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Inhibition of melanoma by survivin-specific lymphocytes combined with CCL17 and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in a mouse syngeneic model. Anticancer Drugs 2020; 32:138-147. [PMID: 32932278 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As a new generation of treatment, tumor immunotherapy targeting tumor-associated antigens (TAA) has attracted widespread attention. The survivin antigen belongs to TAA. It is a key inhibitor of apoptosis and a key regulator of cell cycle progression; furthermore, it may be a candidate target for tumor therapy. In addition, studies have confirmed that granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and CCL17 significantly affect local anti-tumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment. The mouse survivin gene was screened by BIMAS and SYFPEITHI to obtain the highest scored mouse survivin epitope peptide, which was synthesized into a peptide vaccine to immunize normal mice. Subsequently, spleen lymphocytes were isolated to induce survivin-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Next, genetic engineering was used to construct the B16F10 cell line that stably expressed CCL17 and GM-CSF genes. A mouse melanoma model was used to observe the effects of the combination of the three on tumor volume and tumor weight. In-vitro survivin-specific CTL combined with CCL17 gene had a stronger inhibitory effect on B16F10 cells, while combined GM-CSF gene did not enhance the inhibitory effect of CTL on B16F10 cells. In-vivo experiments demonstrated that survivin-specific CTL combined with GM-CSF and CCL17 genes can inhibit the growth of mouse melanoma. HE staining and immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor had more necrotic cells and more infiltrating lymphocytes. The results showed that survivin-specific CTL combined with CCL17 and GM-CSF genes could inhibit tumor growth better.
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Allahverdiyev A, Tari G, Bagirova M, Abamor ES. Current Approaches in Development of Immunotherapeutic Vaccines for Breast Cancer. J Breast Cancer 2018; 21:343-353. [PMID: 30607155 PMCID: PMC6310717 DOI: 10.4048/jbc.2018.21.e47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. In developed as well as developing countries, breast cancer is the most common cancer found among women. Currently, treatment of breast cancer consists mainly of surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiotherapy. In recent years, because of increased understanding of the therapeutic potential of immunotherapy in cancer prevention, cancer vaccines have gained importance. Here, we review various immunotherapeutic breast cancer vaccines including peptide-based vaccines, whole tumor cell vaccines, gene-based vaccines, and dendritic cell vaccines. We also discuss novel nanotechnology-based approaches to improving breast cancer vaccine efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Allahverdiyev
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gamze Tari
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melahat Bagirova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emrah Sefik Abamor
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Li W, Song X, Yu H, Zhang M, Li F, Cao C, Jiang Q. Dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Arab J Gastroenterol 2018. [PMID: 29526540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a lethal disease and remains one of the most resistant cancers to traditional therapies. New therapeutic modalities are urgently needed, particularly immunotherapy, which has shown promise in numerous animal model studies. Dendritic cell (DC)-based immunotherapy has been used in clinical trials for various cancers, including PC, because DCs are the most potent antigen-presenting cell (APC), which are capable of priming naive T cells and stimulating memory T cells to generate antigen-specific responses. In this paper, we review the preclinical and clinical efforts towards the application of DCs for PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Xiujun Song
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Huijie Yu
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Manze Zhang
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Fengsheng Li
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Cheng Cao
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Qisheng Jiang
- Laboratory of Nuclear and Radiation Damage, The General Hospital of The PLA Rocket Force, Beijing 100088, China.
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4
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A practical approach to pancreatic cancer immunotherapy using resected tumor lysate vaccines processed to express α-gal epitopes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184901. [PMID: 29077749 PMCID: PMC5659602 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Single-agent immunotherapy is ineffective against poorly immunogenic cancers, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). The aims of this study were to demonstrate the feasibility of production of novel autologous tumor lysate vaccines from resected PDAC tumors, and verify vaccine safety and efficacy. Methods Fresh surgically resected tumors obtained from human patients were processed to enzymatically synthesize α-gal epitopes on the carbohydrate chains of membrane glycoproteins. Processed membranes were analyzed for the expression of α-gal epitopes and the binding of anti-Gal, and vaccine efficacy was assessed in vitro and in vivo. Results Effective synthesis of α-gal epitopes was demonstrated after processing of PDAC tumor lysates from 10 different patients, and tumor lysates readily bound an anti-Gal monoclonal antibody. α-gal(+) PDAC tumor lysate vaccines elicited strong antibody production against multiple tumor-associated antigens and activated multiple tumor-specific T cells. The lysate vaccines stimulated a robust immune response in animal models, resulting in tumor suppression and a significant improvement in survival without any adverse events. Conclusions Our data suggest that α-gal(+) PDAC tumor lysate vaccination may be a practical and effective new immunotherapeutic approach for treating pancreatic cancer.
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5
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Curdlan activates dendritic cells through dectin-1 and toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 39:71-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Amedei A, Niccolai E, Prisco D. Pancreatic cancer: role of the immune system in cancer progression and vaccine-based immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3354-68. [PMID: 25483688 DOI: 10.4161/hv.34392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the 5th leading cause of cancer related death in the developed world with more than 260,000 deaths annually worldwide and with a dismal 5-year survival. Surgery is the only potential hope of cure for PC, but, unfortunately, only 20% PC patients is resectable at the time of diagnosis. Therapeutic research efforts have mainly focused on improvements in radio/ chemo treatments and to date, there are only a few chemotherapeutic agents that have shown to be effective against PC, including gemcitabine with or without abraxane as well as a combination of 5-FU, leucovorin, oxaliplatin and irinotecan (the so-called FOLFIRINOX regimen). The survival of patients treated with these regimens is marginal and hence we are in urgent need of novel therapeutic approaches to treat pancreatic cancer. The success of immunotherapeutic strategies in other cancers and various evidences that pancreatic adenocarcinoma elicits antitumor immune responses, suggest that immunotherapies can be a promising alternative treatment modality for this deadly disease. PC immunotherapy treatments include passive immunotherapeutic approaches, such as the use of effector cells generated in vitro, and active immunotherapeutic strategies, which goal is to stimulate an antitumor response in vivo, by means of vaccination. In this review, we describe the immune suppressive mechanisms of pancreatic cancer and discuss recent preclinical and clinical efforts toward PC immunotherapy, including passive approaches, such as the use of antibodies and active strategies (vaccination), with a special mention of most recent treatment with CRS-207 and GVAX.
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Key Words
- APC, Antigen Presenting Cells
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CTL, Cytotoxic CD8 T cells
- DCs, Dendritic Cells
- ENO1, a-Enolasi
- IDO, Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase
- MUC1, Mucin-1
- NK, Natural Killer
- PC, pancreatic cancer
- Th, T helper
- Tregs, Regulatory T cells
- clinical trials
- immune response
- immunotherapy
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- pancreatic cancer
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Amedei
- a Department of Experimental and Clinical Internal Medicine ; University of Florence ; Florence , Italy
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7
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Chevaleyre C, Benhamouda N, Favry E, Fabre E, Mhoumadi A, Nozach H, Marcon E, Cosler G, Vinatier E, Oudard S, Hans S, Le Pimpec-Barthes F, Bats AS, Castelli FA, Tartour E, Maillère B. The Tumor Antigen Cyclin B1 Hosts Multiple CD4 T Cell Epitopes Differently Recognized by Pre-Existing Naive and Memory Cells in Both Healthy and Cancer Donors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1891-901. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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8
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Xi HB, Wang GX, Fu B, Liu WP, Li Y. Survivin and PSMA Loaded Dendritic Cell Vaccine for the Treatment of Prostate Cancer. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:827-35. [PMID: 25787895 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are a promising therapeutic modality for cancer. Results from recent trials and approval of the first DC vaccine by the U.S. Food and Drugs Administration for prostate cancer have paved the way for DC-based vaccines. A total of 21 hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) patients with a life expectancy >3 months were randomised into two groups. DC loaded with recombinant Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen (rPSMA) and recombinant Survivin (rSurvivin) peptides was administered as an subcutaneous (s.c.) injection (5×10(6) cells). Docetaxel (75 mg/m(2) intravenous (i.v.)) and prednisone (5 mg, bis in die (b.i.d.)) served as control. Clinical and immunological responses were evaluated. Primary endpoints were safety and feasibility; secondary endpoint was overall survival. Responses were evaluated on day 15, day 30, day 60, and day 90. DC vaccination was well tolerated with no signs of grade 2 toxicity. DC vaccination induced delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity and an immune response in all patients. Objective Response Rate (ORR) by Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours (RECIST) was 72.7% (8/11) versus 45.4 (5/11) in the docetaxel arm and immune related response criteria (irRC) was 54.5% (6/11) compared with 27.2% (3/11) in the control arm. The DC arm showed stable disease (SD) in 6 patients, progressive disease (PD) in 3 patients, and partial remission (PR) in two patients compared to SD in 5 patients, PD in 6 patients, and PR in none in the docetaxel arm. There was a cellular response, disease stabilization, no adverse events, and partial remission with the rPSMA and rSurvivin primed DC vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Bo Xi
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
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9
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Tanida T, Tanemura M, Miyoshi E, Nagano H, Furukawa K, Nonaka Y, Akita H, Hama N, Wada H, Kawamoto K, Kobayashi S, Eguchi H, Mori M, Doki Y. Pancreatic cancer immunotherapy using a tumor lysate vaccine, engineered to express α-gal epitopes, targets pancreatic cancer stem cells. Int J Oncol 2014; 46:78-90. [PMID: 25354268 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease that remains one of the most resistant to traditional therapies. Immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer induces the recruitment and activation of T cells that recognize tumor-associated antigens (TAAs); thus, the mechanism differs from that of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The goal of cancer immunotherapy is to elicit immune responses against autologous tumors, and especially to induce multiple T cell clones against a variety of TAAs. In the present study, we prepared a polyvalent tumor lysate vaccine engineered to express the α-gal epitopes, Galα1-3Galβ1-4 GlcNAc-R (i.e., α-gal tumor lysate), from primary tumors. The vaccine elicited strong antibody production against multiple TAAs in pancreatic cancer cells and induced activation of multiple tumor-specific T cells in α1,3-galactosyltransferase (α1,3GT) knockout (KO) mice. The tumor lysate vaccine exhibited a similar effect on pancreatic cancer stem cells (CSCs) with the CD44+CD24+ phenotype. Furthermore, in vivo experiments using NOD/SCID mice, inoculated with splenocytes from KO mice vaccinated with the α-gal tumor lysate and injected with pancreatic cancer cells, showed successful induction of a marked immune response that resulted in suppression of tumorigenesis and significant improvement in overall survival. In contrast, inoculation of lymphocytes from KO mice vaccinated with control tumor lysate vaccine had no effects on tumor growth and survival. The results of both in vitro and in vivo experiments emphasize the efficiency of tumor lysate vaccines expressing α-gal epitopes in targeting all pancreatic cancer cells, including differentiated cancer cells and pancreatic CSCs. The α-gal tumor lysate vaccine could be the basis for a novel therapeutic approach in human clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Tanida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Tanemura
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kenta Furukawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Nonaka
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Akita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naoki Hama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shogo Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10
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Tanemura M, Miyoshi E, Nagano H, Eguchi H, Taniyama K, Kamiike W, Mori M, Doki Y. Role of α-gal epitope/anti-Gal antibody reaction in immunotherapy and its clinical application in pancreatic cancer. Cancer Sci 2013; 104:282-90. [PMID: 23240661 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most common causes of death from cancer. Despite the availability of various treatment modalities, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the 5-year survival remains poor. Although gemcitabine-based chemotherapy is typically offered as the standard care, most patients do not survive longer than 6 months. Therefore, new therapeutic approaches are needed. The α-gal epitope (Galα1-3Galβ1-4GlcNAc-R) is abundantly synthesized from glycoproteins and glycolipids in non-primate mammals and New World monkeys, but is absent in humans, apes and Old World monkeys. Instead, they produce anti-Gal antibody (Ab) (forming approximately 1% of circulating immunoglobulins), which specifically interacts with α-gal epitopes. Anti-Gal Ab can be exploited in cancer immunotherapy as vaccines that target antigen-presenting cells (APC) to increase their immunogenicity. Tumor cells or tumor cell membranes from pancreatic cancer are processed to express α-gal epitopes. Subsequent vaccination with such processed cell membranes results in in vivo opsonization by anti-Gal IgG in cancer patients. The interaction of the Fc portion of the vaccine-bound anti-Gal with Fcγ receptors of APC induces effective uptake of the vaccinating tumor cell membranes by the APC, followed by effective transport of the vaccinating tumor membranes to the regional lymph nodes, and processing and presentation of the tumor-associated antigens. Activation of tumor-specific B and T cells could elicit an immune response that in some patients is potent enough to eradicate the residual cancer cells that remain after completion of standard therapy. This review addresses these topics and new avenues of clinical importance related to this unique antigen/antibody system (α-gal epitope/anti-Gal Ab) and advances in immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tanemura
- Department of Surgery and Institute for Clinical Research, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center and Chugoku Cancer Center, Hiroshima, Japan.
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11
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Niccolai E, Prisco D, D'Elios MM, Amedei A. What is recent in pancreatic cancer immunotherapy? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:492372. [PMID: 23509731 PMCID: PMC3591222 DOI: 10.1155/2013/492372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) represents an unresolved therapeutic challenge, due to the poor prognosis and the reduced response to currently available treatments. Pancreatic cancer is the most lethal type of digestive cancers, with a median survival of 4-6 months. Only a small proportion of PC patients is curative by surgical resection, whilst standard chemotherapy for patients in advanced disease generates only modest effects with considerable toxic damages. Thus, new therapeutic approaches, specially specific treatments such as immunotherapy, are needed. In this paper we analyze recent preclinical and clinical efforts towards immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer, including passive and active immunotherapy approaches, designed to target pancreatic-cancer-associated antigens and to elicit an antitumor response in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Niccolai
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence and Patologia Medica Unit Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Domenico Prisco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Critical Care, University of Florence and Patologia Medica Unit Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Mario Milco D'Elios
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence and Patologia Medica Unit Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Center of Oncologic Minimally Invasive Surgery, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence and Patologia Medica Unit Department of Biomedicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Center of Oncologic Minimally Invasive Surgery, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla 3, 50134 Florence, Italy
- Division of Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50134 Florence, Italy
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12
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Kim JY, Kim YJ, Kim JS, Ryu HS, Lee HK, Kang JS, Kim HM, Hong JT, Kim Y, Han SB. Adjuvant effect of a natural TLR4 ligand on dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2011; 313:226-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Dodson LF, Hawkins WG, Goedegebuure P. Potential targets for pancreatic cancer immunotherapeutics. Immunotherapy 2011; 3:517-37. [PMID: 21463193 DOI: 10.2217/imt.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer death with an overall 5-year survival of less than 5%. As there is ample evidence that pancreatic adenocarcinomas elicit antitumor immune responses, identification of pancreatic cancer-associated antigens has spurred the development of vaccination-based strategies for treatment. While promising results have been observed in animal tumor models, most clinical studies have found only limited success. As most trials were performed in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer, the contribution of immune suppressor mechanisms should be taken into account. In this article, we detail recent work in tumor antigen vaccination and the recently identified mechanisms of immune suppression in pancreatic cancer. We offer our perspective on how to increase the clinical efficacy of vaccines for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindzy F Dodson
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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14
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Yuan S, Shi C, Liu L, Han W. MUC1-based recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccines as candidates for breast cancer immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010; 10:1037-48. [PMID: 20420512 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.485185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD The challenge in breast cancer vaccine development is to find the best combination of antigen, adjuvant and delivery system to produce a strong and long-lasting immune response. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a potential candidate target for breast cancer immunotherapy. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is used widely in human vaccines. Furthermore, it can potentially offer unique advantages for developing a safe and effective multi-vaccine vehicle. Due to these properties, the development of MUC1 based recombinant BCG (rBCG) vaccines for breast cancer immunotherapy has gained great momentum in recent years. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Our aim is to discuss the recent progress in MUC1-based breast cancer immunotherapy and to highlight the advantages of MUC1-based rBCG vaccines as the new breast cancer vaccines. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Several promising MUC1-based rBCG vaccines have been shown to induce MUC1-specific antitumor immune responses in pre-clinical studies. This review updates and evaluates this very important and rapidly developing field, and provides a critical perspective and information source for its potential clinical applications. TAKE HOME MESSAGE MUC1-based rBCG vaccines have been shown to elicit an effective anti-tumor immune response in vivo demonstrating its potential utility in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifang Yuan
- Fourth Military Medical University, Xijing Hospital, Department of Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Xi'an, 710032, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Abstract
Cancer vaccines have undergone a renaissance because of recent clinical trials showing promising immunologic data and some clinical benefit to patients. Current trials exploiting dendritic cells (DCs) as vaccines have shown durable tumor regressions in a fraction of patients. Clinical efficacy of current vaccines is hampered by myeloid-derived suppressor cells, inflammatory type 2 T cells, and regulatory T cells, all of which prevent the generation of effector cells. To improve the clinical efficacy of DC vaccines, we need to design novel and improved strategies that can boost adaptive immunity to cancer, help overcome regulatory T cells and allow the breakdown of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This can be achieved by exploiting the fast increasing knowledge about the DC system, including the existence of distinct DC subsets. Critical to the design of better vaccines is the concept of distinct DC subsets and distinct DC activation pathways, all contributing to the generation of unique adaptive immune responses. Such novel DC vaccines will be used as monotherapy in patients with resected disease and in combination with antibodies and/or drugs targeting suppressor pathways and modulation of the tumor environment in patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204, USA.
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16
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Domschke C, Schuetz F, Sommerfeldt N, Rom J, Scharf A, Sohn C, Schneeweiss A, Beckhove P. Effects of distant metastasis and peripheral CA 15-3 on the induction of spontaneous T cell responses in breast cancer patients. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 59:479-86. [PMID: 19957084 PMCID: PMC11030215 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-009-0801-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-specific memory T cells are detectable in the bone marrow (BM) of a majority of breast cancer patients. In vitro they can be reactivated to IFN-gamma producing, cytotoxic effector cells and reject autologous, xenotransplanted tumors in NOD/SCID mice after specific restimulation with autologous dendritic cells (DC). In this study, we demonstrate the presence of specific tumor-reactive BM memory T cells in altogether 56 out of 129 primarily operated breast cancer patients by short-term IFN-gamma EliSpot assays with unstimulated T cells and tumor antigen presenting, autologous DCs. We observed tumor-reactive BM memory T cells predominantly in patients with primarily metastatic disease (P = 0.011) or with increased concentrations of tumor marker CA 15-3 in the peripheral blood (P = 0.004), respectively. Memory T cell reactivity against HLA-A(*0201)-restricted peptides from the tumor-associated antigens MUC1, Hpa(16-24) and Hpa(183-191) was also detected particularly in patients with elevated peripheral CA 15-3 concentrations (P < 0.05). Altogether these data indicate that the systemic presence of tumor-derived antigens promotes an induction of tumor-specific cellular immune responses in the human BM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Domschke
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Germany.
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17
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Domschke C, Schuetz F, Ge Y, Seibel T, Falk C, Brors B, Vlodavsky I, Sommerfeldt N, Sinn HP, Kühnle MC, Schneeweiss A, Scharf A, Sohn C, Schirrmacher V, Moldenhauer G, Momburg F, Beckhove P. Intratumoral Cytokines and Tumor Cell Biology Determine Spontaneous Breast Cancer–Specific Immune Responses and Their Correlation to Prognosis. Cancer Res 2009; 69:8420-8. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Lubong Sabado R, Kavanagh DG, Kaufmann DE, Fru K, Babcock E, Rosenberg E, Walker B, Lifson J, Bhardwaj N, Larsson M. In vitro priming recapitulates in vivo HIV-1 specific T cell responses, revealing rapid loss of virus reactive CD4 T cells in acute HIV-1 infection. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4256. [PMID: 19165342 PMCID: PMC2626278 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The requirements for priming of HIV-specific T cell responses initially seen in infected individuals remain to be defined. Activation of T cell responses in lymph nodes requires cell-cell contact between T cells and DCs, which can give concurrent activation of T cells and HIV transmission. METHODOLOGY The study aim was to establish whether DCs pulsed with HIV-1 could prime HIV-specific T cell responses and to characterize these responses. Both infectious and aldrithiol-2 inactivated noninfectious HIV-1 were compared to establish efficiencies in priming and the type of responses elicited. FINDINGS Our findings show that both infectious and inactivated HIV-1 pulsed DCs can prime HIV-specific responses from naïve T cells. Responses included several CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell epitopes shown to be recognized in vivo by acutely and chronically infected individuals and some CD4(+) T cell epitopes not identified previously. Follow up studies of acute and recent HIV infected samples revealed that these latter epitopes are among the earliest recognized in vivo, but the responses are lost rapidly, presumably through activation-induced general CD4(+) T cell depletion which renders the newly activated HIV-specific CD4(+) T cells prime targets for elimination. CONCLUSION Our studies highlight the ability of DCs to efficiently prime naïve T cells and induce a broad repertoire of HIV-specific responses and also provide valuable insights to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lubong Sabado
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Kavanagh
- Partners AIDS Research Center (PARC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Partners AIDS Research Center (PARC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karlhans Fru
- Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ethan Babcock
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric Rosenberg
- Partners AIDS Research Center (PARC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce Walker
- Partners AIDS Research Center (PARC), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Lifson
- SAIC Fredrick, Inc., National Cancer Institute, Fredrick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marie Larsson
- Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Palucka AK, Ueno H, Fay JW, Banchereau J. Taming cancer by inducing immunity via dendritic cells. Immunol Rev 2008; 220:129-50. [PMID: 17979844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy seeks to mobilize a patient's immune system for therapeutic benefit. It can be passive, i.e. transfer of immune effector cells (T cells) or proteins (antibodies), or active, i.e. vaccination. In cancer, passive immunotherapy can lead to some objective clinical responses, thus demonstrating that the immune system can reject tumors. However, passive immunotherapy is not expected to yield long-lived memory T cells that might control tumor outgrowth. Active immunotherapy with dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines has the potential to induce both tumor-specific effector and memory T cells. Early clinical trials testing vaccination with ex vivo-generated DCs pulsed with tumor antigens provide a proof-of-principle that therapeutic immunity can be elicited. Yet, there is a need to improve their efficacy. The next generation of DC vaccines is expected to generate large numbers of high-avidity effector CD8(+) T cells and to overcome regulatory T cells. Therapeutic vaccination protocols will combine improved ex vivo DC vaccines with therapies that offset the suppressive environment established by tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Karolina Palucka
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research and Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Obeid M, Tesniere A, Panaretakis T, Tufi R, Joza N, van Endert P, Ghiringhelli F, Apetoh L, Chaput N, Flament C, Ullrich E, de Botton S, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G. Ecto-calreticulin in immunogenic chemotherapy. Immunol Rev 2008; 220:22-34. [PMID: 17979837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2007.00567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The conventional treatment of cancer relies upon radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Such treatments supposedly mediate their effects via the direct elimination of tumor cells. Nonetheless, there are circumstances in which conventional anti-cancer therapy can induce a modality of cellular demise that elicits innate and cognate immune responses, which in turn mediate part of the anti-tumor effect. Although different chemotherapeutic agents may kill tumor cells through an apparently homogeneous apoptotic pathway, they differ in their capacity to stimulate immunogenic cell death. We discovered that the pre-apoptotic translocation of intracellular calreticulin (endo-CRT) to the plasma membrane surface (ecto-CRT) is critical for the recognition and engulfment of dying tumor cells by dendritic cells. Thus, anthracyclines and gamma-irradiation that induce ecto-CRT cause immunogenic cell death, while other pro-apoptotic agents (such as mitomycin C and etoposide) induce neither ecto-CRT nor immunogenic cell death. Depletion of CRT abolishes the immunogenicity of cell death elicited by anthracyclines, while exogenous supply of CRT or enforcement of CRT exposure by pharmacological agents that favor CRT translocation can enhance the immunogenicity of cell death. For optimal anti-tumor vaccination and immunogenic chemotherapy, the same cells have to expose ecto-CRT and to succumb to apoptosis; if these events affect different cells, no anti-tumor immune response is elicited. These results may have far reaching implications for tumor immunology because (i) ecto-CRT exposure by tumor cells allows for the prediction of therapeutic outcome and because (ii) the re-establishment of ecto-CRT may ameliorate the efficacy of chemotherapy.
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