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Kozlowska J, Humphryes-Kirilov N, Pavlovets A, Connolly M, Kuncheva Z, Horner J, Manso AS, Murray C, Fox JC, McCarthy A. Unveiling new genetic insights in rheumatoid arthritis for drug discovery through Taxonomy3 analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14153. [PMID: 38898196 PMCID: PMC11186831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Genetic support for a drug target has been shown to increase the probability of success in drug development, with the potential to reduce attrition in the pharmaceutical industry alongside discovering novel therapeutic targets. It is therefore important to maximise the detection of genetic associations that affect disease susceptibility. Conventional statistical methods such as genome-wide association studies (GWAS) only identify some of the genetic contribution to disease, so novel analytical approaches are required to extract additional insights. C4X Discovery has developed Taxonomy3, a unique method for analysing genetic datasets based on mathematics that is novel in drug discovery. When applied to a previously published rheumatoid arthritis GWAS dataset, Taxonomy3 identified many additional novel genetic signals associated with this autoimmune disease. Follow-up studies using tool compounds support the utility of the method in identifying novel biology and tractable drug targets with genetic support for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Kozlowska
- C4X Discovery Ltd, Manchester One, 53 Portland Street, Manchester, M1 3LD, UK.
| | | | - Anastasia Pavlovets
- C4X Discovery Ltd, Manchester One, 53 Portland Street, Manchester, M1 3LD, UK
| | - Martin Connolly
- C4X Discovery Ltd, Manchester One, 53 Portland Street, Manchester, M1 3LD, UK
| | - Zhana Kuncheva
- C4X Discovery Ltd, Manchester One, 53 Portland Street, Manchester, M1 3LD, UK
| | - Jonathan Horner
- C4X Discovery Ltd, Manchester One, 53 Portland Street, Manchester, M1 3LD, UK
| | - Ana Sousa Manso
- C4X Discovery Ltd, Manchester One, 53 Portland Street, Manchester, M1 3LD, UK
| | - Clare Murray
- C4X Discovery Ltd, Manchester One, 53 Portland Street, Manchester, M1 3LD, UK
| | - J Craig Fox
- C4X Discovery Ltd, Manchester One, 53 Portland Street, Manchester, M1 3LD, UK
| | - Alun McCarthy
- C4X Discovery Ltd, Manchester One, 53 Portland Street, Manchester, M1 3LD, UK
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Kim MC, De U, Borcherding N, Wang L, Paek J, Bhattacharyya I, Yu Q, Kolb R, Drashansky T, Thatayatikom A, Zhang W, Cha S. Single-cell transcriptomics unveil profiles and interplay of immune subsets in rare autoimmune childhood Sjögren's disease. Commun Biol 2024; 7:481. [PMID: 38641668 PMCID: PMC11031574 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Childhood Sjögren's disease represents critically unmet medical needs due to a complete lack of immunological and molecular characterizations. This study presents key immune cell subsets and their interactions in the periphery in childhood Sjögren's disease. Here we show that single-cell RNA sequencing identifies the subsets of IFN gene-enriched monocytes, CD4+ T effector memory, and XCL1+ NK cells as potential key players in childhood Sjögren's disease, and especially in those with recurrent parotitis, which is the chief symptom prompting clinical visits from young children. A unique cluster of monocytes with type I and II IFN-related genes is identified in childhood Sjögren's disease, compared to the age-matched control. In vitro regulatory T cell functional assay demonstrates intact functionality in childhood Sjögren's disease in contrast to reduced suppression in adult Sjögren's disease. Mapping this transcriptomic landscape and interplay of immune cell subsets will expedite the understanding of childhood Sjögren's disease pathogenesis and set the foundation for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Chul Kim
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, 63243, Republic of Korea
- Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Umasankar De
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Nicholas Borcherding
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Joon Paek
- Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ryan Kolb
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | | | | | - Weizhou Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- UF Health Cancer Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
| | - Seunghee Cha
- Center for Orphaned Autoimmune Disorders, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.
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Huang J, Xu Y. Autoimmunity: A New Focus on Nasal Polyps. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098444. [PMID: 37176151 PMCID: PMC10179643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) has long been considered a benign, chronic inflammatory, and hyperplastic disease. Recent studies have shown that autoimmune-related mechanisms are involved in the pathology of nasal polyps. Activated plasma cells, eosinophils, basophils, innate type 2 lymphocytes, mast cells, and proinflammatory cytokine in polyp tissue indicate the mobilization of innate and adaptive immune pathways during polyp formation. The discovery of a series of autoantibodies further supports the autoimmune nature of nasal polyps. Local homeostasis dysregulation, infection, and chronic inflammation may trigger autoimmunity through several mechanisms, including autoantigens overproduction, microbial translocation, molecular mimicry, superantigens, activation or inhibition of receptors, bystander activation, dysregulation of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs), epitope spreading, autoantigens complementarity. In this paper, we elaborated on the microbiome-mediated mechanism, abnormal host immunity, and genetic changes to update the role of autoimmunity in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China
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4
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Cho MJ, Lee HG, Yoon JW, Kim GR, Koo JH, Taneja R, Edelson BT, Lee YJ, Choi JM. Steady-state memory-phenotype conventional CD4 + T cells exacerbate autoimmune neuroinflammation in a bystander manner via the Bhlhe40/GM-CSF axis. Exp Mol Med 2023:10.1038/s12276-023-00995-1. [PMID: 37121980 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-00995-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory-phenotype (MP) CD4+ T cells are a substantial population of conventional T cells that exist in steady-state mice, yet their immunological roles in autoimmune disease remain unclear. In this work, we unveil a unique phenotype of MP CD4+ T cells determined by analyzing single-cell transcriptomic data and T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. We found that steady-state MP CD4+ T cells in the spleen were composed of heterogeneous effector subpopulations and existed regardless of germ and food antigen exposure. Distinct subpopulations of MP CD4+ T cells were specifically activated by IL-1 family cytokines and STAT activators, revealing that the cells exerted TCR-independent bystander effector functions similar to innate lymphoid cells. In particular, CCR6high subpopulation of MP CD4+ T cells were major responders to IL-23 and IL-1β without MOG35-55 antigen reactivity, which gave them pathogenic Th17 characteristics and allowed them to contribute to autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We identified that Bhlhe40 in CCR6high MP CD4+ T cells as a key regulator of GM-CSF expression through IL-23 and IL-1β signaling, contributing to central nervous system (CNS) pathology in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Collectively, our findings reveal the clearly distinct effector-like heterogeneity of MP CD4+ T cells in the steady state and indicate that CCR6high MP CD4+ T cells exacerbate autoimmune neuroinflammation via the Bhlhe40/GM-CSF axis in a bystander manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Cho
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jae-Won Yoon
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Ran Kim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Hyun Koo
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Reshma Taneja
- Department of Physiology and Healthy Longevity Translation Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117593, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brian T Edelson
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63119, USA
| | - You Jeong Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Korea.
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Yamada H. The Search for the Pathogenic T Cells in the Joint of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Which T-Cell Subset Drives Autoimmune Inflammation? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086930. [PMID: 37108093 PMCID: PMC10138952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting systemic synovial tissues, leading to the destruction of multiple joints. Its etiology is still unknown, but T-cell-mediated autoimmunity has been thought to play critical roles, which is supported by experimental as well as clinical observations. Therefore, efforts have been made to elucidate the functions and antigen specificity of pathogenic autoreactive T cells, which could be a therapeutic target for disease treatment. Historically, T-helper (Th)1 and Th17 cells are hypothesized to be pathogenic T cells in RA joints; however, lines of evidence do not fully support this hypothesis, showing polyfunctionality of the T cells. Recent progress in single-cell analysis technology has led to the discovery of a novel helper T-cell subset, peripheral helper T cells, and attracted attention to the previously unappreciated T-cell subsets, such as cytotoxic CD4 and CD8 T cells, in RA joints. It also enables a comprehensive view of T-cell clonality and function. Furthermore, the antigen specificity of the expanded T-cell clones can be determined. Despite such progress, which T-cell subset drives inflammation is yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakata Yamada
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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6
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Zhang S, Li P, Wu P, Yang L, Liu X, Liu J, Zhang Y, Zeng J. Predictors of response of rituximab in rheumatoid arthritis by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Clin Rheumatol 2023; 42:529-538. [PMID: 36374432 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-022-06438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to identify a biomarker that can predict the efficacy of rituximab (RTX) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. METHODS Utilized weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and LASSO regression analysis of whole blood transcriptome data (GSE15316 and GSE37107) related to RTX treatment for RA from the GEO database, the critical modules, and key genes related to the efficacy of RTX treatment for RA were found. The biological functions were further explored through enrichment analysis. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was validated using the GSE54629 dataset. RESULTS WGCNA screened 71 genes for a dark turquoise module that were correlated with the efficacy of RTX treatment for RA (r = 0.42, P < 0.05). Through the calculation of gene significance (GS) and module membership (MM), 12 important genes were identified; in addition, 21 important genes were screened by the LASSO regression model; two key genes were obtained from the intersection between the important genes. Then, BANK1 (AUC = 0.704, P < 0.05) was identified as a potential biomarker to predict the efficacy of RTX treatment for RA by ROC curve evaluation of the treatment and validation groups. BANK1 gene expression was significantly decreased after RTX treatment, and a statistically significant difference was found (log FC = - 2.08, P < 0.05). Immune cell infiltration analysis revealed that the infiltration of CD4 + T cell memory subset was increased in the group with high BANK1 expression, and a statistically significant difference was found (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS BANK1 can be used as a potential biomarker to predict the response of RTX treatment in RA patients. Key Points • Identifying the hub genes BANK1 as a potential biomarker to predict the response of RTX treatment in RA patients and confirming it in validation data. • Using the WGCNA approach and LASSO analyses to identify the BANK1 in a data set consisting of two GEO data merged and assessing the correlations between BANK1 and immune infiltration by CIBERSORT algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Yunyan District, 28 Guiyi Street, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Peiting Li
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Yunyan District, 28 Guiyi Street, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Pengjia Wu
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Yunyan District, 28 Guiyi Street, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Yunyan District, 28 Guiyi Street, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liu
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Yunyan District, 28 Guiyi Street, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Yunyan District, 28 Guiyi Street, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Yunyan District, 28 Guiyi Street, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China
| | - Jiashun Zeng
- Rheumatology and Immunology Department, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Yunyan District, 28 Guiyi Street, Guiyang, 550004, Guizhou, China.
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7
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Ishina IA, Zakharova MY, Kurbatskaia IN, Mamedov AE, Belogurov AA, Gabibov AG. MHC Class II Presentation in Autoimmunity. Cells 2023; 12:314. [PMID: 36672249 PMCID: PMC9856717 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules is crucial for eliciting an efficient immune response by CD4+ T cells and maintaining self-antigen tolerance. Some MHC-II alleles are known to be positively or negatively associated with the risk of the development of different autoimmune diseases (ADs), including those characterized by the emergence of autoreactive T cells. Apparently, the MHC-II presentation of self-antigens contributes to the autoimmune T cell response, initiated through a breakdown of central tolerance to self-antigens in the thymus. The appearance of autoreactive T cell might be the result of (i) the unusual interaction between T cell receptors (TCRs) and self-antigens presented on MHC-II; (ii) the posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of self-antigens; (iii) direct loading of the self-antigen to classical MHC-II without additional nonclassical MHC assistance; (iv) the proinflammatory environment effect on MHC-II expression and antigen presentation; and (v) molecular mimicry between foreign and self-antigens. The peculiarities of the processes involved in the MHC-II-mediated presentation may have crucial importance in the elucidation of the mechanisms of triggering and developing ADs as well as for clarification on the protective effect of MHC-II alleles that are negatively associated with ADs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A. Ishina
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Y. Zakharova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Inna N. Kurbatskaia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Azad E. Mamedov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, 127473 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander G. Gabibov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Life Sciences, Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Increased Expression of CD95 in CD4 + Effector Memory T Cells Promotes Th17 Response in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2022; 17:437-452. [PMID: 34716498 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-021-10030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging data have revealed that CD95 can evoke non-apoptotic signals, thereby promoting pro-inflammatory functions that link to the severity of autoimmune disorders. Here, we reported that the expression of CD95 in CD4+ effector memory T (CD4+ TEM) cells was increased in myasthenia gravis (MG) patients. We also found increased expression of CD95 in CD4+ TEM cells from MG patients correlated positively with clinical severity scores (QMGs), serum IL-17 levels and plasma cells (PCs) frequencies. Conventional treatment, such as glucocorticoid, could down-regulate the expression of CD95 in CD4+ TEM cells, QMGs, serum IL-17 levels and PCs frequencies from MG patients. In vitro, low-dose of agonistic anti-CD95 mAb could promote Th17 cell development. This effect was reversed by CD95 siRNA. Moverover, CD95 stimulation induced the phosphorylation of p38 and Erk1/2 and Th17 cell differentiation, and p38 specific inhibitor SB203580 or Erk1/2 specific inhibitor PD98059 could induce opposite changes. However, SB203580 or PD98059 do not abrogate the increase of CCR6+IL-17A+ cells, ROR-γt and IL-17 expression induced by CD95 triggering relatively to each corresponding control. This suggests that p38 and Erk1/2 MAPK pathway plays a role in expression of CCR6+IL-17A+ cells, ROR-γt and IL-17, but not in their increase induced by CD95 triggering. Taken together, this study revealed that increased expression of CD95 in CD4+ TEM cells promotes Th17 response under the microenvironment of MG.
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Abstract
Autoimmune disease is known to be caused by unregulated self-antigen-specific T cells, causing tissue damage. Although antigen specificity is an important mechanism of the adaptive immune system, antigen non-related T cells have been found in the inflamed tissues in various conditions. Bystander T cell activation refers to the activation of T cells without antigen recognition. During an immune response to a pathogen, bystander activation of self-reactive T cells via inflammatory mediators such as cytokines can trigger autoimmune diseases. Other antigen-specific T cells can also be bystander-activated to induce innate immune response resulting in autoimmune disease pathogenesis along with self-antigen-specific T cells. In this review, we summarize previous studies investigating bystander activation of various T cell types (NKT, γδ T cells, MAIT cells, conventional CD4+, and CD8+ T cells) and discuss the role of innate-like T cell response in autoimmune diseases. In addition, we also review previous findings of bystander T cell function in infection and cancer. A better understanding of bystander-activated T cells versus antigen-stimulated T cells provides a novel insight to control autoimmune disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Hyeon Shim
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sookyung Cho
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Young-Mi Shin
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Je-Min Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Institute for Rheumatology Research, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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10
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Abstract
Adaptive immunity plays central roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as it is regarded as an autoimmune disease. Clinical investigations revealed infiltrations of B cells in the synovium, especially those with ectopic lymphoid neogenesis, associate with disease severity. While some B cells in the synovium differentiate into plasma cells producing autoantibodies such as anti-citrullinated protein antibody, others differentiate into effector B cells producing proinflammatory cytokines and expressing RANKL. Synovial B cells might also be important as antigen-presenting cells. Synovial T cells are implicated in the induction of antibody production as well as local inflammation. In the former, a recently identified CD4 T cell subset, peripheral helper T (Tph), which is characterized by the expression of PD-1 and production of CXCL13 and IL-21, is implicated, while the latter might be mediated by Th1-like CD4 T cell subsets that can produce multiple proinflammatory cytokines, including IFN-γ, TNF-α, and GM-CSF, and express cytotoxic molecules, such as perforin, granzymes and granulysin. CD8 T cells in the synovium are able to produce large amount of IFN-γ. However, the involvement of those lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of RA still awaits verification. Their antigen-specificity also needs to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisakata Yamada
- Department of Arthritis and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Al Khabouri S, Benson RA, Prendergast CT, Gray JI, Otto TD, Brewer JM, Garside P. TCRβ Sequencing Reveals Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Clonal CD4 T Cell Responses in a Breach of Tolerance Model of Inflammatory Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:669856. [PMID: 33986757 PMCID: PMC8110912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective tolerogenic intervention in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) will rely upon understanding the evolution of articular antigen specific CD4 T cell responses. TCR clonality of endogenous CD4 T cell infiltrates in early inflammatory arthritis was assessed to monitor evolution of the TCR repertoire in the inflamed joint and associated lymph node (LN). Mouse models of antigen-induced breach of self-tolerance and chronic polyarthritis were used to recapitulate early and late phases of RA. The infiltrating endogenous, antigen experienced CD4 T cells in inflamed joints and LNs were analysed using flow cytometry and TCRβ sequencing. TCR repertoires from inflamed late phase LNs displayed increased clonality and diversity compared to early phase LNs, while inflamed joints remained similar with time. Repertoires from late phase LNs accumulated clones with a diverse range of TRBV genes, while inflamed joints at both phases contained clones expressing similar TRBV genes. Repertoires from LNs and joints at the late phase displayed reduced CDR3β sequence overlap compared to the early disease phase, however the most abundant clones in LNs accumulate in the joint at the later phase. The results indicate CD4 T cell repertoire clonality and diversity broadens with progression of inflammatory arthritis and is first reflected in LNs before mirroring in the joint. These observations imply that antigen specific tolerogenic therapies could be more effective if targeted at earlier phases of disease when CD4 T cell clonality is least diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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12
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Slauenwhite D, McAlpine SM, Hanly JG, Malik A, Haidl ID, Marshall JS, Issekutz TB. Association of a Type 2-Polarized T Cell Phenotype With Methotrexate Nonresponse in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2020; 72:1091-1102. [PMID: 32039570 DOI: 10.1002/art.41223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease mediated through complex immunologic pathways. Among RA patients receiving low-dose methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy, approximately one-half exhibit a meaningful clinical response within the first 6 months of starting treatment. Whether baseline immune phenotypes differ between subsequent MTX responders and nonresponders is unknown. This study utilized comprehensive T cell immunophenotyping to identify specific immunologic pathways associated with MTX-nonresponsive joint inflammation in patients with RA. METHODS In total, 32 patients with recent-onset RA were treated with MTX therapy. After 6 months, 15 patients were categorized as responders and 17 as nonresponders. Comprehensive blood T cell immunophenotyping, using multiparameter immunofluorescence flow cytometry analyses, was performed at baseline and following 6 months of treatment. RESULTS Baseline measures of disease activity (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints [DAS28], C-reactive protein level, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) did not differ between MTX responders and nonresponders following MTX treatment. Frequencies of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were skewed to favor higher CD4:CD8 T cell ratios in MTX responders compared to nonresponders (P < 0.05). The proportion of inducible costimulator-expressing Treg cells was significantly greater among MTX nonresponders. Interleukin-13 (IL-13)-producing, but not interferon-γ- or IL-17-producing, CD4+ effector memory T (Tem) cells were significantly more frequent in MTX nonresponders (P < 0.05). The ratio of IL-13+:IL-17+ Tem cells among CD4+ Tem cells was 1.9-fold higher in MTX nonresponders compared to responders (P < 0.05). Both the CD4:CD8 T cell ratio and the frequency of IL-13+CD4+ Tem cells correlated with changes in the DAS28 score following MTX treatment, whereas T cell expression of immune checkpoint inhibitor markers (CTLA-4, programmed death 1, and T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3) did not differ between MTX responders and nonresponders. CONCLUSION We observed a bias toward type 2-polarized T cell inflammatory responses in the peripheral blood of MTX-nonresponsive RA patients. Targeting the IL-13+CD4+ T cell pathway could be a new therapeutic strategy in RA patients whose disease remains resistant to MTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew Slauenwhite
- IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Sarah M McAlpine
- IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - John G Hanly
- QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Anikó Malik
- IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Ian D Haidl
- Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Thomas B Issekutz
- IWK Health Centre and Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Pacheco Y, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Monsalve DM, Chang C, Gershwin ME, Anaya JM. Bystander activation and autoimmunity. J Autoimmun 2019; 103:102301. [PMID: 31326230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction over time of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors (i.e., autoimmune ecology) increases or decreases the liability an individual would have to develop an autoimmune disease (AD) depending on the misbalance between risk and protective effects. Pathogens have been the most common antecedent events studied, but multiple other environmental factors including xenobiotic chemicals, drugs, vaccines, and nutritional factors have been implicated into the development of ADs. Three main mechanisms have been offered to explain the development of autoimmunity: molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, and bystander activation. The latter is characterized by auto-reactive B and T cells that undergo activation in an antigen-independent manner, influencing the development and course of autoimmunity. Activation occurs due to a combination of an inflammatory milieu, co-signaling ligands, and interactions with neighboring cells. In this review, we will discuss the studies performed seeking to define the role of bystander activation in systemic and organ-specific ADs. In all cases, we are cognizant of individual differences between hosts and the variable latency time for clinical expression of disease, all of which have made our understanding of the etiology of loss of immune tolerance difficult and enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yovana Pacheco
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Diana M Monsalve
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Christopher Chang
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA; Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Joe DiMaggio Children's Hospital, Hollywood, FL, USA
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Juan-Manuel Anaya
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research (CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia; Clínica del Occidente, Bogotá, Colombia.
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A critical epitope in CD147 facilitates memory CD4 + T-cell hyper-activation in rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Mol Immunol 2018; 16:568-579. [PMID: 29563614 PMCID: PMC6804595 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-018-0012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The abnormal activation of CD4+CD45RO+ memory T (Tm) cells plays an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previous studies have shown that CD147 participates in T-cell activation. However, it remains unclear whether CD147 is involved in abnormal Tm-cell activation in RA patients. In this study, we demonstrated that CD147 was predominantly upregulated in Tm cells derived from RA patients. The anti-CD147 mAb 5A12 specifically inhibited Tm-cell activation and proliferation and further restrained osteoclastogenesis. Using a structural-functional approach, we depicted the interface between 5A12 and CD147. This allowed us to identify two critical residues, Lys63 and Asp65, as potential targets for RA treatment, as the double mutation K63A/D65A inhibited Tm-cell activation, mimicking the neutralization by 5A12. This study provides not only a theoretical basis for a "CD147-Tm/Osteoclast-RA chain" for the potential prevention and treatment of RA or other T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases but also a new target for related drug design and development.
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15
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Prendergast CT, Patakas A, Al-Khabouri S, McIntyre CL, McInnes IB, Brewer JM, Garside P, Benson RA. Visualising the interaction of CD4 T cells and DCs in the evolution of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2018; 77:579-588. [PMID: 29358281 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-212279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Successful early intervention in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with the aim of resetting immunological tolerance requires a clearer understanding of how specificity, cellular kinetics and spatial behaviour shape the evolution of articular T cell responses. We aimed to define initial seeding of articular CD4+ T cell responses in early experimental arthritis, evaluating their dynamic behaviour and interactions with dendritic cells (DCs) in the inflamed articular environment. METHODS Antigen-induced arthritis was used to model articular inflammation. Flow cytometry and PCR of T cell receptor (TCR) diversity genes allowed phenotypic analysis of infiltrating T cells. The dynamic interactions of T cells with joint residing DCs were visualised using intravital multiphoton microscopy. RESULTS Initial recruitment of antigen-specific T cells into the joint was paralleled by accumulation of CD4+ T cells with diverse antigen-receptor expression and ability to produce tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ) on mitogenic restimulation. A proportion of this infiltrate demonstrated slower motility speeds and engaged for longer periods with articular DCs in vivo. Abatacept treatment did not disrupt these interactions but did reduce T cell expression of inducible costimulatory (ICOS) molecule. We also demonstrated that non-specific CD4+ T cells could be recruited during these early articular events. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that CD4+ T cells engage with articular DCs supporting antigen specific T cell reactivation. This cellular dialogue can be targeted therapeutically to reduce local T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona T Prendergast
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Agapitos Patakas
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Shaima Al-Khabouri
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Claire L McIntyre
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - James M Brewer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert A Benson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Benson RA, McInnes IB, Garside P, Brewer JM. Model answers: Rational application of murine models in arthritis research. Eur J Immunol 2017; 48:32-38. [PMID: 29193037 PMCID: PMC5814907 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Advances in targeted immune therapeutics have profoundly improved clinical outcomes for patients with inflammatory arthropathies particularly rheumatoid arthritis. The landscape of disease that is observed and the treatment outcomes desired for the future have also progressed. As such there is an increasing move away from traditional models of end‐stage, chronic disease with recognition of the need to consider the earliest phases of pathogenesis as a target for treatment leading to resolution and/or cure. In order to continue the discovery process and enhance our understanding of disease and treatment, we therefore need to continuously revisit the animal models we employ and assess their relevance and utility in the light of contemporary therapeutic goals. In this review, we highlight the areas where we consider new developments in animal models and their application are most required. Thus, we have contextualised the relevant mouse models and their use within the current concepts of human inflammatory arthritis pathogenesis and highlight areas of need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Benson
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Iain B McInnes
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - James M Brewer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Efficacy of Bioactive Cyclic Peptides in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Translation from In Vitro to In Vivo Models. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101613. [PMID: 28946707 PMCID: PMC6151468 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a novel drug discovery technology reported in previous issues of this journal cyclic peptides have been created which are able to down-regulate secretion of inflammatory cytokines, in vitro, by stimulated cells of the macrophage cell line J774. The cytokines in question, TNF-alpha and IL-6, are strongly implicated in etiology of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Studies are reported here using the CAIA animal model for rheumatoid arthritis, which show that the peptides identified are indeed able to impact on inflammation of joints, induced in vivo. The results suggest that these peptides are effective at a dose which could be viable in man, and at which no adverse side effects are evident in the short term.
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18
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Synovial cellular and molecular markers in rheumatoid arthritis. Semin Immunopathol 2017; 39:385-393. [PMID: 28497350 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-017-0631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The profound alterations in the structure, cellular composition, and function of synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are the basis for the persistent inflammation and cumulative joint destruction that are hallmarks of this disease. In RA, the synovium develops characteristics of a tertiary lymphoid organ, with extensive infiltration of lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Concurrently, the fibroblast-like synoviocytes undergo massive hyperplasia and acquire a tissue-invasive phenotype. In this review, we summarize key components of these processes, focusing on recently-described roles of selected molecular markers of these cellular components of RA synovitis.
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Kang YM, Hong SH, Yang JH, Oh JC, Park JO, Lee BH, Lee SY, Kim HS, Lee HM, Moon SH. Pamidronate Down-regulates Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Induced Matrix Metalloproteinases Expression in Human Intervertebral Disc Cells. J Bone Metab 2016; 23:165-73. [PMID: 27622181 PMCID: PMC5018610 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2016.23.3.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background N-containing bisphosphonates (BPs), such as pamidronate and risedronate, can inhibit osteoclastic function and reduce osteoclast number by inducing apoptotic cell death in osteoclasts. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the effect of pamidronate, second generation nitrogen-containing BPs and to elucidate matrix metallo-proteinases (MMPs) mRNA expression under serum starvation and/or tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) stimulation on metabolism of intervertebral disc (IVD) cells in vitro. Methods Firstly, to test the effect of pamidronate on IVD cells in vitro, various concentrations (10-12, 10-10, 10-8, and 10-6 M) of pamidronate were administered to IVD cells. Then DNA and proteoglycan synthesis were measured and messenger RNA (mRNA) expressions of type I collagen, type II collagen, and aggrecan were analyzed. Secondly, to elucidate the expression of MMPs mRNA in human IVD cells under the lower serum status, IVD cells were cultivated in full serum or 1% serum. Thirdly, to elucidate the expression of MMPs mRNA in IVD cells under the stimulation of 1% serum and TNF-α (10 ng/mL) In this study, IVD cells were cultivated in three dimensional alginate bead. Results Under the lower serum culture, IVD cells in alginate beads showed upregulation of MMP 2, 3, 9, 13 mRNA. The cells in lower serum and TNF-α also demonstrated upregulation of MMP-2, 3, 9, and 13 mRNA. The cells with various doses of pamidronate and lower serum and TNF-α were reveled partial down-regulation of MMPs. Conclusions Pamidronate, N-containing second generation BPs, was safe in metabolism of IVD in vitro maintaining chondrogenic phenotype and matrix synthesis, and down-regulated TNF-α induced MMPs expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Kang
- The Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Hong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Cheol Oh
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin-Oh Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ho Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang-Yoon Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak-Sun Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwan-Mo Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Hwan Moon
- The Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Arleevskaya MI, Kravtsova OA, Lemerle J, Renaudineau Y, Tsibulkin AP. How Rheumatoid Arthritis Can Result from Provocation of the Immune System by Microorganisms and Viruses. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1296. [PMID: 27582741 PMCID: PMC4987382 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), similar to development of a majority of inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, is largely due to an inappropriate or inadequate immune response to environmental challenges. Among these challenges, infectious agents are the undisputed leaders. Since the 1870s, an impressive list of microorganisms suspected of provoking RA has formed, and the list is still growing. Although a definite causative link between a specific infectious agent and the disease has not been established, several arguments support such a possibility. First, in the absence of a defined pathogen, the spectrum of triggering agents may include polymicrobial communities or the cumulative effect of several bacterial/viral factors. Second, the range of infectious episodes (i.e., clinical manifestations caused by pathogens) may vary in the process of RA development from preclinical to late-stage disease. Third, infectious agents might not trigger RA in all cases, but trigger it in a certain subset of the cases, or the disease onset may arise from an unfortunate combination of infections along with, for example, psychological stress and/or chronic joint tissue microtrauma. Fourth, genetic differences may have a role in the disease onset. In this review, two aspects of the problem of “microorganisms and RA” are debated. First, is there an acquired immune deficiency and, in turn, susceptibility to infections in RA patients due to the too frequent and too lengthy infections, which at last break the tolerance of self antigens? Or, second, is there a congenital deficiency in tolerance and inflammation control, which may occur even with ordinary infection frequency and duration?
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Arleevskaya
- Central Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Kazan State Medical Academy Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga A Kravtsova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kazan Federal University Kazan, Russia
| | - Julie Lemerle
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Morvan Brest, France
| | - Anatoly P Tsibulkin
- Central Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Kazan State Medical Academy Kazan, Russia
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21
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PISCIANZ ELISA, CANDILERA VANESSA, VALENCIC ERICA, LOGANES CLAUDIA, PARON GRETA, DE IUDICIBUS SARA, DECORTI GIULIANA, TOMMASINI ALBERTO. Action of methotrexate and tofacitinib on directly stimulated and bystander-activated lymphocytes. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:574-82. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Roberts CA, Dickinson AK, Taams LS. The Interplay Between Monocytes/Macrophages and CD4(+) T Cell Subsets in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:571. [PMID: 26635790 PMCID: PMC4652039 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by inflammation of the synovial lining (synovitis). The inflammation in the RA joint is associated with and driven by immune cell infiltration, synovial hyperproliferation, and excessive production of proinflammatory mediators, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interferon γ (IFNγ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-17, eventually resulting in damage to the cartilage and underlying bone. The RA joint harbors a wide range of immune cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, and CD4(+) T cells (both proinflammatory and regulatory). The interplay between CD14(+) myeloid cells and CD4(+) T cells can significantly influence CD4(+) T cell function, and conversely, effector vs. regulatory CD4(+) T cell subsets can exert profound effects on monocyte/macrophage function. In this review, we will discuss how the interplay between CD4(+) T cells and monocytes/macrophages may contribute to the immunopathology of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceri A Roberts
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Abigail K Dickinson
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London , London , UK
| | - Leonie S Taams
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation (CMCBI), Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London , London , UK
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23
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Suppression of Inflammation and Arthritis by Orally Administrated Cardiotoxin from Naja naja atra. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:387094. [PMID: 25767552 PMCID: PMC4341855 DOI: 10.1155/2015/387094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cardiotoxin (CTX) from Naja naja atra venom (NNAV) reportedly had analgesic effect in animal models but its role in inflammation and arthritis was unknown. In this study, we investigated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antiarthritic actions of orally administered CTX-IV isolated from NNAV on rodent models of inflammation and adjuvant arthritis. CTX had significant anti-inflammatory effects in models of egg white induced nonspecific inflammation, filter paper induced rat granuloma formation, and capillary osmosis tests. CTX significantly reduced the swelling of paw induced by egg white, the inflammatory exudation, and the formation of granulomas. CTX reduced the swelling of paw, the AA clinical scores, and pathological alterations of joint. CTX significantly decreased the number of the CD4 T cells and inhibited the expression of relevant proinflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IL-6. CTX significantly inhibited the secretion of proinflammatory cytokine IL-6 and reduced the level of p-STAT3 in FLS. These results suggest that CTX inhibits inflammation and inflammatory pain and adjuvant-induced arthritis. CTX may be a novel therapeutic drug for treatment of arthritis.
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New R, Bansal GS, Dryjska M, Bogus M, Green P, Feldmann M, Brennan F. Design and optimisation of bioactive cyclic peptides: generation of a down-regulator of TNF secretion. Molecules 2014; 19:21529-40. [PMID: 25532847 PMCID: PMC6271530 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191221529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although strong binding interactions between protein receptor and ligand do not require the participation of a large number of amino acids in either site, short peptide chains are generally poor at recreating the types of protein-protein interactions which take place during cell recognition and signalling process, probably because their flexible backbones prevent the side chains from forming sufficiently rigid and stable epitopes, which can take part in binding with the desired strength and specificity. In a recently-reported study, it was shown that a proto-epitope containing F, R and S amino acids has the ability to down-regulate TNF secretion by macrophages. This paper extends these findings, putting those amino acids into a short cyclic peptide scaffold, and determining the optimal configuration required to overcome the problems of conformational instability, and give rise to molecules which have potential as therapeutic agents in human disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger New
- Proxima Concepts Limited, c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK; E-Mails: (G.S.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
- Bone Medical Limited, 16 Ord Street, West Perth, WA 6005, Australia
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +44-207-419-5980
| | - Gurpal S. Bansal
- Proxima Concepts Limited, c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK; E-Mails: (G.S.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Malgorzata Dryjska
- Proxima Concepts Limited, c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK; E-Mails: (G.S.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Michal Bogus
- Proxima Concepts Limited, c/o London Bioscience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London NW1 0NH, UK; E-Mails: (G.S.B.); (M.D.); (M.B.)
| | - Patricia Green
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7FY, UK; E-Mails: (P.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Marc Feldmann
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7FY, UK; E-Mails: (P.G.); (M.F.)
| | - Fionula Brennan
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Roosevelt Drive, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7FY, UK; E-Mails: (P.G.); (M.F.)
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25
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Santegoets KCM, Wenink MH, van den Berg WB, Radstake TRDJ. Fc gamma receptor IIb on GM-CSF macrophages controls immune complex mediated inhibition of inflammatory signals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110966. [PMID: 25340460 PMCID: PMC4207781 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) macrophages play a major role in amplifying synovial inflammation. Important activating signals are those induced by Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and by activated T cells. The balance between activating and inhibitory Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) on macrophages might be crucial in modulating these inflammatory responses. The purpose of this study was to determine FcγR expression on pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages (gmMφ and mMφ, respectively) and identify functional consequences on immune complex uptake and macrophage activation. METHODS Human monocytes were isolated and differentiated into gmMφ and mMφ. A full FcγR characterization of both macrophage subtypes was performed and uptake of fluorescent immune complexes (ICs) was determined. FcγRIIb isoforms were determined by qPCR. Macrophages were stimulated via different TLRs or cytokine activated T cells in the presence or absence of ICs and cytokine production was determined. Blocking studies were performed to look into the pathways involved. RESULTS mMφ expressed high levels of the activating FcγRIIa and FcγRIII and low levels of the inhibitory FcγRIIb, while the FcγR balance on gmMφ was shifted towards the inhibitory FcγRIIb. This was accompanied by a clear increase in FcγRIIb1 mRNA expression in gmMφ. This resulted in higher IC uptake by mMφ compared to gmMφ. Furthermore, FcγR-mediated stimulation of gmMφ inhibited TLR2, 3, 4 and 7/8 mediated cytokine production via FcγRIIb and PI3K signaling. In addition, gmMφ but not mMφ produced TNFα upon co-culture with cytokine activated T cells, which was reduced by IC binding to FcγRIIb. The latter was dependent on PI3K signaling and COX2. CONCLUSIONS FcγR expression patterns on gmMφ and mMφ are significantly different, which translates in clear functional differences further substantiating FcγRIIb as an interesting target for inflammation control in RA and other autoimmune/inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim C. M. Santegoets
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark H. Wenink
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wim B. van den Berg
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Timothy R. D. J. Radstake
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Arvonen M, Virta LJ, Pokka T, Kröger L, Vähäsalo P. Repeated exposure to antibiotics in infancy: a predisposing factor for juvenile idiopathic arthritis or a sign of this group's greater susceptibility to infections? J Rheumatol 2014; 42:521-6. [PMID: 25320218 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.140348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous exposure to antibiotics has been associated with the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases. Our objective was to explore whether childhood exposure to antibiotics would be associated with the risk of developing juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). METHODS The material was collected from national registers containing all children born in 2000-2010 in Finland and diagnosed with JIA by the end of December 2012 (n = 1298) and appropriate controls (n = 5179) matched for age, sex, and place of birth. All purchases of antibiotics were collected from birth until the index date (i.e., the date of special reimbursement for JIA medications). A conditional logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between the exposure to antibiotics and the risk of JIA. RESULTS The risk of JIA increased with the number of antibiotic purchases from birth to the index date: for ≥ 1 purchases versus none, OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.3-1.9 with an upward trend in OR (p < 0.001). Antibiotic groups lincosamides and cephalosporins showed the strongest association with JIA (OR 6.6, 95% CI 3.7-11.7, and OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.4-1.8, respectively). Overall exposure to antibiotics before 2 years of age was associated with an increased risk of JIA (OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.2-1.6), with the trend test of OR (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Previous early and repeated exposure to antibiotics may predispose individuals to develop JIA. Alternatively, the apparent association may reflect shared susceptibility to infections and JIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miika Arvonen
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Research Department, Social Insurance Institution, Turku; Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.M. Arvonen, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, and Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu; L.J. Virta, MD, PhD, Research Department, Social Insurance Institution; T. Pokka, MSc, Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu; L. Kröger, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, and University of Eastern Finland; P. Vähäsalo, MD, PhD, Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu.
| | - Lauri J Virta
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Research Department, Social Insurance Institution, Turku; Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.M. Arvonen, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, and Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu; L.J. Virta, MD, PhD, Research Department, Social Insurance Institution; T. Pokka, MSc, Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu; L. Kröger, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, and University of Eastern Finland; P. Vähäsalo, MD, PhD, Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu
| | - Tytti Pokka
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Research Department, Social Insurance Institution, Turku; Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.M. Arvonen, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, and Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu; L.J. Virta, MD, PhD, Research Department, Social Insurance Institution; T. Pokka, MSc, Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu; L. Kröger, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, and University of Eastern Finland; P. Vähäsalo, MD, PhD, Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu
| | - Liisa Kröger
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Research Department, Social Insurance Institution, Turku; Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.M. Arvonen, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, and Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu; L.J. Virta, MD, PhD, Research Department, Social Insurance Institution; T. Pokka, MSc, Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu; L. Kröger, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, and University of Eastern Finland; P. Vähäsalo, MD, PhD, Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu
| | - Paula Vähäsalo
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, and University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio; Research Department, Social Insurance Institution, Turku; Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.M. Arvonen, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, University of Eastern Finland, and Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu; L.J. Virta, MD, PhD, Research Department, Social Insurance Institution; T. Pokka, MSc, Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu; L. Kröger, MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Kuopio University Hospital, and University of Eastern Finland; P. Vähäsalo, MD, PhD, Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Pediatrics, Oulu University Hospital, and University of Oulu
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Clinical significance of soluble-triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. EGYPTIAN RHEUMATOLOGIST 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejr.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Sphingosine kinase and sphingosine-1-phosphate receptors: novel therapeutic targets of rheumatoid arthritis? Future Med Chem 2012; 4:727-33. [PMID: 22530637 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, destructive, autoimmune joint disease characterized by elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokine production. Sphingosine kinase (SphK) phosphorylates sphingosine into sphingosine-1-phosphate. Synovial fluid of RA patients exhibits significantly higher levels of S1P than their non-inflammatory osteoarthritis counterparts. SphK blockade suppresses cytokines and MMP-9 release in RA peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, downregulation of SphK1 either through a specific siRNA approach or transgenic human TNF-α SphK1-deficient mice (hTNF-α/SphK1(-/-)) exhibit significantly less synovial inflammation and joint pathology. By contrast, SphK2 modulation leads to disease exacerbation. These results clearly demonstrate that such anti- and proinflammatory potential of SphK1/2 modulation may alter the outcome in RA synovitis and raises the possibility that drugs that specifically target SphK1 activity may play a beneficial role in the treatment of RA and other autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
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Bryant J, Ahern DJ, Brennan FM. CXCR4 and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 are key chemokine/adhesion receptors in the migration of cytokine-activated T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:2137-46. [DOI: 10.1002/art.34394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Davis JM, Knutson KL, Skinner JA, Strausbauch MA, Crowson CS, Therneau TM, Wettstein PJ, Matteson EL, Gabriel SE. A profile of immune response to herpesvirus is associated with radiographic joint damage in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R24. [PMID: 22293286 PMCID: PMC3392817 DOI: 10.1186/ar3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Progression of joint damage despite appropriate therapy remains a significant problem for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to identify profiles of immune response that correlate with radiographic joint damage as a first step toward the discovery of new pathogenic mechanisms of joint destruction in RA. Methods The study included 58 patients with RA and 15 healthy controls. The profiles of cytokine release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in response to stimulation for 48 hours with one of six stimuli, or in media alone, were measured. Immune response profiles identified for each stimulus were correlated with radiographic joint damage as defined by the Sharp-van der Heijde score (SHS), before and after multivariable adjustment. For profiles correlated with the SHS, the distributions of individual cytokines were evaluated in patients according to the severity of joint damage and compared to healthy controls. Results The immune response profile for cytomegalovirus (CMV)/Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) stimulation was correlated with both the SHS total and erosion scores (r = 0.31, P = 0.018 and r = 0.33, P = 0.011, respectively). After adjusting for age, sex, disease duration, autoantibody status, CMV/EBV serological status, current disease activity, disability and treatments, the correlation of the CMV/EBV immune response and the SHS erosion score became stronger (r = 0.43, P < 0.003). The CMV/EBV immune response correlated with CMV IgG (r = 0.44, P < 0.001), but not with EBV IgG. The most important cytokines for the CMV/EBV immune response profile were IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and IL-17A, all of which are associated with T-cell immunity. Both the summary immune response score and the individual responses of IFN-γ and IL-13 to CMV/EBV stimulation were associated with greater joint damage. Conclusions A profile of immune response to purified CMV/EBV lysates is associated with radiographic joint damage. The correlation of this immune response to CMV serology implies possible involvement of latent CMV infection. Therefore, the findings suggest that the immune response to latent CMV infection could play a fundamental role in the progression of inflammation and structural joint damage in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Davis
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic; 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Agbanoma G, Li C, Ennis D, Palfreeman AC, Williams LM, Brennan FM. Production of TNF-α in Macrophages Activated by T Cells, Compared with Lipopolysaccharide, Uses Distinct IL-10–Dependent Regulatory Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:1307-17. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Resistance to regulatory T cell-mediated suppression in rheumatoid arthritis can be bypassed by ectopic foxp3 expression in pathogenic synovial T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16717-22. [PMID: 21926327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1112722108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that regulatory T cell (Treg) function is impaired in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here we demonstrate that Tregs are unable to modulate the spontaneous production of TNF-α from RA synovial cells cultured from the diseased synovium site. Cytokine (IL-2, IL-6, TNF-α) activated T cells (Tck), cells we previously demonstrated to mimic the effector function of pathogenic RA synovial T cells, contained Tregs that survived and divided in this cytokine environment; however, the up-regulation of key molecules associated with Treg function (CTLA-4 and LFA-1) was impaired. Furthermore, Tregs were unable to suppress the function of Tcks, including contact-dependent induction of TNF-α from macrophages, supporting the concept that impaired Treg function/responsiveness contributes to chronicity of RA. However, ectopic foxp3 expression in both Tcks and pathogenic RA synovial T cells attenuated their cytokine production and function, including contact-dependent activation of macrophages. This diminished response to cytokine activation after ectopic foxp3 expression involved inhibited NF-κB activity and differed mechanistically from that displayed endogenously in conventional Tregs. These results suggest that diseases such as RA may perpetuate owing to the inability of Tregs to control cytokine-activated T-cell function. Understanding the mechanism whereby foxp3 attenuates the pathogenic function of synovial T cells may provide insight into the mechanisms of chronicity in inflammatory disease and potentially reveal new therapeutic candidates.
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Huss DJ, Winger RC, Cox GM, Guerau-de-Arellano M, Yang Y, Racke MK, Lovett-Racke AE. TGF-β signaling via Smad4 drives IL-10 production in effector Th1 cells and reduces T-cell trafficking in EAE. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:2987-96. [PMID: 21728174 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Effector Th1 cells perpetuate inflammatory damage in a number of autoimmune diseases, including MS and its animal model EAE. Recently, a self-regulatory mechanism was described in which effector Th1 cells produce the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10 to dampen the inflammatory response in both normal and autoimmune inflammation. While the presence of TGF-β has been suggested to enhance and stabilize an IFN-γ(+) IL-10(+) phenotype, the molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Additionally, in the context of adoptive transfer EAE, it is unclear whether IL-10 acts on the transferred Th1 cells or on endogenous host cells. In the present study, using myelin-specific TCR-Tg mice, we show that repetitive Ag stimulation of effector Th1 cells in the presence of TGF-β increases the population of IFN-γ(+) IL-10(+) cells, which correlates with a decrease in EAE severity. Additionally, TGF-β signaling causes binding of Smad4 to the IL-10 promoter, providing molecular evidence for TGF-β-mediated IL-10 production from Th1 effector cells. Finally, this study demonstrates that IL-10 not only reduces encephalitogenic markers such as IFN-γ and T-bet on Th1 effector cells expressing the IL-10R but also prevents recruitment of both transferred and host-derived inflammatory T cells. These data establish a regulatory mechanism by which highly activated Th1 effector cells modulate their pathogenicity through the induction of IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Huss
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Li C, Beavis P, Palfreeman AC, Amjadi P, Kennedy A, Brennan FM. Activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is critical step for acquisition of effector function in cytokine-activated T cells, but acts as a negative regulator in T cells activated through the T-cell receptor. Immunology 2010; 132:104-10. [PMID: 20875074 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral blood CD4(+) CD45RO(+) T cells activated in vitro are able to induce expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in monocytes via a contact-dependent mechanism. Activation is achieved either with interleukin-2 (IL-2)/IL-6/TNF-α over an 8-day period or cross-linking CD3 using anti-CD3 antibody for 48 hr. In this paper, we show that the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway played different roles in the generation of effector function in these two types of activated T cells. In anti-CD3 activated T cells, p38 MAPK is a negative regulator for anti-CD3 induced cell proliferation and has no significant effect on the acquisition of either the effector function (induction of monocyte-derived TNF-α) or production of T-cell cytokines. In contrast, the p38 MAPK signalling pathway is required for the acquisition of cytokine-induced effector function and promotes cell proliferation and cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching Li
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Di Genova G, Savelyeva N, Suchacki A, Thirdborough SM, Stevenson FK. Bystander stimulation of activated CD4+ T cells of unrelated specificity following a booster vaccination with tetanus toxoid. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:976-85. [PMID: 20104490 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200940017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells are central to natural and vaccine-induced immunity. An ongoing antigen-specific T-cell response can, however, influence surrounding T cells with unrelated antigen specificities. We previously observed this bystander effect in healthy human subjects following recall vaccination with tetanus toxoid (TT). Since this interplay could be important for maintenance of memory, we have moved to a mouse model for further analysis. We investigated whether boosting memory CD4(+) T cells against TT in vivo would influence injected CD4(+) TCR transgenic T cells (OT-II) specific for an unrelated OVA peptide. If OT-II cells were pre-activated with OVA peptide in vitro, these cells showed a bystander proliferative response during the ongoing parallel TT-specific response. Bystander proliferation was dependent on boosting of the TT-specific memory response in the recipients, with no effect in naive mice. Bystander stimulation was also proportional to the strength of the TT-specific memory T-cell response. T cells activated in vitro displayed functional receptors for IL-2 and IL-7, suggesting these as potential mediators. This crosstalk between a stimulated CD4(+) memory T-cell response and CD4(+) T cells activated by an unrelated antigen could be important in human subjects continually buffeted by environmental antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Di Genova
- Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton School of Medicine, Southampton, UK.
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Numerical defects in CD8+CD28- T-suppressor lymphocyte population in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. Cell Immunol 2010; 262:75-9. [PMID: 20219185 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are organ-specific autoimmune diseases leading to an attack of auto-aggressive lymphocytes against the pancreatic beta-cells and central nervous system, respectively. Using four-colour flow cytometry, T-lymphocyte populations having an important function in autoimmune processes were analyzed. T-regulatory cells (Treg) CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(low), T-suppressor cells (Ts) CD8(+)CD28(-), activated helper CD4(+)CD25(+)CD127(+) and cytotoxic CD8(+)CD25(+) T-cells and also naive CD4(+)CD45RA(+) and memory T-cells CD4(+)CD45RO(+) were compared in the group of patients with T1D (n=30), MS (n=31) and in the group of healthy controls (n=29). Significant differences in Ts cells, activated helper and cytotoxic cells and also memory T-cells were recognized in the group of T1D patients compared to healthy controls. Ts population was significantly lowered in MS patients as well. However, no significant differences were noticed in Treg population. The observed data demonstrate significant differences among patients with T1D and MS in comparison to healthy individuals.
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Tanel A, Fonseca SG, Yassine-Diab B, Bordi R, Zeidan J, Shi Y, Benne C, Sékaly RP. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of memory T-cell survival. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:299-312. [PMID: 19249972 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.8.3.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Long-term maintenance of the memory T-cell response is the hallmark of immune protection and, hence, constitutes one of the most important objectives of vaccine-development strategies. Persistent memory T cells, developed after vaccination or microbial infections, ensure the generation of an antimicrobial response upon re-exposure to the pathogen through rapid clonal proliferation and activation of effector functions. However, in the context of many pathogen infections, these memory T cells fail to persist and die. In this review, we will highlight recent exciting findings in studies of memory T cells, their generation, their lineage relationships and their survival pathways; indeed, survival of memory T cells and maintenance of their functionality are key features of the immune response in its quest to control disease progression and in the development of vaccines to persistent microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Tanel
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CR-CHUM) Saint-Luc, 264 Rene Levesque Est, Montréal, Québec H2X 1P1, Canada.
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Drexler SK, Kong PL, Wales J, Foxwell BM. Cell signalling in macrophages, the principal innate immune effector cells of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 10:216. [PMID: 18947379 PMCID: PMC2592774 DOI: 10.1186/ar2481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a multisystemic auto-inflammatory disease affecting up to 1% of the population and leading to the destruction of the joints. Evidence exists for the involvement of the innate as well as the adaptive immune systems in the pathology of the disease. The success of anti-tumour necrosis factor-alpha indicates the importance of pro-inflammatory mediators produced by innate immune cells in rheumatoid arthritis progression. Therefore, considerable efforts have been made in elucidating the signalling pathways leading to the expression of those mediators. This review will concentrate on the role of signalling pathways in innate immune cells in the context of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan K Drexler
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London, W6 8LH, UK
| | - Philip L Kong
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London, W6 8LH, UK
| | - Jeremy Wales
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London, W6 8LH, UK
| | - Brian M Foxwell
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London, W6 8LH, UK
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