1
|
Quy Huong D, Le My Linh N, Quoc Thang L, Quang DT. Corrosion inhibition ability of L-tryptophan and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan for mild steel: a combination of experimental and theoretical methods. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:21712-21726. [PMID: 39099433 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp02181a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
An investigation into the corrosion inhibition properties of L-tryptophan (TP) and 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-OH-TP) for mild steel in a 1.0 M HCl acidic medium was conducted using experimental and theoretical methods. Results obtained from polarization curve measurements reveal that TP and 5-OH-TP are effective mixed-type inhibitors, exhibiting the highest inhibition efficiencies of 91.22% and 94.05%, respectively, at a temperature of 293 K and a concentration of 10-2 M. However, their inhibition efficiencies gradually decline with increasing temperature, reaching the lowest values of 70.65% for TP and 73.55% for 5-OH-TP at a concentration of 10-4 M and a temperature of 323 K. The adsorption of TP and 5-OH-TP on the steel surface follows the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting monolayer adsorption. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis indicates that the adsorbed inhibitors form a protective film, effectively shielding the steel from corrosive agents in the solution. Notably, 5-OH-TP consistently exhibits superior inhibition efficiency compared to TP, attributed to the presence of polar OH groups that facilitate stronger bonding of the inhibitor molecule with the metal surface. Quantum chemical parameters and molecular dynamics simulations further confirm the superior corrosion inhibition ability of 5-OH-TP over TP in acidic environments. In particular, the binding energies of protonated TP at the N3 position and 5-OH-TP at the N4 position are 556.40 and 579.27 kJ mol-1, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Quy Huong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam.
| | - Nguyen Le My Linh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam.
| | - Le Quoc Thang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam.
| | - Duong Tuan Quang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education, Hue University, Hue, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang L, Deng Y, Gao J, Wang B, Han H, Li Z, Zhang W, Wang Y, Fu X, Peng R, Yao Q, Tian Y, Xu J. Biosynthesis of melatonin from L-tryptophan by an engineered microbial cell factory. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:27. [PMID: 38369525 PMCID: PMC10874579 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-024-02476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demand for melatonin is increasing due to its health-promoting bioactivities such as antioxidant and sleep benefits. Although melatonin is present in various organisms, its low content and high extraction cost make it unsustainable. Biosynthesis is a promising alternative method for melatonin production. However, the ectopic production of melatonin in microorganisms is very difficult due to the low or insoluble expression of melatonin synthesis genes. Hence, we aim to explore the biosynthesis of melatonin using Escherichia coli as a cell factory and ways to simultaneously coordinated express genes from different melatonin synthesis pathways. RESULTS In this study, the mXcP4H gene from Xanthomonas campestris, as well as the HsAADC, HsAANAT and HIOMT genes from human melatonin synthesis pathway were optimized and introduced into E. coli via a multi-monocistronic vector. The obtained strain BL7992 successfully synthesized 1.13 mg/L melatonin by utilizing L-tryptophan (L-Trp) as a substrate in a shake flask. It was determined that the rate-limiting enzyme for melatonin synthesis is the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase, which is encoded by the HsAANAT gene. Targeted metabolomics analysis of L-Trp revealed that the majority of L-Trp flowed to the indole pathway in BL7992, and knockout of the tnaA gene may be beneficial for increasing melatonin production. CONCLUSIONS A metabolic engineering approach was adopted and melatonin was successfully synthesized from low-cost L-Trp in E. coli. This study provides a rapid and economical strategy for the synthesis of melatonin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongdong Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjie Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjuan Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Rihe Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Quanhong Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang A, Chen K, Ouyang P. Advances in the microbial synthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12584-3. [PMID: 37326681 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin, as a monoamine neurotransmitter, modulates the activity of the nervous system. Due to its importance in the coordination of movement and regulation of mood, impairments in the synthesis and homeostasis of serotonin are involved in numerous disorders, including depression, Parkinson's disease, and anxiety. Currently, serotonin is primarily obtained via natural extraction. But this method is time-consuming and low yield, as well as unstable supply of raw materials. With the development of synthetic biology, researchers have established the method of microbial synthesis of serotonin. Compared with natural extraction, microbial synthesis has the advantages of short production cycle, continuous production, not limited by season and source, and environment-friendly; hence, it has garnered considerable research attention. However, the yield of serotonin is still too low to industrialization. Therefore, this review provides the latest progress and examples that illustrate the synthesis pathways of serotonin as well as proposes strategies for increasing the production of serotonin. KEY POINTS: • Two biosynthesis pathways of serotonin are introduced. • L-tryptophan hydroxylation is the rate-limiting step in serotonin biosynthesis. • Effective strategies are proposed to improve serotonin production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Alei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| | - Kequan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Song F, Gu T, Zhang L, Zhang J, You S, Qi W, Su R. Rational design of tryptophan hydroxylation 1 for improving 5-Hydroxytryptophan production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 165:110198. [PMID: 36736156 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is a chemical precursor of serotonin, which synthesizes melatonin and serotonin in animals and regulates mood, sleep, and behavior. Tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) uses tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as a cofactor to hydroxylate L-tryptophan (L-Trp) to 5-HTP, and the low catalytic activity of TPH limits the rate of hydroxylation of L-Trp. In this study, the catalytic mechanism and structural features of L-Trp-TPH1-BH4 were investigated, and the catalytic activity was improved using a rational design strategy. Then the S337A/F318Y beneficial mutation was obtained. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that the S337A/F318Y mutant formed a salt bridge with TPH1 while forming an additional hydrogen bond with the substrate indole ring, stabilizing the indole ring and enhancing the binding affinity of the variant to L-Trp. As a result, the yield of 5-HTP was increased by 2.06-fold, resulting in the production of 0.91 g/L of 5-HTP. The rational design of the TPH structure to improve the hydroxylation efficiency of L-Trp offers the prospect of green production of 5-HTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Song
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Tao Gu
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Jiaxing Zhang
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China
| | - Shengping You
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Wei Qi
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Rongxin Su
- Chemical Engineering Research Center, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, PR China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Z, Yu Z, Wang J, Yu Y, Li L, Sun P, Fan X, Xu Q. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for efficient production of L-5-hydroxytryptophan from glucose. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:198. [PMID: 36153615 PMCID: PMC9509612 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01920-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), the direct biosynthetic precursor of the neurotransmitter 5-hydroxytryptamine, has been shown to have unique efficacy in the treatment of a variety of disorders, including depression, insomnia, and chronic headaches, and is one of the most commercially valuable amino acid derivatives. However, microbial fermentation for 5-HTP production continues to face many challenges, including low titer/yield and the presence of the intermediate L-tryptophan (L-Trp), owing to the complexity and low activity of heterologous expression in prokaryotes. Therefore, there is a need to construct an efficient microbial cell factory for 5-HTP production. Results We describe the systematic modular engineering of wild-type Escherichia coli for the efficient fermentation of 5-HTP from glucose. First, a xylose-induced T7 RNA polymerase-PT7 promoter system was constructed to ensure the efficient expression of each key heterologous pathway in E. coli. Next, a new tryptophan hydroxylase mutant was used to construct an efficient tryptophan hydroxylation module, and the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin synthesis and regeneration pathway was expressed in combination. The L-Trp synthesis module was constructed by modifying the key metabolic nodes of tryptophan biosynthesis, and the heterologous synthesis of 5-HTP was achieved. Finally, the NAD(P)H regeneration module was constructed by the moderate expression of the heterologous GDHesi pathway, which successfully reduced the surplus of the intermediate L-Trp. The final engineered strain HTP11 was able to produce 8.58 g/L 5-HTP in a 5-L bioreactor with a yield of 0.095 g/g glucose and a maximum real-time productivity of 0.48 g/L/h, the highest values reported by microbial fermentation. Conclusion In this study, we demonstrate the successful design of a cell factory for high-level 5-HTP production, combined with simple processes that have potential for use in industrial applications in the future. Thus, this study provides a reference for the production of high-value amino acid derivatives using a systematic modular engineering strategy and a basis for an efficient engineered strain development of 5-HTP high-value derivatives. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01920-3.
Collapse
|
6
|
Shen P, Gu S, Jin D, Su Y, Wu H, Li Q, Yang J, He W, Huang J, Qi F. Engineering Metabolic Pathways for Cofactor Self-Sufficiency and Serotonin Production in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:2889-2900. [PMID: 35866382 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays an essential regulatory role in numerous cognitive and behavioral functions. Recent advances in synthetic biology have enabled engineering of non-natural biosynthetic pathways for serotonin production in E. coli. Here, an optimized heterologous serotonin biosynthetic pathway was engineered in E. coli and coupled with the biosynthetic and regeneration modules of the endogenous vital cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) for efficient serotonin production using whole-cell catalysis. Further metabolic engineering efforts were performed to ensure an adequate endogenous BH4 supply, including enhancements of GTP biosynthesis and intracellular reducing power availability. Using the optimized fed-batch fermentation, an overall maximum serotonin yield of 40.3% (mol/mol) and a peak titer of 1.68 g/L (production rate of 0.016 g/L/h) were achieved. The strategies employed in this study show the promise of using E. coli for pterin self-sufficiency and high-level serotonin production, and the engineered strains hold the potential for use in industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Shen
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Suyi Gu
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Dou Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Yu Su
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Hongxuan Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Qingchen Li
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Jinhua Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Wenjin He
- Center of Engineering Technology Research for Microalgae Germplasm Improvement of Fujian, Southern Institute of Oceanography, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China.,Provincial University Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Response and Metabolic Regulation & Provincial University Engineering Research Center of Industrial Biocatalysis, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350117, Fujian, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xie X, Ding D, Bai D, Zhu Y, Sun W, Sun Y, Zhang D. Melatonin biosynthesis pathways in nature and its production in engineered microorganisms. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:544-553. [PMID: 35087957 PMCID: PMC8761603 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a biogenic amine that can be found in plants, animals and microorganism. The metabolic pathway of melatonin is different in various organisms, and biosynthetic endogenous melatonin acts as a molecular signal and antioxidant protection against external stress. Microbial synthesis pathways of melatonin are similar to those of animals but different from those of plants. At present, the method of using microorganism fermentation to produce melatonin is gradually prevailing, and exploring the biosynthetic pathway of melatonin to modify microorganism is becoming the mainstream, which has more advantages than traditional chemical synthesis. Here, we review recent advances in the synthesis, optimization of melatonin pathway. l-tryptophan is one of the two crucial precursors for the synthesis of melatonin, which can be produced through a four-step reaction. Enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis have low specificity and catalytic efficiency. Site-directed mutation, directed evolution or promotion of cofactor synthesis can enhance enzyme activity and increase the metabolic flow to promote microbial melatonin production. On the whole, the status and bottleneck of melatonin biosynthesis can be improved to a higher level, providing an effective reference for future microbial modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Xie
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116000, PR China
| | - Dongqin Ding
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Danyang Bai
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhu
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Tianjin University of science and technology, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
| | - Yumei Sun
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116000, PR China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China
- Corresponding author. Tianjin Institutes of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu XX, Zhang B, Ai LZ. Advances in the Microbial Synthesis of 5-Hydroxytryptophan. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:624503. [PMID: 33634088 PMCID: PMC7901931 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.624503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) plays an important role in the regulation of emotion, behavior, sleep, pain, body temperature, and other physiological functions. It is used in the treatment of depression, insomnia, migraine, and other diseases. Due to a lack of effective biosynthesis methods, 5-HTP is mainly obtained by natural extraction, which has been unable to meet the needs of the market. Through the directed evolution of enzymes and the introduction of substrate supply pathways, 5-HTP biosynthesis and yield increase have been realized. This review provides examples that illustrate the production mode of 5-HTP and the latest progress in microbial synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Liu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lian-Zhong Ai
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Food Microbiology, School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Maffei ME. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP): Natural Occurrence, Analysis, Biosynthesis, Biotechnology, Physiology and Toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:E181. [PMID: 33375373 PMCID: PMC7796270 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is both a drug and a natural component of some dietary supplements. 5-HTP is produced from tryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), which is present in two isoforms (TPH1 and TPH2). Decarboxylation of 5-HTP yields serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) that is further transformed to melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine). 5-HTP plays a major role both in neurologic and metabolic diseases and its synthesis from tryptophan represents the limiting step in serotonin and melatonin biosynthesis. In this review, after an look at the main natural sources of 5-HTP, the chemical analysis and synthesis, biosynthesis and microbial production of 5-HTP by molecular engineering will be described. The physiological effects of 5-HTP are discussed in both animal studies and human clinical trials. The physiological role of 5-HTP in the treatment of depression, anxiety, panic, sleep disorders, obesity, myoclonus and serotonin syndrome are also discussed. 5-HTP toxicity and the occurrence of toxic impurities present in tryptophan and 5-HTP preparations are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo E Maffei
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135 Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aregbesola OA, Kumar A, Mokoena MP, Olaniran AO. Role of tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone reductase in phenylalanine hydroxylation system and pentachlorophenol degradation in Bacillus cereus AOA-CPS1. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 161:875-890. [PMID: 32535205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study reports a ≅12.5 kDa protein tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone reductase (CpsD) from Bacillus cereus strain AOA-CPS1 (BcAOA). CpsD is purified to homogeneity with a total yield of 35% and specific activity of 160 U·mg-1 of protein. CpsD showed optimal activity at pH 7.5 and 40 °C. The enzyme was found to be functionally stable between pH 7.0-7.5 and temperature between 30 °C and 35 °C. CpsD activity was enhanced by Fe2+ and inhibited by sodium azide and SDS. CpsD followed Michaelis-Menten kinetic exhibiting an apparent vmax, Km, kcat and kcat/Km values of 0.071 μmol·s-1, 94 μmol, 0.029 s-1 and 3.13 × 10-4 s-1·μmol-1, respectively, for substrate tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone. The bioinformatics analysis indicated that CpsD belongs to the PCD/DCoH superfamily, with specific conserved protein domains of pterin-4α-carbinolamine dehydratase (PCD). This study proposed that CpsD catalysed the reduction of tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone to tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone and released the products found in phenylalanine hydroxylation system (PheOHS) via a Ping-Pong or atypical ternary mechanism; and regulate expression of phenylalanine 4-monooxygenase by blocking reverse flux in BcAOA PheOHS using a probable Yin-Yang mechanism. The study also concluded that CpsD may play a catalytic and regulatory role in BcAOA PheOHS and pentachlorophenol degradation pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oladipupo A Aregbesola
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ajit Kumar
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mduduzi P Mokoena
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Ademola O Olaniran
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture, Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen Y, Tang J, Wang L, Tian Z, Cardenas A, Fang X, Chatterjee A, Xiao H. Creation of Bacterial cells with 5-Hydroxytryptophan as a 21 st Amino Acid Building Block. Chem 2020; 6:2717-2727. [PMID: 33102928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2020.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While most organisms utilize 20 canonical amino acid building blocks for protein synthesis, adding additional candidates to the amino acid repertoire can greatly facilitate the investigation and manipulation of protein structures and functions. In this study, we report the generation of completely autonomous organisms with a 21st ncAA, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP). Like 20 canonical amino acids, 5-hydroxytryptophan can be biosynthesized in vivo from simple carbon sources and is subsequently incorporated into proteins in response to the amber stop codon. Using this unnatural organism, we have prepared a single-chain immunoglobulin variable fragment conjugated with a fluorophore and demonstrated the utility of these autonomous cells to monitor oxidative stress. Creation of this and other cells containing the 21st amino acid will provide an opportunity to generate proteins and organisms with novel activities, as well as to determine the evolutionary consequences of using additional amino acid buildings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuda Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005. U.S.A
| | - Juan Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005. U.S.A
| | - Lushun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005. U.S.A
| | - Zeru Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005. U.S.A
| | - Adam Cardenas
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005. U.S.A
| | - Xinlei Fang
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005. U.S.A
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, 246B Merkert Chemistry Center, Chestnut Hill, MA, 02467, U.S.A
| | - Han Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005. U.S.A.,Department of Biosciences, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005, U.S.A.,Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, Texas, 77005, U.S.A.,Lead Contact
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Martínez-Rodríguez S, Torres JM, Sánchez P, Ortega E. Overview on Multienzymatic Cascades for the Production of Non-canonical α-Amino Acids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:887. [PMID: 32850740 PMCID: PMC7431475 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 22 genetically encoded amino acids (AAs) present in proteins (the 20 standard AAs together with selenocysteine and pyrrolysine), are commonly referred as proteinogenic AAs in the literature due to their appearance in ribosome-synthetized polypeptides. Beyond the borders of this key set of compounds, the rest of AAs are generally named imprecisely as non-proteinogenic AAs, even when they can also appear in polypeptide chains as a result of post-transductional machinery. Besides their importance as metabolites in life, many of D-α- and L-α-"non-canonical" amino acids (NcAAs) are of interest in the biotechnological and biomedical fields. They have found numerous applications in the discovery of new medicines and antibiotics, drug synthesis, cosmetic, and nutritional compounds, or in the improvement of protein and peptide pharmaceuticals. In addition to the numerous studies dealing with the asymmetric synthesis of NcAAs, many different enzymatic pathways have been reported in the literature allowing for the biosynthesis of NcAAs. Due to the huge heterogeneity of this group of molecules, this review is devoted to provide an overview on different established multienzymatic cascades for the production of non-canonical D-α- and L-α-AAs, supplying neophyte and experienced professionals in this field with different illustrative examples in the literature. Whereas the discovery of new or newly designed enzymes is of great interest, dusting off previous enzymatic methodologies by a "back and to the future" strategy might accelerate the implementation of new or improved multienzymatic cascades.
Collapse
|
13
|
Luo H, Schneider K, Christensen U, Lei Y, Herrgard M, Palsson BØ. Microbial Synthesis of Human-Hormone Melatonin at Gram Scales. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:1240-1245. [PMID: 32501000 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a commercially attractive tryptophan-derived hormone. Here we describe a bioprocess for the production of melatonin using Escherichia coli to high titers. The first engineered strain produced 0.13 g/L of melatonin from tryptophan under fed-batch fermentation conditions. A 4-fold improvement on melatonin titer was further achieved by (1) protein engineering of rate-limiting tryptophan hydroxylase to improve 5-hydroxytryptophan biosynthesis and (2) chromosomal integration of aromatic-amino-acid decarboxylase to limit byproduct formation and to minimize gene toxicity to the host cell. Fermentation optimization improved melatonin titer by an additional 2-fold. Deletion of yddG, a tryptophan exporter, exhibited an additive beneficial effect. The final engineered strain produced ∼2.0 g/L of melatonin with tryptophan supplemented externally and ∼1.0 g/L with glucose as the sole carbon source for tryptophan supply. This study lays the foundation for further developing a commercial melatonin-producing E. coli strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Schneider
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ulla Christensen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Yang Lei
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Markus Herrgard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Ø. Palsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo H, Yang L, Kim SH, Wulff T, Feist AM, Herrgard M, Palsson BØ. Directed Metabolic Pathway Evolution Enables Functional Pterin-Dependent Aromatic-Amino-Acid Hydroxylation in Escherichia coli. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:494-499. [PMID: 32149495 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.9b00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin-dependent hydroxylation of aromatic amino acids is the first step in the biosynthesis of many neuroactive compounds in humans. A fundamental challenge in building these pathways in Escherichia coli is the provision of the non-native hydroxylase cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin. To solve this, we designed a genetic selection that relies on the tyrosine synthesis activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase. Using adaptive laboratory evolution, we demonstrate the use of this selection to discover: (1) a minimum set of heterologous enzymes and a host folE (T198I) mutation for achieving this type of hydroxylation chemistry in whole cells, (2) functional complementation of tetrahydrobiopterin by indigenous cofactors, and (3) a tryptophan hydroxylase mutation for improving protein abundance. Thus, the goal of having functional aromatic-amino-acid hydroxylation in E. coli was achieved through directed metabolic pathway evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Luo
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Lei Yang
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Se Hyeuk Kim
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Tune Wulff
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Adam M Feist
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States of America
| | - Markus Herrgard
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Ø Palsson
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cao M, Gao M, Suástegui M, Mei Y, Shao Z. Building microbial factories for the production of aromatic amino acid pathway derivatives: From commodity chemicals to plant-sourced natural products. Metab Eng 2020; 58:94-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
16
|
Enhanced production of 5-hydroxytryptophan through the regulation of L-tryptophan biosynthetic pathway. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2481-2488. [PMID: 32006050 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is the precursor of the neurotransmitter serotonin and has been used for the treatment of various diseases such as depression, insomnia, chronic headaches, and binge eating associated obesity. The production of 5-HTP had been achieved in our previous report, by the development of a recombinant strain containing two plasmids for biosynthesis of L-tryptophan (L-trp) and subsequent hydroxylation. In this study, the L-trp biosynthetic pathway was further integrated into the E. coli genome, and the promoter strength of 3-deoxy-7-phosphoheptulonate synthase, which catalyzes the first step of L-trp biosynthesis, was engineered to increase the production of L-trp. Hence, the 5-HTP production could be manipulated by the regulation of copy number of L-trp hydroxylation plasmid. Finally, the 5-HTP production was increased to 1.61 g/L in the shaking flasks, which was 24% improvement comparing to the original producing strain, while the content of residual L-trp was successfully reduced from 1.66 to 0.2 g/L, which is beneficial for the downstream separation and purification. Our work shall promote feasible progresses for the industrial production of 5-HTP.
Collapse
|
17
|
Naso LG, Martínez Medina JJ, D'Alessandro F, Rey M, Rizzi A, Piro OE, Echeverría GA, Ferrer EG, Williams PAM. Ternary copper(II) complex of 5-hydroxytryptophan and 1,10-phenanthroline with several pharmacological properties and an adequate safety profile. J Inorg Biochem 2019; 204:110933. [PMID: 31825796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2019.110933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and biological evaluation of a ternary copper complex, [Cu(5HTP)(phen)(H2O)](NO3).2H2O, with the antioxidant agent 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and phenanthroline (phen, added to improve its lipophilicity and membrane transport). The crystal structure of the complex was determined by X-ray diffraction methods. The complex showed antioxidant, antimicrobial, antitumor and antimetastatic properties with an adequate safety profile. The interaction of the metal with phen promotes cellular copper accumulation and cytotoxicity on human lung A549 cell line (IC50 = 3.6 μM). Furthermore, the viability of the normal human fetal lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) is not altered by the complex. An oxidative stress mechanism for the anticancer effect has been determined: cellular increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), decrease of the glutathione (GSH) and oxidized GSH (GSSG) ratio and alteration of the mitochondrial potential. The complex also displays antimetastatic activities with inhibition of cell adhesion, invasion and migration. It has not mutagenic behavior and no toxicity on Artemia salina indicating its potential to act as an effective and safety antimicrobial and antitumor drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana G Naso
- CEQUINOR, CONICET/UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 N° 1465, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Juan J Martínez Medina
- Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral, Comandante Fernández 755, CP: 3700 Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Franco D'Alessandro
- CEQUINOR, CONICET/UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 N° 1465, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marilin Rey
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria-Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto Rizzi
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria-Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Oscar E Piro
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y IFLP (CONICET, CCT La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gustavo A Echeverría
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y IFLP (CONICET, CCT La Plata), C.C. 67, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Evelina G Ferrer
- CEQUINOR, CONICET/UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 N° 1465, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia A M Williams
- CEQUINOR, CONICET/UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 N° 1465, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Xu Q, Bai F, Chen N, Bai G. Utilization of acid hydrolysate of recovered bacterial cell as a novel organic nitrogen source for L-tryptophan fermentation. Bioengineered 2019; 10:23-32. [PMID: 30885096 PMCID: PMC6527063 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1586053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, waste bacterial cell (WBC) was recovered and used as an alternative to yeast extract in L-tryptophan fermentation. The effects of sulfuric acid concentration and temperature on the hydrolysis of WBC were optimized and the amino acid content in the waste bacterial cell hydrolysate (WBCH) was increased. Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken design analysis revealed the optimum composition of the WBCH-based fermentation medium to be 22.47 g/L WBCH, 2.26 g/L KH2PO4, and 1.25 mg/L vitamin H. L-tryptophan yield and productivity with WBCH as the nitrogen source were 52.3 g/L and 2.16 g/L/h, respectively, which were 13% and 18% higher than those obtained with the yeast extract as the nitrogen source. In addition, WBCH did not affect the growth of Escherichia coli during L-tryptophan fermentation. Cost accounting showed that WBCH could be used as a novel and cheap organic nitrogen source for industrial L-tryptophan production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyang Xu
- a College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China.,b State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Fang Bai
- b State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| | - Ning Chen
- a College of Biotechnology , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin , China
| | - Gang Bai
- b State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and College of Pharmacy, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research , Nankai University , Tianjin , China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chemical Characterization and DNA Fingerprinting of Griffonia simplicifolia Baill. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061032. [PMID: 30875930 PMCID: PMC6472197 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Griffonia simplicifolia Baill. (Caesalpiniaceae) is a medicinal plant whose seeds are widely used in traditional medicine for their high content of 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-HTP), a direct precursor and enhancer of the activity of the brain hormone serotonin (5-HT). The plant extracts are used in dietary supplements aimed to alleviate serotonin-related disorders. Methods: In order to characterize the chemical components of G. simplicifolia seeds and their identity, we used a combined methodology by using HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS for the qualitative and quantitative determination of the N-containing compounds, GC-FID and GC-MS for the characterization of the major fatty acids, and DNA fingerprinting based on PCR–RFLP for the unequivocal identification of the plant. Results: 5-HTP was the most representative compound, followed by lower percentages of the β-carboline alkaloid derivative griffonine and other alkaloids. Fatty acids were dominated by the unsaturated fatty acids linoleic acid and oleic acid, followed by the saturated fatty acids stearic and palmitic acids. PCR analysis of the internal transcribed spacer amplified sequence showed a major band at about 758 bp, whereas the PCR–RFLP analysis of this sequence using three different restriction enzymes (MspI, HhaI, and HaeIII) generated a specific fingerprinting useful for the plant identification. Conclusions: The combined chemical and molecular analysis of G. simplicifolia provided an interesting integrated approach for the unequivocal identification of commercial G. simplicifolia seeds.
Collapse
|
20
|
Martínez Medina JJ, Naso LG, Pérez AL, Rizzi A, Okulik NB, Valcarcel M, Salado C, Ferrer EG, Williams PAM. Synthesis, characterization, theoretical studies and biological (antioxidant, anticancer, toxicity and neuroprotective) determinations of a copper(II) complex with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 111:414-426. [PMID: 30594780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan (5-HTP) is a serotonin pathway metabolite of L-tryptophan in the brain. In the knowledge that the biological properties of some compounds can be modified upon metal complexation, a new solid metal complex, [Cu(5-hydroxytryptophan)2].H2O (Cu5HTP), has been synthesized and characterized to analyze the modification of some biological properties. The conformational investigations (optimized in gas phase at B3LYP/6-311G** theory level) suggest the coexistence of two conformers of Cu5HTP with cis- and trans- arrangements of the amino acids in the equatorial plane. The trans- Cu5HTP1 complex is the most stable conformer. The complexation led to an enhancement of the antioxidant properties of the ligand. The metal complex also improved the anticancer behavior of the ligand (tested in cancer cell lines derived from human lung (A549), cervix (HeLa) and colon (HCT-116)). It did not show toxicity against either the non-malignant human lung fibroblast (MRC-5) cell line or Artemia salina and did not behave as mutagenic agent (Ames test). Cellular reactive oxygen species production may be one of the possible mechanisms of action. Besides, the metal complex exerted neuroprotective action on cortical neurons from embryonic 18 days rats exposed to glutamate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Martínez Medina
- Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral, Comandante Fernández, 755 - CP: 3700, Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña, Chaco, Argentina
| | - Luciana G Naso
- CEQUINOR, CONICET/CICPBA/UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 Nº 1465, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Ana L Pérez
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria-Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto Rizzi
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria-Paraje El Pozo, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Nora B Okulik
- Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral, Comandante Fernández, 755 - CP: 3700, Presidencia Roque Sáenz Peña, Chaco, Argentina
| | - María Valcarcel
- Innoprot SL, Edificio 502-P1- Parque Tecnológico, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Clarisa Salado
- Innoprot SL, Edificio 502-P1- Parque Tecnológico, 48160, Derio, Spain
| | - Evelina G Ferrer
- CEQUINOR, CONICET/CICPBA/UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 Nº 1465, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia A M Williams
- CEQUINOR, CONICET/CICPBA/UNLP, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Bv. 120 Nº 1465, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang H, Liu W, Shi F, Huang L, Lian J, Qu L, Cai J, Xu Z. Metabolic pathway engineering for high-level production of 5-hydroxytryptophan in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2018; 48:279-287. [PMID: 29933064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cellular metabolic networks should be carefully balanced using metabolic engineering to produce the desired products at the industrial scale. As the precursor for the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is effective in treating a variety of diseases, such as depression, fibromyalgia, obesity, and cerebellar ataxia. Due to the lack of an efficient synthetic method, commercial production of 5-HTP is only achieved by extracting from the seeds of Griffonia Smplicifolia. This study reports efficient microbial production of 5-HTP via metabolically engineered Escherichia coli. Firstly, human tryptophan hydroxylase I (TPH1) gene was functionally expressed. For endogenous supply of the cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), human BH4 biosynthesis and regeneration pathway was reconstituted. Whole-cell bioconversion resulted in high-level production of 5-HTP (~1.2 g/L) from 2 g/L L-tryptophan in shake flasks. Further metabolic engineering efforts were employed to achieve 5-HTP biosynthesis from simple carbon sources. The whole biosynthetic pathway was divided into three functional modules, L-tryptophan module, the hydroxylation module, and the BH4 module. By reducing the copy number of L-tryptophan module, replacing TPH1 with a more stable mutant form, and promoter regulation of the BH4 module, 5-HTP was produced at a final titer of 1.3 g/L in the shake flask and 5.1 g/L in a fed-batch fermenter with glycerol as the carbon source, both of which were the highest ever reported for microbial production of 5-HTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Institute of Biological Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Wenqian Liu
- Institute of Biological Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Institute of Biological Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jiazhang Lian
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Institute of Biological Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Liang Qu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jin Cai
- Institute of Biological Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhinan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering (Education Ministry), College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Institute of Biological Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan 250101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ituen E, Akaranta O, James A. Electrochemical and anticorrosion properties of 5-hydroxytryptophan on mild steel in a simulated well-acidizing fluid. JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtusci.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekemini Ituen
- Materials Physics and Chemistry Research Laboratory, China University of Petroleum, Qingdao, China
- African Centre of Excellence in Oilfield Chemicals Research, Institute of Petroleum Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Onyewuchi Akaranta
- African Centre of Excellence in Oilfield Chemicals Research, Institute of Petroleum Studies, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Abosede James
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang W, Deng Y, Zhou H, Jiang H, Li Y, Chu Y, Wang X, Gong L. Metabolic characteristics of Rhizoma Coptidis intervention in spontaneously hypertensive rats: Insights gained from metabolomics analysis of serum. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4301-4308. [PMID: 28765928 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the intervention mechanisms of Rhizoma Coptidis using spontaneously hypertensive rats. A serum metabolomics analysis was performed with high performance liquid chromatography‑quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometer in positive mode. The obtained data were further analyzed by principal component and partial least‑squares discriminant analysis to reveal differentiating metabolites. The pattern of metabolites in the serum after Rhizoma Coptidis exhibited distinct alterations. A total of 10 potential biomarkers were significantly altered in the serum and may be associated with the underlying mechanism. Alterations were primarily associated with phospholipid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism and arachidonic acid metabolism. In addition, biochemical alterations in potential biomarkers were associated with inflammation, nitric oxide production, platelet aggregation and endothelial function. By analyzing and verifying the specific biomarkers, metabolomics may be helpful to further understand the underlying therapeutic mechanism of Rhizoma Coptidis. Metabolomics is a powerful tool used to investigate the therapeutic effects of herbal medicine with multiple targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Yang
- Experimental Center of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Yue Deng
- College of Pharmacy of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Honglei Zhou
- College of Pharmacy of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Haiqiang Jiang
- Experimental Center of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Yunlun Li
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Clinical Research Base for Hypertension, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250011, P.R. China
| | - Yangjun Chu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoming Wang
- College of Pharmacy of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| | - Lili Gong
- Experimental Center of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250355, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mora-Villalobos JA, Zeng AP. Protein and pathway engineering for the biosynthesis of 5-hydroxytryptophan in Escherichia coli. Eng Life Sci 2017; 17:892-899. [PMID: 32624837 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201700064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydroxylation of tryptophan is an important reaction in the biosynthesis of natural products. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) is not only an important compound for its pharmaceutical value but also because it is the precursor of other molecules, such as serotonin. In this study, we have extended the metabolism of an E. coli strain to produce 5HTP. Aromatic amino acid hydroxylase from Cupriavidus taiwanensis (CtAAAH) was selected using an in silico structure-based approach. We have predicted and selected several substrate-determining residues using sequence, phylogenetic and functional divergence analyses; we also did rational design on CtAAAH to shift the enzyme preference from phenylalanine to tryptophan. Whole cell bioconversion assays were used to show the effect of predicted sites. In general, all of them decreased the preference toward phenylalanine and increased the tryptophan synthesis activity. The best performer, CtAAAH-W192F, was transformed into a strain that had the tryptophanase gene disrupted and carried a human tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) regeneration pathway. The resulting strain was capable of synthesizing 2.5 mM 5HTP after 24 hours. This work demonstrates the application of computational approaches for protein engineering and further coupling with the bacterial metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José-Aníbal Mora-Villalobos
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany.,Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas Centro Nacional de Alta Tecnología San Jose Costa Rica
| | - An-Ping Zeng
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering Hamburg University of Technology Hamburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ituen E, Akaranta O, James A. Green anticorrosive oilfield chemicals from 5-hydroxytryptophan and synergistic additives for X80 steel surface protection in acidic well treatment fluids. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Characterization of tryptophanase from Vibrio cholerae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:243-52. [PMID: 25253268 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1263-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Tryptophanase (Trpase) is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent enzyme responsible for the production of indole, an important intra- and interspecies signaling molecule in bacteria. In this study, the tnaA gene of Vibrio cholerae coding for VcTrpase was cloned into the pET-20b(+) vector and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) tn5:tnaA. Using Ni(2+)-nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) chromatography, VcTrpase was purified, and it possessed a molecular mass of ∼49 kDa with specific absorption peaks at 330 and 435 nm and a specific activity of 3 U/mg protein. The VcTrpase had an 80 % homology to the Trpase of Haemophilus influenzae and E. coli, but only around 50 % identity to the Trpase of Proteus vulgaris and Porphyromonas gingivalis. The optimum conditions for the enzyme were at pH 9.0 and 45 °C. Recombinant VcTrpase exhibited analogous kinetic reactivity to the EcTrpase with K m and k cat values of 0.612 × 10(-3) M and 5.252 s(-1), respectively. The enzyme catalyzed S-methyl-L-cysteine and S-benzyl-L-cysteine degradation, but not L-phenylalanine and L-serine. Using a site-directed mutagenesis technique, eight residues (Thr52, Tyr74, Arg103, Asp137, Arg230, Lys269, Lys270, and His463) were conserved for maintaining enzyme catalysis. All amino acid substitutions at these sites either eliminated or remarkably diminished Trpase activity. These sites are thus potential targets for the design of drugs to control the V. cholerae Trpase and to further investigate its functions.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lin Y, Sun X, Yuan Q, Yan Y. Engineering bacterial phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase for microbial synthesis of human neurotransmitter precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan. ACS Synth Biol 2014; 3:497-505. [PMID: 24936877 DOI: 10.1021/sb5002505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) is a drug that is clinically effective against depression, insomnia, obesity, chronic headaches, etc. It is only commercially produced by the extraction from the seeds of Griffonia simplicifolia because of a lack of synthetic methods. Here, we report the efficient microbial production of 5-HTP via combinatorial protein and metabolic engineering approaches. First, we reconstituted and screened prokaryotic phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase activity in Escherichia coli. Then, sequence- and structure-based protein engineering dramatically shifted its substrate preference, allowing for efficient conversion of tryptophan to 5-HTP. Importantly, E. coli endogenous tetrahydromonapterin (MH4) could be utilized as the coenzyme, when a foreign MH4 recycling mechanism was introduced. Whole-cell bioconversion allowed the high-level production of 5-HTP (1.1-1.2 g/L) from tryptophan in shake flasks. On this basis, metabolic engineering efforts were further made to achieve the de novo 5-HTP biosynthesis from glucose. This work not only holds great scale-up potential but also demonstrates a strategy for expanding the native metabolism of microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuheng Lin
- College
of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xinxiao Sun
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qipeng Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yajun Yan
- BioChemical
Engineering Program, College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|