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Desaulniers AT, Cederberg RA, Lents CA, White BR. Knockdown of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone II Receptor Impairs Ovulation Rate, Corpus Luteum Development, and Progesterone Production in Gilts. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2350. [PMID: 39199883 PMCID: PMC11350859 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is classically controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH-I) and its receptor (GnRHR-I) within the brain. In pigs, a second form (GnRH-II) and its specific receptor (GnRHR-II) are also produced, with greater abundance in peripheral vs. central reproductive tissues. The binding of GnRH-II to GnRHR-II has been implicated in the autocrine/paracrine regulation of gonadal steroidogenesis rather than gonadotropin secretion. Blood samples were collected from transgenic gilts, with the ubiquitous knockdown of GnRHR-II (GnRHR-II KD; n = 8) and littermate controls (n = 7) at the onset of estrus (follicular) and 10 days later (luteal); serum concentrations of 16 steroid hormones were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). Upon euthanasia, ovarian weight (OWT), ovulation rate (OR), and the weight of each excised Corpus luteum (CLWT) were recorded; HPLC-MS/MS was performed on CL homogenates. During the luteal phase, serum progesterone concentration was reduced by 18% in GnRHR-II KD versus control gilts (p = 0.0329). Age and weight at puberty, estrous cycle length, and OWT were similar between lines (p > 0.05). Interestingly, OR was reduced (p = 0.0123), and total CLWT tended to be reduced (p = 0.0958) in GnRHR-II KD compared with control females. Luteal cells in CL sections from GnRHR-II KD gilts were hypotrophic (p < 0.0001). Therefore, GnRH-II and its receptor may help regulate OR, CL development, and progesterone production in gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Desaulniers
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA; (A.T.D.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Rebecca A. Cederberg
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA; (A.T.D.); (R.A.C.)
| | - Clay A. Lents
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, USA;
| | - Brett R. White
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA; (A.T.D.); (R.A.C.)
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2
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Desaulniers AT, White BR. Role of gonadotropin-releasing hormone 2 and its receptor in human reproductive cancers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1341162. [PMID: 38260130 PMCID: PMC10800933 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1341162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH1) and its receptor (GnRHR1) drive reproduction by regulating gonadotropins. Another form, GnRH2, and its receptor (GnRHR2), also exist in mammals. In humans, GnRH2 and GnRHR2 genes are present, but coding errors in the GnRHR2 gene are predicted to hinder full-length protein production. Nonetheless, mounting evidence supports the presence of a functional GnRHR2 in humans. GnRH2 and its receptor have been identified throughout the body, including peripheral reproductive tissues like the ovary, uterus, breast, and prostate. In addition, GnRH2 and its receptor have been detected in a wide number of reproductive cancer cells in humans. Notably, GnRH2 analogues have potent anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic, and/or anti-metastatic effects on various reproductive cancers, including endometrial, breast, placental, ovarian, and prostate. Thus, GnRH2 is an emerging target to treat human reproductive cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Desaulniers
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Brett R. White
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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3
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Tuncel T, Metintas M, Güntülü AK, Güneş HV. Whole-Genome Comparative Copy Number Alteration Profiling between Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma and Asbestos-Induced Chronic Pleuritis. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2024; 43:31-44. [PMID: 37824368 DOI: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2023047755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is rare and aggressive cancer. The most important risk factor for MPM is exposure to asbestos. In this study, we scanned the genomes of individuals MPM and asbestos-induced chronic pleuritis (AICP) to compare and determine copy number alterations (CNAs) between two asbestos-related diseases. We used high-resolution SNP arrays to compare CNA profiles between MPM (n = 55) and AICP (n = 18). DNAs extracted from pleural tissues in both groups. SNP array analysis revealed common losses at 1p, 3p, 6q, 9p, 13q, 14q, 15q, 16q, 22q and frequent gains at chromosomes 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, and 6p, 12q, 15q, 17p, 20q in MPMs (frequencies max 67%-min 30%; these alterations were not detected in AICPs. Besides detecting well-known MPM-associated CNAs, our high -resolution copy number profiling also detected comparatively rare CNAs for MPMs including losses like 9q33.3, 16q and gains of 1p, 1q, 3p, 3q, 6p, 7q, 15q, 12q, 17p, 20q at significant frequencies in the MPM cohort. We also observed Copy Number gains clustered on the NF2 locus in AICPs, whereas this region was commonly deleted in MPMs. According to this distinct genomic profiles between the two groups, AICPs genomes can be clearly distinguished from highly altered MPM genomes. Hence, we can suggest that SNP arrays can be used as a supporting diagnostic tool in terms of discriminating asbestos-related malignant disease such as MPM and benign pleural lesions, which can be challenging in most instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunç Tuncel
- Health Institutes of Turkey, Turkish Biotechnology Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Metintas
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Department of Chest Diseases, Lung and Pleural Cancers Research and Clinical Center, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - A K Güntülü
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Department of Chest Diseases, Lung and Pleural Cancers Research and Clinical Center, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Hasan Veysi Güneş
- Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical Faculty, Department of Medical Biology, Eskisehir, Turkey
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4
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Passos ID, Papadimitriou D, Katsouda A, Papavasileiou GE, Galatas A, Tzitzis P, Mpakosi A, Mironidou-Tzouveleki M. In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Docetaxel and Dasatinib in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Research Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e43534. [PMID: 37719631 PMCID: PMC10500968 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) comprises a heterogeneous group of tumors with a single trait in common: an evident aggressive nature with higher rates of relapse and lower overall survival in the metastatic context when compared to other subtypes of breast cancer. To date, not a single targeted therapy has been approved for the treatment of TNBC, and cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the standard treatment. In the present experimental study, we examine the effects of the chemotherapeutic docetaxel and the bcr/abl kinase inhibitor dasatinib on TNBC cell lines (in vitro) and on TNBC tumor xenograft mouse models (in vivo). Materials and methods TNBC cell lines were cultivated and treated with various concentrations of docetaxel and dasatinib (5 nM to 100 nM). Cell death and apoptosis were studied by flow cytometry. TNBC cell lines were then injected in BALB/c athymic nude mice to express the tumor in vivo. Four groups of mice were created (group A: control; group B: DOC; group C: DAS; group D: DOC + DAS) and treated, respectively, with the drugs and their combination. Tumors were obtained, maintained in a 10% formaldehyde solution, embedded in paraffin, and sent for further histological evaluation (hematoxylin-eosin staining and immune-histochemical analysis) to assess the tumor growth inhibition. Results The cytotoxic effects of docetaxel seem statistically important, with little effect on apoptosis. The effect of dasatinib in vitro and vivo is statistically important, in terms of apoptosis and tumor reduction, with little adverse effects. Conclusions TNBC is a difficult-to-treat oncologic condition, even in an experimental setting. Promising results concerning the addition of targeted therapies (dasatinib) to the conventional cytotoxic ones (docetaxel) have been shown, awaiting further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis D Passos
- Surgical Department, 219 Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, Didymoteicho, GRC
| | - Dimochristos Papadimitriou
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, General Hospital of Thessaloniki "G. Gennimatas" /Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Areti Katsouda
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | | | - Apostolos Galatas
- Surgical Department, 219 Mobile Army Surgical Hospital, Didymoteicho, GRC
| | - Panagiotis Tzitzis
- 1st Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Medical Faculty, Papageorgiou General Hospital/Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
| | - Alexandra Mpakosi
- Department of Microbiology, General State Hospital of Nikaia "Saint Panteleimon", Nikaia, GRC
| | - Maria Mironidou-Tzouveleki
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, GRC
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5
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Li K, Zong D, Sun J, Chen D, Ma M, Jia L. Rewiring of the Endocrine Network in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:830894. [PMID: 35847875 PMCID: PMC9280148 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.830894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunohistochemical definition of estrogen/progesterone receptors dictates endocrine feasibility in the treatment course of breast cancer. Characterized by the deficiency of estrogen receptor α, ERα-negative breast cancers are dissociated from any endocrine regimens in the routine clinical setting, triple-negative breast cancer in particular. However, the stereotype was challenged by triple-negative breast cancers’ retained sensitivity and vulnerability to endocrine agents. The interplay of hormone action and the carcinogenic signaling program previously underscored was gradually recognized along with the increasing investigation. In parallel, the overlooked endocrine-responsiveness in ERα-negative breast cancers attracted attention and supplied fresh insight into the therapeutic strategy in an ERα-independent manner. This review elaborates on the genomic and non-genomic steroid hormone actions and endocrine-related signals in triple-negative breast cancers attached to the hormone insensitivity label. We also shed light on the non-canonical mechanism detected in common hormone agents to showcase their pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese medicine, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jianrong Sun
- School of Clinical Medicine. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Danxiang Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minkai Ma
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, The Fourth Central Hospital, Baoding, China
| | - Liqun Jia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Oncology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Liqun Jia,
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6
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Uzonwanne VO, Navabi A, Obayemi JD, Hu J, Salifu AA, Ghahremani S, Ndahiro N, Rahbar N, Soboyejo W. Triptorelin-functionalized PEG-coated biosynthesized gold nanoparticles: Effects of receptor-ligand interactions on adhesion to triple negative breast cancer cells. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 136:212801. [PMID: 35929297 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.212801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of an experimental and computational study of the adhesion of triptorelin-conjugated PEG-coated biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (GNP-PEG-TRP) to triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. The adhesion is studied at the nanoscale using a combination of atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The AFM measurements showed that the triptorelin-functionalized gold nanoparticles (GNP-TRP and GNP-PEG-TRP) have higher adhesion to triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC) than non-tumorigenic breast cells. The increased adhesion of GNP-TRP and GNP-PEG-TRP to TNBC is also attributed to the overexpression of LHRH receptors on the surfaces of both TNBC. Finally, the molecular dynamics model reveals insights into the effects of receptor density, molecular configuration, and receptor-ligand docking characteristics on the interactions of triptorelin-functionalized PEG-coated gold nanoparticles with TNBC. A three to nine-fold increase in the adhesion is predicted between triptorelin-functionalized PEG-coated gold nanoparticles and TNBC cells. The implications of the results are then discussed for the specific targeting of TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa O Uzonwanne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Arvand Navabi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Kaven Hall, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - John D Obayemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Gateway Park, Life Sciences and Bioengineering Center, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jingjie Hu
- Division of Vascular and Interventional Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 13400 East Shea Blvd., Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Ali A Salifu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Gateway Park, Life Sciences and Bioengineering Center, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Shahnaz Ghahremani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Gateway Park, Life Sciences and Bioengineering Center, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Nelson Ndahiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Nima Rahbar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Kaven Hall, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA
| | - Winston Soboyejo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), Gateway Park, Life Sciences and Bioengineering Center, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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7
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van Barele M, Heemskerk-Gerritsen BAM, Louwers YV, Vastbinder MB, Martens JWM, Hooning MJ, Jager A. Estrogens and Progestogens in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Do They Harm? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2506. [PMID: 34063736 PMCID: PMC8196589 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) occur more frequently in younger women and do not express estrogen receptor (ER) nor progesterone receptor (PR), and are therefore often considered hormone-insensitive. Treatment of premenopausal TNBC patients almost always includes chemotherapy, which may lead to premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and can severely impact quality of life. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is contraindicated for patients with a history of hormone-sensitive breast cancer, but the data on safety for TNBC patients is inconclusive, with a few randomized trials showing increased risk-ratios with wide confidence intervals for recurrence after HRT. Here, we review the literature on alternative pathways from the classical ER/PR. We find that for both estrogens and progestogens, potential alternatives exist for exerting their effects on TNBC, ranging from receptor conversion, to alternative receptors capable of binding estrogens, as well as paracrine pathways, such as RANK/RANKL, which can cause progestogens to indirectly stimulate growth and metastasis of TNBC. Finally, HRT may also influence other hormones, such as androgens, and their effects on TNBCs expressing androgen receptors (AR). Concluding, the assumption that TNBC is completely hormone-insensitive is incorrect. However, the direction of the effects of the alternative pathways is not always clear, and will need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark van Barele
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Bernadette A. M. Heemskerk-Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Yvonne V. Louwers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Mijntje B. Vastbinder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ijsselland Hospital, Prins Constantijnweg 2, 2906 ZC Capelle aan den IJssel, The Netherlands;
| | - John W. M. Martens
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Maartje J. Hooning
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
| | - Agnes Jager
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, University Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.v.B.); (B.A.M.H.-G.); (J.W.M.M.); (M.J.H.)
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8
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Fontana F, Limonta P. Dissecting the Hormonal Signaling Landscape in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1133. [PMID: 34067217 PMCID: PMC8151003 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer (PCa) progression towards its most aggressive, castration-resistant (CRPC) stage is urgently needed to improve the therapeutic options for this almost incurable pathology. Interestingly, CRPC is known to be characterized by a peculiar hormonal landscape. It is now well established that the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) axis is still active in CRPC cells. The persistent activity of this axis in PCa progression has been shown to be related to different mechanisms, such as intratumoral androgen synthesis, AR amplification and mutations, AR mRNA alternative splicing, increased expression/activity of AR-related transcription factors and coregulators. The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), by binding to its specific receptors (GnRH-Rs) at the pituitary level, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the reproductive functions. GnRH and GnRH-R are also expressed in different types of tumors, including PCa. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that, in CRPC cells, the activation of GnRH-Rs is associated with a significant antiproliferative/proapoptotic, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activity. This antitumor activity is mainly mediated by the GnRH-R-associated Gαi/cAMP signaling pathway. In this review, we dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the androgen/AR and GnRH/GnRH-R axes in CRPC progression and the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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9
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Role of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) in Ovarian Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020437. [PMID: 33670761 PMCID: PMC7922220 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis is the endocrine regulation system that controls the woman’s cycle. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) plays the central role. In addition to the gonadotrophic cells of the pituitary, GnRH receptors are expressed in other reproductive organs, such as the ovary and in tumors originating from the ovary. In ovarian cancer, GnRH is involved in the regulation of proliferation and metastasis. The effects on ovarian tumors can be indirect or direct. GnRH acts indirectly via the HPG axis and directly via GnRH receptors on the surface of ovarian cancer cells. In this systematic review, we will give an overview of the role of GnRH in ovarian cancer development, progression and therapy.
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10
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KAVAKCIOĞLU YARDIMCI B. The Potent Cytotoxic and Oxidative Effects of β-2 Selective ICI-118,551 on Breast Adenocarcinoma Cell Lines with Different Aggressiveness. CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.33808/clinexphealthsci.775323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Calderon LE, Black CA, Rollins JD, Overbay B, Shiferawe S, Elliott A, Reitz S, Liu S, Li J, Ng CK, Ndinguri MW. Synthesis of Radiolabeled Technetium- and Rhenium-Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone ( 99mTc/Re-Acdien-LHRH) Conjugates for Targeted Detection of Breast Cancer Cells Overexpressing the LHRH Receptor. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:1846-1856. [PMID: 33521425 PMCID: PMC7841779 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Currently, 186/188Re and 99mTc are widely used radionuclides for cancer detection and diagnosis. New advancements in modalities and targeting strategies of radiopharmaceuticals will provide an opportunity to enhance imagery and detection of smaller colonies of cancer cells while lowering false-positive diagnoses. To understand the chemistry of agents derived from fac-[99mTc(CO)3(H2O)3]+ species, the nonradioactive [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]+ analogue was used. We have designed and synthesized Re-Acdien-LHRH, Re-Acdien-peg-LHRH, and a radiolabeled 99mTc-Acdien-LHRH (rhenium- and technetium-luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone) conjugates using a tridentate linker to detect cancers overexpressing the LHRH receptor. Re-Acdien-LHRH and Re-Acdien-peg-LHRH were synthesized from non-PEGylated and PEGylated LHRH-Acdien, respectively. Cellular uptake of the compounds 99mTc-Acdien-LHRH, Re-Acdien-LHRH, and Re-Acdien-peg-LHRH was found to be significantly enhanced compared to that of untargeted 99mTc alone and unlabeled [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]+. In addition, the conjugate compounds showed no difference in cellular toxicity compared to untargeted 99mTc alone or unlabeled [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]+. Further, a competition assay using LHRH indicated selective targeting of Re-Acdien-peg-LHRH toward the LHRH receptor (p < 0.05) compared to that of [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]+ alone. Together, our data show the design paradigm and synthesis of targeting radionuclides using the LHRH peptide. Our data suggests that utilizing the LHRH peptide can lead to selective targeting and diagnosis of breast cancers expressing the LHRH receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E. Calderon
- Department
of Biology, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475, United States
| | - Carrie A. Black
- Department
of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475, United States
| | - Joseph D. Rollins
- Department
of Biology, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475, United States
| | - Brittany Overbay
- Department
of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475, United States
| | - Semekidus Shiferawe
- Department
of Biology, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475, United States
| | - Andrew Elliott
- Department
of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475, United States
| | - Sara Reitz
- Department
of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475, United States
| | - Shu Liu
- Department
of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Junling Li
- Department
of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
| | - Chin K. Ng
- Department
of Radiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, United States
| | - Margaret W. Ndinguri
- Department
of Chemistry, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, Kentucky 40475, United States
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12
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Huerta-Reyes M, Maya-Núñez G, Pérez-Solis MA, López-Muñoz E, Guillén N, Olivo-Marin JC, Aguilar-Rojas A. Treatment of Breast Cancer With Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Analogs. Front Oncol 2019; 9:943. [PMID: 31632902 PMCID: PMC6779786 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although significant progress has been made in the implementation of new breast cancer treatments over the last three decades, this neoplasm annually continues to show high worldwide rates of morbidity and mortality. In consequence, the search for novel therapies with greater effectiveness and specificity has not come to a stop. Among the alternative therapeutic targets, the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone type I and type II (hGnRH-I and hGnRH–II, respectively) and its receptor, the human gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor type I (hGnRHR-I), have shown to be powerful therapeutic targets to decrease the adverse effects of this disease. In the present review, we describe how the administration of GnRH analogs is able to reduce circulating concentrations of estrogen in premenopausal women through their action on the hypothalamus–pituitary–ovarian axis, consequently reducing the growth of breast tumors and disease recurrence. Also, it has been mentioned that, regardless of the suppression of synthesis and secretion of ovarian steroids, GnRH agonists exert direct anticancer action, such as the reduction of tumor growth and cell invasion. In addition, we discuss the effects on breast cancer of the hGnRH-I and hGnRH-II agonist and antagonist, non-peptide GnRH antagonists, and cytotoxic analogs of GnRH and their implication as novel adjuvant therapies as antitumor agents for reducing the adverse effects of breast cancer. In conclusion, we suggest that the hGnRH/hGnRHR system is a promising target for pharmaceutical development in the treatment of breast cancer, especially for the treatment of advanced states of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maira Huerta-Reyes
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Nefrológicas, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI (CMN-SXXI), Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Hospital de Especialidades, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Maya-Núñez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, IMSS, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad No. 4, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marco Allán Pérez-Solis
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, IMSS, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad No. 4, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Eunice López-Muñoz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, IMSS, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad No. 4, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nancy Guillén
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS-ERL9195, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Olivo-Marin
- Unité d'Analyse d'Images Biologiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS-UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Arturo Aguilar-Rojas
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Medicina Reproductiva, IMSS, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad No. 4, Mexico City, Mexico.,Unité d'Analyse d'Images Biologiques, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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13
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Inao T, Kotani H, Iida Y, Kartika ID, Okimoto T, Tanino R, Shiba E, Harada M. Different sensitivities of senescent breast cancer cells to immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:2690-2699. [PMID: 31250942 PMCID: PMC6726686 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a state of growth arrest induced not only in normal cells but also in cancer cells by aging or stress, which triggers DNA damage. Despite growth suppression, senescent cancer cells promote tumor formation and recurrence by producing cytokines and growth factors; this state is designated as the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype. In this study, we examined the susceptibility of senescent human breast cancer cells to immune cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. Doxorubicin (DXR) treatment induced senescence in 2 human breast cancer cell lines, MDA‐MB‐231 and BT‐549, with the induction of γH2AX expression and increased expression of p21 or p16. Treatment with DXR also induced the expression of senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase and promoted the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Importantly, DXR‐treated senescent MDA‐MB‐231 cells showed increased sensitivity to 2 types of immune cell‐mediated cytotoxicity: cytotoxicity of activated CD4+ T cells and Ab‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity by natural killer cells. This increased sensitivity to cytotoxicity was partially dependent on tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand and perforin, respectively. This increased sensitivity was not observed following treatment with the senescence‐inducing cyclin‐dependent kinase‐4/6 inhibitor, abemaciclib. In addition, treatment with DXR, but not abemaciclib, decreased the expression of antiapoptotic proteins in cancer cells. These results indicated that DXR and abemaciclib induced senescence in breast cancer cells, but that they differed in their sensitivity to immune cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. These findings could provide an indication for combining anticancer immunotherapy with chemotherapeutic drugs or molecular targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Touko Inao
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan.,Department of Breast Surgery, Osaka Breast Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kotani
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Yuichi Iida
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Irna Diyana Kartika
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Tamio Okimoto
- Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tanino
- Division of Medical Oncology and Respiratory Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
| | - Eiichi Shiba
- Department of Breast Surgery, Osaka Breast Clinic, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mamoru Harada
- Department of Immunology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo, Japan
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14
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Abazid A, Martin B, Choinowski A, McNeill RV, Brandenburg LO, Ziegler P, Zimmermann U, Burchardt M, Erb H, Stope MB. The androgen receptor antagonist enzalutamide induces apoptosis, dysregulates the heat shock protein system, and diminishes the androgen receptor and estrogen receptor β1 expression in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16711-16722. [PMID: 31297844 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Enzalutamide's accepted mode of action is by targeting the androgen receptor's (AR) activity. In clinical practice, enzalutamide demonstrates a good benefit-risk profile for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer (PC), even after poor response to standard antihormonal treatment. However, since both, well-established antiandrogens and enzalutamide, target AR functionality, we hypothesized that additional unknown mechanisms might be responsible for enzalutamide's superior anticancer activity. In the current study, PC cells were incubated with enzalutamide and enzalutamide-dependent modulation of apoptotic mechanisms were assessed via Western blot analysis, TDT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling assay, and nuclear morphology assay. Alterations of heat shock protein (HSP), AR, and estrogen receptor (ER) expression were examined by Western blot analysis. Enzalutamide attenuated the proliferation of PC cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. In the presence of enzalutamide, apoptosis occurred which was shown by increased BAX expression, decreased Bcl-2 expression, nuclear pyknosis, and genomic DNA fragmentation. Moreover, enzalutamide inhibited the expression of HSPs primarily involved in steroid receptor stabilization and suppressed AR and ERβ1 expression. This study demonstrates for the first time that enzalutamide treatment of PC cells triggers varying molecular mechanisms resulting in antiproliferative effects of the drug. In addition to the well-characterized antagonistic inhibition of AR functionality, we have shown that enzalutamide also affects the intracellular synthesis of steroid receptor-associated HSPs, thereby diminishing the expression of AR and ERβ1 proteins and inducing apoptotic pathways. According to an indirect attenuation of HSP-associated factors such as steroid receptors, endometrial carcinoma, uterine leiomyosarcoma, and mamma carcinoma cells also demonstrated inhibited cell growth in the presence of enzalutamide. Our data, therefore, suggest that enzalutamide's high efficacy is at least partially independent of AR and p53 protein expression, which are frequently lost in advanced PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Abazid
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Benedikt Martin
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Anja Choinowski
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rhiannon V McNeill
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Patrick Ziegler
- Institute for Occupational and Social Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Zimmermann
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Burchardt
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Holger Erb
- Department of Urology, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias B Stope
- Department of Urology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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15
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Liu M, Yang T, Chen Z, Wang Z, He N. Differentiating breast cancer molecular subtypes using a DNA aptamer selected against MCF-7 cells. Biomater Sci 2019; 6:3152-3159. [PMID: 30349922 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm00787j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA oligonucleotides selected by systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX), which show great potential in the diagnosis and personalized therapy of cancers, due to their specific advantages over antibodies. In the past years, though great progress has been made in molecular subtyping of breast cancer, it remains a challenge in clinical medicine, which plays a crucial role in the treatment. In this study, a ssDNA aptamer MF3 against MCF-7 breast cancer cells was developed by Cell-SELEX for differentiating breast cancer molecular subtypes, which showed favorable specificity and binding affinity towards MCF-7 cells with a Kd value of 82.25 ± 25.14 nM. The aptamer could not only successfully distinguish MCF-7 breast cancer cells from MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells and MCF-10A human normal mammary epithelial cells, but also could differentiate MCF-7 cells from other cancer cells or normal cells. Moreover, both in vivo and in vitro fluorescence imaging studies demonstrated that aptamer MF3 was able to distinguish tumor-bearing mice and xenograft tissue sections of MCF-7 breast cancer cells from that of MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cells. All these results suggested that aptamer MF3 is a potential tool for differentiating molecular subtypes and diagnosis of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Biomedical Engineering Education (Southeast University), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, P. R. China.
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16
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Schuster S, Biri-Kovács B, Szeder B, Buday L, Gardi J, Szabó Z, Halmos G, Mező G. Enhanced In Vitro Antitumor Activity of GnRH-III-Daunorubicin Bioconjugates Influenced by Sequence Modification. Pharmaceutics 2018; 10:E223. [PMID: 30423956 PMCID: PMC6320914 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics10040223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptors for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) are highly expressed in various human cancers including breast, ovarian, endometrial, prostate and colorectal cancer. Ligands like human GnRH-I or the sea lamprey analogue GnRH-III represent a promising approach for the development of efficient drug delivery systems for targeted tumor therapy. Here, we report on the synthesis and cytostatic effect of 14 oxime bond-linked daunorubicin GnRH-III conjugates containing a variety of unnatural amino acids within the peptide sequence. All compounds demonstrated a reduced cell viability in vitro on estrogen receptor α (ERα) positive and ERα negative cancer cells. The best candidate revealed an increased cancer cell growth inhibitory effect compared to our lead-compound GnRH-III-[⁴Lys(Bu),⁸Lys(Dau=Aoa)]. Flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy studies showed that the cellular uptake of the novel conjugate is substantially improved leading to an accelerated delivery of the drug to its site of action. However, the release of the active drug-metabolite by lysosomal enzymes was not negatively affected by amino acid substitution, while the compound provided a high stability in human blood plasma. Receptor binding studies were carried out to ensure a high binding affinity of the new compound for the GnRH-receptor. It was demonstrated that GnRH-III-[²ΔHis,³d-Tic,⁴Lys(Bu),⁸Lys(Dau=Aoa)] is a highly potent and promising anticancer drug delivery system for targeted tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schuster
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Bálint Szeder
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - László Buday
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - János Gardi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Zsuzsanna Szabó
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Halmos
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Mező
- Faculty of Science, Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.
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17
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Synthesis, Stability and Direct Antiproliferative Effect of New Cysteine Modified GnRH Analogs. Int J Pept Res Ther 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-018-9781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Schuster S, Biri-Kovács B, Szeder B, Farkas V, Buday L, Szabó Z, Halmos G, Mező G. Synthesis and in vitro biochemical evaluation of oxime bond-linked daunorubicin-GnRH-III conjugates developed for targeted drug delivery. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:756-771. [PMID: 29719573 PMCID: PMC5905287 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin releasing hormone-III (GnRH-III), a native isoform of the human GnRH isolated from sea lamprey, specifically binds to GnRH receptors on cancer cells enabling its application as targeting moieties for anticancer drugs. Recently, we reported on the identification of a novel daunorubicin–GnRH-III conjugate (GnRH-III–[4Lys(Bu), 8Lys(Dau=Aoa)] with efficient in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity. To get a deeper insight into the mechanism of action of our lead compound, the cellular uptake was followed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Hereby, the drug daunorubicin could be visualized in different subcellular compartments by following the localization of the drug in a time-dependent manner. Colocalization studies were carried out to prove the presence of the drug in lysosomes (early stage) and on its site of action (nuclei after 10 min). Additional flow cytometry studies demonstrated that the cellular uptake of the bioconjugate was inhibited in the presence of the competitive ligand triptorelin indicating a receptor-mediated pathway. For comparative purpose, six novel daunorubicin–GnRH-III bioconjugates have been synthesized and biochemically characterized in which 6Asp was replaced by D-Asp, D-Glu and D-Trp. In addition to the analysis of the in vitro cytostatic effect and cellular uptake, receptor binding studies with 125I-triptorelin as radiotracer and degradation of the GnRH-III conjugates in the presence of rat liver lysosomal homogenate have been performed. All derivatives showed high binding affinities to GnRH receptors and displayed in vitro cytostatic effects on HT-29 and MCF-7 cancer cells with IC50 values in a low micromolar range. Moreover, we found that the release of the active drug metabolite and the cellular uptake of the bioconjugates were strongly affected by the amino acid exchange which in turn had an impact on the antitumor activity of the bioconjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schuster
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Biri-Kovács
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szeder
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Farkas
- MTA-ELTE Protein Modelling Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Buday
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Szabó
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Halmos
- Department of Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mező
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös L. University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
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19
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Murányi J, Gyulavári P, Varga A, Bökönyi G, Tanai H, Vántus T, Pap D, Ludányi K, Mező G, Kéri G. Synthesis, characterization and systematic comparison of FITC-labelled GnRH-I, -II and -III analogues on various tumour cells. J Pept Sci 2017; 22:552-60. [PMID: 27443981 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Targeted tumour therapy is the focus of recent cancer research. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues are able to deliver anticancer agents selectively into tumour cells, which highly express GnRH receptors. However, the effectiveness of different analogues as targeting moiety in drug delivery systems is rarely compared, and the investigated types of cancer are also limited. Therefore, we prepared selectively labelled, fluorescent derivatives of GnRH-I, -II and -III analogues, which were successfully used for drug targeting. In this manuscript, we investigated these analogues' solubility, stability and passive membrane permeability and compared their cellular uptake by various cancer cells. We found that these labelled GnRH conjugates provide great detectability, without undesired cytotoxicity and passive membrane permeability. The introduced experiments with these conjugates proved their reliable tracking, quantification and comparison. Cellular uptake efficiency was studied on human breast, colon, pancreas and prostate cancer cells (MCF-7, HT-29, BxPC-3, LNCaP) and on dog kidney cells (Madin-Darby canine kidney). Each of the three conjugates was taken up by GnRH-I receptor-expressing cells, but the different cells preferred different analogues. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time the high cell surface expression of GnRH-I receptors and the effective cellular uptake of GnRH analogues on human pharynx tumour (Detroit-562) cells. In summary, our presented results detail that the introduced conjugates could be innovative tools for the examination of the GnRH-based drug delivery systems on various cells and offer novel information about these peptides. Copyright © 2016 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Murányi
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Pál Gyulavári
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Varga
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Bökönyi
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henriette Tanai
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Vántus
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Domonkos Pap
- 1st Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Bókay János St. 53-54, H1083, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Ludányi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre St. 7, H1092, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Mező
- MTA-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Eötvös L. University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, H1518, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Kéri
- MTA-SE Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Tűzoltó St. 37-47, H1094, Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Desaulniers AT, Cederberg RA, Lents CA, White BR. Expression and Role of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone 2 and Its Receptor in Mammals. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:269. [PMID: 29312140 PMCID: PMC5732264 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1) and its receptor (GnRHR1) drive mammalian reproduction via regulation of the gonadotropins. Yet, a second form of GnRH (GnRH2) and its receptor (GnRHR2) also exist in mammals. GnRH2 has been completely conserved throughout 500 million years of evolution, signifying high selection pressure and a critical biological role. However, the GnRH2 gene is absent (e.g., rat) or inactivated (e.g., cow and sheep) in some species but retained in others (e.g., human, horse, and pig). Likewise, many species (e.g., human, chimpanzee, cow, and sheep) retain the GnRHR2 gene but lack the appropriate coding sequence to produce a full-length protein due to gene coding errors; although production of GnRHR2 in humans remains controversial. Certain mammals lack the GnRHR2 gene (e.g., mouse) or most exons entirely (e.g., rat). In contrast, old world monkeys, musk shrews, and pigs maintain the coding sequence required to produce a functional GnRHR2. Like GnRHR1, GnRHR2 is a 7-transmembrane, G protein-coupled receptor that interacts with Gαq/11 to mediate cell signaling. However, GnRHR2 retains a cytoplasmic tail and is only 40% homologous to GnRHR1. A role for GnRH2 and its receptor in mammals has been elusive, likely because common laboratory models lack both the ligand and receptor. Uniquely, both GnRH2 and GnRHR2 are ubiquitously expressed; transcript levels are abundant in peripheral tissues and scarcely found in regions of the brain associated with gonadotropin secretion, suggesting a divergent role from GnRH1/GnRHR1. Indeed, GnRH2 and its receptor are not physiological modulators of gonadotropin secretion in mammals. Instead, GnRH2 and GnRHR2 coordinate the interaction between nutritional status and sexual behavior in the female brain. Within peripheral tissues, GnRH2 and its receptor are novel regulators of reproductive organs. GnRH2 and GnRHR2 directly stimulate steroidogenesis within the porcine testis. In the female, GnRH2 and its receptor may help mediate placental function, implantation, and ovarian steroidogenesis. Furthermore, both the GnRH2 and GnRHR2 genes are expressed in human reproductive tumors and represent emerging targets for cancer treatment. Thus, GnRH2 and GnRHR2 have diverse functions in mammals which remain largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy T. Desaulniers
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Rebecca A. Cederberg
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - Brett R. White
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Brett R. White,
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21
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Gründker C, Emons G. The Role of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Cancer Cell Proliferation and Metastasis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:187. [PMID: 28824547 PMCID: PMC5543040 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In several human malignant tumors of the urogenital tract, including cancers of the endometrium, ovary, urinary bladder, and prostate, it has been possible to identify expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and its receptor as part of an autocrine system, which regulates cell proliferation. The expression of GnRH receptor has also been identified in breast cancers and non-reproductive cancers such as pancreatic cancers and glioblastoma. Various investigators have observed dose- and time-dependent growth inhibitory effects of GnRH agonists in cell lines derived from these cancers. GnRH antagonists have also shown marked growth inhibitory effects on most cancer cell lines. This indicates that in the GnRH system in cancer cells, there may not be a dichotomy between GnRH agonists and antagonists. The well-known signaling mechanisms of the GnRH receptor, which are present in pituitary gonadotrophs, are not involved in forwarding the antiproliferative effects of GnRH analogs in cancer cells. Instead, the GnRH receptor activates a phosphotyrosine phosphatase (PTP) and counteracts with the mitogenic signal transduction of growth factor receptors, which results in a reduction of cancer cell proliferation. The PTP activation, which is induced by GnRH, also inhibits G-protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER), which is a membrane-bound receptor for estrogens. GPER plays an important role in breast cancers, which do not express the estrogen receptor α (ERα). In metastatic breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer cells, GnRH reduces cell invasion in vitro, metastasis in vivo, and the increased expression of S100A4 and CYR61. All of these factors play important roles in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. This review will summarize the present state of knowledge about the GnRH receptor and its signaling in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Gründker
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Günter Emons
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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22
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Wang Y, Tian X, Liang L, Wang Y, Wang R, Cheng X, Yan Z, Chen Y, Qi P. Mechanistic Study on Triptorelin Action in Protecting From 5-FU-Induced Ovarian Damage in Rats. Oncol Res 2016; 22:283-92. [PMID: 26629940 PMCID: PMC7842582 DOI: 10.3727/096504015x14410238486720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Triptorelin, a kind of GnRH agonist, is widely used in the treatment of hormone-responsive cancers in the clinic. This study aimed to discover the underlying mechanism of triptorelin in protection from 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced ovarian damage in Sprague–Dawley rats. In the present study, after using 5-FU to induce ovarian damage in rats, body weight and wet ovaries were weighed, the levels of estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) in blood were detected, and the expression of Bcl-2, Bax, and NF-κB was determined. It suggested that, compared to the control, body weight gain, the ratio of ovarian wet weight to body weight, primary follicle numbers, and the levels of AMH were significantly decreased, while the concentration of E2 and FSH was heavily increased following 5-FU administration. In contrast, after coadministration of triptorelin with 5-FU, the ratio of ovarian wet weight to body weight and the levels of AMH were significantly increased, whereas the level of E2 and FSH was decreased significantly when compared with the 5-FU group. Furthermore, at indicated times, 5-FU led to the reduced Bcl-2 and NF-κB expression and increased Bax expression while triptorelin plus 5-FU increased Bcl-2 and NF-κB expression and decreased Bax expression. It was indicated that triptorelin could protect rats from 5-FU-induced ovarian damage by modulation of hormones, Bcl-2, Bax, and NF-κB. These results might highlight the mechanism of triptorelin as a protective agent in clinical chemotherapy for ovarian damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Obstertrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Aguilar-Rojas A, Pérez-Solis MA, Maya-Núñez G. The gonadotropin-releasing hormone system: Perspectives from reproduction to cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2016; 48:861-8. [PMID: 26783137 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an increasing amount of evidence indicates that human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (hGnRH) and its receptor (hGnRHR) are important regulatory components not only to the reproduction process but also in the regulation of some cancer cell functions such as cell proliferation, in both hormone-dependent and -independent types of tumors. The hGnRHR is a naturally misfolded protein that is retained mostly in the endoplasmic reticulum; however, this mechanism can be overcome by treatment with several pharmacoperones, therefore, increasing the amount of receptors in the cell membrane. In addition, several reports indicate that the expression level of hGnRHR in tumor cells is even lower than in pituitary or gonadotrope cells. The signal transduction pathways activated by hGnRH in both gonadotrope and different cancer cell types are described in the present review. We also discuss how the rescue of misfolded receptors in tumor cells could be a promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Aguilar-Rojas
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Health Research Council, Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 'Luis Castelazo Ayala', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico 01090, D.F., Mexico
| | - Marco Allan Pérez-Solis
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Health Research Council, Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 'Luis Castelazo Ayala', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico 01090, D.F., Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Maya-Núñez
- Research Unit in Reproductive Medicine, Health Research Council, Hospital de Gineco-Obstetricia 'Luis Castelazo Ayala', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico 01090, D.F., Mexico
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Saxena R, Gupta G, Manohar M, Debnath U, Popli P, Prabhakar YS, Konwar R, Kumar S, Kumar A, Dwivedi A. Spiro-oxindole derivative 5-chloro-4′,5′-diphenyl-3′-(4-(2-(piperidin-1-yl) ethoxy) benzoyl) spiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidin]-2-one triggers apoptosis in breast cancer cells via restoration of p53 function. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 70:105-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Di Lascio S, Pagani O. New insights into endocrine therapy for young women with breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 11:343-54. [PMID: 26102472 DOI: 10.2217/whe.15.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Managing estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in young women (<40 years) requires a multidisciplinary/personalized approach, covering both clinical and psychosocial aspects. Five years of tamoxifen has been the standard adjuvant endocrine therapy for many years. Recent data from the adjuvant randomized trials TEXT-SOFT show that the aromatase inhibitor exemestane plus ovarian suppression significantly reduces recurrences as compared with tamoxifen plus ovarian suppression. The ATLAS and aTToM trials represent the first evidence of a beneficial effect of extended endocrine therapy with tamoxifen in premenopausal women. Outside of a clinical trial, no data support neoadjuvant endocrine therapy in young women. In the metastatic setting, tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors, both with ovarian suppression/ablation, should be the preferred choice, unless rapid tumor shrinkage is needed. No data are available with fulvestrant in young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Di Lascio
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Breast Unit of Southern Switzerland (CSSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Pagani
- Oncology Institute of Southern Switzerland (IOSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Breast Unit of Southern Switzerland (CSSI), Bellinzona, Switzerland
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26
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Moore HCF, Unger JM, Phillips KA, Boyle F, Hitre E, Porter D, Francis PA, Goldstein LJ, Gomez HL, Vallejos CS, Partridge AH, Dakhil SR, Garcia AA, Gralow J, Lombard JM, Forbes JF, Martino S, Barlow WE, Fabian CJ, Minasian L, Meyskens FL, Gelber RD, Hortobagyi GN, Albain KS. Goserelin for ovarian protection during breast-cancer adjuvant chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:923-32. [PMID: 25738668 PMCID: PMC4405231 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1413204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ovarian failure is a common toxic effect of chemotherapy. Studies of the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonists to protect ovarian function have shown mixed results and lack data on pregnancy outcomes. METHODS We randomly assigned 257 premenopausal women with operable hormone-receptor-negative breast cancer to receive standard chemotherapy with the GnRH agonist goserelin (goserelin group) or standard chemotherapy without goserelin (chemotherapy-alone group). The primary study end point was the rate of ovarian failure at 2 years, with ovarian failure defined as the absence of menses in the preceding 6 months and levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in the postmenopausal range. Rates were compared with the use of conditional logistic regression. Secondary end points included pregnancy outcomes and disease-free and overall survival. RESULTS At baseline, 218 patients were eligible and could be evaluated. Among 135 with complete primary end-point data, the ovarian failure rate was 8% in the goserelin group and 22% in the chemotherapy-alone group (odds ratio, 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.09 to 0.97; two-sided P=0.04). Owing to missing primary end-point data, sensitivity analyses were performed, and the results were consistent with the main findings. Missing data did not differ according to treatment group or according to the stratification factors of age and planned chemotherapy regimen. Among the 218 patients who could be evaluated, pregnancy occurred in more women in the goserelin group than in the chemotherapy-alone group (21% vs. 11%, P=0.03); women in the goserelin group also had improved disease-free survival (P=0.04) and overall survival (P=0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although missing data weaken interpretation of the findings, administration of goserelin with chemotherapy appeared to protect against ovarian failure, reducing the risk of early menopause and improving prospects for fertility. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute and others; POEMS/S0230 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00068601.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Halle C F Moore
- From the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland (H.C.F.M.); SWOG Cancer Research Group Statistical Center, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center (J.M.U., W.E.B.), and Seattle Cancer Care Alliance and University of Washington (J.G.) - all in Seattle; Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC (K.-A.P., P.A.F.), Australia and New Zealand Breast Cancer Trials Group (ANZBCTG) (K.-A.P., P.A.F., J.F.F.), Calvary Mater Hospital, Newcastle, NSW (F.B., J.M.L., J.F.F.), and University of Sydney, Sydney (F.B.) - all in Australia; International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG), Bern, Switzerland (K.-A.P., P.A.F.); National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary (E.H.); Auckland Regional Cancer and Blood Service, Auckland, New Zealand (D.P.); Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia (L.J.G.); Instituto de Enfermedades Neoplasicas (H.L.G.) and Oncosalud SAC (C.S.V.), Lima, Peru; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (A.H.P., R.D.G.) and IBCSG Statistical Center (R.D.G.) - both in Boston; Wichita Community Clinical Oncology Program, Wichita (S.R.D.), and University of Kansas, Westwood (C.J.F.) - both in Kansas; University of Southern California Norris Cancer Center, Los Angeles (A.A.G.), the Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, Santa Monica (S.M.), and University of California at Irvine Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Orange (F.L.M) - all in California; National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Prevention, Bethesda, MD (L.M.); M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston (G.N.H.); and Loyola University Medical Center, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Maywood, IL (K.S.A.)
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Silva MCC, de Paula CAA, Ferreira JG, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Vaz AMSF, Sampaio MU, Correia MTS, Oliva MLV. Bauhinia forficata lectin (BfL) induces cell death and inhibits integrin-mediated adhesion on MCF7 human breast cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:2262-71. [PMID: 24641823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant lectins have attracted great interest in cancer studies due to their antitumor activities. These proteins or glycoproteins specifically and reversibly bind to different types of carbohydrates or glycoproteins. Breast cancer, which presents altered glycosylation of cell surface glycoproteins, is one of the most frequent malignant diseases in women. In this work, we describe the effect of the lectin Bauhinia forficata lectin (BfL), which was purified from B. forficata Link subsp. forficata seeds, on the MCF7 human breast cancer cellular line, investigating the mechanisms involved in its antiproliferative activity. METHODS MCF7 cells were treated with BfL. Viability and adhesion alterations were evaluated using flow cytometry and western blotting. RESULTS BfL inhibited the viability of the MCF7 cell line but was ineffective on MDA-MB-231 and MCF 10A cells. It inhibits MCF7 adhesion on laminin, collagen I and fibronectin, decreases α1, α6 and β1 integrin subunit expression, and increases α5 subunit expression. BfL triggers necrosis and secondary necrosis, with caspase-9 inhibition. It also causes deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragmentation, which leads to cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase and a decrease in the expression of the regulatory proteins pRb and p21. CONCLUSION BfL shows selective cytotoxic effect and adhesion inhibition on MCF7 breast cancer cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Cell death induction and inhibition of cell adhesion may contribute to understanding the action of lectins in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C C Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cláudia A A de Paula
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Joana G Ferreira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edgar J Paredes-Gamero
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Angela M S F Vaz
- Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Rua Pacheco Leão 915, 22460-030 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Misako U Sampaio
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza S Correia
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Avenida Professor Moraes Rego s/n, 50670-910 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza V Oliva
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Três de Maio 100, 04044-020 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Saxena R, Fatima I, Chandra V, Blesson CS, Kharkwal G, Hussain MK, Hajela K, Roy BG, Dwivedi A. Benzopyran derivative CDRI-85/287 induces G2-M arrest in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells via modulation of estrogen receptors α- and β-mediated signaling, in parallel to EGFR signaling and suppresses the growth of tumor xenograft. Steroids 2013; 78:1071-86. [PMID: 23891847 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In an endeavor to develop novel and improved selective estrogen receptor modulators as anti-breast cancer agents, the benzopyran compounds have been synthesized and identified which act as potent anti-estrogen at uterine level. The present study evaluates the anti-tumor activity of 2-[piperidinoethoxyphenyl]-3-phenyl-2H-benzo(b)pyran (CDRI-85/287) and explores the mechanism of action with a view to describe its potential to inhibit proliferation in ER-positive breast cancer cells MCF-7 and T47D. The compound decreased the expression of ERα while increased the expression of ERβ thereby altering ERα/ERβ ratio in both cell lines. Although the compound showed low binding affinity to ERs, it acted as ERα antagonist and ERβ agonist in decreasing ERE- or AP-1-mediated transcriptional activation in these cells. Transactivation studies in ERα/β-transfected MDA-MB231 cells suggested that at cyclin D1 promoter, compound antagonized the action of ERα-mediated E2 response while acted as estrogen agonist via ERβ. Further, the compound led to decreased expression of ERα-dependent proliferation markers and ERβ-dependent cell cycle progression markers. The expression of cell cycle inhibitory protein p21 was increased leading to G2/M phase arrest. In parallel, compound also interfered with EGFR activation, caused inhibition of PI-3-K/Akt pathway and subsequent induction of apoptosis via intrinsic pathway. A significant reduction in tumor mass and volume was observed in 85/287-treated mice bearing MCF-7 xenograft. We conclude that compound 85/287 exhibits significant anti-tumor activity via modulation of genomic as well as non-genomic mechanisms involved in cellular growth and arrested the cells in G2 phase in both MCF-7 and T47D breast cancer cells. Study suggests that CDRI-85/287 may have therapeutic potential in ER-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Saxena
- Division of Endocrinology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, U.P., India
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Huang F, Wang H, Zou Y, Liu Q, Cao J, Yin T. Effect of GnRH-II on the ESC proliferation, apoptosis and VEGF secretion in patients with endometriosis in vitro. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2013; 6:2487-96. [PMID: 24228111 PMCID: PMC3816818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the effect of GnRH-II on the cell proliferation, apoptosis and secreting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) of ectopic, eutopic and normal endometrial stromal cells (ESC) from patients with or without endometriosis (EMs) in vitro. METHODS The ectopic, eutopic and normal ESC were isolated, cultured and identified, then added 0 M, 10(-10) M, 10(-8) M, 10(-6) M GnRH-II. The growth and proliferation of three ESC were measured by MTT assay; the cell apoptosis were detected with the method of Hoechst staining and Flow Cytometry test; ELISA was used to measure the VEGF concentration change by three ESC secretion. RESULTS GnRH-II inhibited the proliferation of ectopic, eutopic ESC from patients with endometriosis and normal ESC from control patients, in a dose- and time-dependent manner (P<0.05); GnRH-II increased the apoptotic rate of three ESC in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.05); The concentration of VEGF in three ESC was significantly decreased after the treatment of GnRH-II, in a dose-dependent manner (P<0.01); And these above effects were the strongest on the ectopic than on the eutopic or normal, there were statistical significance (P<0.05); and three was no significantly difference between the eutopic and normal (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS GnRH-II significantly inhibited the cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis and decreased the VEGF secreting of ectopic, eutopic and normal ESC in EMs in vitro, and these effects were the strongest on ectopic ESC, which suggested that GnRH-II may become a new effective treatment for endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengying Huang
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Otorhinolaryngology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China, 410011
| | - Huanping Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Henan Province People’s HospitalZhengzhou, Henan, China, 450000
| | - Ying Zou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hunan Province Maternity and Children’s Health Care CenterChangsha, Hunan, China, 410008
| | - Qiuhong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hunan Province People’s HospitalChangsha, Hunan, China, 410002
| | - Jing Cao
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Otorhinolaryngology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China, 410011
| | - Tuanfang Yin
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Otorhinolaryngology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangsha, Hunan, China, 410011
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Recombinant GnRH-p53 protein sensitizes breast cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Apoptosis 2013; 18:1214-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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31
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Block M, Gründker C, Fister S, Kubin J, Wilkens L, Mueller MD, Hemmerlein B, Emons G, Günthert AR. Inhibition of the AKT/mTOR and erbB pathways by gefitinib, perifosine and analogs of gonadotropin-releasing hormone I and II to overcome tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells. Int J Oncol 2012; 41:1845-54. [PMID: 22922893 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2012.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine resistance in breast cancer remains a major clinical problem and is caused by crosstalk mechanisms of growth factor receptor cascades, such as the erbB and PI3K/AKT pathways. The possibilities a single breast cancer cell has to achieve resistance are manifold. We developed a model of 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen (OHT)‑resistant human breast cancer cell lines and compared their different expression patterns, activation of growth factor receptor pathways and compared cells by genomic hybridization (CGH). We also tested a panel of selective inhibitors of the erbB and AKT/mTOR pathways to overcome OHT resistance. OHT‑resistant MCF-7-TR and T47D-TR cells showed increased expression of HER2 and activation of AKT. T47D-TR cells showed EGFR expression and activated MAPK (ERK-1/2), whereas in resistant MCF-7-TR cells activated AKT was due to loss of CTMP expression. CGH analyses revealed remarkable aberrations in resistant sublines, which were predominantly depletions. Gefitinib inhibited erbB signalling and restored OHT sensitivity in T47D-TR cells. The AKT inhibitor perifosine restored OHT sensitivity in MCF-7-TR cells. All cell lines showed expression of receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) I and II, and analogs of GnRH-I/II restored OHT sensitivity in both resistant cell lines by inhibition of erbB and AKT signalling. In conclusion, mechanisms to escape endocrine treatment in breast cancer share similarities in expression profiling but are based on substantially different genetic aberrations. Evaluation of activated mediators of growth factor receptor cascades is helpful to predict response to specific inhibitors. Expression of GnRH-I/II receptors provides multi-targeting treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Block
- Departement of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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LATTRICH CLAUS, MÜLLER ANNAKRISTIN, SCHÜLER SUSANNE, HÄRING JULIA, RUOFF ALEXANDRA, TREECK OLIVER, ORTMANN OLAF. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the regulatory region of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene and breast cancer susceptibility. Oncol Rep 2012; 28:1091-5. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2012.1854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Banerjee N, Allen C, Bendayan R. Differential role of organic anion-transporting polypeptides in estrone-3-sulphate uptake by breast epithelial cells and breast cancer cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2012; 342:510-9. [PMID: 22588260 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.192344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the differential expression and function of organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in breast epithelial and breast cancer cells. Estrone-3-sulfate (E3S), a substrate for 7 of 11 OATPs, is a predominant source of tumor estrogen in postmenopausal, hormone-dependent patients with breast cancer. Overexpression of certain OATPs (e.g., OATP1A2) reported in breast tumor tissues compared with surrounding normal tissues could contribute toward two to three times higher tumoral E3S concentration. Little is known about expression and function of other OATP family members among breast epithelial and breast cancer cells. We therefore compared gene and protein expression of seven OATPs (OATP1A2, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP1C1, OATP2B1, OATP3A1, and OATP4A1) in immortalized breast epithelial cells (MCF10A), hormone-dependent breast cancer cells (MCF7), and hormone-independent breast cancer cells (MDA/LCC6-435, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-468) by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting, respectively. Expression of solute carrier superfamily encoding for OATPs (SLCO) 1A2, 1B1, 1B3, 2B1, and 3A1 is exclusive, similar, or significantly higher in cancer cells compared with MCF10A cells. Protein expression of OATPs is found to be either exclusive or higher in cancer cells compared with MCF10A cells. Specificity of OATP-mediated E3S uptake is observed only in cancer cells, with the highest total uptake in MCF7 cells. Transport kinetics of E3S uptake demonstrates transport efficiency that is 10 times greater in the MCF7 cells than in the hormone-independent cells. These data suggest that OATPs could be a novel therapeutic target for hormone-dependent breast cancers, particularly in postmenopausal patients, where the major source of tumor estrogen is E3S.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilasha Banerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3M2
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Biochemistry, molecular biology and cell biology of gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonists. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2011; 23:238-44. [DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e328348a3ce] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wang ZY, Loo TY, Shen JG, Wang N, Wang DM, Yang DP, Mo SL, Guan XY, Chen JP. LDH-A silencing suppresses breast cancer tumorigenicity through induction of oxidative stress mediated mitochondrial pathway apoptosis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 131:791-800. [PMID: 21452021 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1466-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
LDH-A, as the critical enzyme accounting for the transformation from pyruvate into lactate, has been demonstrated to be highly expressed in various cancer cells and its silencing has also been approved relating to increased apoptosis in lymphoma cells. In this study, we intend to investigate the correlation between LDH-A and other clinicopathological factors of breast cancer and whether LDH-A silencing could suppress breast cancer growth, and if so the potential mechanisms. 46 breast cancer specimens were collected to study the relation between LDH-A expression and clinicopathological characteristics including menopause, tumor size, node involvement, differentiation, and pathological subtypes classified by ER, PR, and Her-2. shRNAs were designed and applied to silence LDH-A expression in breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. The effects of LDH-A reduction on cancer cells were studied by a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments, including cell growth assay, apoptosis evaluation, oxidative stress detection, transmission electron microscopy observation, and tumor formation assay on nude mice. LDH-A expression was found to correlate significantly with tumor size and to be independent for other clinicopathological factors. LDH-A reduction resulted in an inhibited cancer cell proliferation, elevated intracellular oxidative stress, and induction of mitochondrial pathway apoptosis. Meanwhile, the tumorigenic ability of LDH-A deficient cancer cells was significantly limited in both breast cancer xenografts. The Ki67 positive cancer cells were significantly reduced in LDH-A deficiency tumor samples, while the apoptosis ratio was enhanced. Our results suggested that LDH-A inhibition might offer a promising therapeutic strategy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yu Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Estates Building, 10 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
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Schubert A, Hawighorst T, Emons G, Gründker C. Agonists and antagonists of GnRH-I and -II reduce metastasis formation by triple-negative human breast cancer cells in vivo. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011; 130:783-90. [PMID: 21279682 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-011-1358-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis to bone is a frequent problem of advanced breast cancer. Particularly breast cancers, which do not express estrogen and progesterone receptors and which have no overexpression/amplification of the HER2-neu gene, so called triple-negative breast cancers, are considered as very aggressive and possess a bad prognosis. About 60% of all human breast cancers and about 74% of triple-negative breast cancers express receptors for gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which might be used as a therapeutic target. Recently, we could show that bone-directed invasion of human breast cancer cells in vitro is time- and dose-dependently reduced by GnRH analogs. In the present study, we have analyzed whether GnRH analogs are able to reduce metastases of triple-negative breast cancers in vivo. In addition, we have evaluated the effects of GnRH analogs on tumor growth. To quantify formation of metastasis by triple-negative MDA-MB-435 and MDA-MB-231 human breast cancers, we used a real-time PCR method based on detection of human-specific alu sequences measuring accurately the amount of human tumor DNA in athymic mouse organs. To analyze tumor growth, the volumes of breast cancer xenotransplants into nude mice were measured. We could demonstrate that GnRH analogs significantly reduced metastasis formation by triple-negative breast cancer in vivo. In addition, we could show that GnRH analogs significantly inhibited the growth of breast cancer into nude mice. Side effects were not detectable. In conclusion, GnRH analogs seem to be suitable drugs for an efficacious therapy for triple-negative, GnRH receptor-positive human breast cancers to prevent metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Schubert
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Georg-August-University, Robert-Koch-Street 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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