case of athletes, throughout life. High levels of physical activity through the practice of sports also lead to better general health and increased cognitive function. Athletes are at risk, however, of suffering a concussion, the effects of which have been extensively described for brain function and anatomy. The level to which these effects are modulated by increased levels of fitness is not known. Here, we review literature describing the effects of physical activity and sports concussions on white matter, grey matter, neurochemistry and cortical excitability. We suggest that the effects of sports concussion can be coufounded by the effects of exercise. Indeed, available data show that the brain of athletes is different from that of healthy individuals with a non-active lifestyle. As a result, sports concussions take place in a context where structural/functional plasticity has occurred prior to the concussive event. The sports concussion literature does not permit, at present, to separate the effects of intense and repeated physical activity, and the abrupt removal from such activities, from those of concussion on brain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Tremblay
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division for Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hugo Théoret
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
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10
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Frank GKW, Favaro A, Marsh R, Ehrlich S, Lawson EA. Toward valid and reliable brain imaging results in eating disorders. Int J Eat Disord 2018; 51:250-261. [PMID: 29405338 PMCID: PMC7449370 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human brain imaging can help improve our understanding of mechanisms underlying brain function and how they drive behavior in health and disease. Such knowledge may eventually help us to devise better treatments for psychiatric disorders. However, the brain imaging literature in psychiatry and especially eating disorders has been inconsistent, and studies are often difficult to replicate. The extent or severity of extremes of eating and state of illness, which are often associated with differences in, for instance hormonal status, comorbidity, and medication use, commonly differ between studies and likely add to variation across study results. Those effects are in addition to the well-described problems arising from differences in task designs, data quality control procedures, image data preprocessing and analysis or statistical thresholds applied across studies. Which of those factors are most relevant to improve reproducibility is still a question for debate and further research. Here we propose guidelines for brain imaging research in eating disorders to acquire valid results that are more reliable and clinically useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K. W. Frank
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado,Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angela Favaro
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rachel Marsh
- Department of Psychiatry, The New York State Psychiatric Institute and the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eating Disorder Treatment and Research Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elizabeth A. Lawson
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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11
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Liu X, Liu L, Hou F, Zhou Z, Wu Q, Li H. Altered gray matter volume and functional connectivity of the motor network in young divers. JOURNAL OF X-RAY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 25:XST17305. [PMID: 28697581 DOI: 10.3233/xst-17305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor learning and professional sports training can induce plastic changes in brain structures that are associated with distinct training demands. OBJECTIVE To testify the hypothesis of that regional gray matter structures in the motor-related cortex and its functional connectivity (FC) are altered in young divers. METHODS We undertook T1-voxel-based morphometry (VBM) structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging in groups of diving athletes (DAs) and demographically-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Gray matter volume was lower in some regions in Das. By selecting the five most reduced regions, i.e. superior frontal gyrus, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), insula, hippocampus, and cerebellum posterior lobe, as regions of interest (ROIs) for FC analysis, results showed that DAs had greater FC between the inferior temporal gyrus and superior frontal gyrus, OFC and cerebellum posterior lobe. Conversely, the divers had lesser FC between OFC and putamen, superior frontal gyrus and caudate. CONCLUSIONS VBM differences suggest that diving training entails more effective synaptic and/or neuronal pruning processes in motor structures. Indeed, cortical volumetric decreases in the DAs group are associated with increased FC among certain motor-related regions. We conclude that motor learning in adolescence alters brain structure in association with changes in FC between the relevant cortical and subcortical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liansheng Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fen Hou
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhou
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingying Wu
- Sports Hospital, Ersha Sports Training Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengguo Li
- Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Clinical Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Prehn K, Jumpertz von Schwartzenberg R, Mai K, Zeitz U, Witte AV, Hampel D, Szela AM, Fabian S, Grittner U, Spranger J, Flöel A. Caloric Restriction in Older Adults-Differential Effects of Weight Loss and Reduced Weight on Brain Structure and Function. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1765-1778. [PMID: 26838769 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary modifications such as caloric restriction (CR) have been suggested as a means to improve memory and prevent age-related decline. However, it is unclear whether those effects remain stable over time or are related specifically to negative energy balance during the weight loss phase of CR. Using a randomized interventional design, we investigated changes in recognition memory and neural correlates in postmenopausal obese women (n = 19): 1) after intense weight loss in the course of a 12-week low-caloric diet (reduced body weight and negative energy balance) and 2) after having sustained the reduced weight over 4 more weeks (reduced body weight, but energy balance equilibrium). Participants were contrasted to a control group (n = 18) instructed not to change dietary habits. In the CR group, we found improved recognition memory, paralleled by increased gray matter volume in inferior frontal gyrus and hippocampus, and augmented hippocampal resting-state functional connectivity to parietal areas. Moreover, effects were specific for transient negative energy balance and could not be detected after subsequent weight maintenance. Our data demonstrate for the first time in humans that beneficial effects of CR on brain structure and function are due to weight loss rather than an overall reduced weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Prehn
- Department of Neurology and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Reiner Jumpertz von Schwartzenberg
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Experimental and Clinical Research Center and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Knut Mai
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Experimental and Clinical Research Center and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zeitz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Experimental and Clinical Research Center and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Veronica Witte
- Department of Neurology and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Aging and Obesity Group, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dierk Hampel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Experimental and Clinical Research Center and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Szela
- Department of Neurology and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Fabian
- Department of Neurology and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Grittner
- Department of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Spranger
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Experimental and Clinical Research Center and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology and NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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13
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Kawamichi H, Sugawara SK, Hamano YH, Makita K, Matsunaga M, Tanabe HC, Ogino Y, Saito S, Sadato N. Being in a Romantic Relationship Is Associated with Reduced Gray Matter Density in Striatum and Increased Subjective Happiness. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1763. [PMID: 27895606 PMCID: PMC5107565 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Romantic relationship, a widespread feature of human society, is one of the most influential factors in daily life. Although stimuli related to romantic love or being in a romantic relationship commonly result in enhancement of activation or functional connectivity of the reward system, including the striatum, the structure underlying romantic relationship-related regions remain unclear. Because individual experiences can alter gray matter within the adult human brain, we hypothesized that romantic relationship is associated with structural differences in the striatum related to the positive subjective experience of being in a romantic relationship. Because intimate romantic relationships contribute to perceived subjective happiness, this subjective enhancement of happiness might be accompanied by the experience of positive events related to being in a romantic relationship. To test this hypothesis and elucidate the structure involved, we compared subjective happiness, an indirect measure of the existence of positive experiences caused by being in a romantic relationship, of participants with or without romantic partners (N = 68). Furthermore, we also conducted a voxel-based morphometry study of the effects of being in a romantic relationship (N = 113). Being in a romantic relationship was associated with greater subjective happiness and reduced gray matter density within the right dorsal striatum. These results suggest that being in a romantic relationship enhances perceived subjective happiness via positive experiences. Furthermore, the observed reduction in gray matter density in the right dorsal striatum may reflect an increase in saliency of social reward within a romantic relationship. Thus, being in a romantic relationship is associated with positive experiences and a reduction of gray matter density in the right dorsal striatum, representing a modulation of social reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kawamichi
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan; School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Gunma UniversityMaebashi, Japan; Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan UniversityTokyo, Japan
| | - Sho K Sugawara
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yuki H Hamano
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)Hayama, Japan
| | - Kai Makita
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsunaga
- Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, School of Medicine, Aichi Medical University Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hiroki C Tanabe
- Department of Social and Human Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ogino
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Shigeru Saito
- Department of Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University Maebashi, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies)Hayama, Japan
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14
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Khalsa SS, Kumar R, Patel V, Strober M, Feusner JD. Mammillary body volume abnormalities in anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:920-929. [PMID: 27414055 PMCID: PMC5064812 DOI: 10.1002/eat.22573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several case reports of Wernicke's Encephalopathy in anorexia nervosa (AN) caused by thiamine deficiency have described mammillary body (MB) injury, but systematic studies are lacking. Here we evaluated whether underweight and weight-restored individuals with AN demonstrate evidence of abnormal MB morphology, via retrospective examination of a previously collected data set. METHOD Using standard-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla, we measured MB volume and fornix area in a cross-sectional study of 12 underweight AN, 20 weight-restored AN, and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy comparisons. Because of the small size of these structures, a manual tracing approach was necessary to obtain accurate measurements. A blinded expert rater manually traced MB and fornix structures in each participant. RESULTS We observed significantly smaller MB volumes in the underweight AN group. However, the weight-restored AN group exhibited significantly larger MB volumes. The right fornix was smaller in the weight-restored AN group only. DISCUSSION These findings suggest the possibility that MB volume and fornix area could represent potential biomarkers of acute weight loss and restoration, respectively. Verification of this finding through prospective studies evaluating MB morphology, cognition, and thiamine levels longitudinally across individual illness trajectories might be warranted. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:920-929).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahib S. Khalsa
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, 74136,Faculty of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, 74104,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Corresponding author:
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA,Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA,Brain Research Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vandan Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michael Strober
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jamie D. Feusner
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Lucas SJE, Helge JW, Schütz UHW, Goldman RF, Cotter JD. Moving in extreme environments: extreme loading; carriage versus distance. EXTREME PHYSIOLOGY & MEDICINE 2016; 5:6. [PMID: 27110357 PMCID: PMC4840901 DOI: 10.1186/s13728-016-0047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses human capacity for movement in the context of extreme loading and with it the combined effects of metabolic, biomechanical and gravitational stress on the human body. This topic encompasses extreme duration, as occurs in ultra-endurance competitions (e.g. adventure racing and transcontinental races) and expeditions (e.g. polar crossings), to the more gravitationally limited load carriage (e.g. in the military context). Juxtaposed to these circumstances is the extreme metabolic and mechanical unloading associated with space travel, prolonged bedrest and sedentary lifestyle, which may be at least as problematic, and are therefore included as a reference, e.g. when considering exposure, dangers and (mal)adaptations. As per the other reviews in this series, we describe the nature of the stress and the associated consequences; illustrate relevant regulations, including why and how they are set; present the pros and cons for self versus prescribed acute and chronic exposure; describe humans' (mal)adaptations; and finally suggest future directions for practice and research. In summary, we describe adaptation patterns that are often U or J shaped and that over time minimal or no load carriage decreases the global load carrying capacity and eventually leads to severe adverse effects and manifest disease under minimal absolute but high relative loads. We advocate that further understanding of load carrying capacity and the inherent mechanisms leading to adverse effects may advantageously be studied in this perspective. With improved access to insightful and portable technologies, there are some exciting possibilities to explore these questions in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J. E. Lucas
- />School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
- />Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jørn W. Helge
- />Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Uwe H. W. Schütz
- />Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- />Orthopaedic Consulting Office at the Green Tower and Medical Pain Centre Lake Constance–Upper Swabia, Ravensburg, Germany
| | | | - James D. Cotter
- />School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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16
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Nucifora PGP. Overdiagnosis in the era of neuropsychiatric imaging. Acad Radiol 2015; 22:995-9. [PMID: 25784322 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
New guidelines proposed by the National Institute of Mental Health are intended to transform the management of patients with psychiatric disorders. It is anticipated that neuroimaging and other biomarkers will play a more prominent role in diagnosis and prognosis, especially in the prodromal phase of illness. Earlier treatment of psychiatric disorders has the potential to improve outcomes significantly. However, diagnosis in the absence of symptoms can lead to overdiagnosis. Overdiagnosis is a problem in many fields of medicine but could pose additional problems in psychiatry because of the stigmatization that often accompanies a diagnosis of mental illness. This review discusses the magnetic resonance imaging methods that hold the most promise for evaluating neuropsychiatric disorders, the likelihood that they could lead to overdiagnosis, and opportunities to minimize the impact of overdiagnosis in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo G P Nucifora
- Department of Radiology, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, 3900 Woodland Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce St, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido K W Frank
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado.
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