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Budambula V, Ngari M, Budambula NLM, Ahmed AA, Were T. Nutritional status of people who inject drugs in Coastal Kenya: a cross-sectional study. BMC Nutr 2024; 10:55. [PMID: 38576036 PMCID: PMC10996164 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-024-00851-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite documentation on injection drug use (IDU) in Kenya, the nutritional status of people who inject drugs (PWIDs) is under-explored. Elsewhere studies report under-nutrition among PWIDs which is attributed to food insecurity; competing priorities between drugs and food supply; chaotic lifestyle; reduced food intake; substance use induced malnutrition due to inflammation and comorbidities. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that sought to assess the nutritional status of PWIDs in Coastal Kenya. We recruited 752 participants of whom 371(49%) were on IDUs and 75 non-IDUs and 306 non-drug users using respondent driven sampling, traditional snowball, makeshift outreach and purposive sampling methods. RESULTS More than one half of the participants (56%) had BMI classified as normal while 35% had BMI < 18.5. The proportion with BMI < 18.5 was higher among IDUs (46%) compared to the non-IDUs (33%) and non-drug users (23%) at P < 0.001. Using the mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), 17% were classified as underweight and the proportion was lowest (11%) among non- drugs users compared to 22% among IDUs (P < 0.001). However, the IDUs had lower proportion of overweight (8.1%) compared to 55% among the non- drug users. The proportion with low waist-for-hip ratio was highest among the IDUs (74%) while high waist-for-hip ratio was lowest in the same group of IDUs (11%) at P < 0.001. One half (50%), of the participants had no signs of anaemia, (47%) had mild/moderate anaemia while 21 (2.8%) had severe anaemia. However, IDUs were more likely to be overweight based on waist circumference as a parameter. The IDUs had the highest proportion (54%) of mild to moderate anaemia compared to non-IDUs (37%) and 40% non- drug users (P < 0.001). In the multivariable models, IDUs (aRRR 2.83 (95%CI 1.84‒4.35)) and non-IDUs (aRRR 1.42 (95%CI 1.07‒1.88)) compared to non- drug users were positively associated with BMI < 18.5. Being an IDU was positively associated with mild or moderate anaemia (aRRR 1.65 (95%CI 1.13‒2.41)) while non-IDUs were positively associated with severe anaemia (aRRR 1.69 (95%CI 1.16‒2.48)). CONCLUSION A significant proportion of the participants were under-nourished with those injecting drugs bearing the heaviest brunt. Being an IDU was positively associated with the low BMI, MUAC, waist for hip ratio and mild or moderate anaemia but high waist circumference. People who inject drugs have high risk for under-nutrition and should be targeted with appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentine Budambula
- Department of Environment and Health Sciences, Technical University of Mombasa, Mombasa, P. O. Box 90420-80100, Kenya.
| | - Moses Ngari
- KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kilifi, Kenya
- Department of Public Health, Pwani University, Kilifi, Kenya
| | | | | | - Tom Were
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology, Kakamega, Kenya
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Pezeshki B, Pourmontaseri H, Homayounfar R, Moghaddam MT, Dehghan A. Thyroid function and opium use disorder: a cross-sectional study on the Fasa adults cohort study (FACS), 2017. BMC Endocr Disord 2023; 23:264. [PMID: 38031024 PMCID: PMC10688461 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-023-01467-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addiction increases the risk of different lifelong disorders. However, there are limited studies evaluating the effects of opioid use disorder (OUD) on thyroid function. The present study aimed to compare the thyroid function of individuals with and without OUD. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 700 eligible participants of the Persian Cohort of Fasa, Iran. Pregnant women and participants with false or missing data were excluded from the study. Remained participants were divided into case and control groups based on the recorded history of OUD. Frozen plasma samples of the cohort bank were used to determine the levels of T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The thyroid function was compared between the two groups using the Mann-Whitney test (P < 0.05). RESULTS The mean age of the final studied population (n = 648) was 54.0 ± 9.8 years, including 336 men (49.1%) and 197 participants with OUD (28.8%). The median levels of TSH, T4, and T3 were 2.91 ± 4.61, 9.26 ± 3.65, and 1.22 ± 0.49, respectively. The case group had significantly higher TSH (3.72 ± 6.2 vs. 2.58 ± 3.75, P < 0.001) and lower T4 (8 ± 3.6 vs. 9.8 ± 3.5, P < 0.001). Also, T3 was slightly lower in the case group (1.1 ± 0.5 vs. 1.3 ± 0.5; P = 0.369), although this association was only significant in female opium users (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The present findings revealed that OUD caused a reduction in T4 while increasing TSH. Therefore, OUD may lead to the development of primary hypothyroidism, which needs to be investigated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Pezeshki
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hossein Pourmontaseri
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.
- USERN Office, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Shiraz Nutrition Interest Group, Bitab Enterprise, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Reza Homayounfar
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute (WHO Collaborating Center), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Talebi Moghaddam
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Azizallah Dehghan
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
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Byrne CJ, Radley A, Fletcher E, Thain D, Stephens BP, Dillon JF. A multicomponent holistic care pathway for people who use drugs in Tayside, Scotland. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2023; 120:104159. [PMID: 37574644 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People Who Use Drugs (PWUD) are at high risk of non-fatal overdose and other drug-related harms. The United Kingdom drugs policy landscape makes it challenging to support those at risk. Tayside, in East Scotland, has a sizeable population at risk of drug-related harms. In 2021, the National Health Service implemented a care pathway for PWUD to provide multidimensional healthcare interventions. We aimed to quantify drug-related harms; assess wider health and well-being; and understand substance use trends and behaviours, among those engaged in the pathway. METHODS Existing community-embedded blood-borne virus pathways were adapted to provide multiple healthcare assessments over three visits. We undertook an observational cohort study to analyse uptake and outcomes for the initial cohort of PWUD engaged at appointment one. RESULTS From August 2021-September 2022, 150 PWUD engaged with the pathway. Median age was 39 (34-42) years, 108 (72%) were male, and 124 (83%) lived in deprived areas. Seventy (47%) had been disengaged from healthcare for over a year. Polysubstance use was reported by 124 (83%), 42 (28%) disclosed injecting daily, and 54 (36%) shared equipment. Fifty-four (36%) experienced recent non-fatal overdose, and there were six overdose fatalities (4.1 [1.5-9.0] per 100PY). The offer of take-home naloxone was accepted by 108 (72%). Fourteen (9%) were diagnosed with Hepatitis C and two (1%) with HIV. Renal, hepatological, and endocrine impairment were observed among 30 (20%), 23 (15%), and 11 (7%), people respectively. Ninety-six (65%) had high risk of clinical depression. Forty-eight (32%) declined Covid-19 vaccination. CONCLUSION The pathway engaged PWUD with high exposure to recent non-fatal overdose and other drug-related harms, alongside co-morbid health issues. Our results suggest multi-dimensional health assessments coupled with harm reduction in community settings, with appropriate linkage to care, are warranted for PWUD. Service commissioners should seek to integrate these assessments where possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Byrne
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland; Directorate of Public Health, Kings Cross Hospital, NHS Tayside, Dundee, Scotland.
| | - Andrew Radley
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland; Directorate of Public Health, Kings Cross Hospital, NHS Tayside, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Emma Fletcher
- Directorate of Public Health, Kings Cross Hospital, NHS Tayside, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Donna Thain
- Directorate of Public Health, Kings Cross Hospital, NHS Tayside, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Brian P Stephens
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, NHS Tayside, Dundee, Scotland
| | - John F Dillon
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland; Department of Gastroenterology, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, NHS Tayside, Dundee, Scotland
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Khalili P, Ayoobi F, Mohamadi M, Jamalizadeh A, La Vecchia C, Esmaeili-Nadimi A. Effect of opium consumption on cardiovascular diseases - a cross- sectional study based on data of Rafsanjan cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:2. [PMID: 33388044 PMCID: PMC7778811 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are differences of opinion about the beneficial or detrimental effects of opium consumption on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). So, we aimed to study the association between opium use and CVDs. METHODS We used data obtained from the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS), as a part of the prospective epidemiological research studies in IrAN (PERSIAN), with detailed, validated data on opium consumption and some other exposures. A total of 10,000 adults were enrolled in the study. Logistic regression models were used to assess the possible relationships of opium consumption with the prevalence of ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and myocardial infarction (MI). RESULTS In this study, 9990 participants in the baseline phase of the Rafsanjan adult cohort study were included according to their completed questionnaire. Among all participants, 870 and 296 individuals were found to suffer from IHD and MI, respectively. Opium consumption was found to be relatively high in the RCS participants, especially in men (men = 2150 and women = 228). Opium use was associated with a higher odds of IHD and MI, with the adjusted odds ratios (95% CI) of 1.51 (1.22-1.86) and 1.79 (1.31-2.45), respectively. Also, dose-response increases were observed with the highest odds ratios in the 4th quartile for MI and IHD (p-values for trend < 0.001). Increased odds were observed for the two main methods of opium consumption, i.e. oral and smoking, but oral administration had higher odds ratio. CONCLUSIONS Opium consumption is associated with the increased odds of both IHD and MI diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Khalili
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ayoobi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohamadi
- Pistachio Safety Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Jamalizadeh
- Health System Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Carlo La Vecchia
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University degli Study di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Ali Esmaeili-Nadimi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Shakeri H, Hejrati R, Hojjat SK, Khalili MN, Farazmand T, Mollazadeh S. Effects of methadone, opium tincture and buprenorphine maintenance therapies on thyroid function in patients with OUD. J Addict Dis 2020; 38:514-519. [PMID: 32749208 DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2020.1791377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Various types of medications are used as maintenance therapies for substance use disorder; However, the side effects of these drugs are shown to restrict their use and increase the risk of relapse in patients. As a result, alternative maintenance therapies are tested in the hope for optimum therapy. Since opium tincture is a new and innovative maintenance treatment in Iran, we attempted to compare the therapeutic and side effects of opium tincture with two standard therapies, i.e., methadone and buprenorphine. Hence, thyroid function was tested in three methods of maintenance therapies with methadone, buprenorphine, and opium tincture in a cross-sectional study. In this study, 150 patients with the mean age of 51.63 ± 13.56 years and a history of opioid or opioid-derivatives use disorder, underwent the maintenance treatment with methadone, buprenorphine, and opium tincture at Bojnurd Addiction Treatment Centers in northeastern Iran. These patients were selected using convenience sampling. Then, they were placed into three treatment groups of methadone, buprenorphine, and opium tincture. The thyroid functionality was assessed with measuring TSH, fT4, fT3, T3RU, and Anti TPO, carried out in a reference laboratory. Finally, these data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS.16 software. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the average levels of TSH, fT3, fT4, and Anti TPO in these treatment groups; except for T3RU concentration, which was increased significantly in the opium tincture group as compared to the methadone treated group. Also, the frequency of fT4, and T3RU disorders demonstrated a significant change in three groups. The findings of the present study demonstrated that opium tincture in comparison with methadone could increase T3RU levels resulting in euthyroidism possibly through TBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibesadat Shakeri
- Department of endocrinology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Reihaneh Hejrati
- School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Seyed Kaveh Hojjat
- Addiction and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mina Norozi Khalili
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Tooba Farazmand
- Department of Gynecology, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Samaneh Mollazadeh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research Center, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
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Fountas A, Van Uum S, Karavitaki N. Opioid-induced endocrinopathies. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020; 8:68-80. [PMID: 31624023 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30254-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The use of opioids is becoming a global epidemic, leading to a rise in the occurrence and recognition of the effects of opioid drugs on the endocrine system. Nonetheless, opioid-induced endocrinopathies still remain underdiagnosed, mainly because of symptom under-reporting by patients and poor clinician awareness. Hypogonadism is the most well recognised consequence of opioid use, but the inhibitory effects of opioid drugs on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis and their negative effects on bone health also require attention. Hyperprolactinaemia might be detected in opioid users, but clinically relevant thyroid dysfunction has not been identified. The effects of opioids on other hormones have not been clearly defined. Assessment of gonadal and adrenal function (particularly if high index of clinical suspicion of hypogonadism or hypoadrenalism) and evaluation of bone health are advised in people that use opiods. Discontinuation or reduction of opioid dose and appropriate hormone replacement are the management approaches that should be considered for hypogonadism and hypoadrenalism. Further research is needed to facilitate the development of evidence-based guidelines on the diagnosis and optimal management of opioid-induced endocrinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Fountas
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Stan Van Uum
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine, Western University, London, OT, Canada
| | - Niki Karavitaki
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK; Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
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Methamphetamine-associated dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. J Behav Med 2018; 41:792-797. [PMID: 29777500 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-018-9935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine and HIV impair thyroid function, but few studies have investigated their combined effects on thyroid dysregulation. This study examined the associations of methamphetamine use alone and in combination with HIV on thyroid function among men in South Florida. Measures of thyroid function in methamphetamine-using, HIV-infected (METH+HIV+; n = 127) and HIV-negative (METH+HIV-; n = 46) men who have sex with men (MSM) were compared to non-methamphetamine-using, HIV-negative men (METH-HIV-; n = 136). Thyroid function was dysregulated in methamphetamine-using MSM, irrespective of HIV status. Both meth-using groups had greater odds of abnormal thyroid stimulating hormone levels and significantly higher mean free triiodothyronine (T3) levels. Elevated free T3 was associated with greater depressive symptoms. Overall, outcomes have important implications for assessment of thyroid function in methamphetamine users, particularly among those presenting with depression.
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Asadikaram G, Akbari H, Vakili S, Asiabanha M, Shahrokhi N, Savardashtaki A. THE EFFECTS OF OPIUM ADDICTION ON THYROID AND SEX HORMONES IN DIABETIC AND NON-DIABETIC MALE AND FEMALE RATS. ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA-BUCHAREST 2018; 14:466-472. [PMID: 31149298 DOI: 10.4183/aeb.2018.466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Opium is a narcotic drug that is commonly abused. The prescription of pharmaceutical derivatives of opium is limited due to their possible harmful effects on the body's metabolism and tolerability by patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of chronic opium consumption on some sexual and thyroid hormones in diabetic and non-diabetic male and female rats. Material and Methods This experimental study was conducted on 56 Wistar rats. The animals were divided into diabetic addicted (DA), diabetic non-addicted (DNA), non-diabetic addicted (NDA) and non-diabetic non-addicted (NDNA) groups of male and female rats. Peripheral blood samples were collected to measure the thyroid and sex hormone levels. Student's t-test was used to compare the mean values of the hormones between two groups. Results T3 serum level in male addicted groups significantly increased in comparison with non-addicted ones in both diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The testosterone level of male rats decreased due to the consumption of opium while it was significantly increased in diabetic and NDNA female rats in comparison with non-addicts. In DNA female animals, the mean level of 17-hydroxyprogesterone increased significantly compared with non-diabetic groups, however, it decreased in addicted females (diabetic and non-diabetic) in comparison with non-addicts. The level of DHEA-S increased significantly in diabetic and NDA male rats as compared with the non-addicted group. Conclusion Opium affects the endocrine system in a sex-dependent manner, and opium could have different effects in diabetic and non-diabetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Asadikaram
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman
| | - H Akbari
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Dept. of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman
| | - S Vakili
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman.,Dept. of Biochemistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz
| | - M Asiabanha
- Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan
| | - N Shahrokhi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman
| | - A Savardashtaki
- Dept. of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Sanli DB, Bilici R, Suner O, Citak S, Kartkaya K, Mutlu FS. Effect of Different Psychoactive Substances on Serum Biochemical Parameters. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2015; 4:e22702. [PMID: 26405680 PMCID: PMC4579556 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.22702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychoactive substances affect mainly central nervous system and brain function causing changes in behavior. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different psychoactive substances on serum biochemical parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS The study included 324 drug dependents, and 69 controls. The patient group was determined according to DSM-IV (The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition) criteria. All patients and control subjects were tested for routine biochemical parameters and urine toxicology parameters for psychoactive substance use. Cases and controls with accompanying diseases like diabetes, cancer, metabolic disorders etc. are excluded from the study. Moreover, an association between urine toxicology results and changes in biochemical parameters was evaluated for statistical significance. RESULTS There was a statistically significant difference in the Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase (GGT), uric acid, creatinine, urea, albumin, Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) medians between the dependent and control groups (P < 0.05). We found a statistically significant difference in sodium and albumin levels between the opium-dependent and control groups (P < 0.05). In the benzodiazepin dependent group, we found a significant difference in GGT, urea, glucose, sodium, T protein, and AST levels (P < 0.05). Moreover, a statistically significant difference was observed in triglyceride and GGT levels between the ethyl glucuronide and control groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS In psychoactive substance dependents, serum routine biochemistry parameters can be used to predict the need for intensive monitoring and treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Beker Sanli
- Department of Biochemistry, Umraniye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rabia Bilici
- Department of Psychiatry, Erenkoy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozgur Suner
- Department of Psychiatry, Erenkoy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serhat Citak
- Department of Psychiatry, Erenkoy Mental Health and Neurology Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kazim Kartkaya
- Department of Biochemistry, Eskisehir State Hospital, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Fezan Sahin Mutlu
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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Yousefzadeh G, Shokoohi M, Najafipour H, Eslami M, Salehi F. Association between opium use and metabolic syndrome among an urban population in Southern Iran: Results of the Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Factor Study (KERCADRS). ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2015; 11:14-20. [PMID: 26089926 PMCID: PMC4460348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Along with the established effects of opium on metabolic parameters, stimulatory or inhibitory effects of opium on metabolic syndrome are also predictable. This study aimed to examine the association of opium use with metabolic syndrome and its components. METHODS This study was conducted on 5332 out of 5900 original sample participants enrolled in a population-based cohort entitled the Kerman Coronary Artery Disease Risk Study in Iran from 2009 to 2011. The subjects were divided into three groups of "non-opium users" (NOUs = 4340 subjects), "former opium users" (FOUs = 176 subjects), and dependent and occasional people named "current opium users" (COUs = 811 subjects). Metabolic syndrome was defined according to two International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) definition criteria. RESULTS The overall prevalence of IDF defined-metabolic syndrome among NOUs, FOUs, and COUs was 36.4%, 27.3%, and 39.0%, respectively; which was significantly higher in the COUs group (P = 0.012). However, no significant difference was revealed across the three groups in prevalence of NCEP defined-metabolic syndrome (NOUs = 37.2%, FOUs = 30.1%, and COUs = 39.6%, P = 0.058). The odds for IDF defined-metabolic syndrome was higher in both COUs [odd ratio (OR) = 1.28, P = 0.028)] and FOUs (OR = 1.57, P = 0.045) compared with NOUs as the reference adjusting gender, age, body mass index, and cigarette smoking. However, the appearance of NCEP defined-metabolic syndrome could not be predicted by opium use. CONCLUSION Opium use can be associated with an increased risk for metabolic syndrome based on IDF criteria and thus preventing the appearance of metabolic syndrome by avoiding opium use can be a certain approach to preventing cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Yousefzadeh
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mostafa Shokoohi
- Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran,Correspondence to: Mostafa Shokoohi,
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahmood Eslami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farank Salehi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Pedram P, Sun G. Hormonal and dietary characteristics in obese human subjects with and without food addiction. Nutrients 2014; 7:223-38. [PMID: 25558907 PMCID: PMC4303835 DOI: 10.3390/nu7010223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of food addiction (FA) is a potentially important contributing factor to the development of obesity in the general population; however, little is known about the hormonal and dietary differences between obesity with and without FA. Therefore, the aim of our study was to explore potential biomarkers, including various hormones and neuropeptides, which regulate appetite and metabolism, and dietary components that could potentially differentiate obesity with and without FA. Of the 737 adults recruited from the general Newfoundland population, 58 food-addicted and non-food-addicted overweight/obese individuals (FAO, NFO) matched for age, sex, BMI and physical activity were selected. A total of 34 neuropeptides, gut hormones, pituitary polypeptide hormones and adipokines were measured in fasting serum. We found that the FAO group had lower levels of TSH, TNF-α and amylin, but higher levels of prolactin, as compared to NFO group. The total calorie intake (per kg body weight), the dietary intake of fat (per g/kg body weight, per BMI and per percentage of trunk fat) and the percent calorie intake from fat and carbohydrates (g/kg) was higher in the FAO group compared to the NFO group. The FAO subjects consumed more sugar, minerals (including sodium, potassium, calcium and selenium), fat and its components (such as saturated, monounsaturated and trans fat), omega 3 and 6, vitamin D and gamma-tocopherol compared to the NFO group. To our knowledge, this is the first study indicating possible differences in hormonal levels and micro-nutrient intakes between obese individuals classified with and without food addiction. The findings provide insights into the mechanisms by which FA could contribute to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Pedram
- Faculty of medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B3V6, Canada.
| | - Guang Sun
- Faculty of medicine, Memorial University, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St. John's, NL A1B3V6, Canada.
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