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Yoshida H, Ishikawa H, Himejima A, Ikeda H, Tani M, Taniguchi R, Iseki T, Tsutsumi Y. Transmission electron microscopic study of the surface layer of surgical resected disc specimens in human temporomandibular joint. Med Mol Morphol 2024; 57:76-81. [PMID: 38071257 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-023-00376-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated specific and characteristic findings of the surface layer of surgical resected disc specimens in human temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis cases by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Specimens were surgically removed from the TMJ of 5 cases (4 female patients: 5 cases) clinically osteoarthritis. Following findings were observed by TEM. Images were photographed on a JEM1400-Flash Electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) equipped with an EM-14661FLASH high-sensitivity digital complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor camera.Following findings were observed by TEM. 1) The surface is covered with plump fibroblastic and histiocytoid cells. 2) Collagen fiber bundles and collagenous matrix are exposed onto the eroded disc surface. 3) Fibrinous dense material is observed on the eroded disc surface. 4) Bundles of collagen fibers are densely observed. 5) Collagen bundles are rich around capillary vessels. 6) Synovial surface cells reveal features of activated macrophages with vacuole formation. Especially, plump fibroblastic and histiocytoid cells, and activated macrophages with vacuole, which were significant findings of the surface layer. These findings might have a significant effect on the regulation of synovial fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Yoshida
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0008, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Ishikawa
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0008, Japan
| | - Akio Himejima
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0008, Japan
| | - Hayato Ikeda
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0008, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Tani
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0008, Japan
| | - Ryoji Taniguchi
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0008, Japan
| | - Tomio Iseki
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Osaka Dental University, 1-5-17, Otemae, Chuo-ku, Osaka, 540-0008, Japan
| | - Yutaka Tsutsumi
- Diagnostic Pathology Clinic, Pathos Tsutsumi, 1551-1 Sankichi-ato, Yawase-cho, Inazawa, Aichi, 492-8342, Japan
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Troillet A, Hildebrand J, Stoffel MH, Schwabe S, Winter K, Brehm W. Histo-morphological effects on equine synovium after arthroscopic synovectomy using two different motorized synovial resectors and two different intensities. J Equine Vet Sci 2024; 133:104988. [PMID: 38157949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to determine the histo-morphological effects on villous synovium after synovectomy using two different motorized synovial resectors and two different intensities ex-vivo. Thirty-three (n = 33) equine metacarpophalangeal/metatarsophalangeal joints were used. Synovectomy was performed along the dorsomedial/dorsolateral synovium (n = 66) using two motorized synovial resectors (aggressive full radius resector, AFRR, used at two intensities: single treatment, n = 24 vs. triple treatment, n = 21 vs. aggressive meniscus side cutter, AMSC, n = 21). Arthroscopic images were evaluated blindly for resector type and intensity. Histological images were evaluated descriptive for synovial morphology and the extent of tissue loss using a microscopic scale. Scanning electron microscopy described the synovial morphology. The synovectomized areas were specific for each resector used and distinguishable from arthroscopic images. The AFRR demonstrated a clear demarcation between treated and non-treated areas and removed the stratum synoviale completely including parts of the underlying stratum fibrosum. In contrast, the AMSC showed less clear demarcation, villous scaffolds and no involvement of the stratum fibrosum. Triple intense treated AFFR samples resulted in significantly deeper lesions compared to single treatments (p = 0.037) but could not be distinguished on arthroscopic images. The morphological effects on villous synovium differ according to the resector type used. The extent of synovial tissue loss cannot be estimated from arthroscopic images but histologically. The type and use of motorized synovial resector determines the morphological alterations of the treated synovium. Arthroscopic control is considered unsuitable to control synovectomy depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Troillet
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, Leipzig 04103, Germany.
| | - J Hildebrand
- Equine Clinic, VetSuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 124, Berne 3012, Switzerland
| | - M H Stoffel
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, VetSuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 120, Berne 3001, Switzerland
| | - S Schwabe
- Institute for Veterinary Anatomy, VetSuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Länggassstrasse 120, Berne 3001, Switzerland
| | - K Winter
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 12, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - W Brehm
- Department for Horses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, An den Tierkliniken 21, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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Wu B, Zhao TV, Jin K, Hu Z, Abdel MP, Warrington KJ, Goronzy JJ, Weyand CM. Mitochondrial aspartate regulates TNF biogenesis and autoimmune tissue inflammation. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:1551-1562. [PMID: 34811544 PMCID: PMC8756813 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Misdirected immunity gives rise to the autoimmune tissue inflammation of rheumatoid arthritis, in which excess production of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central pathogenic event. Mechanisms underlying the breakdown of self-tolerance are unclear, but T cells in the arthritic joint have a distinctive metabolic signature of ATPlo acetyl-CoAhi proinflammatory effector cells. Here we show that a deficiency in the production of mitochondrial aspartate is an important abnormality in these autoimmune T cells. Shortage of mitochondrial aspartate disrupted the regeneration of the metabolic cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, causing ADP deribosylation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) sensor GRP78/BiP. As a result, ribosome-rich ER membranes expanded, promoting co-translational translocation and enhanced biogenesis of transmembrane TNF. ERrich T cells were the predominant TNF producers in the arthritic joint. Transfer of intact mitochondria into T cells, as well as supplementation of exogenous aspartate, rescued the mitochondria-instructed expansion of ER membranes and suppressed TNF release and rheumatoid tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Wu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Tuantuan V Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ke Jin
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Zhaolan Hu
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew P Abdel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ken J Warrington
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jörg J Goronzy
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cornelia M Weyand
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA.
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Bartoli DMF, Felizatti AL, do Bomfim FRC, Bovo JL, de Aro AA, do Amaral MEC, Esquisatto MAM. Laser treatment of synovial inflammatory process in experimentally induced microcrystalline arthritis in Wistar rats. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 36:529-540. [PMID: 32519204 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03055-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of intra-articular crystals is detected in different articular pathologies of acute or chronic nature. The aim of this work was to analyze the action of the indium gallium aluminum and phosphorus (InGaAlP) (λ = 670 nm) laser on the synovial membrane present in the knee joint in experimentally induced microcrystalline arthritis in male adult Wistar rats. The animals were divided into three experimental groups (n = 24): control (A), experimentally induced arthritis (B), experimentally induced arthritis+InGaAlP laser therapy (C). The laser treatment was made daily in the patellar region of the right knee after 48 h of the experimental induction. After 7, 14, and 21 days of therapy, the rats were euthanized and the right knees were removed and processed for histomorphometric, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical investigation of the synovium. The number of granulocytes on the 14th and 21st days was higher in B and lower in C and, lastly, in A. The number of fibroblasts on the 14th and 21st days was similar between A and C and below B. The number of blood vessels on the 21st day was higher in B than in the other groups. The positive number of cells for the TUNEL test was higher on the 14th and 21st days in B compared to the others. The percentage of tissue area occupied by birefringent collagen fibers was higher in B on the 21st day than in the others. The ultrastructure of cells showed fibroblast-like morphology in all groups and periods evaluated. The quantification of glycosaminoglycans did not present significant differences between the groups in all the experimental periods. The amount of hydroxyproline was higher in B compared to the other groups on the 14th and 21st days. The content of non-collagen proteins was higher in B on the 21st day in relation to the other groups. Quantification of TNF-α on the 21st day was higher in A and B than in C. For TGF-β on the 21st day, groups B and C presented similar and higher values than A. For MMP-13, groups A and B presented data similar to and above C. In relation to ADAMT-S4, on the 21st day, groups B and C presented data similar to and lower than A. InGaAlP-670 nm therapy reduced the inflammatory process and tissue injuries of the synovial membrane in comparison to the untreated group, indicating its potential utilization in clinical studies aiming in the recovery of acute arthritis in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Mara Fortes Bartoli
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation - FHO, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jd. Universitário, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Airton Luiz Felizatti
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation - FHO, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jd. Universitário, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Fernando Russo Costa do Bomfim
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation - FHO, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jd. Universitário, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Julia Leme Bovo
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation - FHO, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jd. Universitário, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Andrea Aparecida de Aro
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation - FHO, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jd. Universitário, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Maria Esméria Corezzola do Amaral
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation - FHO, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jd. Universitário, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Augusto Marretto Esquisatto
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University Center of Herminio Ometto Foundation - FHO, Av. Dr. Maximiliano Baruto, 500, Jd. Universitário, Araras, SP, 13607-339, Brazil.
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Morris CJ, Farr M, Hollywell CA, Hawkins CF, Scott DL, Walton KW. Ultrastructure of the Synovial Membrane in Seronegative Inflammatory Arthropathies. J R Soc Med 2018; 76:27-31. [PMID: 6186810 PMCID: PMC1438534 DOI: 10.1177/014107688307600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrastructure of the synovial membrane has been studied in 6 patients with seronegative inflammatory arthropathies: Reiter's (2), Crohn's (2), Whipple's (1) and Behcet's disease (1). The most striking changes were found in the synovial B cells, many containing abnormally large mitochondria with altered cristae surrounded by fibrillar material. Similar material was present in dilated endoplasmic reticulum which was the probable source of groups of extracellular fibrillar spheroidal bodies. The B cells also contained electron dense granular lysosomes of very variable size which, in common with the abnormal mitochondria, were often associated with bundles of orientated microfilaments and large golgi complexes. Light microscopy of the synovial membrane was consistent with an inflammatory arthritis, as were the high white cell counts in the synovial fluid. Systemic activity in the patients was indicated by raised ESR and C-reactive protein (CRP).
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Kristensen AM, Stengaard-Pedersen K, Hetland ML, Hørslev-Petersen K, Junker P, Østergaard M, Höllsberg P, Deleuran B, Hvid M. Expression of soluble CD83 in plasma from early-stage rheumatoid arthritis patients is not modified by anti-TNF-α therapy. Cytokine 2017; 96:1-7. [PMID: 28267648 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease which may lead to severe disabilities due to structural joint damage and extraarticular manifestations The dendritic cell marker CD83 belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily and has previously been associated with autoimmune diseases. In RA the levels of soluble CD83 (sCD83) are elevated in synovial fluid, however little is known about CD83 expression and regulation in RA. Therefore, we studied how CD83 is expressed in RA and further evaluated the effect of anti-TNF-α therapy hereon. Early RA patients were randomized to conventional disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs with or without additional anti-TNF-α therapy. Rheumatoid arthritis patients had increased levels of sCD83 in plasma compared with healthy volunteers. The increase in sCD83 plasma levels were unaffected by anti-TNF-α therapy. In chronic RA patients the levels of sCD83 were higher in synovial fluid than in plasma, and only a limited amount of membrane bound CD83 expression was detected on the surface of cells from peripheral blood and synovial fluid. Finally, confocal microscopy of RA synovial membranes revealed that CD83 was mainly localized intracellularly in a group of cells with diverse morphology including both antigen-presenting cells and non-antigen-presenting cells. Our findings demonstrate that early-stage RA patients have elevated levels of sCD83 in plasma and that anti-TNF-α treatment has no effect on the sCD83 plasma level. This suggest that in RA patients sCD83 regulation is beyond control of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristian Stengaard-Pedersen
- Dept. of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Merete Lund Hetland
- The DANBIO Registry and Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Hørslev-Petersen
- King Christian 10th Hospital for the Rheumatic Diseases, and University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | - Peter Junker
- Dept. of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Østergaard
- The DANBIO Registry and Copenhagen Center for Arthritis Research, Center for Rheumatology and Spine Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Bent Deleuran
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Dept. of Rheumatology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Malene Hvid
- Dept. of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Denmark; Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Denmark.
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Reisbig NA, Hussein HA, Pinnell E, Bertone AL. Comparison of four methods for generating decellularized equine synovial extracellular matrix. Am J Vet Res 2017; 77:1332-1339. [PMID: 27901386 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.12.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate 4 methods for generating decellularized equine synovial extracellular matrix. SAMPLE Villous synovium harvested from the femoropatellar and medial femorotibial joints of 4 healthy adult horses < 7 years of age. Synovial samples were frozen (-80°C) until used. PROCEDURES Synovial samples were thawed and left untreated (control) or decellularized with 1 of 4 methods (15 samples/horse/method): incubation in 0.1% peracetic acid (PAA), incubation in 0.1% PAA twice, incubation in 1% Triton X-100 followed by incubation in DNase, and incubation in 2M NaCl followed by incubation in DNase. Control and decellularized samples were examined for residual cells, villous integrity, and collagen structure and integrity by means of histologic examination and scanning electron microscopy; cell viability was evaluated by means of culture and exclusion staining. Decellularization efficiency was assessed by testing for DNA content and DNA fragment size. RESULTS Incubation in PAA once preserved the synovial villous architecture, but resulted in high DNA content and retention of large (> 25,000 base pair) DNA fragments. Incubation in Triton and incubation in NaCl resulted in low DNA content and short (< 200 base pair) DNA fragments, but destroyed the synovial villous architecture. Incubation in PAA twice resulted in low DNA content and short DNA fragments while retaining the synovial villous architecture. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results indicated that of the methods evaluated, incubation in 0.1% PAA twice was the best method for generating decellularized equine synovial extracellular matrix.
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Kozhanova TG, Poliakova VS, Mkhitarian EE, Meshcheriakov KN. [Morphological peculiarities of the synovial membrane of human knee joint in mature age]. Morfologiia 2013; 144:50-53. [PMID: 24592718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The structural and functional reorganization of the synovial membrane of the knee joint capsule was studied in 22 individuals of mature age (30-65 years) of both genders with the use of light and electron microscopy, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and morphometry. The morpho-functional peculiarities of the synovial membrane remodeling in the II period of mature age included: increase the in the synovial intima thickness; significant accumulation of type IV collagen at the border of synovial intima with the subintimal fibrovascular layer of synovial membrane; activation of matrix metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9; increased cell proapoptotic activity in synovial intima. Collectively, these changes may initiate the disturbances in fluid production and the development of the degenerative-dystrophic processes in the articular cartilage at this stage of ontogenesis.
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Sawai T, Kamataki A, Uzuki M, Ishida K, Hanasaka T, Ochi K, Hashimoto T, Kubo T, Morikawa A, Ochi T, Tohyama K. Serial block-face scanning electron microscopy combined with double-axis electron beam tomography provides new insight into cellular relationships. Microscopy (Oxf) 2012; 62:317-20. [PMID: 23081991 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfs069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the advantages of combination of two advanced electron microscopic technologies such as serial block-face scanning electron microscopy and double-axis electron beam tomography, we analyzed the three-dimensional morphology of cellular relationships between dendritic and plasma cells in the synovial membrane from patients with rheumatoid arthritis, using the combined approach.
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Wu G, Chen L, Su Y, Zhu G, Wang P, Wang Y, Chen Y. The influence of psychological stress on the rat temporomandibular joint with the application of countermeasures. J Surg Res 2012; 178:728-36. [PMID: 22765995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2012.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to provide an experimental theoretical basis for the treatment of temporomandibular disorders by observing the effects of psychological stress and countermeasures on the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). METHODS Rats were exposed to psychological stress via a communication box and the lateral pterygoid muscle and TMJ were observed with transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the expression of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α was assessed in control animals and psychological stress (PS) and stress with diazepam (PS+DI) groups. RESULTS Transmission electron microscopy of the lateral pterygoid muscle fibers in the PS showed vacuolar changes in the mitochondria, loss of cristae, and reduced matrix density to variable degrees after 1, 3, and 5 wk of stress. After 5 wk stress+recovery, the cristae and matrix were normal in the PS and PS+DI groups. Scanning electron microscopy of PS rats showed some synovial membranes were detached from the surface of the articular disc after 1 wk. After 3 wk, collagen fibers appeared to have wider waves and worn strips changing in size on the articular disc; after 5 wk, the distribution of collagen fibers was distorted. In PS+recovery and PS+DI rats, no obvious changes were observed on the surface of the articular disc after 1 to 5 wk stress. In PS rats, interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α expression increased significantly but was at control levels in the PS+DI and PS+recovery groups. CONCLUSION Counteracting psychological stress can antagonize its effects on the TMJ and provide a reference for the treatment of stress-related temporomandibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaoyi Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Jinan General Military Hospital, Jinan, China
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Luo L, Hu L, He L, Tang ZL, Song XG, Dirckinck-Holmfeld L, Cai RL. [Effect of moxibustion on ultrastructure of synovial cells in rheumatoid arthritis rats]. Zhen Ci Yan Jiu 2011; 36:105-109. [PMID: 21717777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the influence of moxibustion of "Shenshu"(BL 23) and "Zusanli" (ST 36) on the microstructure of synovial cells in the knee-joint in rheumatoidarthritis (RA) rats so as to study its underlying mechanism in anti-inflammatory immune effect. METHODS A total of 120 Wistar rats were randomized into normal control, model, acupuncture, moxibustion, CO2-laser and medication groups (n = 20/group). RA model was duplicated by raising the rats in a windy (electro-fan blowing), cold [(6 +/- 2) degrees] and wet (80%-90%) environment for 12 h/d and 20 days, followed by injecting Freund's complete adjuvant (0.15 mL) into the rat's ankle. Moxibustion or acupuncture or CO2 laser (10.6 microm) irradiation was applied to "Shenshu" (BL 23) and "Zusanli" (ST 36) for 20 min, once daily for 15 days. Intragastric perfusion of Leigongteng (Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook.f.) was given to medication group, 8 mg/kg, once daily for 15 days. The thoracic gland index [weight of the thoracic gland (mg)/ body weight (g) x 100%] and spleen index [weight of the spleen (mg)/body weight (g) x 100%] were calculated after killing the rats under anesthesia. The ultrastructure of synovial cells of the knee-joint was observed by using transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS In comparison with the normal control group, the thoracic gland index in the model group was decreased significantly (P < 0.01), while the spleen index of the model group increased considerably (P < 0.05). In comparison with the model group, the thoracic gland indexes in the acupuncture, moxibustion, CO-laser and medication groups were increased significantly (P < 0.05, P < 0.01), whereas the spleen indexes in the four groups decreased evidently (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found among the acupuncture, moxibustion, CO2-laser and medication groups in up-regulating the thoracic gland index and down-regulating the spleen index (P > 0.05). After modeling, the synoviocytes of the knee-joint were impaired remarkably, exhibiting incomplete cellular membrane, some prolapsed organelles, marginalized stained granules in the cellular nucleus, vague nuclear membrane, enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum, reduction in the number of mitochondria with vacuolization degeneration and multiple lysosomes. But, the pathological changes of the ultrastructure of most synoviocytes in the acupuncture, moxibustion, CO2-laser and medication groups were relatively milder. CONCLUSION Moxibustion can protect the immune organs (thoracic gland and spleen) from injury and improve pathological changes of the ultrastructure of local synoviocytes in RA rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Luo
- Anhui College of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
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Abstract
Hydraulic resistance of interstitium is of major importance in body fluid distribution. In the synovial lining it is vital for the retention of intra-articular fluid, and is attributed chiefly to the network of interstitial biopolymers occupying intercellular gaps in the tissue. Selective removal of synovial hyaluronan (HA) by protease-free hyaluronate lyase results in an almost 10x increase in synovial hydraulic permeability from 0.48 +/- 0.24 microL min(-1) cm H2O (control) to 4.56 +/- 0.40 microL min(-1) cm H2O (mean +/- SD, n = 6 rabbits, p < .001, t test) leading to the hypothesis that hyaluronan plays a major role in the organization of interstitial matrix structure. To test whether removal of hyaluronan causes significant changes in synovial ultrastructure, morphometry of hyaluronidase-treated synovium was carried out. Following hyaluronidase, the thickness of the synovial lining was reduced from 13.0 +/- 1.6 microm (control) to 10.6 +/- 1.6 microm (mean +/- SD throughout, n = 50 measurements per rabbit, 6 rabbits. p < .001, t test). This was accompanied by a significant reduction of synovial interstitial volume fraction from 76.2 +/- 20.6% (control) to 67.04 +/- 24.94% (p < .001, t test), and an increase in collagen bundle volume as a fraction of interstitial volume from 40.75 +/- 4.97% (control) tissue to 48.77 +/- 11.72% (p < .0001, t test). The findings indicate that the removal of hyaluronan chains leads to morphological disruption. Thus, hyaluronan chains play a major role in the organization of synovial structure. The observed morphological changes are insufficiently large to explain fully the great rise in hydraulic permeability observed on HA removal. The latter is likely to be due to disruption of tertiary architecture at the molecular organization level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Coleman
- Division of Physiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, St. George's Hospital Medical School, London, UK.
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Bély M, Kapp P, Szabó TS, Lakatos T, Apáthy A. Electron Microscopic Characteristics of β2-Microglobulin Amyloid Deposits in Long-Term Haemodialysis. Ultrastruct Pathol 2009; 29:483-91. [PMID: 16316949 DOI: 10.1080/01913120500323431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The electron microscopic features of beta2-microglobulin amyloid, deposited in the synovial membrane, are presented and discussed. The patient, a 69-year-old woman underwent chronic hemodialysis for 3 years. Because of constant pain and destructive arthropathy, endoprosthesis of the hip joints were implanted. Extra- and intracellular filamentous-fibrillar amyloid deposits have been demonstrated in ultrathin sections. The extracellular amyloid deposits showed a loose, filamentous or fibrillar structure at the periphery and a dense central core. The loose, filamentous structure may represent an early stage of fresh, newly deposited beta2-microglobulin amyloid, while the condensed and fragmented amyloid filaments may be an advanced "mature" stage of amyloid deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Bély
- Department of Pathology, Policlinic of the Hospitaller Brothers of St. John of God, Budapest, Hungary.
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15
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Rohe K, Bierther M, Wessinghage D. [A morphologic contribution to the pathogenesis of psoriatic arthritis (author's transl)]. Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb 2008; 118:300-10. [PMID: 7415424 DOI: 10.1055/s-2008-1053510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Examination by light- and transmission electron microscopy of synovial tissues from 11 patients with psoriatic arthritis revealed several morphologic pictures. Besides the previously well described zones of fibrosis and degeneration of superficial cells, now the following were shown: 1. vascular alterations, especially of endotheliocytes, 2. transitional forms among endotheliocytes, perivascular cells, and fibroblasts as well as 3. lymphoidfollice-like accumulations of round cells. These changes could indicate the presence of an exogenous agent with perhaps strong antigenic effect but in low concentration. Such findings could be interpreted as indicating that in psoriasis there is an immunologic process in stratum synoviale which leads through abnormal cell proliferation and fibrosis to the final destructive event, osterarthritis and ankylosis.
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Borodin II, Liubarskiĭ MS, Bgatova NP, Mustafaev NR, Dremov EI. [Morphological criteria of the state of the microcirculation and the lymphatic drainage in the synovial membrane of the knee joint under normal and pathological conditions]. Morfologiia 2008; 133:51-55. [PMID: 19069416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Using transmission electron microscopy, the ultrastructural organization of the endothelium of blood and lymphatic capillaries and the structures of the interstitium of synovial membrane were studied in the patients with osteoarthrosis of a knee joint of I-II and II-III stages. Material, obtained from the patients with traumatic lesions of the knee joint components, was used as a control. The structural signs indicative of the microcirculation and lymphatic drainage disturbances were detected in the synovial membrane and were most expressed in II-III stages of osteoarthrosis. These included: the decrease of the volumetric density of all the types of micropinocytotic vesicles and the cisterns of rough endoplasmic reticulum, the decrease of the numerical density of attached and free polysomal ribosomes, the accumulation of erythrocytes and thrombocytes in the lumen of blood capillaries, the increase of the number of open-type interendotheliocyte contacts in the lymph capillaries, the increase of the size and the decrease of the electron density of the pericapillary and the interstitial spaces.
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Raïf EM, Seedhom BB, Pullan MJ, Toyoda T. Cyclic straining of cell-seeded synthetic ligament scaffolds: development of apparatus and methodology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:629-40. [PMID: 17518609 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic tensile strains acting along a ligament implant are known to stimulate cells that colonize it to proliferate and to synthesize an extracellular matrix (ECM), which will then remodel and form a new ligament structure. However, this process of tissue induction is poorly understood. As a first step toward elucidating this process, we aimed to investigate the effect of cyclic tensile strain on the proliferation of, and possible ECM synthesis by, cells colonizing ligament scaffolds. Because there was no commercially available apparatus to undertake such investigation the objectives of this study were to develop an apparatus for the application of cyclic tensile strains on cell-seeded synthetic ligament scaffolds and to develop and validate (through preliminary data obtained using the apparatus) methodology for studying the effect of cyclic strain on cell proliferation. We designed a multi-station test apparatus that operated inside an incubator. It allowed the application of tensile cyclic strains of between 0.5% and 5% at a frequency of 1 Hz on cell-seeded polyester ligament scaffolds immersed in culture medium. Test stations with windows in their bases could be easily de-coupled from the apparatus. This allowed monitoring of cell proliferation and morphology, with inverted light microscopy, through the transparent glass bases of the culture wells. Preliminary experiments lasting for 1 day or 9 weeks examined the effect of selected aspects of the cyclic strain on proliferation of cells seeded onto ligament scaffolds. Tests lasting for 1 day showed that the application of cyclic tensile strain of 5% for 4 h increased cell proliferation 24% above that observed in unstrained controls (p < .05). Scanning electron microscopy data from tests lasting for 9 weeks demonstrated further the dependency of cell proliferation and possible ECM synthesis on the magnitude of the strain. The larger the amplitude, the greater was the coverage of the scaffold with cells and ECM. Transmission electron microscopy of the ECM observed at 9 weeks showed evidence of collagen fibrils aligned in the direction of load in strained scaffolds, whereas the tissue on the control scaffolds was random.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mostafa Raïf
- Division of Bioengineering, Academic Unit of Musculoskeletal Disease, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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18
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Kose N, Inan U, Baycu C, Omeroglu H, Seber S. Effects of intraarticular contrast media on synovial membrane and cartilage. An electron microscopic evaluation in rabbit knees. Saudi Med J 2007; 28:713-6. [PMID: 17457437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the histological and ultrastructural alterations in rabbit knee joint cartilage and synovia induced by intraarticular injections of 2 water soluble contrast agents. METHODS The study was conducted at the Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical Faculty, Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey in January 2002. To examine the effect of contrast agents on articular cartilage and synovial membrane, rabbit model was used. Specimens from 62 knee joints were examined by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy one hour, one day, one week and 2 weeks after intraarticular administration of gadolinium-diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid, iopromide or saline. RESULTS In the knees injected with saline, light microscopic changes of the synovium consisted of edema only. Edema and hyperemia were seen in contrast agent injected knees. Ultrastructurally, numerous and large pinocytotic vesicles in A cells of the synovial membrane were seen in contrast agent injected groups. In the knees injected with saline the cartilage were ultrastructurally normal but contrast agent injected knees showed increased activation of chondrocytes with increase of dense glycogen accumulation, large lipid vacuoles and matrix material. There were very rare pycnotic cells in these samples. The rating scale has been used and the means of the total scores were determined for the groups. CONCLUSION The effects of contrast agents reduced gradually on the cartilage and synovium in general but did not become completely normal in the observation period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusret Kose
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Meselik, Eskisehir 26480, Turkey.
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Campbell SE, Nasir L, Gault EA, Argyle DJ, Bennett D. Preliminary studies of particle-mediated gene delivery to the joints of dogs. Vet Rec 2007; 160:476-81. [PMID: 17416724 DOI: 10.1136/vr.160.14.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a preliminary evaluation of particle-mediated bombardment via the Helios gene gun for the delivery of therapeutic genes to synovial cells in culture. A reporter gene, enhanced green fluorescent protein, was delivered to rabbit synovial fibroblasts (HIG-82) using gold particle (1.0 microm) bombardment to evaluate transfection efficiency at helium pressures of 100 and 150 psi. Transfection of cells occurred at these pressures despite some cell death. The in vitro delivery of gold particles to samples of synovial membrane and articular cartilage from a freshly euthanased dog was also studied to examine depth of penetration of gold particles (1.0 microm) at helium pressures of 250 and 500 psi. Light microscopical examination of histological sections of the synovial membrane showed that particles of gold had penetrated the lining cells of the synovium. However, no gold particles had penetrated the articular cartilage even at 500 psi.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Campbell
- AstraZeneca Research and Development, Safety Assessment UK, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire
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20
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In addition to releasing proteins and mediators, cells also release membrane vesicles (exosomes and apoptotic blebs) into the extracellular environment. Apoptotic blebs contain multiple autoantigens, but few data are available concerning the protein content of exosomes. Exosomes are formed during an immune response and can directly stimulate T cells or bind to dendritic cells. The aim of this study was to identify the nature of synovial exosomes from patients with different rheumatic diseases and to examine their potential autoantigenic content, which may be involved in the induction of an autoimmune response. METHODS Synovial exosomes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients with reactive arthritis, and patients with osteoarthritis were purified, analyzed by electron microscopy, and labeled with immunogold to detect IgG and IgM molecules. Autoantigen content was identified by 2-dimensional electrophoresis-immunoblotting and subsequent mass spectrometry. In order to investigate the presence of citrullinated proteins, immunoblotting with anticitrulline antibodies was performed. RESULTS Citrullinated proteins were observed in all exosome preparations, in contrast to other autoantigenic proteins (e.g., BiP and heterogeneous nuclear RNP A2) that were previously observed in RA and other autoimmune diseases. These citrullinated proteins included the fibrin alpha-chain fragment, fibrin beta-chain, fibrinogen beta-chain precursor, fibrinogen D fragment, and the Sp alpha (CD5 antigen-like protein) receptor. Purification of synovial exosomes led to the detection of citrullinated fibrinogen and citrullinated Sp alpha associated with IgM and IgG. CONCLUSION Synovial exosomes contain citrullinated proteins, which are known to be autoantigens in RA. Although immune mechanisms in which exosomes carry citrullinated peptides could play an important role in the induction and distribution of citrullinated proteins, there must be a specific recognition of these proteins that is unique to the RA immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Arthritis/immunology
- Arthritis/metabolism
- Arthritis/pathology
- Arthritis, Reactive/immunology
- Arthritis, Reactive/metabolism
- Arthritis, Reactive/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantibodies/metabolism
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Exocytosis/physiology
- Humans
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Osteoarthritis/immunology
- Osteoarthritis/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis/pathology
- Peptides, Cyclic/immunology
- Peptides, Cyclic/metabolism
- Synovial Fluid/immunology
- Synovial Fluid/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/immunology
- Synovial Membrane/metabolism
- Synovial Membrane/ultrastructure
- Transport Vesicles/immunology
- Transport Vesicles/metabolism
- Transport Vesicles/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- K Skriner
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Doria AS, Karshafian R, Moineddin R, Mohanta A, Zhong A, Mendes M, Pritzker K, Jong R, Burns P. Contrast-enhanced triggered harmonic sonography for assessment of periarticular hemodynamic changes in experimental arthritis. Pediatr Radiol 2006; 36:1242-51. [PMID: 17051358 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-006-0300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Objective quantification is critical for assessment of functional sonography in inflammatory arthritis. To create a microbubble contrast-enhanced image of vessels that lie below the resolution of a standard US system, a technique is required that detects preferentially the contrast agent echo, rejecting that from background tissue: harmonic imaging. OBJECTIVES To investigate the ability of contrast-enhanced triggered harmonic sonography (CETHS) to evaluate periarticular hemodynamic changes over the course of experimental arthritis and to discriminate presence and absence of arthritis based on measurement values obtained at specific time-points. MATERIALS AND METHODS Arthritis was induced in rabbits knees by intra-articular injection of serum bovine albumin, which acted as an antigen. A total of 11 rabbits (8 with unilateral arthritis and 3 control animals) were imaged at 0, 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of antigen-induced arthritis and euthanized at 28 days. A continuous infusion protocol was performed (triggering times 30.0, 20.0, 10.0, 5.0, 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5 s). Hemodynamic indices of synovial microvasculature (vascular volume, mean velocity and flow rate) were obtained and compared with clinical, laboratory, and histological surrogate markers. RESULTS Although interval CETHS changes were noted for flow rate (P=0.007) and vascular volume (P=0.003) ratios in albumin-injected knees, no significant differences in ratios were identified over time between albumin-injected and non-injected knees for flow rate (P=0.52), vascular volume (P=0.23) and mean velocity (P=0.19). Flow rate most accurately differentiated between presence and absence of arthritis according to clinical measurements in early (day 1) arthritis, and mean velocity in mid-term arthritis (day 14; both P=0.02). CONCLUSION Although the measurement properties of CETHS indices were poor in the evaluation of hemodynamic differences over time in albumin-injected knees compared with non-injected knees, they enabled discrimination between presence and absence of arthritis at specific time-points in different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Doria
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Ave., Toronto, ON, M5G1X8, Canada.
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22
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Koga H, Muneta T, Ju YJ, Nagase T, Nimura A, Mochizuki T, Ichinose S, von der Mark K, Sekiya I. Synovial stem cells are regionally specified according to local microenvironments after implantation for cartilage regeneration. Stem Cells 2006; 25:689-96. [PMID: 17138960 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that synovium-derived MSCs had greater in vitro chondrogenic ability than other mesenchymal tissues, suggesting a superior cell source for cartilage regeneration. Here, we transplanted undifferentiated synovium-derived MSCs into a full-thickness articular cartilage defect of adult rabbits and defined the cellular events to elucidate the mechanisms that govern multilineage differentiation of MSCs. Full-thickness osteochondral defects were created in the knee; the defects were filled with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate-labeled MSCs and covered with periosteum. After 4 weeks, although the cell density decreased, transplanted MSCs produced a great amount of cartilage matrix extensively. The periosteum became thinner, and chondroprogenitors in the periosteum produced a small amount of cartilage matrix. In the deeper zone, transplanted MSCs progressed to the hypertrophic chondrocyte-like cells. In the deep zone, some transplanted cells differentiated into bone cells and were replaced with host cells thereafter. In the next phase, the border between bone and cartilage moved upwards. In addition, integrations between native cartilage and regenerated tissue were improved. Chondrocyte-like cells derived from the transplanted MSCs still remained at least after 24 weeks. Histological scores of the MSC group improved continuously and were always better than those of two other control groups. Immunohistological analyses and transmission electron microscopy confirmed that the MSCs produced abundant cartilage matrix. We demonstrated that transplanted synovium-derived MSCs were altered over a time course according to the microenvironments. Our results will advance MSC-based therapeutic strategies for cartilage injury and provide the clues for the mechanisms that govern multilineage differentiation of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Koga
- Section of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519 Japan
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Ettema AM, Amadio PC, Zhao C, Wold LE, O'Byrne MM, Moran SL, An KN. Changes in the functional structure of the tenosynovium in idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome: a scanning electron microscope study. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 118:1413-1422. [PMID: 17051112 DOI: 10.1097/01.prs.0000239593.55293.c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subsynovial connective tissue lies between the flexor tendons and visceral synovium in the carpal tunnel. Although tenosynovial fibrosis is nearly universally noted in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome, the relationship, if any, between the fibrosis and nerve abnormalities is unknown. The authors used light and scanning electron microscope imaging of the subsynovial connective tissue to gather information about its organization. METHODS Human subsynovial connective tissue was studied to determine its ultrastructural morphology. Biopsy specimens of 11 patients (12 hands) with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome, 14 cadaver controls, and two cadavers with a history of carpal tunnel syndrome were obtained for scanning electron microscopic imaging and histopathologic examination. RESULTS The visceral synovial layer is an uninterrupted membrane that defines the bursa dorsally. The subsynovial connective tissue consists of fibrous bundles that run parallel to the tendon, interconnected by smaller fibrous fibers. It connects to the synovial membrane and the flexor tendons. During tendon motion, the loose fibers between adjacent layers are stretched. The control tissue showed interconnections between all the parallel layers, whereas in patients with idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome, these interconnections were absent, replaced with thicker parallel fibrous bundles. Similar changes were found in the cadaver carpal tunnel syndrome specimens. Pathologic changes in the patient and cadaver carpal tunnel syndrome specimens were most apparent close to the tendon and became progressively less severe in more superficial layers. CONCLUSIONS The authors' observation that the most severe changes in the subsynovial connective tissue were found close to the tendon suggests that these changes may be the result of a shearing injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke M Ettema
- Rochester, Minn. From the Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research; Department of Anatomic Pathology; Department of Health Science Research, Division of Biostatistics; and Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine
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Sabaratnam S, Coleman PJ, Mason RM, Levick JR. Interstitial matrix proteins determine hyaluronan reflection and fluid retention in rabbit joints: effect of protease. J Physiol 2006; 578:291-9. [PMID: 17008373 PMCID: PMC2075123 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.119446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) retention inside the synovial cavity of joints serves diverse protective roles. We tested the hypothesis that HA retention is mediated by the network of extracellular matrix proteins in the synovial lining. Cannulated rabbit knee joints were infused with HA solution with or without pretreatment by chymopapain, a collagen-sparing protease. Trans-synovial fluid escape rate was measured and, after a period of trans-synovial filtration, samples of intra-articular fluid and subsynovial fluid were analysed for HA to assess its trans-synovial ultrafiltration. In control joints, HA ultrafiltration was confirmed by postfiltration increases in intra-articular HA concentration (259 +/- 17% of infused concentration) and reduced subsynovial concentration (30 +/- 8%; n = 11). The proportion of HA molecules reflected by the synovium was 57-75%. Chymopapain treatment increased the hydraulic permeability of the synovial lining approximately 13-fold, almost abolished the trans-synovial difference in HA concentration and reduced the HA reflected fraction to 3-7% (n = 6; P < 0.001, ANOVA). Structural studies confirmed that chymopapain treatment depleted the matrix of proteoglycans but preserved its collagen. The findings thus demonstrate that HA ultrafiltration and synovial hydraulic permeability are determined by the network of non-collagen, extracellular matrix proteins. This may be important clinically, since protease activity is raised in rheumatoid arthritis, as are HA and fluid escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sabaratnam
- Physiology, Basic Medical Sciences, St George's Hospital Medical School, Cranmer Terrace, London SW17 0RE, UK
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Abstract
Intra-articular bleeding is the most common clinical manifestation of hemophilia, and can adversely affect joints and lead to arthropathy. Affected joints are associated with changes to the synovium, bone, cartilage and blood vessels. Iron plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of this condition, and may exert its effects through a variety of different mechanisms. Hemophilic arthropathy shares some injury characteristics with rheumatoid arthritis, although the degree of analogy is a matter of some debate. The influences of the mechanisms underlying joint inflammation are better understood for rheumatoid arthritis than for hemophilia, and it is hoped that this knowledge can be used to provide a more comprehensive knowledge of the pathological process of hemophilic arthropathy. This, in turn, may enable novel targets for therapeutic intervention to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Keith Hoots
- Gulf States Hemophilia and Thrombophilia Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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26
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Zhu L, Wei W, Zheng YQ. [Effect and mechanism of action of total glucosides of paeony on synoviocytes from rats with collagen-induced arthritis]. Yao Xue Xue Bao 2006; 41:166-70. [PMID: 16671549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the effect and mechanism of action of total glucosides of paeony (TGP) on synoviocytes from rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). METHODS Chicken type II collagen was used to induce CIA in rats. Synoviocytes were separated by incubation with collagenase and trypsin, and its ultrastructural changes were observed under transmission electron microscope. Synoviocyte proliferation was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazal-2yl) 2,5- diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay, and IL-1 activity in synoviocytes supernatant was measured by thymocyte proliferation assay. TNFa and PGE, produced by synoviocytes were determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS TGP was shown to protect CIA rats against the ultrastructural damages of synoviocytes. Meanwhile, TGP also suppressed the excessive synoviocyte proliferation and over-production of IL-1, TNFalpha and PGE2. CONCLUSION TGP has inhibitory effect on hyperfunctional synoviocytes of CIA rats and its mechanism of action may be related with the inhibition of abnormal proliferation and secretion of synoviocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Phannacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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Zheng YQ, Wei W, Dai M, Zhu L, Jia XY, Wang Y. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist intervenes in signaling between different types of synoviocytes in rats with adjuvant arthritis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:111-8. [PMID: 16364217 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00234.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the mechanisms of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in the treatment of adjuvant arthritis (AA). METHODS AA was induced in rats by treatment with Freunds complete adjuvant (FCA). Rats were given an intracutaneous injection of IL-1ra (2.5, 10, 40 mg/kg, 3 times per day) from d 14 to d 21 after immunization. Synoviocyte proliferation and the activity of IL-1 were determined by using MTT assay. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay. The ultrastructure of synoviocytes was observed by using a transmission electron microscope. Phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular regulating kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase were detected by Western blot analysis. RESULTS IL-1ra (10 and 40 mg/kg, ic, d 14-21) modulated the secondary inflammatory reaction (P < 0.01), ultrastructure of synoviocytes and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation in AA rats. The administration of IL-1ra (10 and 40 mg/kg, ic, d 14-21) in AA rats significantly decreased the production of IL-1, PGE2 and TNF-alpha by macrophage-like synoviocytes (MLS) (P < 0.01). IL-1ra (2.5 mg/kg) also decreased the production of PGE2 (P < 0.01) and TNF-alpha (P < 0.05) by MLS in AA rats. The increased phosphorylation of MAPK and cell proliferation in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) stimulated by supernatants of MLS in AA rats was also inhibited by IL-1ra (10 and 40 mg/kg, ic, d 14-21). CONCLUSION IL-1ra has anti-inflammatory effects because it modulates the ultrastructure of synoviocytes, decreases the production of pro-inflammatory mediators by MLS, and inhibits the phosphorylation of MAPK in FLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-qiu Zheng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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28
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Zheng YQ, Wei W. Total glucosides of paeony suppresses adjuvant arthritis in rats and intervenes cytokine-signaling between different types of synoviocytes. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:1560-73. [PMID: 16023608 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2005.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Total glucosides of paeony (TGP) are active compounds extracted from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of total glucosides of paeony (TGP) in the treatment of adjuvant arthritis (AA). AA in rats was established. Synoviocytes proliferation and activity of IL-1 were determined by 3-(4, 5-2dimethylthiazal-2yl) 2, 5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Ultrastructure of synovioctes was observed under transmission electron microscope. Phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular regulating kinase (ERK) and p38 kinase and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were detected by Western blot analysis. TGP (25, 50 and 100 mg kg(-1), ig, days 14-21) inhibited secondary inflammatory reaction, bone destruction and ultrastructure change of synoviocytes in AA rats. The administration of TGP (50 and 100 mg/kg, ig, days 14-21) in AA rats significantly decreased the production of IL-1, PGE2 and TNF-alpha by macrophage-like synoviocytes (MLS). TGP (25 mg/kg) also decreased the production of PGE(2) by MLS in AA rats. Furthermore, the increased phosphorylation of MAPKs, cell proliferation, and MMPs expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) stimulated by supernatants of MLS in AA rats could also be inhibited by TGP (50 and 100 mg/kg, ig, days 14-21). The results suggest that TGP possesses anti-inflammatory effects by modulating the pro-inflammatory mediators production from MLS and phosphorylation of MAPKs from FLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiu Zheng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Upragarin N, Asten AJAMV, J Tooten PC, M Landman WJ, Gruys E. Serum amyloid A production by chicken fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2005; 106:39-51. [PMID: 15910991 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2004] [Revised: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In brown chicken with chronic inflammatory processes of the joints amyloid arthropathy easily develops. The amyloid has been shown to be of the AA type which is derived from serum amyloid A (SAA). The aim of the present study was to investigate whether fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) originating from brown chicken and other chicken breeds express SAA mRNA and produce SAA protein. FLS were isolated from the knee joint synovium of healthy brown chickens, white chickens, and broilers. The absence of macrophages in FLS cultures was confirmed by assessment of the phagocytic capability and by immunohistochemistry. Additionally, cultured cells were identified by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical staining. Expression of SAA mRNA in normal and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells was assessed by in situ hybridization, Northern blot analysis, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Southern blot analysis and real-time quantitative PCR. SAA protein production was analyzed by Western blotting and ELISA. SAA mRNA was detected in unstimulated FLS isolated from the three different chicken breeds and more abundantly in those stimulated with LPS. However, SAA protein production was only detected in culture medium and cell lysate of LPS-stimulated FLS. Furthermore, FLS produced SAA in a concentration-dependent manner after stimulation with different amounts of LPS. The data suggest that during infection and inflammation chicken FLS may act as a source of articular SAA. This process may enhance development of amyloid from SAA in the joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Upragarin
- Division of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80.185, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN To investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of total glucosides of paeony (TGP), an effective compound of Chinese traditional herbal medicine (CTM), on collagen -induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. MATERIALS CIA was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats immunized with chicken type II collagen in Freund's complete adjuvant. TREATMENT TGP (25, 50, 100 mg/kg/d) was orally administered to rats from day 14 to 28 after immunization. METHODS Arthritis was evaluated by hind paw swelling, polyarthritis index, and histological examination. Activities of interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) were determined and the ultrastructure of synoviocytes was observed. The proliferation and the production of vascular epidermal growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1) and MMP-3 in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were detected. RESULTS The administration of TGP (25, 50, 100 mg/kg, ig x 14 days) suppressed secondary inflammatory reactions and histological changes in CIA model. The ultrastructure of synoviocytes from CIA rats was changed, and the level of IL-1 and TNF alpha produced by macrophage-like synoviocytes (MLS) from CIA rats was elevated. TGP (50, 100 mg/kg, ig x 14 days) inhibited above changes significantly. The MLS supernatants of CIA rats induced more cell proliferation and more production of VEGF, bFGF, MMP-1 and MMP-3 in FLS of CIA than those supernatants from CIA rats treated with TGP (50, 100 mg/kg, ig x 14 days). CONCLUSION These results indicate that TGP exerts a suppressive effect on joint destruction in rat CIA. The therapeutic effect of TGP could be associated with its ability to ameliorate the secretion and metabolism of synoviocytes and to inhibit the abnormal proliferation and VEGF, bFGF, MMP-1 and MMP-3 production by FLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, 230032 Hefei, China
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether all sizes of wear particles are capable of provoking inflammatory responses and whether there are different responses among different particle sizes. The knees of 40 female Balb/c mice were injected with polystyrene particles of three different diameters, 0.5 microm, 2.0 microm, and 75 microm, using a 0.1% vol/vol concentration. Seven days after particle injection, assessment of the synovial microcirculation using intravital microscopy, and histologic examination, were done. All the mice injected with polystyrene particles had enhanced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and histologic scores regardless of particle size when compared with control animals injected with sterile phosphate buffered saline. Polystyrene particles 0.5 microm in size provoked stronger membrane thickening and increased leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions than 75-microm particles. The fraction of rolling leukocytes was enhanced in the 2.0-microm particle group when compared with the 75-microm particle group. These results indicate that polystyrene particles of all sizes (0.5 microm, 2.0 microm, and 75 microm) are capable of inducing an inflammatory response. Small particles (0.5 microm, 2.0 microm) seem to provoke a stronger inflammatory response than larger particles (75 microm) in conditions with equal particle volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Zysk
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Klinikum Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Specific adhesion among like cells is a key determinant of the architecture of tissues. Homophilic (like binds like) adhesive interactions between cells are mediated by cadherins. These integral membrane glycoproteins have a crucial role in tissue morphogenesis during development and the maintenance of tissue integrity in adults. There is also an increasing recognition of a regulatory role for cadherins in a variety of cell functions, including cell migration. The recent identification of cadherin-11 expression in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) has shed light on the mechanisms of synovial tissue organization and differentiation. Moreover, cadherin-11 expression in FLSs might also provide insight into pathways that determine the mesenchymal tissue response of the synovium to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans P Kiener
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Shayan K, Ho M, Edwards V, Laxer R, Thorner PS. Synovial pathology in camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis syndrome. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2005; 8:26-33. [PMID: 15702367 DOI: 10.1007/s10024-004-3035-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
At least 25 families with camptodactyly-arthropathy-coxa vara-pericarditis (CACP syndrome) have been reported, with descriptions of a distinctive synovial pathology based largely on light microscopy. Although described as "proliferative," with numerous multinucleated giant cells, the natures of proliferating cells and giant cells have not been determined. To clarify the pathogenesis of this disorder, we studied 3 patients who had CACP syndrome and underwent synovial biopsy. Cells in the biopsies were studied by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Giant cells were identified as macrophage in origin based on CD68 expression and electron microscopic features of macrophages. Most cells in the synovium were CD68 positive, in keeping with macrophages. The degree of proliferation in synovial biopsies was estimated by MIB1 immunostaining, which showed that up to 30% of cells were cycling compared with fewer than 10% in control synovial biopsies. None of the giant cells was cycling. By double immunostaining, proliferating cells were determined to be fibroblastic synoviocytes rather than macrophages. Thus the proliferative synovitis in this CACP syndrome can be more accurately thought of as hypercellularity by infiltrating macrophages with a contribution by proliferating fibroblastic synoviocytes. The synoviocyte proliferation is likely a response to the underlying genetic mutations involving the proteoglycan-4 (or CACP) gene. The encoded protein normally acts as a lubricant and possibly controls cell proliferation. Loss of one or another of these functions may be a possible mechanism that leads to synoviocyte proliferation in this disease, but the exact pathophysiology leading to this change requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Shayan
- Division of Pathology, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
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Nozawa-Inoue K, Amizuka N, Suzuki A, Maeda T. Immunocytochemical localization of MAPKAPK-2 and Hsp25 in the rat temporomandibular joint. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 284:522-8. [PMID: 15791578 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One series of our research has shown an intense expression of immunoreaction for heat shock protein 25 (Hsp25) in various cellular elements in the rat temporomandibular joint (TMJ). This protein is the major substrate of mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MAPKAPK-2), which mediates an intracellular stress-activated signaling pathway to stimulate cytosolic actin reorganization under various stresses. The present study was undertaken to examine the localization of MAPKAPK-2 in the rat TMJ by immunocytochemical techniques. Furthermore, confocal microscopy with double staining was employed to demonstrate the colocalization of MAPKAPK-2 and Hsp25. Immunocytochemistry for MAPKAPK-2 showed an intense immunoreaction in the cytoplasm of the synovial lining cells, the endothelial cells, and the fibroblasts in the synovial membrane of the rat TMJ. Double immunostaining under a confocal microscope succeeded in demonstrating the colocalization of MAPKAPK-2 and Hsp25 immunoreactions in the cytoplasm of fibroblastic type B synoviocytes in the TMJ. On the other hand, the macrophage-like type A-cells expressed MAPKAPK-2 immunoreactions but lacked Hsp25 immunoreactivity. The cells in the articular disk and the chondrocytes in the maturative and hypertrophic layer of the mandibular cartilage also showed intense immunoreactions for MAPKAPK-2 and Hsp25. In addition to cytoplasmic localization, MAPKAPK-2 immunoreactions were found in the nucleus of some synovial lining cells, cells in the articular disk, and chondrocytes. Current observations imply the presence of the phosphorylation of Hsp25 via activated MAPKAPK-2 in the cytoplasm. MAPKAPK-2 and Hsp25 possibly participate in the induction of cytoskeletal changes to the various cellular elements in rat TMJ under normal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Nozawa-Inoue
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Kapitonova MY, Othman M. Ultrastructural characteristics of synovial effusion cells in some arthropathies. Malays J Pathol 2004; 26:73-87. [PMID: 16329559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the range of activation changes of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) and the ratio of apoptosis and necrosis in synovial effusions of patients with various arthropathies, and to reveal possible correlations with clinical variants of joint inflammation. METHODS Synovial effusions were aspirated from the knee joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA, 28 cases), and seronegative spondyloarthritides (SSA): Reiter's disease (RD, 9 cases), peripheral form of the ankylosing spondyloarthritis (6 cases) and psoriatic arthritis (6 cases); and primary osteoarthritis (OA, 9 cases). Cytospin preparations were processed for transmission electron microscopy and assessed for the incidence of apoptosis, necrosis, and cytophagocytic cells (CPC) in the synovial fluid (SF). The range of activation changes of the neutrophil granulocytes, the dominating cell population in the arthritic SF, was evaluated. RESULTS In all arthropathies under investigation most of the synovial effusion cells had intact ultrastructure with a certain amount of apoptotic cells dominating over the cells with signs of necrosis, and a few CPC. The highest rate of apoptosis was discovered in the synovial effusions of patients with RA, the lowest in those with OA, while the rate of CPC among the inflammatory joint diseases was the lowest in RA. In RA the current disease activity correlated with the incidence of apoptotic cells and CPC, while the clinical stage was related only to the CPC rate. These data suggest that in RA, despite exposure to the anti-apoptotic signals, apoptosis of the synovial effusion PMN is maintained at a significantly higher level than in non-rheumatoid arthropathies, both inflammatory (SSA) and degenerative (OA), providing elimination of the neutrophils accumulating in the joint cavity and thus stimulating resolution of the joint inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yu Kapitonova
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Ijiri K, Tsuruga H, Sakakima H, Tomita K, Taniguchi N, Shimoonoda K, Komiya S, Goldring MB, Majima HJ, Matsuyama T. Increased expression of humanin peptide in diffuse-type pigmented villonodular synovitis: implication of its mitochondrial abnormality. Ann Rheum Dis 2004; 64:816-23. [PMID: 15567815 PMCID: PMC1755539 DOI: 10.1136/ard.2004.025445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To define the pathogenesis of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS), by searching for highly expressed genes in primary synovial cells from patients with PVNS. METHODS A combination of subtraction cloning and Southern colony hybridisation was used to detect highly expressed genes in PVNS in comparison with rheumatoid synovial cells. Northern hybridisation was performed to confirm the differential expression of the humanin gene in PVNS. Expression of the humanin peptide was analysed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopic immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate the distribution of this peptide within the cell. RESULTS 68 highly expressed genes were identified in PVNS. Humanin genes were strongly expressed in diffuse-type PVNS, but were barely detected in nodular-type PVNS, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis. Humanin peptide was identified in synovium from diffuse-type PVNS, and most of the positive cells were distributed in the deep layer of the synovial tissue. Double staining with anti-humanin and anti-heat shock protein 60 showed that humanin was expressed mainly in mitochondria. Electron microscopy disclosed immunolocalisation of this peptide, predominantly around dense iron deposits within the siderosome. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of the humanin peptide in mitochondria and siderosomes is characteristic of synovial cells from diffuse-type PVNS. Humanin is an anti-apoptotic peptide which is encoded in the mitochondrial genome. Present findings suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction may be the principal factor in pathogenesis of diffuse-type PVNS and that humanin peptide may play a part in the neoplastic process in this form of PVNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ijiri
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Room 237, 4 Blackfan Circle, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Ikeda N, Nozawa-Inoue K, Takagi R, Maeda T. Development of the synovial membrane in the rat temporomandibular joint as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry for heat shock protein 25. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 279:623-35. [PMID: 15224404 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The synovial lining layer of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) consists of macrophage-like type A cells and fibroblast-like type B cells. Until now, little information has been available on the development of the synovial membrane in TMJ. In the present study we examined the development of the synovial lining layer in the rat TMJ by light- and electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry for heat shock protein (Hsp) 25, which is a useful marker for type B cells. At embryonic day 19 (E19), a few Hsp25-positive cells first appeared in the upper portion of the developing condyle. During the formation of the upper articular cavity (E21 to postnatal day 1 (P1)), a few positive cells were arranged on its surface. Immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated that these cells had ultrastructural features of fibroblast-like type B cells. In addition, some Hsp25-positive cells moved to the deep portion by extending their cytoplasmic processes toward the articular cavity at P3. At that time, the presence of typical macrophage-like type A cells in the lining layer was confirmed by immunoelectron microscopy. The slender processes of Hsp25-positive cells showed a continuous covering with the synovial surface at P7, followed by a drastic increase in the Hsp25-positive cells at P15 and later, when active jaw movement occurred. These findings suggested that the arrangement and morphological maturation of type B cells are closely related to the formation of the articular cavity in the embryonic period and the commencement of active jaw movement after birth, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Ikeda
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Abstract
In the Japanese miniature (Shiba) goat, the synovial membrane contains synoviocytes referred to as type A (macrophage-like cells) and type B cells (fibroblast-like cells) in the intimal layer. Small capillaries and blood vessels of varying sizes were located in the extracellular matrix in the synovial subintima. The type A cells in the synovium possessed numerous vesicles, vacuoles and lysosomes as well as pinocytotic vesicles. These ultrastructural features indicating phagocytosis showed distinct positive reactions following hyaluronan staining. On the other hand, in the type B cells, hyaluronic acids were present in the surface coat of the plasma membrane and its periphery. Additionally, perivascular connective tissue of the small capillaries and blood vessels and interfibrous matrix contained hyaluronan. The results suggest that hyaluronic acid, in the synovial tissue, is synthesized on the plasma membrane of type B cells, and taken up by type A cells. Moreover, hyaluronan is involved in cellular functions in the synovial connective tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Yasui
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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Nozawa-Inoue K, Amizuka N, Ikeda N, Suzuki A, Kawano Y, Maeda T. Synovial membrane in the temporomandibular joint--its morphology, function and development. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 66:289-306. [PMID: 14692685 DOI: 10.1679/aohc.66.289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews recent findings of the synovial membrane, in particular the morphology, function and development of synovial lining cells, in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Electron microscopic studies have confirmed the synovial membrane in TMJ consists of macrophage-like type A cells and fibroblast-like type B cells identical to those in other systematic joints. The macrophage-like type A cells react with anti-macrophage and macrophage-derived substances including the major histocompatibility class II molecule, and show a drastic increase in their number in the inflamed synovial membrane. In addition, they have the ability to produce substances involved in the progression of TMJ inflammation such as nitric oxide and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Observation of osteopetrotic mice revealed that macrophage-like type A cells in TMJ are derived from monocyte lineage. Immunocytochemistry for 25kDa heat shock protein was able to depict the entire shape of fibroblast-like type B cells including their unique processes. The expression of an estrogen receptor alpha-immunoreaction in the fibroblast-like type B cells may explain the etiology of temporomandibular disorders at a higher frequency in females than in males, suggesting that TMJ is a target tissue for estrogen. Furthermore, fibroblast-like type B cells are equipped with a basement membrane to serve as an adhesion molecule for the fibroblast-like type B cells to keep their epithelial arrangement. A clear understanding of the morphology of the intact synovial membrane will serve to clarify the etiology and development of temporomandibular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Nozawa-Inoue
- Division of Oral Anatomy, Department of Oral Biological Science, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan.
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Rovenská E, Rovenská E, Neumüller J. Structure of synovial lymphatic capillaries in rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Int J Tissue React 2004; 25:29-39. [PMID: 12854885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The structure of lymphatic capillaries (LC) of the synovial membrane (SM) from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis obtained by synovectomy was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. This method allows comparison of the structure of the same vessel under light and electron microscope and clear differentiation between lymphatic and blood capillaries and venules. Synovial LC were localized in the subintimal connective tissue of the SM in the vicinity of venules. The shape of some LC was irregular, suggesting edema of the interstitium. Lymphatic endothelium has extremely attenuated cytoplasm with the exception of the perinuclear region. Many nuclei of endothelial cells had distinct nucleoli. The basal lamina was discontinuous. The walls of LC showed close connection with the interstitium represented by anchoring filaments that were attached to the endothelial cells and to the surrounding connective tissue. In some LC connective tissue appeared to be disconnected from endothelium and gaps between their walls and the interstitium were seen. Mononuclear cells were accumulated adjacent to some LC. Specialized interendothelial junctions (endothelial microvalves) were observed in the LC walls. Their structure and function in the migration of cells and debris from synovial interstitium into LC lumina in rheumatoid arthritic synovium deserves further investigation. In the lumina of some of the LC lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, cell debris and enlarged endothelium were observed. Accumulation of such material may cause obstruction of tiny LC. We suggest that reported alterations of the fine synovial lymphatic vessels can contribute to the progression of the inflammatory process to chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rovenská
- National Institute of Rheumatic Diseases, Piestany, Slovak Republic.
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Liang Y, Nakamura S, Cui L, Johkura K, Ogiwara N, Sasaki K. Three-dimensional expression of adhesion molecules on the superficial synovial intima of LPS-induced arthritis of the mouse knee analyzed by immuno-SEM. J Electron Microsc (Tokyo) 2004; 53:93-97. [PMID: 15077904 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/53.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional microlocalization of adhesion molecules, i.e. ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule), VCAM-1 (vascular adhesion molecule), LFA-1 (lymphocyte function-associated antigen), Mac-1 (macrophage differentiation antigen) and VLA-4 (very late activation antigen), expressed on type-A synoviocyte (macrophage-like cell) and type-B synoviocyte (fibroblast-like cell), were detected by immuno-scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the immunoreactive microenvironment of the superficial synovial intima in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced arthritis of the mouse knee. Type-B synoviocytes extended rich slender processes from the periphery and constructed a cytoplasmic network, to which ICAM-1 was restricted. VCAM-1 was expressed only in the LPS-stimulated group and was relatively limited to the microvilli of type-B synoviocytes. Type-A synoviocytes were located randomly among the network with a smoother surface and expressed Mac-1 and LFA-1, which were counter-receptors for ICAM-1, and VLA-4 for VCAM-1 on the microvilli or lamellipodia. Three-dimensional microlocalization of adhesion molecules suggests that the network constructed by cytoplasmic processes and microvilli of type-B synoviocytes forms the pathway for the migration or the foothold for the fixation of type-A synoviocytes and takes part in forming an immunoreactive environment in the articular cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Anatomy and Organ Technology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan
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Bezerra MM, Brain SD, Greenacre S, Jerônimo SMB, de Melo LB, Keeble J, da Rocha FAC. Reactive nitrogen species scavenging, rather than nitric oxide inhibition, protects from articular cartilage damage in rat zymosan-induced arthritis. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:172-82. [PMID: 14662723 PMCID: PMC1574182 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2003] [Revised: 10/02/2003] [Accepted: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
1. The contribution of nitric oxide (NO) and peroxynitrite (PN) to inflammation in a zymosan-induced (1 mg, intra-articular, i.art.) rat model of arthritis was assessed by histopathology and by measuring the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of the articular cartilage. 2. Progression of the chronic synovitis in zymosan-induced arthritis (ZYA) was associated with increased nitrite and nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels in the joint exudates that paralleled a progressive loss of the GAG content. An increase in 3-NT was also observed after i.art. PN. 3. The nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor l-N(G)-nitroarginine methyl ester (25-75 mg x kg(-1)day(-1)) or the selective inducible NOS inhibitor aminoguanidine (50-100 mg x kg(-1)day(-1)) given 1 h before (prophylactic) or 3 days after (therapeutic) injection of the zymosan ameliorated the synovitis, but worsened the GAG loss, as measured at the end of the experiment (day 7). 4. The PN scavenger uric acid (100-250 mg x kg(-1) i.p. four times daily) given prophylactically until the end of the experiment (day 14), in a dose compatible with its PN scavenging activity, significantly decreased both the synovitis and the GAG loss. 5. In conclusion, PN formation is associated with cartilage damage in addition to proinflammatory activity in ZYA. NOS inhibitors and a PN scavenger were able to reduce the cellular infiltration, while displaying opposite effects on cartilage homeostasis either by enhancing or ameliorating the damage, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Marques Bezerra
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Susan D Brain
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
| | - Stan Greenacre
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
| | | | - Liana Batista de Melo
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Julie Keeble
- Centre for Cardiovascular Biology & Medicine, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL
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Abstract
By various ultracytochemical methods, glycoconjugates of the synoviocytes, the intercellular matrix and the wall of the small capillaries were studied in the synovial intimal tissues of the canine knee joint. Glycoconjugates with vicinal diol groups could be visualized in certain elements of the Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, the majority of intracellular cytomembranes, the surface coat of the plasma membrane and glycogen particles in type A cells. In type B cells, less-developed Golgi complexes, and fewer lysosomes and vacuoles were present in the cytoplasm than in that of type A cells. In contrast, a large number of cytoplasmic glycogen particles and abundant vicinal diol-containing groups in the surface coat of the plasma membrane became especially obvious in the B cells. Abundant neutral and acidic glycoproteins were observed in fibrous components in the intercellular matrix. In the small capillaries, strongly positive staining intensities for neutral and acidic glycoconjugates were observed in the basement membrane and perivascular connective tissue, as well as in the surface coat of the luminal plasma membrane of the endothelial cells, although to a somewhat weaker degree. Sialic acid, particularly, was notable in the surface coat of the latter cells. In addition, glycoproteins in the type A cells were shown by lectin ultracytochemistry to contain a variety of saccharide residues such as alpha-D-mannose, alpha-D-glucose, alpha-L-fucose, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid, which were also found in the plasma membrane of the B cells. The properties of the glycoconjugates found are discussed in relation to the basic functions assigned to the synovial membrane of the canine knee joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nagaoka
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-8510, Japan
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Itoh K, Hase H, Kojima H, Saotome K, Nishioka K, Kobata T. Central role of mitochondria and p53 in Fas-mediated apoptosis of rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 43:277-85. [PMID: 14623946 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fas-mediated apoptosis is preferentially observed in synoviocytes of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and is associated with the pathophysiological process of RA. To clarify the molecular mechanisms of Fas-mediated apoptosis of RA synoviocytes, we investigated the role of the mitochondrial pathway and tumour suppressor p53 in this process. METHODS Cultured synovial fibroblasts were prepared from RA patients. After treatment of RA synovial fibroblasts with anti-Fas monoclonal antibody, the expression levels of activated caspase-9 and -3, Bid cleavage, cytochrome c release and phosphorylation of p53 at Ser15 were assessed using immunoblot analysis. The mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) was evaluated with a fluorescence-based detection assay. Apoptotic cells were determined by a DNA fragmentation assay in the presence or absence of caspase inhibitors. Expression of p53-regulated apoptosis-inducing protein 1 (p53AIP1) was measured by real-time PCR. RA synovial fibroblasts stably transfected with a dominant-negative (DN) p53 were prepared in order to investigate the role of p53 during Fas-induced apoptosis. RESULTS Fas ligation induced Bid cleavage, loss of DeltaPsim, cytochrome c release to the cytosol and activation of caspase-9 and -3 in RA synovial fibroblasts. Treatment with a caspase-9-specific inhibitor almost completely inhibited Fas-mediated apoptosis. Moreover, p53 activation after Fas ligation was evidenced by its phosphorylation at Ser15 and up-regulation of the p53 target gene p53AIP1. Fas-mediated apoptosis was significantly suppressed by anti-sense p53 oligonucleotides and by p53DN. CONCLUSION Our findings strongly suggest the involvement of mitochondria and p53 in Fas-mediated apoptosis of RA synovial fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Itoh
- Division of Immunology, Institute for Medical Science, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293, Japan
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Dai M, Wei W, Shen YX, Zheng YQ. Glucosides of Chaenomeles speciosa remit rat adjuvant arthritis by inhibiting synoviocyte activities. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2003; 24:1161-6. [PMID: 14627503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of Glucosides of Chaenomeles speciosa (GCS) on rat adjuvant arthritis (AA) and to clarify the role of synoviocytes in this process. METHODS Complete Freund's adjuvant was used to induce AA in rats. Secondary paw swelling of AA rats was measured with MK-550 volume meter. The pain response and polyarthritis index were scored. Synoviocytes were separated by incubation of collagenase and trypsin, and morphological changes of synoviocytes were observed by transmission electron microscope. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) production was measured by thymocyte proliferation assay. Tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production were determined by radioimmunoassay. RESULTS There were significant secondary inflammatory reactions in AA rats. The morphology of synoviocytes from AA rats was changed, companying the elevation of the level of IL-1,TNFalpha, and PGE2 produced by synoviocytes from AA rats. GCS (60 and 120 mg/kg, ig, 8 d) suppressed secondary inflammatory paw swelling, pain response, and polyarthritis index. It also improved ultrastructural changes of synoviocytes and inhibited IL-1,TNFalpha, and PGE2 production in AA rats. The inhibitory effect of GCS 120 mg/kg was more evident than that of Actarit 60 mg/kg. CONCLUSION GCS reduced the secondary inflammatory in AA rats, which is associated with prevention of ultrastructural changes of synoviocytes and inhibition of secretion of proimflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Dai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
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Ichinose S, Muneta T, Aoki H, Tagami M. TEM observation of seven retrieved total knee joints made of Co-Cr-Mo and Ti-Al-V alloys. Biomed Mater Eng 2003; 13:125-34. [PMID: 12775903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that a myriad of fine particles produced by the abrasion of both cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) and titanium-aluminum-vanadium (Ti-Al-V) alloys accumulate in the synovial cells next to surgical implants made from these alloys. The metallic particles were of various sizes, and were observed within the lysosomes. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy studies revealed that the fine spherical particles consisted solely of Cr, and that other larger particles were composed of the Co-Cr-Mo alloy. We measured the size of the metallic particles using the public domain NIH image program, and found that most of the fine spherical particles were 10-15 nm in diameter (n=1000). Eighty percent of the large particles were 30-35 nm in length and 20-25 nm in width (n=300). In addition, EDS examination clarified that all of the fine particles of the Ti-Al-V alloy were composed of that alloy. For this alloy, when discounting the larger particles, the fine metal deposits were 20-25 nm in length and 10-15 nm in width (n=1000). From these findings, we conclude that the Co-Cr-Mo alloy is easily corroded and that Co is released from the cells. In contrast, the Ti-Al-V alloy is very stable and does not corrode, although the Ti-Al-V alloy does produce particles that are smaller than those produced by the Co-Cr-Mo alloy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuko Ichinose
- Instrumental Analysis Research Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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O'Neill KD, Chen NX, Wang M, Cocklin R, Zhang Y, Moe SM. Cellular uptake of beta2M and AGE-beta2M in synovial fibroblasts and macrophages. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003; 18:46-53. [PMID: 12480959 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/18.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beta-2-microglobulin (beta(2)M) amyloidosis is a destructive articular disease affecting dialysis patients. The amyloid deposits contain both beta(2)M and beta(2)M altered with advanced glycation end products (AGE-beta(2)M). We have shown that beta(2)M increases the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and cyclooxygenase-2 in human synovial fibroblasts, while the effect of AGE-beta(2)M in this model is markedly reduced. Conversely, in human monocyte/macrophages, AGE-beta(2)M stimulates cytokine release whereas beta(2)M is less potent. METHODS To understand why the two forms of beta(2)M produce variable responses in different cells, AGE-beta(2)M was labelled with the fluorochrome Cy5, and beta(2)M was labelled with the fluorochrome Texas Red (TR) and the uptake of 50 microg/ml of each was examined through live cell imaging at different time points using confocal microscopy. RESULTS In human synovial fibroblasts, the AGE-beta(2)M-Cy5 could be seen in endosome-like structures inside cells by 45 min. After 3.5 h the distribution of endosome-like structures had become perinuclear in nature and the concentration of AGE-beta(2)M-Cy5 within these structures had increased. When a 20-fold excess of AGE-BSA was added to the synovial fibroblasts with the AGE-beta(2)M-Cy5, the endosome-like particles were not seen, suggesting competitive inhibition of uptake through an AGE-receptor. In contrast, beta(2)M-TR progressively concentrated along the surface of synovial fibroblasts with minimal cellular uptake indicated by faint endosome-like structures seen only after 8 h. Interestingly, in a different model, human and mouse monocyte/macrophages, the AGE-beta(2)M-Cy5 and beta(2)M-TR had similar patterns of distribution and kinetics of uptake. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that beta(2)M and AGE-beta(2)M are endocytosed via different mechanisms in human synovial fibroblasts and monocytes/macrophages. These results may offer a potential explanation of differences observed in cell culture experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalisha D O'Neill
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Electron microscopy was used to examine the histologic effect of trauma on the rat temporomandibular joint synovial membrane. METHODS Trauma to the TMJ in male Wister rats (100-200 g) was introduced through repeated forced condylar hypermobility. Ultrastructural observations were made 5 days and 6 weeks after the trauma. RESULTS The early response of the synovial membrane was synovial hyperplasia, type A synovial cell loss, dilation of the r-ER in the type B synovial cells and fibrin deposition on the synovial surfaces. The late response included degeneration of synovial cells with swollen mitochondria and cell projections, and cell fragmentation. Large amount of fibrin deposition on opposing surface layers was also noticed. CONCLUSION The type A cell loss and fibrin deposition followed by the occurrence of fibrinous materials at opposing surface layers of the synovial membrane suggest that traumatic synovitis causes synovial adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshitaka Muto
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido, Japan
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Li S, Lü A, Jia H. Therapeutic actions of the Chinese herbal formulae with cold and heat properties and their effects on ultrastructures of synoviocytes in rats of the collagen-induced arthritis. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2002; 22:296-302. [PMID: 16579099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic actions of Qing Luo Yin with heat property and Wen Luo Yin with cold property on pain, swelling of the ankle, arthritis index and ultrastructures of synoviocytes were compared in rats of type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), with tripterygium glycosidorum (TG) used as control. The results indicated that both QLY and WLY could reduce pain, swelling of the ankle and the arthritis index of CIA, and QLY had better effects in reducing the swelling of the ankle and controlling the secondary pathological lesions as compared with WLY. Investigation on the ultrastructures of synoviocytes indicated that both QLY and WLY could reduce the number of Golgi apparatus, rough surface endoplasmic reticulum, dense bodies, matrix filaments and vacuoles so as to suppress the excessive secretion of synoviocytes in rats of CIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Li
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
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Kohama M, Nio J, Hashimoto Y, Iwanaga T. Cellular architecture of the synovium in the tendon sheath of horses: an immunohistochemical and scanning electron microscopic study. Jpn J Vet Res 2002; 50:125-39. [PMID: 12619304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The intimal lining cells of the synovium in joints have been studied morphologically and histochemically and shown to consist of macrophagic cells (type A) and fibroblast-like cells (type B). It is believed that the structure of the synovium in the tendon sheath is similar to that in the joint, but there have been only a few morphological studies of the tendon sheath. The present study revealed the cellular architecture of synovium in the tendon sheath of horses by histochemistry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Like the joint, the inner surface of the tendon sheath was covered with a cell-rich intimal layer. Acid phosphatase-positive A cells accumulated in the mesotendon but few in other regions. B cells were selectively immunolabeled with protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 antiserum and distributed in the entire length of the synovial intima in the tendon sheath. The synovial intima consisted of a surface layer rich in the processes of B cells and a deep layer containing cell bodies of B cells. Using SEM, B cells could be classified into two types according to the morphology of their processes. B cells of dendritic type were located mainly in the joint-side of the tendon sheath and extended branched processes to form a meshwork on the intimal surface. B cells of flat type were located in the skin-side of the tendon sheath and in the mesotendon. Their membranous processes extended in a horizontal direction and covered the intimal surface, resembling epithelium. It appears likely that the morphology and distribution of synovial intimal cells are influenced by various factors, such as the nature of the underlying tissues and the magnitude of mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morimasa Kohama
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18-Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
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