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Hurysz B, Bottini N. Emerging proteoglycans and proteoglycan-targeted therapies in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C1061-C1067. [PMID: 35476502 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00086.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a common auto-immune disease-causing inflammation of the joints and damage of the cartilage and bone. The pathogenesis of RA is characterized in many patients by the presence of antibodies against citrullinated proteins. In the joints, proteoglycans are key structural elements of extracellular matrix in the articular cartilage and synovium and are secreted as lubricants in the synovial fluid. Alterations of proteoglycans contribute to mechanism of disease in RA. Proteoglycans such as aggrecan can be citrullinated and become potential targets of the rheumatoid auto-immune response. Proteoglycans are also up-regulated in RA joints and/or undergo alterations of their regulatory functions over cytokines and chemokines, which promotes inflammation and bone damage. Recent studies have aimed to not only clarify these mechanisms but also develop novel proteoglycan-modulating therapeutics. These include agents altering the function and signaling of proteoglycans as well as tolerizing agents based on citrullinated aggrecan. This mini-review summarizes the most recent findings regarding the dysregulation of proteoglycans that contributes to RA pathogenesis and the potential for proteoglycan-modulating agents to improve RA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna Hurysz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States
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2
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Hashida H, Coffey RJ. Significance of a calcium-binding protein S100A14 expression in colon cancer progression. J Gastrointest Oncol 2022; 13:149-162. [PMID: 35284114 PMCID: PMC8899738 DOI: 10.21037/jgo-21-528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The S100 proteins are characterized by two distinct EF-hand calcium-binding motifs. Several members of the S100 family are involved in cancer progression. S100A14, a member of the S100 family, has been cloned and reported in colon-specific microarray databases. In this study, we assessed the biological and functional significance of S100A14 in normal colon and in colon cancer. Methods The expression of S100A14 in normal colon and colon cancer was assessed. We used in situ hybridization, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), cell migration assay, cell growth assay, western blotting, and immunohistochemical analysis. Clinicopathological examinations were also performed. Results S100A14 is expressed in normal colon epithelium and several colon cancer cell lines. However, it is not expressed in SW480 cells. S100A14-overexpressing SW480 cells were established by stable transfection. Interestingly, a decrease in cell motility was observed, as determined using two independent migration assays. S100A14-overexpressing SW480 cells showed increased E-cadherin levels but decreased ability to form colonies in soft agar. Moreover, S100A14 expression was decreased in 95 of 154 human colon cancers, and lower S100A14 expression led to worse prognoses. Conclusions Our results suggest that S100A14 is involved in cell motility, adhesion, and growth changes in colon cancer and that its expression is inversely correlated with colon cancer progression. S100A14 expression in colon cancer is a useful prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Hashida
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Tazuke Kofukai Medical Research Institute, Kitano Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Robert J. Coffey
- Department of Medicine and Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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3
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Zhang Z, Bao Z, Gao P, Yao J, Wang P, Chai D. Diverse Roles of F-BoxProtein3 in Regulation of Various Cellular Functions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:802204. [PMID: 35127719 PMCID: PMC8807484 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.802204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence shows that the F-box protein 3 (FBXO3) has multiple biological functions, including regulation of immune pathologies, neuropathic diseases and antiviral response. In this review article, we focus on the role of FBXO3 in inflammatory disorders and human malignancies. We also describe the substrates of FBXO3, which contribute to inflammatory disorders and cancers. We highlight that the high expression of FBXO3 is frequently observed in rheumatoid arthritis, leukemia, pituitary adenoma, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, we discuss the regulation of FBXO3 by both carcinogens and cancer preventive agents. Our review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of FBXO3 in various biological systems and elucidates how FBXO3 regulates substrate ubiquitination and degradation during various physiological and pathological processes. Therefore, FBXO3 can be a novel target in the treatment of human diseases including carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Zhengqi Bao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Penglian Gao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Junyi Yao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Peter Wang
- Bengbu Medical College Key Laboratory of Cancer Research and Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
- *Correspondence: Peter Wang, ; Damin Chai,
| | - Damin Chai
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- *Correspondence: Peter Wang, ; Damin Chai,
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4
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Su F, Shi M, Zhang J, Zheng Q, Wang H, Li X, Chen J. MiR-223/NFAT5 signaling suppresses arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and motility in vitro. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:26188-26198. [PMID: 33373321 PMCID: PMC7803580 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells contributes to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including atherosclerosis. MicroRNA-223 (miR-223) protects against atherosclerotic CVDs. We investigated the contribution of miR-223 to platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)-induced proliferation and migration of human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). We found that miR-223 was downregulated in PDGF-BB-treated HASMCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner, while nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5) was upregulated. Gain- and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that miR-223 treatment reduced PDGF-BB-induced HASMC proliferation and motility, whereas miR-223 inhibitor enhanced these processes. Moreover, NFAT5 was identified as a direct target of miR-223 in HASMC. The inhibitory effects of miR-223 on HASMC proliferation and migration were partly rescued by NFAT5 restoration. Overall, these findings suggest that miR-223 inhibits the PDGF-BB-induced proliferation and motility of HASMCs by targeting NFAT5 and that miR-223 and NFAT5 may be potential therapeutic targets for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Su
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Cardiology, Air Force General Hospital, PLA, Beijing 100142, China
| | - Miaoqian Shi
- Department of Cardiology, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chest Hospital Heart Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 101149, China
| | - Qiangsun Zheng
- Division of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Xi'an 710004, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haichang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jianghong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an 710038, Shaanxi, China
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5
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Park YJ, Yoo SA, Kim M, Kim WU. The Role of Calcium-Calcineurin-NFAT Signaling Pathway in Health and Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:195. [PMID: 32210952 PMCID: PMC7075805 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) is an essential signaling molecule that controls a wide range of biological functions. In the immune system, calcium signals play a central role in a variety of cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and numerous gene transcriptions. During an immune response, the engagement of T-cell and B-cell antigen receptors induces a decrease in the intracellular Ca2+ store and then activates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) to raise the intracellular Ca2+ concentration, which is mediated by the Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. Recently, identification of the two critical regulators of the CRAC channel, stromal interaction molecule (STIM) and Orai1, has broadened our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of Ca2+ signaling in lymphocytes. Repetitive or prolonged increase in intracellular Ca2+ is required for the calcineurin-mediated dephosphorylation of the nuclear factor of an activated T cell (NFAT). Recent data indicate that Ca2+-calcineurin-NFAT1 to 4 pathways are dysregulated in autoimmune diseases. Therefore, calcineurin inhibitors, cyclosporine and tacrolimus, have been used for the treatment of such autoimmune diseases as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we review the role of the Ca2+-calcineurin–NFAT signaling pathway in health and diseases, focusing on the STIM and Orai1, and discuss the deregulated calcium-mediated calcineurin-NFAT pathway in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yune-Jung Park
- POSTEC-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Seung-Ah Yoo
- POSTEC-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mingyo Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeonsang National University Hospital, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- POSTEC-CATHOLIC Biomedical Engineering Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedicine & Health Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Kim HR, Kim DH, Kim KK, Jeong B, Kang D, Lee TH, Park JW, Kwon HM, Lee BJ. Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) regulates TNF-α-induced hypothalamic inflammation. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2762-2770. [PMID: 31281956 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) is a widely expressed transcription factor and is important in the regulation of inflammatory cytokines. Here, we have identified TonEBP expression in the hypothalamus, which is particularly high in proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons. TonEBP overexpression stimulates POMC transcription, and TonEBP haploinsufficiency in TonEBP (+/-) mice results in a decrease in hypothalamic POMC expression. TonEBP (+/-) mice show reduced sickness responses, which include anorexia and hyperthermia, that are initially induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. TonEBP (+/-) mice also show lower levels of TNF-α-induced hypothalamic expression of POMC and pro-inflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that TonEBP is an important molecular regulator in the development of inflammatory sickness responses through the control of POMC and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Rae Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Dong Hee Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Kwang Kon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Bora Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Dasol Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
| | - Hyug Moo Kwon
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, South Korea
| | - Byung Ju Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, University of Ulsan, South Korea
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7
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Abstract
The metastasis-promoting S100A4 protein, a member of the S100 family, has recently been discovered as a potent factor implicated in various inflammation-associated diseases. S100A4 is involved in a range of biological functions such as angiogenesis, cell differentiation, apoptosis, motility, and invasion. Moreover, S100A4 is also a potent trigger of inflammatory processes and induces the release of cytokines and growth factors under different pathological conditions.Indeed, the release of S100A4 upon stress and mainly its pro-inflammatory role emerges as the most decisive activity in disease development, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc) allergy, psoriasis, and cancer. In the scope of this review, we will focus on the role of S100A4 as a mediator of pro-inflammatory pathways and its associated biological processes involved in the pathogenesis of various human noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) including cancer.
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8
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Neidhart M, Pajak A, Laskari K, Riksen NP, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Lutgens E, Stroes ESG, Ciurea A, Distler O, Grigorian M, Karouzakis E. Oligomeric S100A4 Is Associated With Monocyte Innate Immune Memory and Bypass of Tolerance to Subsequent Stimulation With Lipopolysaccharides. Front Immunol 2019; 10:791. [PMID: 31037071 PMCID: PMC6476283 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Most DAMPs in inflammatory diseases are TLR2- and TLR4-ligands and according to the current concept, repeated stimuli would result in tolerance. Aims of the study were to verify this assumption, to investigate whether epigenetic effectors are involved and to explore the situation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: A trained immunity (TI) and tolerance protocol was established using peripheral blood monocytes from healthy donors, β-glucan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The training or tolerance capacities of RA-relevant DAMPs were tested. Results: β-Glucan-, oS100A4-, HMBG1-, and HSP90-pretreated monocytes showed increased IL-6 responses to LPS re-stimulation. β-Glucan, oS100A and tenascin C induced training of monocytes to release more TNFα. In comparison to β-glucan, most DAMPs tested induced less TI, with exception of oS100A4. Monocytes exposed to oS100A4 showed increased IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα in response to LPS, in spite that both stimulate TLR4. RNASEq upon β-glucan or oS100A4 revealed similar changes in chemokines/cytokines and epigenetic effectors; 17 epigenetic effectors correlated with chemokine/cytokine gene expression; PRDM8 was associated with more chemokine and cytokine transcripts. Knockdown of PRDM8 abolished TI induced by oS100A4. In RA, plasma S100A4 correlated with increased CSF2, and increased PRDM8 transcription in RA monocytes was associated with increased plasma CCL5 and IL-6, as well as therapy-resistance. Conclusion: Bypass of tolerance by DAMPs might be a phenomenon as important as TI, since it could explain how chronic inflammation can be maintained in spite of an environment with multiple TLR2/TLR4-ligands. In RA monocytes, a PRDM8-dependent TI mechanism could be responsible for sustained chemokine/cytokines levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Neidhart
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnieszka Pajak
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katerina Laskari
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania.,Department for Immunology & Metabolism, Life and Medical Science Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Eric S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Adrian Ciurea
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Distler
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mariam Grigorian
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Center of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Emmanuel Karouzakis
- Department of Rheumatology, Center of Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Lee N, Kim D, Kim WU. Role of NFAT5 in the Immune System and Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:270. [PMID: 30873159 PMCID: PMC6401628 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT5), also known as a tonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein, was originally identified as a key transcription factor involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis against hypertonic and hyperosmotic environments. Although NFAT5 has been expressed and studied in various types of hyperosmolar tissues, evidence has emerged that NFAT5 plays a role in the development and activation of immune cells, especially T cells and macrophages. The immune-regulatory function of NFAT5 is achieved by inducing different target genes and different signaling pathways in both tonicity-dependent and -independent manners. Particularly in response to hyperosmotic stress, NFAT5 induces the generation of pathogenic TH17 cells and pro-inflammatory macrophages, contributing to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Meanwhile, with tonicity-independent stimuli, including activation of the Toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines, NFAT5 also can be activated and promotes immune cell survival, proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis. Moreover, under isotonic conditions, NFAT5 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. This review describes the current knowledge of NFAT5, focusing on its immune-regulatory functions, and it highlights the importance of NFAT5 as a novel therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeun Lee
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Wan-Uk Kim
- Center for Integrative Rheumatoid Transcriptomics and Dynamics, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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10
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Jung SM, Kim Y, Kim J, Jung H, Yi H, Rim YA, Park N, Kwok SK, Park SH, Ju JH. Sodium Chloride Aggravates Arthritis via Th17 Polarization. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:88-97. [PMID: 30554495 PMCID: PMC6298894 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sodium chloride (NaCl) has been proposed as a driving factor in autoimmune diseases through the induction of pathogenic CD4+ T helper cells that produce interleukin-17 (Th17 cells). This study investigated the effects of NaCl on inflammatory arthritis in mice and humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were fed a normal or high-salt diet ad libitum, and clinical and histologic features of arthritis were evaluated. The proportion of Th17 cells in the spleens of CIA mice fed a normal or high-salt diet was evaluated by flow cytometry, and the expression of IL-17 in joints and intestines was determined by immunohistochemical staining. We also analyzed the effect of NaCl on Th17 differentiation from peripheral blood monocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) and evaluated the contents of sodium and IL-17 in the synovial fluid of RA and OA patients. RESULTS NaCl increased murine and human Th17 cell differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. Clinical and histological arthritis was more severe in the high-salt-fed CIA mice, compared to control CIA mice. The proportion of Th17 cells among splenocytes was higher in CIA mice fed a high-salt diet. Expression of synovial and intestinal IL-17 was also higher in high-salt-fed CIA mice. Comparison of synovial fluid between RA patients and OA patients revealed that Na+ and IL-17 were more abundant in RA synovial fluid. CONCLUSION This study suggests that NaCl can aggravate arthritis by affecting Th17 differentiation. Accordingly, limiting salt intake may be helpful for treating inflammatory arthritis, such as RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Min Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngkyun Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juryun Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyerin Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyoju Yi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Narae Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Ki Kwok
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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11
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Kim NH, Choi S, Han EJ, Hong BK, Choi SY, Kwon HM, Hwang SY, Cho CS, Kim WU. The xanthine oxidase-NFAT5 pathway regulates macrophage activation and TLR-induced inflammatory arthritis. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2721-36. [PMID: 25044064 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201343669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
NFAT5 (nuclear factor of activated T cells), a well-known osmoprotective factor, can be activated by isotonic stimuli such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) triggering. However, it is unclear how NFAT5 discriminates between isotonic and hypertonic stimuli to produce different functional and molecular outcomes. Here, we identified a novel XO-ROS-p38 MAPK-NFAT5 pathway (XO is xanthine oxidase, ROS is reactive oxygen species) that is activated in RAW 264.7 macrophages upon isotonic TLR stimulation. Unlike what is seen under hypertonic conditions, XO-derived ROS were selectively required for the TLR-induced NFAT5 activation and NFAT5 binding to the IL-6 promoter in RAW 264.7 macrophages under isotonic conditions. In mouse peritoneal macrophages and human macrophages, TLR ligation also induced NFAT5 activation, which was dependent on XO and p38 kinase. The involvement of XO in NFAT5 activation by TLR was confirmed in RAW 264.7 macrophages implanted in BALB/c mice. Moreover, allopurinol, an XO inhibitor, suppressed arthritis severity and decreased the expression of NFAT5 and IL-6 in splenic macrophages in C57BL/6 mice. Collectively, these data support a novel function of the XO-NFAT5 axis in macrophage activation and TLR-induced arthritis, and suggest that XO inhibitor(s) could serve as a therapeutic agent for chronic inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Hoon Kim
- POSTECH-CATHOLIC BioMedical Engineering Institute, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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12
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Mallampalli RK, Coon TA, Glasser JR, Wang C, Dunn SR, Weathington NM, Zhao J, Zou C, Zhao Y, Chen BB. Targeting F box protein Fbxo3 to control cytokine-driven inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:5247-55. [PMID: 24123678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-driven inflammation underlies the pathobiology of a wide array of infectious and immune-related disorders. The TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) proteins have a vital role in innate immunity by conveying signals from cell surface receptors to elicit transcriptional activation of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines. We discovered that a ubiquitin E3 ligase F box component, termed Fbxo3, potently stimulates cytokine secretion from human inflammatory cells by mediating the degradation of the TRAF inhibitory protein, Fbxl2. Analysis of the Fbxo3 C-terminal structure revealed that the bacterial-like ApaG molecular signature was indispensible for mediating Fbxl2 disposal and stimulating cytokine secretion. By targeting this ApaG motif, we developed a highly unique, selective genus of small-molecule Fbxo3 inhibitors that by reducing TRAF protein levels, potently inhibited cytokine release from human blood mononuclear cells. The Fbxo3 inhibitors effectively lessened the severity of viral pneumonia, septic shock, colitis, and cytokine-driven inflammation systemically in murine models. Thus, pharmacological targeting of Fbxo3 might be a promising strategy for immune-related disorders characterized by a heightened host inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama K Mallampalli
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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13
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Weathington NM, Mallampalli RK. New insights on the function of SCF ubiquitin E3 ligases in the lung. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1792-8. [PMID: 23680451 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in pulmonary cell biology have shown that the maintenance of protein concentrations, proteostasis, is an integral process of all biologic systems. The balance of available protein is the sum total of three key elements of cell metabolism: production by transcription and translation, compartmentalization through processing and sorting, and proteolytic degradation of proteins at any stage of their life-span. Considerable advances are constantly made in each of these three essential fields, and our appreciation for the diversity of mechanisms of protein degradation has expanded greatly in the last decade. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) has emerged as the predominant protein degradation pathway in eukaryotes, with the large cullin-RING family of E3 ligases responsible for ubiquitination of a broad array of proteins to be degraded. The Skip-Cullin-F-box (SCF) ubiquitin E3 ligase superfamily is the largest family of cullin-RING ligases, with interchangeable F-box proteins orchestrating the trafficking proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. We will discuss the best characterized and most recent developments in the role of this intriguing family of proteins in normal physiology and disorders of the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel M Weathington
- Department of Medicine, Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Nubile M, Lanzini M, Calienno R, Mastropasqua R, Curcio C, Mastropasqua A, Agnifili L, Mastropasqua L. S100 A and B expression in normal and inflamed human limbus. Mol Vis 2013; 19:146-52. [PMID: 23378728 PMCID: PMC3559090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the expression of S100 A and B family proteins in normal human limbus and to analyze modification of the expression in inflammatory conditions. METHODS The total expression of members of the S100 family and the expression of A4, A8, A9, and B individually were evaluated in nine normal human corneal limbi, collected from cadaver healthy donors, in particular in the limbal epithelial crypts (LECs), and in five inflamed limbi obtained from enucleated eyes. S100 protein distribution was determined with immunohistochemistry staining analysis. RESULTS Cytoplasmic expression of total S100 proteins was observed in 100% of LECs; in contrast, the inflamed tissues were completely negative, and faint positivity was observed in only one case. Moreover, cytoplasmic expression of S100 A4 and A9 was uniformly found in the entire LECs in all samples analyzed, while S100 A8 positivity was observed in only 44.4% of cases and only in the cells localized in the central area of the LEC. Positivity for S100 B was not observed in all samples analyzed. CONCLUSIONS As reported in the literature, normal limbal epithelial cells show strong expression of S100 proteins. A novel finding of this study was the expression for the limbal epithelial crypts. In particular, S100 A4 and A9, which are normally involved in regulating a wide range of biologic effects, including cell motility, survival, and differentiation, are the most expressed members in healthy limbal crypts. In inflamed tissues, expression of S100 proteins was dramatically decreased. S100 proteins, and in particular S100 A4 and S100 A9, can be useful as markers of early changes in stem cell niches due to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Nubile
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Manuela Lanzini
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Roberta Calienno
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Claudia Curcio
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | | | - Luca Agnifili
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Leonardo Mastropasqua
- Department of Medicine and Science of Ageing, Ophthalmology Clinic, University “G. D'Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Heruth DP, Gibson M, Grigoryev DN, Zhang LQ, Ye SQ. RNA-seq analysis of synovial fibroblasts brings new insights into rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Biosci 2012; 2:43. [PMID: 23259760 PMCID: PMC3560277 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-2-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune-disease of unknown origin that primarily affects the joints and ultimately leads to their destruction. Growing evidence suggests that synvovial fibroblasts play important roles in the initiation and the perpetuation of RA but underlying molecular mechanisms are not understood fully. In the present study, Illumina RNA sequencing was used to profile two human normal control and two rheumatoid arthritis synvovial fibroblasts (RASFs) transcriptomes to gain insights into the roles of synvovial fibroblasts in RA. Results We found that besides known inflammatory and immune responses, other novel dysregulated networks and pathways such as Cell Morphology, Cell-To-Cell Signaling and Interaction, Cellular Movement, Cellular Growth and Proliferation, and Cellular Development, may all contribute to the pathogenesis of RA. Our study identified several new genes and isoforms not previously associated with rheumatoid arthritis. 122 genes were up-regulated and 155 genes were down-regulated by at least two-fold in RASFs compared to controls. Of note, 343 known isoforms and 561 novel isoforms were up-regulated and 262 known isoforms and 520 novel isoforms were down-regulated by at least two-fold. The magnitude of difference and the number of differentially expressed known and novel gene isoforms were not detected previously by DNA microarray. Conclusions Since the activation and proliferation of RASFs has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, further in-depth follow-up analysis of the transcriptional regulation reported in this study may shed light on molecular pathogenic mechanisms underlying synovial fibroblasts in arthritis and provide new leads of potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Heruth
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, University of Missouri School of Medicine, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
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Mizutani Y, Matsuoka K, Takeda H, Shiogama K, Inada KI, Hayakawa K, Yamada H, Miyazaki T, Sawasaki T, Endo Y, Tsutsumi Y. Novel approach to identifying autoantibodies in rheumatoid synovitis with a biotinylated human autoantigen library and the enzyme-labeled antigen method. J Immunol Methods 2012; 387:57-70. [PMID: 23044167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shows dense infiltration of plasmacytes. The purpose of the present study is to identify and localize autoantibodies produced in these immunocytes in RA synovitis. We developed a novel screening system for detecting specific autoantigens. Protein antigens recognized by antibodies in the serum and synovial tissue extract from five RA patients were screened with the AlphaScreen method. For screening, a biotinylated human autoantigen library was constructed by the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system. The AlphaScreen analysis of 2183 proteins detected a limited number of antigens reactive with the serum and synovial tissue extract. Eighteen biotinylated proteins, containing top five showing high signals in each synovitis tissue extract, were utilized as probes for the enzyme-labeled antigen method, in order to visualize the site of specific antibody production in synovial lesions. Specific antibodies against two proteins, tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21, also known as SSA/Ro52) and F-box only protein 2 (FBXO2), were visualized in the cytoplasm of plasmacytes in two RA synovitis lesions, respectively. Absorption experiments using unlabeled proteins confirmed the specificity of staining. No positive signals against these two proteins were identified in the additionally evaluated RA and osteoarthritis synovial lesions. The present study indicated 1) the usefulness of screening the human autoantigen library with the AlphaScreen assay for detecting autoantibodies in RA synovitis, and 2) the applicability of biotinylated proteins to the enzyme-labeled antigen method for visualizing the site of autoantibody production within the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Mizutani
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Lukanidin E, Sleeman JP. Building the niche: the role of the S100 proteins in metastatic growth. Semin Cancer Biol 2012; 22:216-25. [PMID: 22381352 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Communication between cancer cells and stromal cells, often mediated by extracellular molecules in the tumor microenvironment, plays a central role in tumorigenesis and metastasis. The establishment of a pro-inflammatory milieu is increasingly recognized as an important consequence of these interactions. The family of S100 Ca2+-binding proteins has been implicated in many aspects of the interaction between cancer cells and stromal cells, and contributes to the formation of an inflammatory tumor microenvironment. Focusing on S100A4, S100A8 and S100A9, in this review we discuss the role these proteins play in primary tumors and in the development of metastases, in particular during the formation of pre-metastatic niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lukanidin
- Department of Tumor Microenvironment and Metastasis, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Strandboulevarden 49, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
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Halterman JA, Kwon HM, Wamhoff BR. Tonicity-independent regulation of the osmosensitive transcription factor TonEBP (NFAT5). Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2011; 302:C1-8. [PMID: 21998140 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00327.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tonicity-responsive enhancer binding protein (TonEBP/nuclear factor of activated T-cells 5 [NFAT5]) is a Rel homology transcription factor classically known for its osmosensitive role in regulating cellular homeostasis during states of hypo- and hypertonic stress. A recently growing body of research indicates that TonEBP is not solely regulated by tonicity, but that it can be stimulated by various tonicity-independent mechanisms in both hypertonic and isotonic tissues. Physiological and pathophysiological stimuli such as cytokines, growth factors, receptor and integrin activation, contractile agonists, ions, and reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the positive regulation of TonEBP expression and activity in diverse cell types. These new data demonstrate that tonicity-independent stimulation of TonEBP is critical for tissue-specific functions like enhanced cell survival, migration, proliferation, vascular remodeling, carcinoma invasion, and angiogenesis. Continuing research will provide a better understanding as to how these and other alternative TonEBP stimuli regulate gene expression in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Halterman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Yoon HJ, You S, Yoo SA, Kim NH, Kwon HM, Yoon CH, Cho CS, Hwang D, Kim WU. NF-AT5 is a critical regulator of inflammatory arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1843-52. [PMID: 21717420 DOI: 10.1002/art.30229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of NF-AT5, an osmoprotective transcription factor, in synovial hyperplasia and angiogenesis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS The expression of NF-AT5 in synovial tissue and synoviocytes from RA patients was examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, respectively. Messenger RNA (mRNA) in RA synoviocytes and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) transfected with dummy small interfering RNA (siRNA) or NF-AT5 siRNA were profiled using microarray technology. Assays to determine synoviocyte apoptosis and proliferation were performed in the presence of NF-AT5 siRNA. VEGF₁₆₅-induced angiogenesis was assessed by measuring the proliferation, tube formation, and wound migration of HUVECs. Experimental arthritis was induced in mice by injection of anti-type II collagen antibody. RESULTS NF-AT5 was highly expressed in rheumatoid synovium, and its activity was increased by proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α. The mRNA profiling of synoviocytes and HUVECs transfected with NF-AT5-targeted siRNA revealed 3 major changes in cellular processes associated with the pathogenesis of RA: cell cycle and survival, angiogenesis, and cell migration. Consistent with these results, NF-AT5 knockdown in RA synoviocytes and HUVECs inhibited their proliferation/survival and impeded angiogenic processes in HUVECs. Mice with NF-AT5 haploinsufficiency (NF-AT5(+/-)) developed a very limited degree of synovial proliferation, as seen on histologic analysis, and decreased angiogenesis, and they exhibited a nearly complete suppression of experimentally induced arthritis. CONCLUSION NF-AT5 regulates synovial proliferation and angiogenesis in chronic arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ju Yoon
- Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Halterman JA, Kwon HM, Zargham R, Bortz PDS, Wamhoff BR. Nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 regulates vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 31:2287-96. [PMID: 21757659 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.232165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The tonicity-responsive transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5/tonicity enhancer binding protein [TonEBP]), has been well characterized in numerous cell types; however, NFAT5 function in vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is unknown. Our main objective was to determine the role of NFAT5 regulation in SMCs. METHODS AND RESULTS We showed that NFAT5 is regulated by hypertonicity in SMCs and is upregulated in atherosclerosis and neointimal hyperplasia. RNAi knockdown of NFAT5 inhibited basal expression of several SMC differentiation marker genes, including smooth muscle α actin (SMαA). Bioinformatic analysis of SMαA revealed 7 putative NFAT5 binding sites in the first intron, and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis showed NFAT5 enrichment of intronic DNA. Overexpression of NFAT5 increased SMαA promoter-intron activity, which requires an NFAT5 cis element at +1012, whereas dominant-negative NFAT5 decreased SMαA promoter-intron activity. Because it is unlikely that SMCs experience extreme changes in tonicity, we investigated other stimuli and uncovered 2 novel NFAT5-inducing factors: angiotensin II, a contractile agonist, and platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), a potent mitogen in vascular injury. Angiotensin II stimulated NFAT5 translocation and activity, and NFAT5 knockdown inhibited an angiotensin II-mediated upregulation of SMαA mRNA. PDGF-BB increased NFAT5 protein, and loss of NFAT5 inhibited PDGF-BB-induced SMC migration. CONCLUSIONS We have identified NFAT5 as a novel regulator of SMC phenotypic modulation and have uncovered the role of NFAT5 in angiotensin II-induced SMαA expression and PDGF-BB-stimulated SMC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Halterman
- Department of Pharmacology, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, USA
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Potential role for S100A4 in the disruption of the blood-brain barrier in collagen-induced arthritic mice, an animal model of rheumatoid arthritis. Neuroscience 2011; 189:286-92. [PMID: 21627981 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease associated with chronic inflammation of the joints. RA has been shown to increase the morbidity of and mortality due to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. We recently reported that cerebrovascular permeability was increased in mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), an animal model of RA. S100A4, a member of the S100 family, is up-regulated in synovial fluid and plasma from RA patients. This study was aimed at evaluating a role of S100A4 in the mediation of blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in CIA mice. CIA was induced by immunization with type II collagen in mice. Cerebrovascular permeability was assessed by measurement of sodium fluorescein (Na-F) levels in the brains of control and CIA mice. Serum S100A4 concentrations in control and CIA mice were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Accumulation of Na-F in the brain and serum levels of S100A4 were increased in CIA mice. Increased S100A4 levels in the serum are closely correlated with hyperpermeability of the cerebrovascular endothelium to Na-F. We investigated whether S100A4 induces BBB dysfunction using mouse brain capillary endothelial cells (MBECs). S100A4 decreased the transendothelial electrical resistance and increased Na-F permeability in the MBECs. S100A4 reduced the expression of occludin, a tight junction protein, and stimulated p53 expression in MBECs. These findings suggest that S100A4 increases paracellular permeability of MBECs by decreasing expression levels of occludin, at least in part, via p53. The present study highlights a potential role for S100A4 in BBB dysfunction underlying cerebrovascular diseases in patients with RA.
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Teng Y, Kanasaki K, Bardeesy N, Sugimoto H, Kalluri R. Deletion of Smad4 in fibroblasts leads to defective chondrocyte maturation and cartilage production in a TGFβ type II receptor independent manner. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:633-9. [PMID: 21376704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.02.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily growth factors play vital roles during the development, homeostasis, and pathogenesis of multi-cellular organisms. Smad4 serves as an exclusive co-activating smad that elicits most of the transcription responses invoked by the TGFβ superfamily members. We used Cre recombinase driven by the Fsp1/S100A4 promoter to delete the Smad4 gene in fibroblasts. We show that Fsp1/S100A4 is expressed in the elastic and fibrocartilage, and demonstrate that the fsp1-Cre; Smad4 flox/flox mutants have normal body size, but exhibit a short ear phenotype due to the deletion of the Smad4 gene in the ear chondrocytes. In contrast, TGFβ type II receptor deletion using Fsp1-cre does not lead to this phenotype, supporting the notion that non-TGFβ mediated signaling via Smad4 is essential for proper formation of ear cartilage during development. Smad4 deficiency in Fsp1(+) fibroblasts leads to defective chondrocyte maturation and cartilage production, likely due to a deficiency in bone morphogenic protein 5 (BMP-5) mediated signaling via Smad4. Our results emphasize the importance of BMP signaling pathways in the maturation and function of certain lineages of chondrocytes and offer an insight into the heterogeneity of the chondrocyte population in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Teng
- Division of Matrix Biology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Neumann E, Riepl B, Knedla A, Lefèvre S, Tarner IH, Grifka J, Steinmeyer J, Schölmerich J, Gay S, Müller-Ladner U. Cell culture and passaging alters gene expression pattern and proliferation rate in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:R83. [PMID: 20462438 PMCID: PMC2911867 DOI: 10.1186/ar3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2005] [Revised: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASF) are key players in synovial pathophysiology and are therefore examined extensively in various experimental approaches. We evaluated, whether passaging during culture and freezing has effects on gene expression and cell proliferation. METHODS RASF were passaged for up to 8 passages. RNA was isolated after each passage and cDNA arrays were performed to evaluate the RNA expression pattern during passaging. In addition, doubling time of the cells was also measured. RESULTS From passages 2-4, mRNA expression did not change significantly. Gene expression in RASF started to change in passages 5-6 with 7-10% differentially expressed genes. After passages 7-8, more than 10% of the genes were differentially expressed. The doubling rate was constant for up to 5 passages and decreased after passages 6-8. After freezing, gene expression of the second passage is comparable to gene expression prior to freezing. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show, that experiments, which examine gene expression of RASF and shall reflect or imitate an in vivo situation, should be limited to early culture passages to avoid cell culture effects. It is not necessary to stop culturing SF after a few passages, but to keep the problems of cell culture in mind to avoid false positive results. Especially, when large-scale screening methods on mRNA level are used. Of note, freezing does not affect gene expression substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Neumann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rheumatology, University of Giessben, Kerckhoff-Klinik, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Benekestr, 2-8, Germany.
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Zibert JR, Skov L, Thyssen JP, Jacobsen GK, Grigorian M. Significance of the S100A4 Protein in Psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:150-60. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Osteoporosis and arthritis are highly prevalent diseases and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. These diseases result from aberrant tissue remodeling leading to weak, fracture-prone bones or painful, dysfunctional joints. The nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcription factor family controls diverse biologic processes in vertebrates. Here, we review the scientific evidence that links NFAT-regulated gene transcription to bone and joint pathology. A particular emphasis is placed on the role of NFATs in bone resorption and formation by osteoclasts and osteoblasts, respectively. In addition, emerging data that connect NFATs with cartilage biology, angiogenesis, nociception, and neurogenic inflammation are explored. The goal of this article is to highlight the importance of tissue remodeling in musculoskeletal disease and situate NFAT-driven cellular responses within this context to inspire future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despina Sitara
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Karouzakis E, Gay RE, Michel BA, Gay S, Neidhart M. DNA hypomethylation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:3613-22. [DOI: 10.1002/art.25018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Oslejsková L, Grigorian M, Hulejová H, Vencovsky J, Pavelka K, Klingelhöfer J, Gay S, Neidhart M, Brabcová H, Suchy D, Senolt L. Metastasis-inducing S100A4 protein is associated with the disease activity of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:1590-4. [PMID: 19828600 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the association between metastasis-inducing protein S100A4 and disease activity in patients with RA, and to demonstrate the effect of TNF-alpha blocking therapy on plasma levels of S100A4 in these patients. METHODS Plasma levels of the S100A4 protein were analysed in 40 anti-TNF-alpha naive patients with active RA. Of the 40 patients, 25 were treated with adalimumab and monitored over time. The conformational form of S100A4 was analysed using size-exclusion gel chromatography. TNF-alpha mRNA expression and protein synthesis were analysed by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Baseline levels of S100A4 were significantly correlated with disease activity in RA patients (r = 0.41; P < 0.01). After 12 weeks of treatment with adalimumab, there was an obvious shift in the conformations of S100A4 from the multimeric to the dimeric forms, whereas the total levels of the S100A4 protein remained unchanged. This suggests that the bioactive (multimer) S100A4 may decline in response to successful treatment with adalimumab. In addition, we showed significant up-regulation of TNF-alpha mRNA (P < 0.01), and protein release to the cell culture medium of monocytes stimulated with the S100A4 multimer compared with those treated with the dimer and to the unstimulated monocytes (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that the levels of the S100A4 protein are correlated with RA disease activity. Furthermore, only the bioactive form, but not the total amount of S100A4, decreases after successful TNF-alpha blocking therapy in patients with RA. These data support an important role for the S100A4 multimer in the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Oslejsková
- Institute of Rheumatology Connective Tissue Research Laboratory, Na Slupi 4, 12850 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Teixeira VH, Olaso R, Martin-Magniette ML, Lasbleiz S, Jacq L, Oliveira CR, Hilliquin P, Gut I, Cornelis F, Petit-Teixeira E. Transcriptome analysis describing new immunity and defense genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rheumatoid arthritis patients. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6803. [PMID: 19710928 PMCID: PMC2729373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large-scale gene expression profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) patients could provide a molecular description that reflects the contribution of diverse cellular responses associated with this disease. The aim of our study was to identify peripheral blood gene expression profiles for RA patients, using Illumina technology, to gain insights into RA molecular mechanisms. Methodology/Principal Findings The Illumina Human-6v2 Expression BeadChips were used for a complete genome-wide transcript profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 18 RA patients and 15 controls. Differential analysis per gene was performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and P values were adjusted to control the False Discovery Rate (FDR<5%). Genes differentially expressed at significant level between patients and controls were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) in the PANTHER database to identify biological processes. A differentially expression of 339 Reference Sequence genes (238 down-regulated and 101 up-regulated) between the two groups was observed. We identified a remarkably elevated expression of a spectrum of genes involved in Immunity and Defense in PBMCs of RA patients compared to controls. This result is confirmed by GO analysis, suggesting that these genes could be activated systemically in RA. No significant down-regulated ontology groups were found. Microarray data were validated by real time PCR in a set of nine genes showing a high degree of correlation. Conclusions/Significance Our study highlighted several new genes that could contribute in the identification of innovative clinical biomarkers for diagnostic procedures and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Hugo Teixeira
- GenHotel-EA3886, Evry University, Paris 7 University Medical School, AutoCure European Consortium member, Evry, France.
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Analyses of differential proteome of human synovial fibroblasts obtained from arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2008; 28:191-9. [PMID: 18807103 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-008-1013-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Revised: 08/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is mounting evidence indicating that the synovial fibroblasts (SFs) contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The present study showed the differential proteins expression pattern of SFs from patients with RA or osteoarthritis (OA) and healthy control. Cellular proteins of cultured SFs were subjected to 2-DE and visualized by silver nitrate staining. A total of 49 spots that were statistically and differentially overexpressed in RA or OA in comparison to healthy ones were identified by MALDI-TOF-MS, and 25 proteins were successfully identified. Western blot was used to further verify some of the differential proteins. These proteins included enzymatic and structural proteins, signal transduction proteins, calcium binding protein, etc. From all of the identified proteins, a number of proteins have been implicated that involved in the healthy or pathological SFs function (e.g., S100A4, S100A10, cathepsin D) or that have potential diagnostic and prognostic value for RA (alpha-enolase and TPI) or that may be the new therapeutic targets (Annexin, SOD, PRX).
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Schneider M, Hansen JL, Sheikh SP. S100A4: a common mediator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fibrosis and regeneration in diseases? J Mol Med (Berl) 2008; 86:507-22. [PMID: 18322670 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0301-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 12/02/2007] [Accepted: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Multiple reports have focused on S100A4's role in cancer progression, specifically its ability to enhance metastasis. However, recent studies have linked S100A4 to several diseases besides cancer, including kidney fibrosis, cirrhosis, pulmonary disease, cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, arthritis and neuronal injuries. Common to all these diseases is the involvement of fibrotic and inflammatory processes, i.e. processes greatly dependent on tissue remodelling, cell motility and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Therefore, the basic biological mechanisms behind S100A4's effects are emerging. S100A4 belongs to the S100 family of proteins that contain two Ca2+-binding sites including a canonical EF-hand motif. S100A4 is involved in the regulation of a wide range of biological effects including cell motility, survival, differentiation and contractility. S100A4 has both intracellular and extracellular effects. Hence, S100A4 interacts with cytoskeletal proteins and enhances metastasis of several types of cancer cells. In addition, S100A4 is secreted by unknown mechanisms, thus, paracrinely stimulating a variety of cellular responses, including angiogenesis and neuronal growth. Although many cellular effects of S100A4 are well described, the molecular mechanisms whereby S100A4 elicits these responses remain largely unknown. However, it is likely that the intracellular and the extracellular effects involve distinct mechanisms. In this review, we explore the possible roles of S100A4 in non-cancer diseases and employ this knowledge to describe underlying biological mechanisms including a change in cellular phenotype towards less tightly adherent cells and activation of fibrotic processes that may explain this protein's involvement in multiple pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Schneider
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Biochemistry, Pharmacology, and Genetics, University Hospital of Odense, 29, Sdr. Boulevard, DK-5000, Odense C, Denmark
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Klingelhöfer J, Senolt L, Baslund B, Nielsen GH, Skibshøj I, Pavelka K, Neidhart M, Gay S, Ambartsumian N, Hansen BS, Petersen J, Lukanidin E, Grigorian M. Up-regulation of metastasis-promoting S100A4 (Mts-1) in rheumatoid arthritis: Putative involvement in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 56:779-89. [PMID: 17328050 DOI: 10.1002/art.22398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the involvement of the metastasis-inducing protein S100A4 (Mts-1) in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Synovial tissue, synovial fluid, and plasma were obtained from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients who were undergoing joint surgery. Immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analyses and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to determine the locations and concentrations of S100A4. The conformational structure of S100A4 in plasma and synovial fluid was determined after fractionation by size-exclusion chromatography, protein separation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Western blot analysis. Expression of various S100 proteins in RA synovium was determined by immunofluorescence and double-staining using specific anti-S100 antibodies. RESULTS We found an up-regulation of S100A4 in cells infiltrating RA synovial tissue. Most cell types identified by cell-specific markers (fibroblasts, immune cells, and vascular cells) contributed to the production of S100A4 in RA synovial tissue. The pattern of S100A4 expression differed significantly from that of the proinflammatory proteins S100A9 and S100A12, which were restricted to phagocytes and granulocytes. The up-regulation of S100A4 in RA synovial tissue was consistent with the high concentrations of the protein in RA versus OA plasma (mean 1,100 versus 211 ng/ml) and synovial fluid (mean 1,980 versus 247 ng/ml). Moreover, we found that S100A4 in RA plasma and synovial fluid was present in bioactive multimeric (M-S100A4) conformations, whereas in OA, the majority of extracellular S100A4 was detected as the less active dimeric form. Consistent with our observations in tumor models, extracellular S100A4 stabilized the p53 tumor suppressor in RA synovial fibroblast-like cells and affected the regulation of p53 target genes, including Bcl-2, p21(WAF), and Hdm-2, as well as matrix metalloproteinases. CONCLUSION Overexpression of S100A4 in RA synovial tissue and its release as M-S100A4 can influence p53 function and modulate the expression of several genes that are potentially implicated in the disease process. Thus, S100A4 might play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA and might represent a new target for the treatment of RA.
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Senolt L, Grigorian M, Lukanidin E, Simmen B, Michel BA, Pavelka K, Gay RE, Gay S, Neidhart M. S100A4 is expressed at site of invasion in rheumatoid arthritis synovium and modulates production of matrix metalloproteinases. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65:1645-8. [PMID: 17105852 PMCID: PMC1798462 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2005.047704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The metastasis-associated protein S100A4 promotes the progression of cancer by regulating the remodelling of the extracellular matrix. The expression of S100A4 in vivo is shown and the functional role of S100A4 in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritisis is explored. The expression of S100A4 in rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and normal synovial tissues was determined by immunohistochemistry. The expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) mRNA was measured in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis synovial fibroblasts treated and untreated with S100A4 oligomer by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Levels of released MMPs were confirmed by ELISA in cell culture supernatants. S100A4 protein was expressed in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis synovial tissues, in contrast with normal synovium. S100A4 up regulated MMP-3 mRNA in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid, with a peak after 6 h. This resulted in release of MMP-3 protein. MMP-1, MMP-9 and MMP-13 mRNA were also up regulated in synovial fluid, but with different kinetics. MMP-14 mRNA showed no change. Thus, S100A4 protein is expressed in synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis in contrast with healthy people. It induces the expression and release of MMP-3 and other MMPs from synovial fluid. The data suggest that S100A4-producing cells could be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, including pannus formation and joint destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Senolt
- Center for Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Gloriastrasse 25, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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Zvaifler NJ. Relevance of the stroma and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) for the rheumatic diseases. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:210. [PMID: 16689999 PMCID: PMC1526619 DOI: 10.1186/ar1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a term applied to the process whereby cells undergo a switch from an epithelial phenotype with tight junctions, lateral, apical, and basal membranes, and lack of mobility into mesenchymal cells that have loose interactions with other cells, are non-polarized, motile and produce an extracellular matrix. The importance of this process was initially recognized from a very early step in embryology, but more recently as a potential mechanism for the progression and spread of epithelial cancers. As the sequence of morphological changes has become understood in molecular terms, diseases characterized by alterations in stromal elements and fibrosis are being considered as examples of EMT. This review will focus on the pathogenetic features of immune-mediated renal disease, systemic sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis that could be explained by EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Zvaifler
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0656, USA.
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Senolt L, Grigorian M, Lukanidin E, Michel BA, Gay RE, Gay S, Pavelka K, Neidhart M. S100A4 (Mts1): Is there any relation to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis? Autoimmun Rev 2006; 5:129-31. [PMID: 16431343 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
S100A4 (Mts1) belongs to the S100 family of calcium binding proteins, which are involved in diverse biological regulatory activities. An association between S100A4 and tumor progression has been demonstrated in several studies. S100A4 binds to distinct intracellular target proteins and regulates specific functions involved in tumor progression such as cell motility, proliferation and apoptosis as well as remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Once released from the tumor or tumor-activated stromal cells, it may influence certain functions of target cells towards a more aggressive phenotype. Extracellular S100A4 has been demonstrated to contribute to angiogenesis and the increased production of matrix-degrading enzymes by both endothelial and tumor cells. Moreover, S100A4 might be responsible for TCRgammadelta T-cell mediated lysis and negative regulation of matrix mineralization. Increased expression of S100A4 mRNA has recently been found in proliferating rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts and synovial tissues from rheumatoid arthritis patients. Synovial hyperplasia in rheumatoid arthritis consists of inflammatory cells and activated synovial lining cells which contribute to the progressive destruction of the joints during the disease. Since several phenomena are similar between rheumatoid arthritis and malignant tumors it can be hypothesized that S100A4 contributes to the invasive and tumor-like behavior of rheumatoid arthritis synovium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladislav Senolt
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Univ Hosp Zürich, Gloriastrasse 25, CH-8091 Zürich, Switzerland
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Pfoertner S, Jeron A, Probst-Kepper M, Guzman CA, Hansen W, Westendorf AM, Toepfer T, Schrader AJ, Franzke A, Buer J, Geffers R. Signatures of human regulatory T cells: an encounter with old friends and new players. Genome Biol 2006; 7:R54. [PMID: 16836768 PMCID: PMC1779567 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2006-7-7-r54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2006] [Revised: 05/16/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells (TReg) are involved in the control of autoimmune diseases, transplantation tolerance, and anti-tumor immunity. Thus far, genomic studies on TReg cells were restricted to murine systems, and requirements for their development, maintenance, and mode of action in humans are poorly defined. RESULTS To improve characterization of human TReg cells, we compiled a unique microarray consisting of 350 TReg cell associated genes (Human TReg Chip) based on whole genome transcription data from human and mouse TReg cells. TReg cell specific gene signatures were created from 11 individual healthy donors. Statistical analysis identified 62 genes differentially expressed in TReg cells, emphasizing some cross-species differences between mice and humans. Among them, several 'old friends' (including FOXP3, CTLA4, and CCR7) that are known to be involved in TReg cell function were recovered. Strikingly, the vast majority of genes identified had not previously been associated with human TReg cells (including LGALS3, TIAF1, and TRAF1). Most of these 'new players' however, have been described in the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Real-time RT-PCR of selected genes validated our microarray results. Pathway analysis was applied to extract signaling modules underlying human TReg cell function. CONCLUSION The comprehensive set of genes reported here provides a defined starting point to unravel the unique characteristics of human TReg cells. The Human TReg Chip constructed and validated here is available to the scientific community and is a useful tool with which to study the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate TReg cells under physiologic and diseased conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Pfoertner
- Department of Mucosal Immunity, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Jeron
- Department of Mucosal Immunity, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Probst-Kepper
- Volkswagen Foundation Junior Research Group, Department of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Wiebke Hansen
- Department of Mucosal Immunity, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Astrid M Westendorf
- Department of Mucosal Immunity, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tanja Toepfer
- Department of Mucosal Immunity, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andres J Schrader
- Department of Urology, Philipps-University Medical School, Marburg, Germany
| | - Anke Franzke
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Jan Buer
- Department of Mucosal Immunity, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Department of Mucosal Immunity, German Research Centre for Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
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Yang X, Wang J, Liu C, Grizzle WE, Yu S, Zhang S, Barnes S, Koopman WJ, Mountz JD, Kimberly RP, Zhang HG. Cleavage of p53-vimentin complex enhances tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 167:705-19. [PMID: 16127151 PMCID: PMC1698724 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) contribute to arthritic cartilage degradation. Although RASFs are normally resistant to apoptosis, Apo2L/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-based gene therapy has been successfully used in a mouse model of arthritis. We investigated this further by treating human RASFs with nontoxic doses of the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. Treatment induced cytosolic accumulation of p53 and enhanced the susceptibility of RASFs to apoptosis mediated by TRAIL-R2 (DR5) but not Fas. A specific role for p53 in TRAIL-R2-mediated apoptosis was indicated by the ability of p53 siRNA to significantly reduce RASF apoptosis and by the reduced apoptosis of RASFs bearing p53 mutations on treatment with anti-DR5 antibody or anti-DR5 antibody plus lactacystin. p53 immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry identified a vimentin-p53 complex, an interaction that was confirmed by reciprocal vimentin-p53 immunoprecipitation and by co-immunofluorescence. Interestingly, human caspase-4 cleaved human vimentin, and blockade of caspase-4 with a chemical inhibitor or with specific siRNA significantly inhibited TRAIL-R2-mediated apoptosis of RASFs. Furthermore, blockade of caspase-4 was paralleled by persistence of a cytosolic pattern of p53 and absence of p53 translocation to the nucleus. Taken together, our findings suggest a unique role for caspase-4 in cleaving vimentin and releasing cytosolic p53 for nuclear translocation, events that may regulate the sensitivity of RASFs to receptor-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, and the Birmingham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
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Pessler F, Dai L, Cron RQ, Schumacher HR. NFAT transcription factors--new players in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthropathies? Autoimmun Rev 2005; 5:106-10. [PMID: 16431337 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2005.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory arthropathies are characterized by major changes in gene expression, which-ultimately-result from differential activities of intracellular signaling pathways and their associated inducible transcription factors. The nuclear factor of activated T cells' (NFAT) family of transcription factors plays diverse roles in a variety of processes in the immune system and other tissues. Preliminary evidence has recently emerged implicating NFAT family members directly in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthropathies. Specific anti-NFAT drug therapy may add to the pharmacologic armamentarium against rheumatoid arthritis, other inflammatory arthropathies, and related autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pessler
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Rheumatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3405 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Le Hir M, Hegyi I, Cueni-Loffing D, Loffing J, Kaissling B. Characterization of renal interstitial fibroblast-specific protein 1/S100A4-positive cells in healthy and inflamed rodent kidneys. Histochem Cell Biol 2005; 123:335-46. [PMID: 15856273 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-005-0788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is considered as a central factor in the loss of renal function in chronic kidney diseases. The origin of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts that accumulate in the interstitium of the diseased kidney is still a matter of debate. It has been shown that accumulation of myofibroblasts in inflamed and fibrotic kidneys is associated with upregulation of fibroblast-specific protein 1 (FSP1, S100A4), not only in the renal interstitium but also in the injured renal epithelia. The tubular expression of FSP1 has been taken as evidence of myofibroblast formation by epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The identity of FSP1/S100A4 cells has not been defined in detail. We originally intended to use FSP1/S100A4 as a marker of putative EMT in a model of distal tubular injury. However, since the immunoreactivity of FSP1 did not seem to fit with the distribution and shape of fibroblasts or myofibroblasts, we undertook the characterization of FSP1/S100A4-expressing cells in the interstitium of rodent kidneys. We performed immunolabeling for FSP1/S100A4 on thin cryostat sections of perfusion-fixed rat and mouse kidneys with peritubular inflammation, induced by thiazides and glomerulonephritis, respectively, in combination with ecto-5'-nucleotidase (5'NT), recognizing local cortical peritubular fibroblasts, with CD45, MHC class II, CD3, CD4 and Thy 1, recognizing mononuclear cells, with alpha smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA), as marker for myofibroblasts, and vimentin for intracellular intermediate filaments in cells of mesenchymal origin. In the healthy interstitium of rodents the rare FSP1/S100A4+ cells consistently co-expressed CD45 or lymphocyte surface molecules. Around the injured distal tubules of rats treated for 3-4 days with thiazides, FSP1+/S100A4+, 5'NT+, alphaSMA+, CD45+ and MHC class II+ cells accumulated. FSP1+/S100A4+ cells consistently co-expressed CD45. In the inflamed regions, alphaSMA was co-expressed by 5'NT+ cells. In glomerulonephritic mice, FSP1+/S100A4+ cells co-expressed Thy 1, CD4 or CD3. Thus, in the inflamed interstitium around distal tubules of rats and of glomerulonephritic mice, the majority of FSP1+ cells express markers of mononuclear cells. Consequently, the usefulness of FSP1/S100A4 as a tool for detection of (myo)fibroblasts in inflamed kidneys and of EMT in vivo is put into question. In the given rat model the consistent co-expression of alphaSMA and 5'NT suggests that myofibroblasts originate from resident peritubular fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Le Hir
- Anatomical Institute, Division of Vegetative Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Semov A, Moreno MJ, Onichtchenko A, Abulrob A, Ball M, Ekiel I, Pietrzynski G, Stanimirovic D, Alakhov V. Metastasis-associated protein S100A4 induces angiogenesis through interaction with Annexin II and accelerated plasmin formation. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:20833-41. [PMID: 15788416 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412653200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many advanced tumors overexpress and secrete the S100A4 protein that is known to promote angiogenesis and metastasis development. The mechanisms of this effect and the endothelial receptor for S100A4 are both still unknown. Here we report that extracellular S100A4 interacts with annexin II, an endothelial plasminogen co-receptor. Co-localization and direct binding of S100A4 and annexin II were demonstrated, and the binding site was identified in the N-terminal region of annexin II. S100A4 alone or in a complex with annexin II accelerated tissue plasminogen activator-mediated plasminogen activation in solution and on the endothelial cell surface through interaction of the S100A4 C-terminal lysines with the lysine-binding domains of plasminogen. A synthetic peptide corresponding to the N terminus of annexin II prevented S100A4-induced plasmin formation in the endothelial cell culture. Local plasmin formation induced by circulating S100A4 could contribute to tumor-induced angiogenesis and metastasis formation that makes this protein an attractive target for new anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic therapies.
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Devauchelle V, Marion S, Cagnard N, Mistou S, Falgarone G, Breban M, Letourneur F, Pitaval A, Alibert O, Lucchesi C, Anract P, Hamadouche M, Ayral X, Dougados M, Gidrol X, Fournier C, Chiocchia G. DNA microarray allows molecular profiling of rheumatoid arthritis and identification of pathophysiological targets. Genes Immun 2005; 5:597-608. [PMID: 15496955 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the possibility to obtain a molecular signature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) comparatively osteoarthritis (OA), and to lay the bases to develop new diagnostic tools and identify new targets. Microarray technology was used for such an analysis. The gene expression profiles of synovial tissues from patients with confirmed RA, and patients with OA were established and compared. A set of 63 genes was selected, based, more specifically, on their overexpression or underexpression in RA samples compared to OA. Results for six of these genes have been verified by quantitative PCR using both samples identical to those used in the microarray experiments and entirely separate samples. Expression profile of the 48 known genes allowed the correct classification of additional RA and OA patients. Furthermore, the distinct expression of three of the selected genes was also studied by quantitative RT-PCR in cultured synovial cells. Detailed analysis of the expression profile of the selected genes provided evidence for dysregulated biological pathways, pointed out to chromosomal location and revealed novel genes potentially involved in RA. It is proposed that such an approach allows valuable diagnosis/prognostics tools in RA to be established and potential targets for combating the disease to be identified.
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Jin J, Cardozo T, Lovering RC, Elledge SJ, Pagano M, Harper JW. Systematic analysis and nomenclature of mammalian F-box proteins. Genes Dev 2005; 18:2573-80. [PMID: 15520277 PMCID: PMC525538 DOI: 10.1101/gad.1255304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 526] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
Ubiquitin ligases are well suited to regulate molecular networks that operate on a post-translational timescale. The F-box family of proteins - which are the substrate-recognition components of the Skp1-Cul1-F-box-protein (SCF) ubiquitin ligase - are important players in many mammalian functions. Here we explore a unifying and structurally detailed view of SCF-mediated proteolytic control of cellular processes that has been revealed by recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Cardozo
- Department of Pathology and New York University Cancer Institute, New York University Medical Center, 550 First Avenue, MSB 599, New York, New York 10016, USA
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Davis LS. A question of transformation: the synovial fibroblast in rheumatoid arthritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:1399-402. [PMID: 12707022 PMCID: PMC1851189 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie S Davis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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