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Fukuda R, Suico MA, Koyama K, Omachi K, Kai Y, Matsuyama S, Mitsutake K, Taura M, Morino-Koga S, Shuto T, Kai H. Mild electrical stimulation at 0.1-ms pulse width induces p53 protein phosphorylation and G2 arrest in human epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16117-26. [PMID: 23599430 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.442442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exogenous low-intensity electrical stimulation has been used for treatment of various intractable diseases despite the dearth of information on the molecular underpinnings of its effects. Our work and that of others have demonstrated that applied electrical stimulation at physiological strength or mild electrical stimulation (MES) activates the PI3K-Akt pathway, but whether MES activates other molecules remains unknown. Considering that MES is a form of physiological stress, we hypothesized that it can activate the tumor suppressor p53, which is a key modulator of the cell cycle and apoptosis in response to cell stresses. The potential response of p53 to an applied electrical current of low intensity has not been investigated. Here, we show that p53 was transiently phosphorylated at Ser-15 in epithelial cells treated with an imperceptible voltage (1 V/cm) and a 0.1-ms pulse width. MES-induced p53 phosphorylation was inhibited by pretreatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor and transfection of dominant-negative mutants of p38, MKK3b, and MKK6b, implying the involvement of the p38 MAPK signaling pathway. Furthermore, MES treatment enhanced p53 transcriptional function and increased the expression of p53 target genes p21, BAX, PUMA, NOXA, and IRF9. Importantly, MES treatment triggered G2 cell cycle arrest, but not cell apoptosis. MES treatment had no effect on the cell cycle in HCT116 p53(-/-) cells, suggesting a dependence on p53. These findings identify some molecular targets of electrical stimulation and incorporate the p38-p53 signaling pathway among the transduction pathways that MES affects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Fukuda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 862-0973, Japan
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Lee J, Park EJ, Hwang JW, Oh JM, Kim H, Bae EK, Choi YL, Han J, Ahn JK, Cha HS, Koh EM. CIP2A expression is associated with synovial hyperplasia and invasive function of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:2023-30. [PMID: 21479604 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-1927-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is a recently identified oncoprotein that leads to cellular proliferation in cancer cells. We aim to investigate CIP2A expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and its association with the histopathological grade of synovitis and the invasive function of FLS in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). CIP2A protein expression was measured in 8 RA FLS and 8 OA FLS using Western blot analysis. CIP2A mRNA expression from 19 RA FLS and 7 OA FLS was measured using real-time PCR. Synovitis score of RA FLS-matched synovial tissues was semiquantitatively measured by two independent pathologists. An in vitro cell invasion assay was performed using RA FLS treated with CIP2A small interfering RNA (siRNA) or with control vector. Western blot analysis showed that CIP2A is more frequently overexpressed in RA FLS compared with OA FLS. CIP2A mRNA expression was higher in RA FLS compared with those in OA FLS, but did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.076). In RA, total synovitis score was strongly correlated with FLS CIP2A mRNA expression (rs = 0.849, P = 0.043). TNF-α treatment induced a robust increase in the invasive function of control FLS (P = 0.0021), but no significant effect was observed in CIP2A siRNA-treated FLS. Our data demonstrate that CIP2A expression is closely associated with the histopathological score of synovitis and invasive function of FLS in RA. These results suggest that CIP2A may play a critical role in the destructive process in RA and warrant further investigation of CIP2A as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaejoon Lee
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 50 Irwon-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Republic of Korea
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5
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Wagoner KL, Bader RA. Evaluation of SV40-transformed synovial fibroblasts in the study of rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis. Rheumatol Int 2011; 32:1885-91. [PMID: 21445545 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-011-1913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The SV40 T antigen has been used to generate immortalized cells from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) that are commonly used in lieu of primary RASFs. In the current study, we investigated the effect of stimulation by tissue necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 17 (IL-17) on primary and immortalized RASFs in order to gauge the appropriateness of the use of immortalized RASFs, the MH7A cell line, in the study of RA pathogenesis. Changes in the levels of secretion and expression of 8 proteins associated with RA upon stimulation were assessed by multiplex immunoassay. IL-17 stimulation had a minimal impact on protein secretion and expression for primary and immortalized cells. Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) was not detectable for the primary cells but was detectable for the immortalized cells. In contrast, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) was detectable for primary cells but was undetectable for immortalized cells. In general, protein expression and secretion by cells stimulated with TNF-α were significantly increased. For primary cells, several proteins were below the limit of detection for unstimulated cells and cells stimulated with IL-17, while levels for TNF-α-stimulated cells were within the detectable range. For the same proteins, expression was observed for immortalized cells, regardless of stimulation, suggestive of constitutive activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. The current study therefore provides strong evidence that immortalized and primary RASFs differ in regard to protein expression and secretion and therefore may not be appropriate for use in the study of RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Wagoner
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 121 Link Hall, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA
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Synoviolin, protein folding and the maintenance of joint homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:91-7. [PMID: 18235538 DOI: 10.1038/ncprheum0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Accepted: 11/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease associated with painful joints that affects approximately 1% of the population worldwide, and for which no specific cure is available. Among other functions, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has an important role in protein folding. When the level of unfolded proteins in the ER exceeds the folding capacity of this organelle, defective proteins are eliminated by ER-associated degradation (ERAD), an ATP-dependent ubiquitin-proteasome degradation process, to reduce the burden on the ER. Synoviolin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in ERAD. This protein is a pathogenic factor for arthropathy; it is overexpressed in the synovial cells of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. This overexpression results in a 'hyper-ERAD' state, in which the cell deals with accumulated unfolded proteins excessively. Rheumatoid synovial cells produce large amounts of various proteins such as cytokines and proteases, which consequently might confer an autonomous proliferation property on the cells. At least 30% of all newly synthesized, ER-sorted proteins are unfolded. Although degradation of unfolded proteins consumes large amounts of ATP and would seem an unconventional process, it is essential for joint homeostasis.
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Yamasaki S, Yagishita N, Sasaki T, Nakazawa M, Kato Y, Yamadera T, Bae E, Toriyama S, Ikeda R, Zhang L, Fujitani K, Yoo E, Tsuchimochi K, Ohta T, Araya N, Fujita H, Aratani S, Eguchi K, Komiya S, Maruyama I, Higashi N, Sato M, Senoo H, Ochi T, Yokoyama S, Amano T, Kim J, Gay S, Fukamizu A, Nishioka K, Tanaka K, Nakajima T. Cytoplasmic destruction of p53 by the endoplasmic reticulum-resident ubiquitin ligase 'Synoviolin'. EMBO J 2006; 26:113-22. [PMID: 17170702 PMCID: PMC1782373 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7601490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2006] [Accepted: 11/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Synoviolin, also called HRD1, is an E3 ubiquitin ligase and is implicated in endoplasmic reticulum -associated degradation. In mammals, Synoviolin plays crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes, including embryogenesis and the pathogenesis of arthropathy. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of Synoviolin in these actions. To clarify these issues, we analyzed the profile of protein expression in synoviolin-null cells. Here, we report that Synoviolin targets tumor suppressor gene p53 for ubiquitination. Synoviolin sequestrated and metabolized p53 in the cytoplasm and negatively regulated its cellular level and biological functions, including transcription, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Furthermore, these p53 regulatory functions of Synoviolin were irrelevant to other E3 ubiquitin ligases for p53, such as MDM2, Pirh2 and Cop1, which form autoregulatory feedback loops. Our results provide novel insights into p53 signaling mediated by Synoviolin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Yamasaki
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sasaki
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Minako Nakazawa
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Kato
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tadayuki Yamadera
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Eunkyung Bae
- GenExl, Inc. Biomedical Research Center, Taejon, South Korea
| | - Sayumi Toriyama
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Rie Ikeda
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuko Fujitani
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Eunkyung Yoo
- GenExl, Inc. Biomedical Research Center, Taejon, South Korea
| | - Kaneyuki Tsuchimochi
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Ohta
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Natsumi Araya
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Fujita
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Satoko Aratani
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Katsumi Eguchi
- The First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Setsuro Komiya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kagoshima University, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ikuro Maruyama
- Department of Dermatology and Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Kagoshima University, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Nobuyo Higashi
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Sato
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Haruki Senoo
- Department of Anatomy, Akita University School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ochi
- National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Protein Research Group, RIKEN Genomic Sciences Center, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Amano
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Jaeseob Kim
- GenExl, Inc. Biomedical Research Center, Taejon, South Korea
| | - Steffen Gay
- Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Akiyoshi Fukamizu
- Aspect of Functional Genomic Biology, Center of Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kusuki Nishioka
- Rheumatology, Immunology and Genetics Program, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Frontier Science, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Japan
- Department of Genome Science, Institute of Medical Science, St Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 216-8512, Japan. Tel.: +81 44 977 8111 (ext. 4111); Fax: +81 44 977 10712; E-mail:
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Solomon S, Kassahn D, Illges H. The role of the complement and the Fc gamma R system in the pathogenesis of arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2005; 7:129-35. [PMID: 15987494 PMCID: PMC1175042 DOI: 10.1186/ar1761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantibodies in sera from patients with autoimmune diseases have long been known and have become diagnostic tools. Analysis of their functional role again became popular with the availability of mice mutant for several genes of the complement and Fcγ receptor (FcγR) systems. Evidence from different inflammatory models suggests that both systems are interconnected in a hierarchical way. The complement system mediators such as complement component 5a (C5a) might be crucial in the communication between the complement system and FcγR-expressing cells. The split complement protein C5a is known to inactivate cells by its G-protein-coupled receptor and to be involved in the transcriptional regulation of FcγRs, thereby contributing to the complex regulation of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Solomon
- Immunology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniela Kassahn
- Immunology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Harald Illges
- Immunology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau, Tägerwilen, Switzerland
- University of Applied Sciences, Department of Natural Sciences, Immunology and Cell Biology, Rheinbach, Germany
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Pap T, Nawrath M, Heinrich J, Bosse M, Baier A, Hummel KM, Petrow P, Kuchen S, Michel BA, Gay RE, Müller-Ladner U, Moelling K, Gay S. Cooperation of Ras- and c-Myc-dependent pathways in regulating the growth and invasiveness of synovial fibroblasts in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:2794-802. [PMID: 15457447 DOI: 10.1002/art.20461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the specific contribution of MAP kinase activator c-Raf-1 and one of its downstream transcription factors, c-Myc, to the growth and invasive behavior of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts (RASFs). METHODS RASFs were transduced with retroviral constructs expressing dominant-negative mutants of c-Raf-1 or c-Myc (DN c-Raf-1 or DN c-Myc, respectively) or with the mock vector. The expression of wild-type and mutant proteins was confirmed by Western blotting. Growth curves of RASFs were recorded, and apoptosis was measured by flow cytometry. Invasiveness of RASFs was assessed in the SCID mouse model of RA. Immunohistochemistry was used to study the effects of DN c-Raf-1 on phosphorylated c-Jun and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) in RASFs implanted into SCID mice. The phosphorylation of ERK and JNK in DN c-Raf-1- and mock-transduced RASFs was determined in vitro by Western blotting. The levels of MMPs in these cells were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS Neither DN c-Raf-1 alone nor DN c-Myc alone significantly altered proliferation or apoptosis of RASFs, but both mutants together rapidly induced apoptosis. Inhibition of c-Raf-1 or c-Myc significantly reduced the invasiveness of RASFs in the SCID mouse model. DN c-Raf-1 decreased the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK in vitro and reduced the in vivo expression of phosphorylated c-Jun as well as the expression of disease-relevant MMPs. As determined by quantitative PCR, the inhibition was most pronounced for MMP-1 and MMP-3. CONCLUSION The data demonstrate that Ras- and c-Myc-dependent signaling events cooperate to regulate the growth and invasiveness of RASFs. Targeting of both c-Raf-1 and c-Myc may constitute an interesting therapeutic approach in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pap
- Center of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.
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11
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Itoh K, Hase H, Kojima H, Saotome K, Nishioka K, Kobata T. Central role of mitochondria and p53 in Fas-mediated apoptosis of rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 43:277-85. [PMID: 14623946 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fas-mediated apoptosis is preferentially observed in synoviocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is associated with the pathophysiological process of RA. To clarify the molecular mechanisms of Fas-mediated apoptosis of RA synoviocytes, we investigated the role of the mitochondrial pathway and tumour suppressor p53 in this process. METHODS Cultured synovial fibroblasts were prepared from RA patients. After treatment of RA synovial fibroblasts with anti-Fas monoclonal antibody, the expression levels of activated caspase-9 and -3, Bid cleavage, cytochrome c release and phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15 were assessed using immunoblot analysis. The mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) was evaluated with a fluorescence-based detection assay. Apoptotic cells were determined by a DNA fragmentation assay in the presence or absence of caspase inhibitors. Expression of p53-regulated apoptosis-inducing protein 1 (p53AIP1) was measured by real-time PCR. RA synovial fibroblasts stably transfected with a dominant-negative (DN) p53 were prepared in order to investigate the role of p53 during Fas-induced apoptosis. RESULTS Fas ligation induced Bid cleavage, loss of DeltaPsim, cytochrome c release to the cytosol and activation of caspase-9 and -3 in RA synovial fibroblasts. Treatment with a caspase-9-specific inhibitor almost completely inhibited Fas-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, p53 activation after Fas ligation was evidenced by its phosphorylation at Ser15 and up-regulation of the p53 target gene p53AIP1. Fas-mediated apoptosis was significantly suppressed by anti-sense p53 oligonucleotides and by p53DN. CONCLUSION Our findings strongly suggest the involvement of mitochondria and p53 in Fas-mediated apoptosis of RA synovial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Itoh
- Division of Immunology, Institute for Medical Science, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease with intra-articular inflammation and synovial hyperplasia that results in progressive degradation of cartilage and bone, in severe cases it causes systemic complications. Recently, biological agents that suppress the activities of proinflammatory cytokines have shown efficacy as antiarthritic drugs, but require frequent administration. Thus, gene transfer approaches are being developed as an alternative approach for targeted, more efficient and sustained delivery of inhibitors of inflammatory cytokines as well as other therapeutic agents. Indeed, the efficacy of gene transfer for the treatment of arthritis has been demonstrated in mouse, rat, rabbit, and horse models of disease whereas the feasibility of the approach has been demonstrated in Phase I clinical trials. In this review, the current status of both preclinical and clinical arthritis gene therapy is presented. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of different types of vectors, target cells and therapeutic genes being developed for the treatment of arthritis are summarized. Finally, the future directions of the rapidly developed field of arthritis gene therapy are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Robbins
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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