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Meehan GR, Thomas R, Al Khabouri S, Wehr P, Hilkens CM, Wraith DC, Sieghart D, Bonelli M, Nagy G, Garside P, Tough DF, Lewis HD, Brewer JM. Preclinical models of arthritis for studying immunotherapy and immune tolerance. Ann Rheum Dis 2021; 80:1268-1277. [PMID: 34380700 PMCID: PMC8458054 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Increasingly earlier identification of individuals at high risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (eg, with autoantibodies and mild symptoms) improves the feasibility of preventing or curing disease. The use of antigen-specific immunotherapies to reinstate immunological self-tolerance represent a highly attractive strategy due to their potential to induce disease resolution, in contrast to existing approaches that require long-term treatment of underlying symptoms. Preclinical animal models have been used to understand disease mechanisms and to evaluate novel immunotherapeutic approaches. However, models are required to understand critical processes supporting disease development such as the breach of self-tolerance that triggers autoimmunity and the progression from asymptomatic autoimmunity to joint pain and bone loss. These models would also be useful in evaluating the response to treatment in the pre-RA period. This review proposes that focusing on immune processes contributing to initial disease induction rather than end-stage pathological consequences is essential to allow development and evaluation of novel immunotherapies for early intervention. We will describe and critique existing models in arthritis and the broader field of autoimmunity that may fulfil these criteria. We will also identify key gaps in our ability to study these processes in animal models, to highlight where further research should be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin R Meehan
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shaima Al Khabouri
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pascale Wehr
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Catharien Mu Hilkens
- Translational & Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - David C Wraith
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Daniela Sieghart
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Bonelli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - György Nagy
- Department of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paul Garside
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - David F Tough
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Huw D Lewis
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - James M Brewer
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Manning JE, Lewis JW, Marsh LJ, McGettrick HM. Insights Into Leukocyte Trafficking in Inflammatory Arthritis - Imaging the Joint. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:635102. [PMID: 33768093 PMCID: PMC7985076 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.635102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inappropriate accumulation and activation of leukocytes is a shared pathological feature of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Cellular accumulation is therefore an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. However, attempts to modulate leukocyte entry and exit from the joint have proven unsuccessful to date, indicating that gaps in our knowledge remain. Technological advancements are now allowing real-time tracking of leukocyte movement through arthritic joints or in vitro joint constructs. Coupling this technology with improvements in analyzing the cellular composition, location and interactions of leukocytes with neighboring cells has increased our understanding of the temporal dynamics and molecular mechanisms underpinning pathological accumulation of leukocytes in arthritic joints. In this review, we explore our current understanding of the mechanisms leading to inappropriate leukocyte trafficking in inflammatory arthritis, and how these evolve with disease progression. Moreover, we highlight the advances in imaging of human and murine joints, along with multi-cellular ex vivo joint constructs that have led to our current knowledge base.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Helen M. McGettrick
- Rheumatology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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3
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Boldizsar F, Tarjanyi O, Olasz K, Hegyi A, Mikecz K, Glant TT, Rauch TA. FTY720 (Gilenya) treatment prevents spontaneous autoimmune myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy in transgenic HLA-DQ8-BALB/c mice. Cardiovasc Pathol 2016; 25:353-61. [PMID: 27288745 PMCID: PMC5372700 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is often caused by viral infections, it frequently involves autoimmune mechanisms associated with particular HLA-DR and DQ alleles. Our homozygous HLA-DQ8Ab(0) transgenic mice in the BALB/c background (HLA-DQ8(BALB/c)-Tg) developed early and progressive fatal heart failure from 4 to 5 weeks of age. Clinical signs of the disease included cyanotic eyes, tachycardia with dyspnea (from pale to cyanotic limbs), and terminal whole body edema. Sick mice had extremely dilated hearts, enlarged liver and spleen, and pleural/peritoneal effusion. Histology of the heart showed extensive heart muscle destruction with signs of fibrosis. The autoimmune nature of the disease was shown by high titers of antimyosin antibodies in the sera and IgG deposits in sick heart muscles, as well as focal neutrophil, T cell, and macrophage infiltration of the heart muscle. The sera of the sick mice showed a granular staining pattern on sections of healthy heart muscle. Quantitative analyses of DCM-specific gene expression studies revealed that sets of genes are involved in inflammation, hypoxia, and fibrosis. Treatment with FTY720 (Fingolimod/Gilenya) protected animals from the development of cardiomyopathy. HLA-DQ8(BALB/c)-Tg mice represent a spontaneous autoimmune myocarditis model that may provide a useful tool for studying the autoimmune mechanism of DCM and testing immunosuppressive drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/genetics
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Cardiac Myosins/immunology
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/complications
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/genetics
- Cardiomyopathy, Dilated/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fingolimod Hydrochloride/pharmacology
- HLA-DQ Antigens/genetics
- Heart/drug effects
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Myocarditis/etiology
- Myocarditis/genetics
- Myocarditis/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Boldizsar
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Hungary.
| | - Oktavia Tarjanyi
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katalin Olasz
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, University of Pécs, Hungary
| | - Akos Hegyi
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katalin Mikecz
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tibor T Glant
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tibor A Rauch
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Spiering R, Margry B, Keijzer C, Petzold C, Hoek A, Wagenaar-Hilbers J, van der Zee R, van Eden W, Kretschmer K, Broere F. DEC205+ Dendritic Cell-Targeted Tolerogenic Vaccination Promotes Immune Tolerance in Experimental Autoimmune Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:4804-13. [PMID: 25862815 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies in mouse models of autoimmune diabetes and encephalomyelitis have indicated that the selective delivery of self-antigen to the endocytic receptor DEC205 on steady-state dendritic cells (DCs) may represent a suitable approach to induce Ag-specific immune tolerance. In this study, we aimed to examine whether DEC205(+) DC targeting of a single immunodominant peptide derived from human cartilage proteoglycan (PG) can promote immune tolerance in PG-induced arthritis (PGIA). Besides disease induction by immunization with whole PG protein with a high degree of antigenic complexity, PGIA substantially differs from previously studied autoimmune models not only in the target tissue of autoimmune destruction but also in the nature of pathogenic immune effector cells. Our results show that DEC205(+) DC targeting of the PG peptide 70-84 is sufficient to efficiently protect against PGIA development. Complementary mechanistic studies support a model in which DEC205(+) DC targeting leads to insufficient germinal center B cell support by PG-specific follicular helper T cells. Consequently, impaired germinal center formation results in lower Ab titers, severely compromising the development of PGIA. Overall, this study further corroborates the potential of prospective tolerogenic DEC205(+) DC vaccination to interfere with autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Spiering
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Margry
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chantal Keijzer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cathleen Petzold
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, German Research Foundation-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and
| | - Aad Hoek
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Josée Wagenaar-Hilbers
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ruurd van der Zee
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Willem van Eden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karsten Kretschmer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Immunology/Immune Regulation, German Research Foundation-Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Dresden University of Technology, 01307 Dresden, Germany; and Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden, German Center for Diabetes Research, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Femke Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands;
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5
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Benson RA, McInnes IB, Brewer JM, Garside P. Cellular imaging in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015; 11:357-67. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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6
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Kurkó J, Vida A, Ocskó T, Tryniszewska B, Rauch TA, Glant TT, Szekanecz Z, Mikecz K. Suppression of proteoglycan-induced autoimmune arthritis by myeloid-derived suppressor cells generated in vitro from murine bone marrow. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111815. [PMID: 25369029 PMCID: PMC4219784 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are innate immune cells capable of suppressing T-cell responses. We previously reported the presence of MDSCs with a granulocytic phenotype in the synovial fluid (SF) of mice with proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis (PGIA), a T cell-dependent autoimmune model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, the limited amount of SF-MDSCs precluded investigations into their therapeutic potential. The goals of this study were to develop an in vitro method for generating MDSCs similar to those found in SF and to reveal the therapeutic effect of such cells in PGIA. Methods Murine bone marrow (BM) cells were cultured for 3 days in the presence of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The phenotype of cultured cells was analyzed using flow cytometry, microscopy, and biochemical methods. The suppressor activity of BM-MDSCs was tested upon co-culture with activated T cells. To investigate the therapeutic potential of BM-MDSCs, the cells were injected into SCID mice at the early stage of adoptively transferred PGIA, and their effects on the clinical course of arthritis and PG-specific immune responses were determined. Results BM cells cultured in the presence of GM-CSF, IL-6, and G-CSF became enriched in MDSC-like cells that showed greater phenotypic heterogeneity than MDSCs present in SF. BM-MDSCs profoundly inhibited both antigen-specific and polyclonal T-cell proliferation primarily via production of nitric oxide. Injection of BM-MDSCs into mice with PGIA ameliorated arthritis and reduced PG-specific T-cell responses and serum antibody levels. Conclusions Our in vitro enrichment strategy provides a SF-like, but controlled microenvironment for converting BM myeloid precursors into MDSCs that potently suppress both T-cell responses and the progression of arthritis in a mouse model of RA. Our results also suggest that enrichment of BM in MDSCs could improve the therapeutic efficacy of BM transplantation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Kurkó
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - András Vida
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tímea Ocskó
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Beata Tryniszewska
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tibor A. Rauch
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Tibor T. Glant
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Zoltán Szekanecz
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Katalin Mikecz
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kobezda T, Ghassemi-Nejad S, Mikecz K, Glant TT, Szekanecz Z. Of mice and men: how animal models advance our understanding of T-cell function in RA. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2014; 10:160-70. [PMID: 24394350 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2013.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of autoreactive T cells in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as well as in autoimmune animal models of arthritis has been well established; however, unanswered questions, such as the role of joint-homing T cells, remain. Animal models of arthritis are superb experimental tools in demonstrating how T cells trigger joint inflammation, and thus can help to further our knowledge of disease mechanisms and potential therapies. In this Review, we discuss the similarities and differences in T-cell subsets and functions between RA and mouse arthritis models. For example, various T-cell subsets are involved in both human and mouse arthritis, but differences might exist in the cytokine regulation and plasticity of these cells. With regard to joint-homing T cells, an abundance of synovial T cells is present in humans compared with mice. On the other hand, local expansion of type 17 T-helper (TH17) cells is observed in some animal models, but not in RA. Finally, whereas T-cell depletion therapy essentially failed in RA, antibody targeting of T cells can work, at least preventatively, in most arthritis models. Clearly, additional human and animal studies are needed to fill the gap in our understanding of the specific contribution of T-cell subsets to arthritis in mice and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kobezda
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Centre, 98 Nagyerdei Street, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Sheida Ghassemi-Nejad
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Centre, 98 Nagyerdei Street, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
| | - Katalin Mikecz
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Biochemistry and Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Centre, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Tibor T Glant
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery, Biochemistry and Rheumatology, Rush University Medical Centre, 1735 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Zoltán Szekanecz
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Centre, 98 Nagyerdei Street, Debrecen H-4032, Hungary
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8
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Swart JF, de Roock S, Hofhuis FM, Rozemuller H, van den Broek T, Moerer P, Broere F, van Wijk F, Kuis W, Prakken BJ, Martens ACM, Wulffraat NM. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in proteoglycan induced arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2014; 74:769-77. [PMID: 24395558 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the immunosuppressive effect and mechanism of action of intraperitoneal (ip) and intra-articular (ia) mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) injection in proteoglycan induced arthritis (PGIA). METHODS MSC were administered ip or ia after establishment of arthritis. We used serial bioluminescence imaging (BLI) to trace luciferase-transfected MSC. Mice were sacrificed at different time points to examine immunomodulatory changes in blood and secondary lymphoid organs. RESULTS Both ip and local ia MSC injection resulted in a beneficial clinical and histological effect on established PGIA. BLI showed that MSC ip and ia in arthritic mice are largely retained for several weeks in the peritoneal cavity or injected joint respectively, without signs of migration. Following MSC treatment pathogenic PG-specific IgG2a antibodies in serum decreased. The Th2 cytokine IL-4 was only upregulated in PG-stimulated lymphocytes from spleens in ip treated mice and in lymphocytes from draining lymph nodes in ia treated mice. An increase in production of IL-10 was seen with equal distribution. Although IFN-γ was also elevated, the IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio in MSC treated mice was opposite to the ratio in (untreated) active PGIA. CONCLUSIONS MSC treatment, both ip and ia, suppresses PGIA, a non-collagen induced arthritis model. MSC are largely retained for weeks in the injection region. MSC treatment induced at the region of injection a deviation of PG-specific immune responses, suggesting a more regulatory phenotype with production of IL-4 and IL-10, but also of IFN-γ, and a systemic decrease of pathogenic PG-specific IgG2a antibodies. These findings underpin the potential of MSC treatment in resistant arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Swart
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Intervention (CMCI), Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - S de Roock
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Intervention (CMCI), Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F M Hofhuis
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Rozemuller
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - T van den Broek
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Intervention (CMCI), Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P Moerer
- Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F Broere
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - F van Wijk
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Intervention (CMCI), Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - W Kuis
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Intervention (CMCI), Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B J Prakken
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Intervention (CMCI), Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - A C M Martens
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N M Wulffraat
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Center for Molecular and Cellular Intervention (CMCI), Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Glant TT, Besenyei T, Kádár A, Kurkó J, Tryniszewska B, Gál J, Soós G, Szekanecz Z, Hoffmann G, Block JA, Katz RS, Mikecz K, Rauch TA. Differentially expressed epigenome modifiers, including aurora kinases A and B, in immune cells in rheumatoid arthritis in humans and mouse models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1725-35. [PMID: 23653330 DOI: 10.1002/art.37986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify epigenetic factors that are implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to explore the therapeutic potential of the targeted inhibition of these factors. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays were used to investigate the expression profile of genes that encode key epigenetic regulator enzymes. Mononuclear cells from RA patients and mice were monitored for gene expression changes, in association with arthritis development in murine models of RA. Selected genes were further characterized by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, Western blot, and flow cytometry methods. The targeted inhibition of the up-regulated enzymes was studied in arthritic mice. RESULTS A set of genes with arthritis-specific expression was identified by the PCR arrays. Aurora kinases A and B, both of which were highly expressed in arthritic mice and treatment-naive RA patients, were selected for detailed analysis. Elevated aurora kinase expression was accompanied by increased phosphorylation of histone H3, which promotes proliferation of T lymphocytes. Treatment with VX-680, a pan-aurora kinase inhibitor, promoted B cell apoptosis, provided significant protection against disease onset, and attenuated inflammatory reactions in arthritic mice. CONCLUSION Arthritis development is accompanied by changes in expression of a number of epigenome-modifying enzymes. Drug-induced down-regulation of the aurora kinases, among other targets, seems to be sufficient to treat experimental arthritis. Development of new therapeutics that target aurora kinases can potentially improve RA management.
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10
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Egelston C, Kurkó J, Besenyei T, Tryniszewska B, Rauch TA, Glant TT, Mikecz K. Suppression of dendritic cell maturation and T cell proliferation by synovial fluid myeloid cells from mice with autoimmune arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 64:3179-88. [PMID: 22492217 DOI: 10.1002/art.34494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether myeloid cells (such as granulocytes) present in the synovial fluid (SF) of arthritic joints have an impact on adaptive immunity. Specifically, we investigated the effects of SF cells harvested from the joints of mice with proteoglycan-induced arthritis (PGIA), on dendritic cell (DC) maturation and antigen-specific T cell proliferation. METHODS We monitored DC maturation (MHCII and CD86 expression) by flow cytometry upon coculture of DCs with SF cells or spleen myeloid cells from mice with PGIA. The effects of these myeloid cells on T cell proliferation were studied using T cells purified from PG-specific T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic (Tg) mice. Phenotype analysis of myeloid cells was performed by immunostaining, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and biochemical assays. RESULTS Inflammatory SF cells significantly suppressed the maturation of DCs upon coculture. PG-TCR-Tg mouse T cells cultured with antigen-loaded DCs showed dramatic decreases in proliferation in the presence of SF cells. Spleen myeloid cells from arthritic mice did not have suppressive effects. SF cells were unable to suppress CD3/CD28-stimulated proliferation of the same T cells, suggesting a DC-dependent mechanism. SF cells exhibited all of the characteristics of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and exerted suppression primarily through the production of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species by granulocyte-like cells. CONCLUSION SF in the joints of mice with PGIA contains a population of granulocytic MDSCs that potently suppress DC maturation and T cell proliferation. These MDSCs have the potential to limit the expansion of autoreactive T cells, thus breaking the vicious cycle of autoimmunity and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colt Egelston
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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11
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Cordova KN, Willis VC, Haskins K, Holers VM. A citrullinated fibrinogen-specific T cell line enhances autoimmune arthritis in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:1457-65. [PMID: 23319740 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Citrullinated proteins, derived from the conversion of peptidyl-arginine to peptidyl-citrulline, are present in the joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), who also uniquely produce high levels of anti-citrullinated protein Abs. Citrullinated fibrinogen (CF) is abundant in rheumatoid synovial tissue, and anti-citrullinated protein Ab-positive RA patients exhibit circulating immune complexes containing CF. Thus, CF is a potential major target of pathogenic autoimmunity in RA. T cells are believed to be involved in this process by initiating, controlling, and driving Ag-specific immune responses in RA. In this study, we isolated a CD4 T cell line specific for CF that produces inflammatory cytokines. When transferred into mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), this T cell line specifically enhanced the severity of autoimmune arthritis. Additionally, pathogenic IgG2a autoantibody levels to mouse type II collagen were increased in mice that received the T cells in CIA, and levels of these T cells were increased in the synovium, suggesting the T cells may have had systemic effects on the B cell response as well as local effects on the inflammatory environment. This work demonstrates that CD4 T cells specific for CF can amplify disease severity after onset of CIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Cordova
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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12
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Kobezda T, Ghassemi-Nejad S, Glant TT, Mikecz K. In vivo two-photon imaging of T cell motility in joint-draining lymph nodes in a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:158-65. [PMID: 23023071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent imaging studies on intact lymph nodes (LNs) of naïve T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice have reported that T cells reduce their motility upon contact with relevant antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Using in vivo two-photon imaging of T cells in joint-draining (JD) LNs, we examined whether similar changes in T cell motility are observed in wild type mice. Co-transfer of T cells from naïve mice and antigen-experienced T cells from mice with proteoglycan (PG)-induced arthritis into naïve or arthritic recipients resulted in prolonged interactions of antigen-experienced T cells with APCs upon intra-articular antigen (PG) injection, indicating that T cells from arthritic wild type mice recapitulate the motile behavior reported in naïve TCR-transgenic mice. However, naïve T cells also engaged in stable interactions with APCs in the JDLNs of arthritic recipients, suggesting an enhanced ability of APCs in the JDLNs of arthritic hosts to present antigen to either naïve or antigen-experienced T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/pathology
- Arthritis, Experimental/chemically induced
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Humans
- Injections, Intra-Articular
- Joints/immunology
- Joints/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Fluorescence, Multiphoton
- Proteoglycans/isolation & purification
- Proteoglycans/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Kobezda
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Wang B, Zinselmeyer BH, Runnels HA, LaBranche TP, Morton PA, Kreisel D, Mack M, Nickerson-Nutter C, Allen PM, Miller MJ. In vivo imaging implicates CCR2(+) monocytes as regulators of neutrophil recruitment during arthritis. Cell Immunol 2012; 278:103-12. [PMID: 23121982 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2012.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The infiltration of neutrophils and monocytes is a prominent feature of inflammatory diseases including human rheumatoid arthritis. Understanding how neutrophil recruitment is regulated during pathogenesis is crucial for developing anti-inflammatory therapies. We optimized the K/B×N serum-induced mouse arthritis model to study neutrophil trafficking dynamics in vivo using two-photon microscopy. Arthritogenic serum was injected subcutaneously into one hind footpad to induce a local arthritis with robust neutrophil recruitment. Using this approach, we showed that the depletion of monocytes with clodronate liposomes impaired neutrophil recruitment specifically at the transendothelial migration step. The depletion of CCR2(+) monocytes with the monoclonal antibody MC-21 reproduced these effects, implicating CCR2(+) monocytes as key regulators of neutrophil extravasation during arthritis initiation. However, monocyte depletion did not prevent neutrophil extravasation in response to bacterial challenge. These findings suggest that anti-inflammatory therapies targeting monocytes may act in part through antagonizing neutrophil extravasation at sites of aseptic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Kezic JM, Davey MP, Glant TT, Rosenbaum JT, Rosenzweig HL. Interferon-γ regulates discordant mechanisms of uveitis versus joint and axial disease in a murine model resembling spondylarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:762-71. [PMID: 21987263 DOI: 10.1002/art.33404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The spondylarthritides (such as ankylosing spondylitis) are multisystem inflammatory diseases that frequently result in uveitis. Despite the common co-occurrence of uveitis with arthritis, there has been no explanation for the susceptibility of the eye to inflammation. Using an innovative intravital videomicroscopic approach, we discovered the coexistence of uveitis with axial and peripheral joint inflammation in mice immunized with cartilage proteoglycan (PG). The aim of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of uveitis and test the impact of interferon-γ (IFNγ) deficiency on the eye versus the joint and spine. METHODS Female T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice or IFNγ-knockout mice crossed to TCR-transgenic mice were immunized with PG. Uveitis was assessed by intravital videomicroscopy and histology. The clinical and histopathologic severity of arthritis and spondylitis were evaluated. The bone remodeling process within the spine was assessed by whole-body near-infrared imaging. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to examine the expression of PG and ADAMTS-5 and to examine the cellular composition of eyes with uveitis. RESULTS PG neoepitopes along with the aggrecanase ADAMTS-5 were present in the eye, as they were the joint. Anterior uveitis developed in response to PG immunization. The cellular infiltrate consisted mainly of neutrophils and eosinophils. Unexpectedly, IFNγ deficiency markedly exacerbated uveitis while ameliorating joint and spine disease, indicating divergent mechanisms that drive diseases in the eye versus the joints and spine. CONCLUSION This study provides the first detailed description of a murine disease model in which uveitis coincides with arthritis and spondylitis. Our observations provide a great opportunity for understanding the pathogenesis of a relatively common but poorly understood disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena M Kezic
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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Moura RA, Graca L, Fonseca JE. To B or Not to B the Conductor of Rheumatoid Arthritis Orchestra. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2012; 43:281-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-012-8318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Stradner MH, Angerer H, Ortner T, Fuerst FC, Setznagl D, Kremser ML, Hermann J, Graninger WB. The immunosuppressant FTY720 (fingolimod) enhances glycosaminoglycan depletion in articular cartilage. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011; 12:279. [PMID: 22151889 PMCID: PMC3258222 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-12-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FTY720 (Fingolimod) is a novel immunosuppressive drug investigated in clinical trials for organ transplantation and multiple sclerosis. It acts as a functional sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor antagonist, thereby inhibiting the egress of lymphocytes from secondary lymphoid organs. As S1P is able to prevent IL-1beta induced cartilage degradation, we examined the direct impact of FTY720 on cytokine induced cartilage destruction. Methods Bovine chondrocytes were treated with the bioactive phosphorylated form of FTY720 (FTY720-P) in combination with IL-1beta or TNF-alpha. Expression of MMP-1,-3.-13, iNOS and ADAMTS-4,-5 and COX-2 was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Glycosaminoglycan depletion from cartilage explants was determined using a 1,9-dimethylene blue assay and safranin O staining. Results FTY720-P significantly reduced IL-1beta and TNF-alpha induced expression of iNOS. In contrast FTY720-P increased MMP-3 and ADAMTS-5 mRNA expression. Furthermore depletion of glycosaminoglycan from cartilage explants by IL-1beta and TNF-alpha was significantly enhanced by FTY720-P in an MMP-3 dependent manner. Conclusions Our results suggest that FTY720 may enhance cartilage degradation in pro-inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Stradner
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
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Nesterovitch AB, Szanto S, Gonda A, Bardos T, Kis-Toth K, Adarichev VA, Olasz K, Ghassemi-Najad S, Hoffman MD, Tharp MD, Mikecz K, Glant TT. Spontaneous insertion of a b2 element in the ptpn6 gene drives a systemic autoinflammatory disease in mice resembling neutrophilic dermatosis in humans. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1701-14. [PMID: 21435452 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We found a spontaneous autosomal mutation in a mouse leading to neutrophil infiltration with ulceration in the upper dermis of homozygous offspring. These animals had increased neutrophil numbers, associated with normal lymphocyte count, in peripheral blood and bone marrow, suggesting a myeloproliferative disorder; however, granulocyte precursor proliferation in bone marrow was actually reduced (because circulating neutrophils were less susceptible to apoptosis). Neutrophil infiltration of the skin and other organs and high serum levels of immunoglobulins and autoantibodies, cytokines, and acute-phase proteins were additional abnormalities, all of which could be reduced by high-dose corticosteroid treatment or neutrophil depletion by antibodies. Use of genome-wide screening localized the mutation within an 0.4-Mbp region on mouse chromosome 6. We identified insertion of a B2 element in exon 6 of the Ptpn6 gene (protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 6; also known as Shp-1). This insertion involves amino acid substitutions that significantly reduced the enzyme activity in mice homozygous for the mutation. Disease onset was delayed, and the clinical phenotype was milder than the phenotypes of other Ptpn6-mutants described in motheaten (me, mev) mice; we designated this new genotype as Ptpn6(meB2/meB2) and the phenotype as meB2. This new phenotype encompasses an autoinflammatory disease showing similarities to many aspects of the so-called neutrophilic dermatoses, a heterogeneous group of skin diseases with unknown etiology in humans.
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Haylock-Jacobs S, Keough MB, Lau L, Yong VW. Chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans: extracellular matrix proteins that regulate immunity of the central nervous system. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:766-72. [PMID: 21664302 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of scaffolding molecules that also plays an important role in cell signalling, migration and tissue structure. In the central nervous system (CNS), the ECM is integral to the efficient development/guidance and survival of neurons and axons. However, changes in distribution of the ECM in the CNS may significantly enhance pathology in CNS disease or following injury. One group of ECM proteins that is important for CNS homeostasis is the chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs). Up-regulation of these molecules has been demonstrated to be both desirable and detrimental following CNS injury. Taking cues from arthritis, where there is a strong anti-CSPG immune response, there is evidence that suggests that CSPGs may influence immunity during CNS pathological conditions. This review focuses on the role of CSPGs in CNS pathologies as well as in immunity, both from a viewpoint of how they may inhibit repair and exacerbate damage in the CNS, and how they are involved in activation and function of peripheral immune cells, particularly in multiple sclerosis. Lastly, we address how CSPGs may be manipulated to improve disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Haylock-Jacobs
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
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Nagyeri G, Radacs M, Ghassemi-Nejad S, Tryniszewska B, Olasz K, Hutas G, Gyorfy Z, Hascall VC, Glant TT, Mikecz K. TSG-6 protein, a negative regulator of inflammatory arthritis, forms a ternary complex with murine mast cell tryptases and heparin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:23559-69. [PMID: 21566135 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.222026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
TSG-6 (TNF-α-stimulated gene/protein 6), a hyaluronan (HA)-binding protein, has been implicated in the negative regulation of inflammatory tissue destruction. However, little is known about the tissue/cell-specific expression of TSG-6 in inflammatory processes, due to the lack of appropriate reagents for the detection of this protein in vivo. Here, we report on the development of a highly sensitive detection system and its use in cartilage proteoglycan (aggrecan)-induced arthritis, an autoimmune murine model of rheumatoid arthritis. We found significant correlation between serum concentrations of TSG-6 and arthritis severity throughout the disease process, making TSG-6 a better biomarker of inflammation than any of the other arthritis-related cytokines measured in this study. TSG-6 was present in arthritic joint tissue extracts together with the heavy chains of inter-α-inhibitor (IαI). Whereas TSG-6 was broadly detectable in arthritic synovial tissue, the highest level of TSG-6 was co-localized with tryptases in the heparin-containing secretory granules of mast cells. In vitro, TSG-6 formed complexes with the tryptases murine mast cell protease-6 and -7 via either heparin or HA. In vivo TSG-6-tryptase association could also be detected in arthritic joint extracts by co-immunoprecipitation. TSG-6 has been reported to suppress inflammatory tissue destruction by enhancing the serine protease-inhibitory activity of IαI against plasmin. TSG-6 achieves this by transferring heavy chains from IαI to HA, thus liberating the active bikunin subunit of IαI. Because bikunin is also present in mast cell granules, we propose that TSG-6 can promote inhibition of tryptase activity via a mechanism similar to inhibition of plasmin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyorgy Nagyeri
- Section of Molecular Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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Abstract
T-helper (Th) lymphocytes contribute to arthritis pathogenesis by helping B cells to produce antibodies, by producing cytokines that activate effector cells involved in the destruction of cartilage and bone, and by contributing to osteoclast differentiation. There are murine models of arthritis, most notably collagen- and proteoglycan-induced arthritis, in which arthritis depends on T-cell recognition of antigens that are expressed in the joints. In spite of this, we still do not know the antigens recognised by arthritogenic Th cells in humans. Moreover, current evidence for Th cells exerting arthritogenic effector functions within the joints is only indirect.
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