1
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Mojeiko G, Passos JS, Apolinário AC, Lopes LB. Topical transdermal chemoprevention of breast cancer: where will nanomedical approaches deliver us? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:1713-1731. [PMID: 34256574 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the high incidence of breast cancer, there are few pharmacological prevention strategies for the high-risk population and those that are available have low adherence. Strategies that deliver drugs directly to the breasts may increase drug local concentrations, improving efficacy, safety and acceptance. The skin of the breast has been proposed as an administration route for local transdermal therapy, which may improve drug levels in the mammary tissue, due to both deep local penetration and percutaneous absorption. In this review, we discuss the application of nanotechnology-based strategies for the delivery of well established and new agents as well as drug repurposing using the topical transdermal route to improve the outcomes of preventive therapy for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mojeiko
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Sapienza Passos
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Biagini Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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2
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Bi Y, Gong L, Liu P, Xiong X, Zhao Y. Nuclear ErbB2 represses DEPTOR transcription to inhibit autophagy in breast cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:397. [PMID: 33854045 PMCID: PMC8047043 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
ErbB2, a classical receptor tyrosine kinase, is frequently overexpressed in breast cancer cells. Although the role of ErbB2 in the transmission of extracellular signals to intracellular matrix has been widely studied, the functions of nuclear ErbB2 remain largely elusive. Here, we report a novel function of nuclear ErbB2 in repressing the transcription of DEPTOR, a direct inhibitor of mTOR. Nuclear ErbB2 directly binds to the consensus binding sequence in the DEPTOR promoter to repress its transcription. The kinase activity of ErbB2 is required for its nuclear translocation and transcriptional repression of DEPTOR. Moreover, the repressed DEPTOR by nuclear ErbB2 inhibits the induction of autophagy by activating mTORC1. Thus, our study reveals a novel mechanism for autophagy regulation by functional ErbB2, which translocates to the nucleus and acts as a transcriptional regulator to suppress DEPTOR transcription, leading to activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to inhibit autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Bi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longyuan Gong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengyuan Liu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiufang Xiong
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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3
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Cheong EV, Ho GF. Dual HER2 blockade with lapatinib and trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy in metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:2264-2268. [PMID: 33936677 PMCID: PMC8077340 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.4009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of resistance to trastuzumab in HER2-positive gastroesophageal cancer remains a problem. The use of dual HER2 blockade to overcome this is a therapeutic strategy that should be researched more extensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Von Cheong
- Department of Clinical OncologyMenara TimurUniversity of Malaya Medical CentreKuala LumpurMalaysia
| | - Gwo Fuang Ho
- Department of Clinical OncologyMenara TimurUniversity of Malaya Medical CentreKuala LumpurMalaysia
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of MalayaKuala LumpurMalaysia
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4
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Dual HER2 Blockade versus a Single Agent in Trastuzumab-Containing Regimens for HER2-Positive Early Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2020; 2020:5169278. [PMID: 32256583 PMCID: PMC7102417 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5169278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Although trastuzumab is the standard of care for patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)- positive early breast cancer (EBC), drug resistance and disease relapse occur. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of trastuzumab-containing dual anti-HER2 therapy compared to trastuzumab alone. Methods A systematic search was performed to identify eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Main outcomes including event-free survival/invasive disease-free survival (EFS/iDFS), overall survival (OS), and safety were considered. Results Ten RCTs were included (15,284 patients). Significant improvements were observed in both EFS/iDFS (HR 0.86, p=0.0003) and OS (HR 0.86, p=0.02) with trastuzumab-based dual anti-HER2 therapy, especially in adjuvant treatment, while in the neoadjuvant setting, dual-targeted therapy also achieved a substantial pathological complete response (pCR) benefit (HR 1.34, p=0.0002). Subgroup analysis revealed that the EFS/iDFS benefit was slightly higher with trastuzumab plus pertuzumab or plus neratinib than trastuzumab plus lapatinib, while OS benefit was significant with trastuzumab plus lapatinib, but there were no subgroup differences (interaction test, p=0.80 and 0.24, resp.). In addition, EFS/iDFS benefit was unrelated to hormone receptor status but pronounced in the lymph node-positive (LN+) subgroup, which should be interpreted cautiously for lacking interaction (p=0.18). Besides, patients receiving dual therapy, especially with the lapatinib-containing regimen, experienced more toxicity, but no increase in cardiotoxicity. Conclusions Despite being associated with more toxicity, trastuzumab-containing dual anti-HER2 therapy is superior to trastuzumab single agent for HER2-positive EBC independent of hormone receptor status. The correlation between survival and LN status needs further verification. Trastuzumab plus pertuzumab or plus neratinib is the preferred regimen with substantial efficacy and lower toxicity.
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5
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Søgaard CK, Nepal A, Petrovic V, Sharma A, Liabakk NB, Steigedal TS, Otterlei M. Targeting the non-canonical roles of PCNA modifies and increases the response to targeted anti-cancer therapy. Oncotarget 2019; 10:7185-7197. [PMID: 31921382 PMCID: PMC6944453 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), such as HER2 and/or EGFR are important therapeutic targets in multiple cancer cells. Low and/or short response to targeted therapies are often due to activation of compensatory signaling pathways, and therefore a combination of kinase inhibitors with other anti-cancer therapies have been proposed as promising strategies. PCNA is recently shown to have non-canonical cytosolic roles, and targeting PCNA with a cell-penetrating peptide containing the PCNA-interacting motif APIM is shown to mediate changes in central signaling pathways such as PI3K/Akt and MAPK, acting downstream of multiple RTKs. In this study, we show how targeting PCNA increased the anti-cancer activity of EGFR/HER2/VEGFR inhibition in vitro as well as in vivo. The combination treatment resulted in reduced tumor load and increased the survival compared to either single agent treatments. The combination treatment affected multiple cellular signaling responses not seen by EGFR/HER2/VEGFR inhibition alone, and changes were seen in pathways determining protein degradation, ER-stress, apoptosis and autophagy. Our results suggest that targeting the non-canonical roles of PCNA in cellular signaling have the potential to improve targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline K Søgaard
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anala Nepal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Voin Petrovic
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Animesh Sharma
- Proteomics and Modomics Experimental Core Facility (PROMEC), NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nina-Beate Liabakk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tonje S Steigedal
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Marit Otterlei
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Surgery, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,APIM Therapeutics A/S, Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Toss A, Piacentini F, Cortesi L, Artuso L, Bernardis I, Parenti S, Tenedini E, Ficarra G, Maiorana A, Iannone A, Omarini C, Moscetti L, Cristofanilli M, Federico M, Tagliafico E. Genomic alterations at the basis of treatment resistance in metastatic breast cancer: clinical applications. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31606-31619. [PMID: 30167082 PMCID: PMC6114971 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The standard of care for breast cancer has gradually evolved from empirical treatments based on clinical-pathological characteristics to the use of targeted approaches based on the molecular profile of the tumor. Consequently, an increasing number of molecularly targeted drugs have been developed. These drugs target specific alterations, called driver mutations, which confer a survival advantage to cancer cells. To date, the main challenge remains the identification of predictive biomarkers for the selection of the optimal treatment. On this basis, we evaluated a panel of 25 genes involved in the mechanisms of targeted treatment resistance, in 16 primary breast cancers and their matched recurrences, developed during treatment. Overall, we found a detection rate of mutations higher than that described in the literature. In particular, the most frequently mutated genes were ERBB2 and those involved in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and the MAPK signaling pathways. The study revealed substantial discordances between primary tumors and metastases, stressing the need for analysis of metastatic tissues at recurrence. We observed that 85.7% of patients with an early-stage or locally advanced primary tumor showed at least one mutation in the primary tumor. This finding could explain the subsequent relapse and might therefore justify more targeted adjuvant treatments. Finally, the mutations detected in 50% of relapsed tissues could have guided subsequent treatment choices in a different way. This study demonstrates that mutation events may be present at diagnosis or arise during cancer treatment. As a result, profiling primary and metastatic tumor tissues may be a major step in defining optimal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Toss
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Federico Piacentini
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Cortesi
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Lucia Artuso
- Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Isabella Bernardis
- Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sandra Parenti
- Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Elena Tenedini
- Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Guido Ficarra
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonino Maiorana
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Iannone
- Department of Diagnostics, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudia Omarini
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Luca Moscetti
- Department of Oncology and Haematology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Policlinico di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Cristofanilli
- Department of Medicine-Hematology and Oncology, Robert H Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Massimo Federico
- Center for Genome Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Enrico Tagliafico
- Department of Diagnostics, Clinical and Public Health Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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7
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Inositol-C2-PAF acts as a biological response modifier and antagonizes cancer-relevant processes in mammary carcinoma cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2018; 41:505-516. [PMID: 30047091 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-018-0387-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have identified alkyl-phospholipids as promising compounds for cancer therapy by targeting constituents of the cell membrane and different signaling pathways. We previously showed that the alkylphospholipid Inositol-C2-PAF inhibits the proliferation and migration of immortalized keratinocytes and the squamous carcinoma-derived cell line SCC-25. Here, we investigated the effect of this compound on growth and motility as well as its mode of action in mammary carcinoma-derived cell lines. METHODS Using BrdU incorporation and haptotactic cell migration assays, we assessed the effects of Inositol-C2-PAF on MCF-7 and MBA-MB-231 cell proliferation and migration. The phosphorylation status of signaling molecules was investigated by Western blotting as well as indirect immunofluorescence analysis and capillary isoelectric focusing. RESULTS We found that Inositol-C2-PAF inhibited the growth as well as the migration in MCF-7 and MBA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, we found that this compound inhibited phosphorylation of the protein kinase Akt at serine residue 473, but had no impact on phosphorylation at threonine 308. Phosphorylation of other kinases, such as Erk1/2, FAK and Src, which are targeted by Inositol-C2-PAF in other cells, remained unaffected by the compound in the mammary carcinoma-derived cell lines tested. In MCF-7 cells, we found that IGF-1-induced growth, as well as phosphorylation of AktS473, mTOR and the tumor suppressor pRB, was inhibited in the presence of Inositol-C2-PAF. Moreover, we found that in these cells IGF-1 had no impact on migration and did not seem to be linked to full Akt activity. Therefore, MCF-7 cell migration appears to be inhibited by Ino-C2-PAF in an Akt-independent manner. CONCLUSION The antagonistic effects of Inositol-C2-PAF on cell migration and proliferation are indicative for its potential for breast cancer therapy, alone or in combination with other cytostatic drugs.
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8
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Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases plays an important role in the biology of many cancers. In breast and gastrointestinal cancer, and at lower rates also in additional tumor types, HER2 and its homo- or heterodimerization with HER1 or HER3 are essential for cancer cell growth and survival. Breast cancer patients overexpressing HER2 have a more aggressive course of their disease. The poor prognosis associated with HER2 overexpression can be substantially improved by adding HER2-targeted therapy to standard of care using the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. Lapatinib, an oral dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocks HER1 and HER2 tyrosine kinase activity by binding to the ATP-binding site of the receptor's intracellular domain, resulting in inhibition of tumor cell growth. Lapatinib is generally well tolerated with diarrhea being the most common adverse effect. However, although being mainly of mild to moderate severity, interruption or discontinuation of treatment has been reported in a substantial proportion of patients in clinical trials. In 2007, lapatinib has been approved in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer upon progressive disease following standard therapy with anthracyclines, taxanes, and trastuzumab. In 2013, the approval was extended to a chemotherapy-free combination with trastuzumab for patients with metastatic HER2-positive, hormone receptor-negative breast cancer progressing on prior trastuzumab and chemotherapy. Since 2010, lapatinib is approved in combination with letrozole in the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced HER2- and hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. In contrast, in first-line cytotoxic-based therapy of both early and advanced HER2-positive breast cancer, data from clinical trials did not provide evidence of additional benefit of lapatinib compared to trastuzumab. Moreover, over the past few years, novel HER2-targeted drugs, either alone or as a combined anti-HER2 approach, have been extensively evaluated, demonstrating a more favorable outcome. Also, neither in first- nor second-line treatment of advanced gastric cancer, lapatinib has been proven to be superior compared to trastuzumab as hitherto standard of care HER2 blockade. Therefore, lapatinib has become somewhat less important in patients with HER2-positive breast cancer during the past 10 years since its first introduction. Nevertheless, consideration of treatment with lapatinib appears to be reasonable in selected patients not only in the approved applications but also beyond, and further indications such as HER2-positive refractory metastatic colorectal cancer may arise in future. Also, lapatinib may have distinct advantages over antibodies in targeting truncated HER2 and crossing the blood-brain barrier. Finally, the favorable cardiac toxicity profile of lapatinib makes it an attractive alternative to trastuzumab-based regimens in patients at risk for cardiac events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Voigtlaender
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Schneider-Merck
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Glaxo Smith Kline, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Trepel
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Interdisciplinary Cancer Center Augsburg, Augsburg Medical Center, Stenglinstr. 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
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9
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Abstract
Background: The management of patients with localized and advanced breast cancer continues to evolve. Chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, and trastuzumab are effective therapies but leave considerable room for improvement. As the cellular aberrations inherent to cancer cells in general and breast cancer cells specifically are better understood, therapies to target specific cellular pathways continue to be developed with the goal of expanding available effective therapy through better patient selection. Methods: We conducted a computerized search of the medical literature as well as a manual search of selected meeting abstracts. Results: Several targeted therapies are in phase III clinical trials testing their promise in the treatment of breast cancer. Many other agents are completing phase I and II testing. An overview of the most promising agents in clinical development is discussed herein. Conclusions: Targeted therapy for breast cancer is a reality at this time, and several new agents hold promise for expanding and refining the pool of patients likely to further benefit from this approach in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Hobday
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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10
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Sahu A, Patra PK, Yadav MK, Varma M. Identification and characterization of ErbB4 kinase inhibitors for effective breast cancer therapy. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2017; 37:470-480. [DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2017.1342129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Sahu
- Department of Biochemistry, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore, India
| | - P. K. Patra
- Department of Biochemistry, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, Pt. J.N.M. Medical College, Raipur, India
| | - Meena Varma
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Aurobindo Institute of Medical Sciences, Indore, India
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11
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Synergistic effects of various Her inhibitors in combination with IGF-1R, C-MET and Src targeting agents in breast cancer cell lines. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28638122 PMCID: PMC5479850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of HER2 has been reported in around 25% of human breast cancers. Despite recent advances in HER2 targeted therapy, many patients still experience primary and secondary resistance to such treatments, the mechanisms for which are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the sensitivity of a panel of breast cancer cell lines to treatment with various types of HER-family inhibitors alone or in combination with other tyrosine kinase inhibitors or chemotherapeutic agents. We found that treatment with the second-generation irreversible HER-family inhibitors, particularly afatinib and neratinib, were more effective than treatment with the first-generation reversible inhibitors in inhibiting growth, migration and downstream cell signalling in breast cancer cells. Of the three HER2 overexpressing cell lines in this panel, SKBr3 and BT474 were highly sensitive to treatment with HER-family inhibitors, while MDA-MB-453 was comparatively resistant. Combinations of HER-family inhibitors with NVP-AEW541, dasatinib or crizotinib (inhibitors of IGF-1R, Src and c-Met/ALK, respectively) led to synergistic effects in some of the cell lines examined. In particular, treatment with a combination of Src and HER-family member inhibitors resulted in synergistic growth inhibition of MDA-MB453 cells, implicating Src as a mediator of resistance to HER2-targeting agents. Our results suggest that combining HER-family inhibitors with other TKIs such as dasatinib may have therapeutic advantages in certain breast cancer subtypes and warrants further investigation.
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12
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Molecular Biomarkers for Prediction of Targeted Therapy Response in Metastatic Breast Cancer: Trick or Treat? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010085. [PMID: 28054957 PMCID: PMC5297719 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the study of genomic alterations and protein expression involved in the pathways of breast cancer carcinogenesis has provided an increasing number of targets for drugs development in the setting of metastatic breast cancer (i.e., trastuzumab, everolimus, palbociclib, etc.) significantly improving the prognosis of this disease. These drugs target specific molecular abnormalities that confer a survival advantage to cancer cells. On these bases, emerging evidence from clinical trials provided increasing proof that the genetic landscape of any tumor may dictate its sensitivity or resistance profile to specific agents and some studies have already showed that tumors treated with therapies matched with their molecular alterations obtain higher objective response rates and longer survival. Predictive molecular biomarkers may optimize the selection of effective therapies, thus reducing treatment costs and side effects. This review offers an overview of the main molecular pathways involved in breast carcinogenesis, the targeted therapies developed to inhibit these pathways, the principal mechanisms of resistance and, finally, the molecular biomarkers that, to date, are demonstrated in clinical trials to predict response/resistance to targeted treatments in metastatic breast cancer.
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13
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Shao X, Liu Y, Li Y, Xian M, Zhou Q, Yang B, Ying M, He Q. The HER2 inhibitor TAK165 Sensitizes Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells to Retinoic Acid-Induced Myeloid Differentiation by activating MEK/ERK mediated RARα/STAT1 axis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24589. [PMID: 27074819 PMCID: PMC4830980 DOI: 10.1038/srep24589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in differentiation therapy for patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) highly encourages researches to apply this therapy to other types of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, AML, with the exception of APL, fails to respond to differentiation therapy. Therefore, research strategies to further sensitize cells to retinoids and to extend the range of AMLs that respond to retinoids beyond APLs are urgently needed. In this study, we showed that TAK165, a HER2 inhibitor, exhibited a strong synergy with ATRA to promote AML cell differentiation. We observed that TAK165 sensitized the AML cells to ATRA-induced cell growth inhibition, G0/G1 phase arrest, CD11b expression, mature morphologic changes, NBT reduction and myeloid regulator expression. Unexpectedly, HER2 pathway might not be essential for TAK165-enhanced differentiation when combined with ATRA, while the enhanced differentiation was dependent on the activation of the RARα/STAT1 axis. Furthermore, the MEK/ERK cascade regulated the activation of STAT1. Taken together, our study is the first to evaluate the synergy of TAK165 and ATRA in AML cell differentiation and to assess new opportunities for the combination of TAK165 and ATRA as a promising approach for future differentiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Shao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujia Liu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yangling Li
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Miao Xian
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Meidan Ying
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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14
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Menendez JA, Schroeder B, Peirce SK, Vellon L, Papadimitropoulou A, Espinoza I, Lupu R. Blockade of a key region in the extracellular domain inhibits HER2 dimerization and signaling. J Natl Cancer Inst 2015; 107:djv090. [PMID: 25888715 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several treatment strategies target the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast carcinomas, including monoclonal antibodies directed against HER2's extracellular domain (ECD) and small molecule inhibitors of its tyrosine kinase activity. Yet, novel therapies are needed that prevent HER2 dimerization with other HER family members, because current treatments are only partially effective. METHODS To test the hypothesis that HER2 activation requires a protein sequence in the HER2-ECD that mediates HER2 homo- and heterodimerization, we introduced a series of deletion mutations in the third subdomain of HER2-ECD. These deletion mutants were retrovirally expressed in breast cancer (BC) cells that naturally overexpress HER2 and in noncancerous, HER2-negative breast epithelial cells. One-factor analysis of variance or Student's t test were used to analyze differences. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS The smallest deletion in the ECD domain of HER2, which removed only 16 amino acids (HER2-ECDΔ451-466), completely disrupted the oncogenic potential of HER2. In contrast to wild-type HER2, the mutant-inhibited anchorage-independent growth (mean number of colonies: mutant, 70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 55 to 85; wild-type, 400, 95% CI = 320 to 480, P < .001) increased sensitivity to paclitaxel treatment in both transformed and nontransformed cells. Overexpression of HER2Δ451-466 efficiently inhibited activation of HER1, HER2, and HER3 in all cell lines tested. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal that an essential "activating" sequence exists in the extracellular domain of HER2. Disruption of this sequence disables the HER2 dimerization loop, blocks subsequent activation of HER2-driven oncogenic signaling, and generates a dominant-negative form of HER2. Reagents specifically against this molecular activation switch may represent a novel targeted approach for the management of HER2-overexpressing carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Barbara Schroeder
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Susan K Peirce
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Luciano Vellon
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Adriana Papadimitropoulou
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Ingrid Espinoza
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE)
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Catalan Institute of Oncology and Girona Biomedical Research Institute, Avenida de Francia S/N, E-17007 Girona, Catalonia, Spain (JAM); Department of Medicine and Experimental Pathology (BS, IE, RL) and Mayo Clinic Cancer Center (per institutional guidelines) (BS, RL), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Kateric CRO, Clemson, SC (SKP); IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Laboratorio de Química de Proteoglicanos y Matriz Extracelular, Buenos Aires, Argentina (LV); Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunobiotechnology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece (AP); Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS (IE).
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15
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Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of receptor tyrosine kinases plays an important role in the biology of many cancers. In breast and gastric cancer, and maybe also additional tumor types, HER2 and its homo- or heterodimerization with HER1 or HER3 are essential for cancer cell growth and survival. Breast cancer patients overexpressing HER2 have a poor prognosis, which can be substantially improved upon HER2-targeted therapy using the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. Lapatinib is a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), blocking HER1 and HER2 tyrosine kinase activity by binding to the ATP-binding site of the receptor's intracellular domain. This results in the inhibition of tumor cell growth. In patients, the drug is relatively well tolerated with mostly low-grade adverse effects. In particular and unlike to trastuzumab, it has very little, if any, adverse effects on cardiac function. In 2007, lapatinib has been approved in combination with capecitabine in patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer upon progressive disease following standard therapy with anthracyclines, taxanes, and trastuzumab. In 2010, the approval was extended to the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced, hormone receptor- and HER2-positive breast cancer, for whom hormonal therapy is indicated. Ongoing and future studies will explore its role in the (neo)adjuvant therapy setting, in further drug combinations as well as in the treatment of HER2-positive tumors other than breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna Nolting
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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16
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Malenfant SJ, Eckmann KR, Barnett CM. Pertuzumab: a new targeted therapy for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Pharmacotherapy 2013; 34:60-71. [PMID: 23918291 DOI: 10.1002/phar.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Trastuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody, has become an important targeted therapy for patients with all stages of human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer. However, primary and acquired resistance to trastuzumab remains a significant problem. Pertuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody that binds to a domain of the HER2 receptor separate from trastuzumab, may have the potential to overcome trastuzumab resistance. Clinical trials have shown that pertuzumab can be effectively combined with other biologic therapy or chemotherapy in patients with metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer. Pertuzumab is relatively well tolerated with minimal increases in hematologic and cardiac toxicity observed when added to trastuzumab and/or docetaxel. In addition to becoming the standard of care in combination with docetaxel and trastuzumab in patients with newly diagnosed HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, clinical trials continue to evaluate pertuzumab in combination with other targeted therapy, chemotherapy, and in patients with early stage breast cancer. These trials will help to further determine the role of pertuzumab in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Malenfant
- Division of Pharmacy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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17
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A novel anticancer and antifungus phenazine derivative from a marine actinomycete BM-17. Microbiol Res 2012; 167:616-22. [PMID: 22494896 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A marine actinomycete, designated strain BM-17, was isolated from a sediment sample collected in the Arctic Ocean. The strain was identified as Nocardia dassonvillei based on morphological, cultural, physiological, biochemical characteristics, along with the cell wall analysis and 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. A new secondary metabolite (1), N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenazinamine (NHP), and six known antibiotics (2-7) have been isolated from the saline culture broth of the stain by sequentially purification over macroporous resin D101, silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and preparative HPLC after the stain was incubated in soy bean media at 28°C for 7 days. The chemical structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis, including two-dimensional (2D) NMR and HR-ESI-MS data. The new compound showed significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans, with a MIC of 64 μg/ml and high cancer cell cytotoxicity against HepG2, A549, HCT-116 and COC1 cells.
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18
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Valdehita A, Carmena MJ, Bajo AM, Prieto JC. RNA interference-directed silencing of VPAC1 receptor inhibits VIP effects on both EGFR and HER2 transactivation and VEGF secretion in human breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 348:241-6. [PMID: 21896307 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We used small-interference RNA (siRNA) to explore the mechanisms of some vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) actions on human breast cancer cells. Transfection of estrogen-dependent (T47D) and estrogen-independent (MDA-MB-468) breast cancer cells with VPAC(1)-receptor siRNA completely abolished VIP stimulatory effect on secretion of the main angiogenic factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR or HER1) and HER2, two members of HER family of tyrosine-kinase receptors. The silencing procedure suggested the involvement of EGFR and HER2 transactivation in VIP-stimulated VEGF secretion. It was further supported by blocking tyrosine kinase activity by the selective HER inhibitors AG-1478 (EGFR) and AG-825 (HER2). Results give value to the specific signaling of VIP through VPAC(1) receptor in human breast cancer cells and support the potential use of VPAC(1)-receptor antagonists in combined targeted therapies for breast cancer. Molecular therapies involving RNA interference of VPAC(1)-receptor expression could also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valdehita
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares 28871, Spain
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19
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ErbB expression, activation, and inhibition with lapatinib and tyrphostin (AG825) in human vestibular schwannomas. Otol Neurotol 2011; 32:841-7. [PMID: 21659924 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0b013e31821f7d88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacologic agents targeted against the ErbB family, or the intracellular pathways that mediate their effects, could slow clinical progression of vestibular schwannoma (VS) in patients where other modalities carry a high risk-to-benefit ratio. OBJECTIVE Determine the identity of the predominant ErbB dimer partners in VS tumors and assess the effects of targeted inhibition of the ErbB molecules on VS growth and proliferation, as well as apoptosis. SETTING Academic tertiary referral center. METHODS Coimmunoprecipitation and Western blotting of VS tissue, in vitro BrdU assays of proliferation in the presence of lapatinib and tyrphostin (AG825) using primary VS cultures, and annexin V cell death assays and cell cycle assays using propidium iodide staining were performed on HEI193 cell line derived from an neurofibromatosis type 2-associated VS. RESULTS Activated ErbB family receptor heterodimers in VS contain predominantly epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and ErbB2. A robust, dose-dependent inhibition of VS growth and proliferation with the dual EGFR/ErbB2 inhibitor, lapatinib, was demonstrated. Lapatinib also inhibited EGF-induced VS proliferation. The selective ErbB2 inhibitor, AG825, inhibited growth to a lesser extent. HEI193 demonstrated apoptosis after lapatinib treatment. CONCLUSION Dual EGFR and ErbB2 inhibition with lapatinib or combination therapy may provide therapeutic benefit in VS treatment, but further studies are necessary.
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20
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Lokiec F, Douillard JY. [Inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase: similarity and differences]. REVUE DE PNEUMOLOGIE CLINIQUE 2011; 67 Suppl 1:S15-S19. [PMID: 21777761 DOI: 10.1016/s0761-8417(11)70005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) of EGFR are used in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in 2(nd) and 3(rd) line, and for gefitinib in first line in case of EGFR mutations. These drugs are particularly active in presence of these mutations, with response rate around 60-70%. Pharmacological data suggest an equivalent effect of erlotinib and gefitinib. One phase II study has directly compared the two drugs in 2(nd) line, with a non significant advantage for gefitinib in term of response and progression-free survival. However, skin tolerance profile was statistically better with gefitinib. Indirect comparisons between erlotinib and gefitinib in the phase III trials vs chemotherapy 1(st) line have to be interpreted, with caution and take under consideration the impact of the chemotherapy arm on the Hazard Ratio for Progression-free and overall survival. However, response rates seem to be equivalent. Cohort and phase IV studies have shown no significant difference for response and survival, and a similar tolerance profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lokiec
- Laboratoire de pharmacologie, centre René Huguenin, institut Curie, 35, rue Dailly, 92210 Saint-Cloud, France
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21
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Dhankhar R, Vyas SP, Jain AK, Arora S, Rath G, Goyal AK. Advances in novel drug delivery strategies for breast cancer therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 38:230-49. [PMID: 20677900 DOI: 10.3109/10731199.2010.494578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer remains one of the world's most devastating diseases. However, better understanding of tumor biology and improved diagnostic devices could lead to improved therapeutic outcomes. Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize cancer diagnosis and therapy. Various nanocarriers have been introduced to improve the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, quantum dots, nanoparticles, and dendrimers. Recently, targeted drug delivery systems for anti-tumor drugs have demonstrated great potential to lower cytotoxicity and increase therapeutic effects. Various ligands/approaches have been explored for targeting breast cancer. This paper provides an overview of breast cancer, conventional therapy, potential of nanotechnology in management of breast cancer, and rational approaches for targeting breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Dhankhar
- Nanomedicine Research Centre, Department of Pharmaceutics, Indo-Soviet Friendship College of Pharmacy, GT Road, Moga, Punjab, India
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22
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MacFarlane RJ, Gelmon KA. Lapatinib for breast cancer: a review of the current literature. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010; 10:109-21. [DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2011.533168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Saxena R, Dwivedi A. ErbB family receptor inhibitors as therapeutic agents in breast cancer: Current status and future clinical perspective. Med Res Rev 2010; 32:166-215. [DOI: 10.1002/med.20209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Worthington J, Bertani M, Chan HL, Gerrits B, Timms JF. Transcriptional profiling of ErbB signalling in mammary luminal epithelial cells--interplay of ErbB and IGF1 signalling through IGFBP3 regulation. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:490. [PMID: 20840765 PMCID: PMC2946312 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the ErbB family of growth factor receptors are intricately linked with epithelial cell biology, development and tumourigenesis; however, the mechanisms involved in their downstream signalling are poorly understood. Indeed, it is unclear how signal specificity is achieved and the relative contribution each receptor has to specific gene expression. METHODS Gene expression profiling of a human mammary luminal epithelial cell model of ErbB2-overexpression was carried out using cDNA microarrays with a common RNA reference approach to examine long-term overlapping and differential responses to EGF and heregulin beta1 treatment in the context of ErbB2 overexpression. Altered gene expression was validated using quantitative real time PCR and/or immunoblotting. One gene of interest was targeted for further characterisation, where the effects of siRNA-mediated silencing on IGF1-dependent signalling and cellular phenotype were examined and compared to the effects of loss of ErbB2 expression. RESULTS 775 genes were differentially expressed and clustered in terms of their growth factor responsiveness. As well as identifying uncharacterized genes as novel targets of ErbB2-dependent signalling, ErbB2 overexpression augmented the induction of multiple genes involved in proliferation (e.g. MYC, MAP2K1, MAP2K3), autocrine growth factor signalling (VEGF, PDGF) and adhesion/cytoskeletal regulation (ZYX, THBS1, VCL, CNN3, ITGA2, ITGA3, NEDD9, TAGLN), linking them to the hyper-poliferative and altered adhesive phenotype of the ErbB2-overexpressing cells. We also report ErbB2-dependent down-regulation of multiple interferon-stimulated genes that may permit ErbB2-overexpressing cells to resist the anti-proliferative action of interferons. Finally, IGFBP3 was unique in its pattern of regulation and we further investigated a possible role for IGFBP3 down-regulation in ErbB2-dependent transformation through suppressed IGF1 signalling. We show that IGF1-dependent signalling and proliferation were enhanced in ErbB2-overexpressing cells, whilst loss of ErbB2 expression by siRNA silencing reduced IGF1 signalling. Furthermore, IGFBP3 knockdown resulted in basal ERK and Akt activation in luminal epithelial cells and increased invasiveness and anchorage-independent colony formation in SKBR3 cells. CONCLUSIONS These data show IGFBP3 as a negative regulator of transformation and that its down-regulation enhances IGF1-dependent signalling. They also show that ErbB2 can up-regulate IGF1-dependent signalling, possibly via the regulated expression of IGFBP3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Worthington
- Cancer Proteomics Laboratory, EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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26
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Rosen LS, Ashurst HL, Chap L. Targeting signal transduction pathways in metastatic breast cancer: a comprehensive review. Oncologist 2010; 15:216-35. [PMID: 20200040 PMCID: PMC3227950 DOI: 10.1634/theoncologist.2009-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Greater understanding of the underlying etiology and biology of breast cancer is enabling the clinical development of targeted therapies for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Following the successful introduction of trastuzumab, the first human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) biologically targeted therapy to become widely used in MBC patients, other agents have been developed. Novel agents include monoclonal antibodies such as pertuzumab, which bind to receptors on the cell surface, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as lapatinib, which target intracellular pathways such as that of the epidermal growth factor receptor. There is also growing clinical experience with antiangiogenic agents, particularly in combination with chemotherapy. These include the monoclonal antibody bevacizumab, which targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and multitargeted TKIs with antiangiogenic and antiproliferative activities, such as sunitinib. Combination treatment with multiple agents targeting both the HER family and angiogenic pathways (e.g., trastuzumab plus bevacizumab) is also showing activity in the clinical setting. Despite recent advances, there are unanswered questions regarding the management of MBC with targeted agents. Future studies are necessary to determine the optimal combinations, doses, and schedules required to maximize clinical activity while minimizing toxicity. Despite the temptation to use a targeted agent in all patients, identification of patient subgroups most likely to benefit must be a key goal and will be critical to the successful future use of these treatments. The aim of this review is to summarize some of the key signaling pathways involved in tumor progression and some of the novel therapies that are in development for MBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S. Rosen
- Premiere Oncology, Santa Monica, California, USA
| | | | - Linnea Chap
- Premiere Oncology, Santa Monica, California, USA
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27
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Frampton JE. Lapatinib: a review of its use in the treatment of HER2-overexpressing, trastuzumab-refractory, advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Drugs 2010; 69:2125-48. [PMID: 19791830 DOI: 10.2165/11203240-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Lapatinib (Tyverb, Tykerb) is an orally active, small molecule, reversible, dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor of human epidermal growth factor receptor type 1 (HER1) and type 2 (HER2). In the EU, lapatinib in combination with capecitabine is indicated for the treatment of women with HER2-overexpressing, advanced or metastatic breast cancer that has progressed after treatment with regimens that include anthracyclines, taxanes and, in the metastatic setting, trastuzumab. The orally administered combination of lapatinib and capecitabine was a more effective treatment than capecitabine alone, and was a generally well tolerated, conveniently administered combination for women with trastuzumab-refractory, HER2-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer in a clinical trial. Lapatinib combined with capecitabine provides an effective therapeutic option for a group of patients who currently have few treatment choices.
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28
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Pikó B. [Lapatinib treatment-option in trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer]. Magy Onkol 2010; 53:369-75. [PMID: 20071309 DOI: 10.1556/monkol.53.2009.4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HER2 is overexpressed in 20-25% of breast cancers and is associated with an aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. Lapatinib is a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor selective for inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR1/ErbB1) and HER2/ErbB2. Having more targets, probably its antitumor activity could be more efficient. Preclinical data reveal that lapatinib has activity in trastuzumab-resistant cell lines as well as synergistic activity with trastuzumab. Phase I clinical trials have also shown that lapatinib is well tolerated, with mild diarrhea and skin rush as common toxic effects and low incidence of cardiotoxicity. Lapatinib can cross the blood-brain barrier and might therefore have a role in preventing central-nervous-system progression. In a pivotal phase III trial, a combination of lapatinib and capecitabine almost doubled time to disease progression when compared to capecitabine alone (8.4 vs. 4.1 months) in women with HER2/ErbB2-positive advanced or metastatic breast cancer previously treated with anthracyclin, taxanes and trastuzumab. The overall survival was 15.6 vs. 15.4 months. Several clinical trials that explore the efficacy of lapatinib in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents, hormone therapy and other target therapies are ongoing in advanced breast cancer or in neo-adjuvant and adjuvant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béla Pikó
- Békés Megyei Képviselôtestület Pándy Kálmán Kórháza Megyei Onkológiai Központ 5700 Gyula Semmelweis u. 1.
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29
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Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) plays an important role in the biology of many cancers. In breast cancer, HER2 and its homo- or heterodimerization with HER1 or HER3 are essential for cancer cell growth and survival. Patients overexpressing HER2 have a poor prognosis, which can be substantially improved upon HER2-targeted therapy using the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. Lapatinib is a novel dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor, blocking HER1 and HER2 tyrosine kinase activity by binding to the ATP-binding site of the receptor's intracellular domain. This results in inhibition of tumor cell growth. The drug is relatively well tolerated in patients, with few and mostly low-grade adverse effects. In particular and unlike to trastuzumab, it has very little, if any, adverse effects on cardiac function. In patients with advanced HER2-positive breast cancer, lapatinib has shown substantial antitumor activity, particularly in combination with capecitabine upon progressive disease following standard therapy with antracyclines, taxanes, and trastuzumab. Ongoing and future studies will explore its role in the adjuvant therapy setting, in drug combinations other than capecitabine, and in the treatment of HER2-positive tumors other than breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Schneider-Merck
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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30
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Röwer C, Vissers JPC, Koy C, Kipping M, Hecker M, Reimer T, Gerber B, Thiesen HJ, Glocker MO. Towards a proteome signature for invasive ductal breast carcinoma derived from label-free nanoscale LC-MS protein expression profiling of tumorous and glandular tissue. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:2443-56. [PMID: 19876624 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 09/18/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As more and more alternative treatments become available for breast carcinoma, there is a need to stratify patients and individual molecular information seems to be suitable for this purpose. In this study, we applied label-free protein quantitation by nanoscale LC-MS and investigated whether this approach could be used for defining a proteome signature for invasive ductal breast carcinoma. Tissue samples from healthy breast and tumor were collected from three patients. Protein identifications were based on LC-MS peptide fragmentation data which were obtained simultaneously to the quantitative information. Hereby, an invasive ductal breast carcinoma proteome signature was generated which contains 60 protein entries. The on-column concentrations for osteoinductive factor, vimentin, GAP-DH, and NDKA are provided as examples. These proteins represent distinctive gene ontology groups of differentially expressed proteins and are discussed as risk markers for primary tumor pathogenesis. The developed methodology has been found well applicable in a clinical environment in which standard operating procedures can be kept; a prerequisite for the definition of molecular parameter sets that shall be capable for stratification of patients.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Chromatography, Liquid/methods
- Computational Biology
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Nanotechnology
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteomics/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Röwer
- Proteome Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18055, Rostock, Germany
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31
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Valdehita A, Bajo AM, Schally AV, Varga JL, Carmena MJ, Prieto JC. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) induces transactivation of EGFR and HER2 in human breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 302:41-8. [PMID: 19101605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the cross-talk between receptors for vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and the human epidermal growth factor family of tyrosine kinase receptors (HER) in oestrogen-dependent (T47D) and oestrogen-independent (MDA-MB-468) human breast cancer cells. VIP treatment slowly increased the expression levels of EGFR but it rapidly augmented phosphorylation of EGFR and HER2 in both cell lines. This pattern of HERs transactivation was blocked by the specific VIP antagonist JV-1-53, supporting the direct involvement of VIP receptors in formation of P-EGFR and P-HER2. VIP-induced transactivation was also abolished by H89 (protein kinase A inhibitor), PP2 (Src inhibitor) or TAPI-1 (inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases), following a differential pattern. These results shed a new light on the specific signalling pathways involved in EGFR/HER2 transactivation by VPAC receptors and suggest the potential usefulness of VIP receptor antagonists together with current antibodies against EGFR/HER2 and/or tyrosine kinase inhibitors for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Valdehita
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Alcalá University, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
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32
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New challenges and opportunities in the management of brain metastases in patients with ErbB2-positive metastatic breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 6:25-33. [PMID: 18936791 DOI: 10.1038/ncponc1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of trastuzumab for the treatment of tumors that overexpress ErbB2 (also known as HER2) has contributed significantly to recent improvements in systemic therapy for advanced breast cancer. The advances in systemic therapy have highlighted an increasing prevalence of central nervous system involvement in patients with ErbB2-positive breast cancer and a consequent need for new treatment options for brain metastases. Just as ErbB2-targeted systemic therapy has given rise to this challenge, so too could targeted therapy represent an opportunity to meet it. This Review considers the potential for targeted therapy to facilitate effective management of brain metastases in patients with ErbB2-positive breast cancer, and discusses in particular the data currently available in this setting for lapatinib, an orally available small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor of ErbB1 and ErbB2.
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33
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Martin AP, Miller A, Emad L, Rahmani M, Walker T, Mitchell C, Hagan MP, Park MA, Yacoub A, Fisher PB, Grant S, Dent P. Lapatinib resistance in HCT116 cells is mediated by elevated MCL-1 expression and decreased BAK activation and not by ERBB receptor kinase mutation. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:807-22. [PMID: 18544666 PMCID: PMC2574656 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.047365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We have defined some of the mechanisms by which the kinase inhibitor lapatinib kills HCT116 cells. Lapatinib inhibited radiation-induced activation of ERBB1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2, and AKT, and radiosensitized HCT116 cells. Prolonged incubation of HCT116 cells with lapatinib caused cell killing followed by outgrowth of lapatinib-adapted cells. Adapted cells were resistant to serum starvation-induced cell killing and were cross-resistant to multiple therapeutic drugs. Lapatinib was competent to inhibit basal and epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated ERBB1 phosphorylation in adapted cells. Coexpression of dominant-negative ERBB1 and dominant-negative ERBB2 inhibited basal and EGF-stimulated ERBB1 and ERBB2 phosphorylation in parental and adapted cells. However, in neither parental nor adapted cells did expression of dominant-negative ERBB1 and dominant-negative ERBB2 recapitulate the cell death-promoting effects of lapatinib. Adapted cells had increased expression of MCL-1, decreased expression of BAX, and decreased activation of BAX and BAK. Overexpression of BCL-XL protected parental cells from lapatinib toxicity. Knockdown of MCL-1 expression enhanced lapatinib toxicity in adapted cells that was reverted by knockdown of BAK expression. Inhibition of caspase function modestly reduced lapatinib toxicity in parental cells, whereas knockdown of apoptosis-inducing factor expression suppressed lapatinib toxicity. Thus, in HCT116 cells, lapatinib adaptation can be mediated by altered expression of pro- and antiapoptotic proteins that maintain mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Pandya Martin
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Anna Miller
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Luni Emad
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Mohammed Rahmani
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Teneille Walker
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Clint Mitchell
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Michael P. Hagan
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Margaret A. Park
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Adly Yacoub
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Steven Grant
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Paul Dent
- Departments of Biochemistry (PD, AM, MAP, CM), Medicine (MR, SG), Pharmacology and Toxicology (APM, TW), Radiation Oncology (AY, MPH), Human Genetics (LE, PBF), Virginia Commonwealth University, 401 College St., Richmond, VA 23298
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34
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Durán MC, Vega F, Moreno-Bueno G, Artiga MJ, Sanchez L, Palacios J, Ridley A, Timms JF. Characterisation of tumoral markers correlated with ErbB2 (HER2/Neu) overexpression and metastasis in breast cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1313-26. [PMID: 21136925 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2 (HER2/neu) is overexpressed in ˜30% of breast cancers and is associated with poor prognosis and an increased likelihood of metastasis. Clinical treatments such as trastuzumab are effective in less than 35% of women diagnosed as ErbB2-positive, highlighting the necessity of searching for novel targets and alternative therapies. Herein, a proteomic screening strategy combining quantitative-based gel electrophoresis and MS was used to compare the protein expression of 48 normal human breast and tumour tissues differing in ErbB2 expression and lymph node status. The aim was to identify proteins associated with the aggressive phenotype of ErbB2-positive breast cancer which could be potential biomarkers of the disease as well as therapy targets. In total, 177 protein isoforms (107 gene products) differentially expressed between tissue groups were identified. Immunohistochemical staining of a tissue-microarray was used for validation of selected protein candidates. We found that expression of HSP90α, laminin and GSTP1 significantly correlated with ErbB2 expression, while others such as AGR2, NM23H1 and Annexin 2 were overexpressed in greater than 40% of tumours. Finally, knocking-down the expression by RNA interference of three candidates, AGR2, Transgelin2 and NM23H1 resulted in an enhanced invasive capacity of MDA-MB435 cells. These data support the involvement of these targets in tumour progression and identify them as novel biomarkers of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Carmen Durán
- Cancer Proteomics, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, London Branch, Royal Free and University College London School of Medicine, UK; UCL EGA, Institute of Women's Health, London, UK.
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35
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Honjo Y, Kniss J, Eisen JS. Neuregulin-mediated ErbB3 signaling is required for formation of zebrafish dorsal root ganglion neurons. Development 2008; 135:2615-25. [PMID: 18599505 DOI: 10.1242/dev.022178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) arise from trunk neural crest cells that emerge from the dorsal neuroepithelium and coalesce into segmental streams that migrate ventrally along the developing somites. Proper formation of DRGs involves not only normal trunk neural crest migration, but also the ability of DRG progenitors to pause at a particular target location where they can receive DRG-promoting signals. In mammalian embryos, a receptor tyrosine kinase proto-oncogene, ErbB3, is required for proper trunk neural crest migration. Here, we show that in zebrafish mutants lacking ErbB3 function, neural crest cells do not pause at the location where DRGs normally form and DRG neurons are not generated. We also show that these mutants lack trunk neural crest-derived sympathetic neurons, but that cranial neural crest-derived enteric neurons appear normal. We isolated three genes encoding neuregulins, ErbB3 ligands, and show that two neuregulins function together in zebrafish trunk neural crest cell migration and in DRG formation. Together, our results suggest that ErbB3 signaling is required for normal migration of trunk, but not cranial, neural crest cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Honjo
- Institute of Neuroscience, 1254 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
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36
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Vazquez-Martin A, Oliveras-Ferraros C, Colomer R, Brunet J, Menendez JA. Low-scale phosphoproteome analyses identify the mTOR effector p70 S6 kinase 1 as a specific biomarker of the dual-HER1/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib (Tykerb) in human breast carcinoma cells. Ann Oncol 2008; 19:1097-109. [PMID: 18283037 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discovery of key proliferative and/or survival cascades closely linked to the biological effects of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) 1 (erbB-1) and/or HER2 (erbB-2) inhibitors may identify a priori mechanisms responsible for the development of acquired resistance in breast cancer disease. Here, we took advantage of a semiquantitative protein array technology to identify intracellular oncogenic kinases that distinctively correlate with breast cancer cell sensitivity/resistance to the dual-HER1/HER2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib (Tykerb(R)). MATERIALS AND METHODS MCF-7 cells were forced to overexpress HER2 following stable transduction with pBABE-HER2 retroviruses. The Human Phospho-MAPK Array Proteome Profilertrade mark (R&D Systems) was used to molecularly assess the effects of both the mono-HER2 inhibitor trastuzumab (Herceptintrade mark) and the dual-HER1/HER2 inhibitor lapatinib on 21 different oncogenic kinases. A model of acquired resistance to lapatinib (MCF-7/HER2-Lap10 cells) was established by chronically exposing MCF-7/HER2 cells to increasing concentrations of lapatinib for >10 months. RESULTS Treatment of MCF-7/HER2 cells with either trastuzumab or lapatinib similarly impaired HER2-enhanced activation status (i.e. phosphorylation) of the mitogen-activated protein kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1-3 and p38alpha/beta/gamma/delta and of the serine/threonine kinases AKT, glycogen synthase kinase-3, p90 ribosomal s6 kinase1/2, and mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase1/2. Trastuzumab was less effective than lapatinib at blocking extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 and, notably, it failed to deactivate the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) effector p70S6K1. Conversely, lapatinib treatment caused a drastic decrease in the phosphorylation of p70S6K1 at ERK1/2-regulated sites (Thr(421)/Ser(424)) and, as a consequence, p70S6K1 activity measured by its phospho-Thr(389) levels was abolished. The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin was found to supraadditively increase lapatinib efficacy in MCF-7/HER2 cells [ approximately 10-fold enhancement; combination index (CI(50)) = 0.243 < 1.0 = additivity, P < 0.001] but not in p70S6K1 gene-amplified MCF-7 parental cells ( approximately 1.3-fold enhancement; CI(50) = 0.920 congruent with 1.0 = additivity). Lapatinib-resistant MCF-7/HER2-Lap10 cells, which are capable of growing in the continuous presence of 10 microM lapatinib without significant effects on cell viability, notably exhibited a lapatinib-insensitive hyperphosphorylation of p70S6K1. Rapamycin cotreatment suppressed p70S6K1 hyperactivation and synergistically resensitized MCF-7/HER2-Lap10 cells to lapatinib (>20-fold increase in lapatinib-induced cytotoxicity; CI(50) = 0.175 < 1.0 = additivity). CONCLUSIONS Serine-threonine kinase p70S6K1, a marker for mTOR activity that regulates protein translation, constitutes a specific biomarker for the biological effects of the dual-HER1/HER2 inhibitor lapatinib. The clinical implications of our data are that the efficacy of lapatinib might be enhanced with therapies that target the mTOR pathway. Rapamycin analogues such as CCI-779 (Temsirolimus) and RAD001 (Everolimus) may warrant further clinical evaluation to effectively delay or prevent the development of acquired resistance to lapatinib in HER2-positive breast cancer patients.
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37
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Stahtea XN, Kousidou OC, Roussidis AE, Tzanakakis GN, Karamanos NK. Small tyrosine kinase inhibitors as key molecules in the expression of metalloproteinases by solid tumors. Connect Tissue Res 2008; 49:211-4. [PMID: 18661345 DOI: 10.1080/03008200802143307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Critical steps for cancer cell growth, migration, invasion, and metastasis are the interactions of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules with cells, the disconnection of intercellular adhesion, and the degradation of ECM. The latter is mediated mainly by metalloproteinases (MMPs), the expression and activation of which is related to various tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs). The aberrant RTK activity is associated with the development and progress of various human cancers. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are small molecules which compete with ATP for binding to the kinase domain of the RTKs and have been used for the treatment of solid tumors. In this review, the recent advances of the effects of TKIs on MMPs expressed by solid tumors are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xanthi N Stahtea
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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38
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Bilancia D, Rosati G, Dinota A, Germano D, Romano R, Manzione L. Lapatinib in breast cancer. Ann Oncol 2007; 18 Suppl 6:vi26-30. [PMID: 17591827 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of some members of human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family plays a key role in breast carcinogenesis. Lapatinib is an oral dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor selective for inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1) and HER2/ErbB2. Having more targets, probably its antitumor activity could be more efficient. Clinical data have shown that lapatinib is active in HER2-positive breast cancer as monotherapy, in combination with trastuzumab, and in trastuzumab-resistant patients. Phase I clinical trials have shown also that lapatinib is well tolerated, with mild diarrhea and skin rush as common toxic effects and low incidence of cardiotoxicity. Phase II and III clinical trials' data provide encouraging evidence of the clinical effectiveness of lapatinib in advanced or metastatic breast cancer and for its potential in patients with brain metastases. Interim results from the large, phase III trial in 392 patients showed that in combination with capecitabine lapatinib almost doubled time to progression when compared with capecitabine alone. Several clinical trials that explore the efficacy of lapatinib in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents [paclitaxel (Taxol), capecitabine and platinoids], hormonotherapy and other target therapies are ongoing in advanced breast cancer or in neo-adjuvant and adjuvant settings. Our improved understanding of the biology of breast cancer and the use of biomarkers for identification of specific subtypes are allowing us to bring patient-specific novel therapies such as lapatinib to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bilancia
- Medical Oncology Unit, San Carlo Hospital, Potenza, Italy.
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39
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Ito Y, Tokudome N, Sugihara T, Takahashi S, Hatake K. Does lapatinib, a small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, constitute a breakthrough in the treatment of breast cancer? Breast Cancer 2007; 14:156-62. [PMID: 17485900 DOI: 10.2325/jbcs.971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ErbB/HER receptor or its signal transduction pathway is an attractive therapeutic target for breast cancer. Lapatinib, an orally administered dual inhibitor of ErbB1 (EGFR) and ErbB2 (HER2) receptor tyrosine kinases has shown promising results for metastatic breast cancer (MBC). Lapatinib exhibited activity against trastuzumab-refractory MBC and showed an acceptable adverse event profile such as transient mild rash, diarrhea and nausea. The addition of lapatinib to capecitabine resulted in significantly prolonged time to progression. Large randomized trials using lapatinib following chemotherapy and surgery are ongoing for early stage HER2-overexpressing breast cancer. Various combinations with agents such as paclitaxel, aromatase inhibitors, or other molecular targeted agents are currently being investigated in clinical trials. If these approaches overcome the limitations of trastuzumab, lapatinib will become an effective treatment option for breast cancer in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ito
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute Hospital, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Japan.
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40
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Izzedine H, Rixe O, Billemont B, Baumelou A, Deray G. Angiogenesis Inhibitor Therapies: Focus on Kidney Toxicity and Hypertension. Am J Kidney Dis 2007; 50:203-18. [PMID: 17660022 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis inhibitors that target the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) constitute an important addition to the therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of patients with metastatic disease. However, because the same growth factors are expressed in the kidneys, these treatment molecules have renal side effects. EGFR is expressed mainly in tubules (mainly distal and collecting segments) and mesangial and parietal epithelial cells. EGF is involved in maintaining tubular integrity and is a potent mitogen for cultured mesangial cells. Few cases of acute renal failure have been reported related to EGFR inhibitors. VEGF and VEGF receptors are still highly expressed in the kidney. VEGF is expressed in podocytes in the glomerulus, and VEGF receptors are present on endothelial, mesangial, and peritubular capillary cells. Signaling between endothelial cells and podocytes is essential for the proper development and maintenance of the filtration function of the kidney glomerulus. The most common renal class effects of VEGF antagonists are both manageable; hypertension and proteinuria commonly regressive on drug withdrawal. There was a dose-dependent increase in risk of proteinuria and hypertension in patients with cancer who received targeted therapies. Furthermore, few patients with glomerulonephritis or thrombotic microangiopathy secondary to treatment were reported. Hypertension is believed to be nitric oxide dependent, whereas proteinuria seems to be related to downregulation of podocyte tight junction protein. This article reviews data relating to hypertension and proteinuria associated with the use of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Izzedine
- Department of Nephrology, Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Paris, France.
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41
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Nelson MH, Dolder CR. A review of lapatinib ditosylate in the treatment of refractory or advanced breast cancer. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2007; 3:665-73. [PMID: 18472989 PMCID: PMC2374939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains a leading cause of disease and death among women throughout the world. Despite advances in drug therapy, development of novel and improved drugs for breast cancer continues to be of great interest. Lapatinib is a novel dual receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that is a selective and potent inhibitor of ErbB-1 and ErbB-2 tyrosine kinases, both of which are growth promoting factors overexpressed in some breast cancers. Cell-based assays have proven lapatinib to be a potent inhibitor of ErbB-1 and ErbB-2 activation and breast cancer cell proliferation. In pharmacokinetic studies, lapatinib has shown mostly linear elimination kinetics over the daily dose range of 10-1600 mg and is metabolized by CYP3A4/5 and CYP2C19. Phase I, II, and III clinical trials involving lapatinib as monotherapy or in combination have shown promise for the treatment of advanced and metastatic breast cancer. Drug-drug interactions may occur secondary to concomitant administration of either CYP450 inhibitors or inducers. While lapatinib appear to be a promising addition to breast cancer therapy, several questions remain to be answered before its optimal role is elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Nelson
- School of Pharmacy, Wingate UniversityWingate, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christian R Dolder
- School of Pharmacy, Wingate UniversityWingate, North Carolina, USA,Northeast Medical CenterConcord, North Carolina, USA
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42
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Zhang X, Kim J, Ruthazer R, McDevitt MA, Wazer DE, Paulson KE, Yee AS. The HBP1 transcriptional repressor participates in RAS-induced premature senescence. Mol Cell Biol 2006; 26:8252-66. [PMID: 16966377 PMCID: PMC1636767 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00604-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogene-mediated premature senescence has emerged as a potential tumor-suppressive mechanism in early cancer transitions. Previous work shows that RAS and p38 MAPK participate in premature senescence, but transcriptional effectors have not been identified. Here, we demonstrate that the HBP1 transcriptional repressor participates in RAS- and p38 MAPK-induced premature senescence. In cell lines, we had previously isolated HBP1 as a retinoblastoma (RB) target but have determined that it functions as a proliferation regulator by inhibiting oncogenic pathways as a transcriptional repressor. In primary cells, the results indicate that HBP1 is a necessary component of premature senescence by RAS and p38 MAPK. Similarly, a knockdown of WIP1 (a p38 MAPK phosphatase) induced premature senescence that also required HBP1. Furthermore, HBP1 requires regulation by RB, in which few transcriptional regulators for premature senescence have been shown. Together, the data suggest a model in which RAS and p38 MAPK signaling engage HBP1 and RB to trigger premature senescence. As an initial step toward clinical relevance, a bioinformatics approach shows that the relative expression levels of HBP1 and WIP1 correlated with decreased relapse-free survival in breast cancer patients. Together, these studies highlight p38 MAPK, HBP1, and RB as important components for a premature-senescence pathway with possible clinical relevance to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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43
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Niedner RH, Buzko OV, Haste NM, Taylor A, Gribskov M, Taylor SS. Protein kinase resource: an integrated environment for phosphorylation research. Proteins 2006; 63:78-86. [PMID: 16435372 DOI: 10.1002/prot.20825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase superfamily is an important group of enzymes controlling cellular signaling cascades. The increasing amount of available experimental data provides a foundation for deeper understanding of details of signaling systems and the underlying cellular processes. Here, we describe the Protein Kinase Resource, an integrated online service that provides access to information relevant to cell signaling and enables kinase researchers to visualize and analyze the data directly in an online environment. The data set is synchronized with Uniprot and Protein Data Bank (PDB) databases and is regularly updated and verified. Additional annotation includes interactive display of domain composition, cross-references between orthologs and functional mapping to OMIM records. The Protein Kinase Resource provides an integrated view of the protein kinase superfamily by linking data with their visual representation. Thus, human kinases can be mapped onto the human kinome tree via an interactive display. Sequence and structure data can be easily displayed using applications developed for the PKR and integrated with the website and the underlying database. Advanced search mechanisms, such as multiparameter lookup, sequence pattern, and blast search, enable fast access to the desired information, while statistics tools provide the ability to analyze the relationships among the kinases under study. The integration of data presentation and visualization implemented in the Protein Kinase Resource can be adapted by other online providers of scientific data and should become an effective way to access available experimental information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland H Niedner
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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44
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Board RE, Dean EJ, Mitchell C, Wardley AM. Second-line treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced breast carcinoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2006; 6:613-24. [PMID: 16613548 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.4.613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women and, currently, there is no standard of care for the treatment of metastatic disease. Treatment options are based on a number of tumor- and patient-related factors. This review explores some of these options, including the use of hormonal manipulation in the treatment of hormone-positive disease, current chemotherapy options and the use of targeted therapies, such as trastuzumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Board
- Cancer Research UK Department of Medical Oncology, Christie Hospital, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK.
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45
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Nelson MH, Dolder CR. Lapatinib: a novel dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity in solid tumors. Ann Pharmacother 2006; 40:261-9. [PMID: 16418322 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1g387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical trials, adverse effects, and drug interactions of lapatinib. DATA SOURCES A PubMed search was conducted (1966-August 2005) using the following terms: lapatinib, GW572016, and dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Additional information sources included meeting abstracts, clinical trial data, and bibliographies from articles identified through PubMed. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Preclinical and clinical trials that evaluated lapatinib in cell culture, animal models, and human subjects were selected from the data sources. Pivotal in vitro data and all in vivo data published regarding lapatinib were included. DATA SYNTHESIS The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has resulted from a search for targeted cancer therapeutics made possible by recent gains in our understanding of tumor cell biology. Lapatinib is a dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor selective for inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 autophosphorylation, leading to suppression of proliferation pathways of solid tumors. Lapatinib has shown clinical activity in solid tumors, with the most notable in advanced or metastatic breast cancer, including tumors refractory to trastuzumab. It has a mild adverse effect profile, with the most common adverse events being diarrhea and rash. CONCLUSIONS Lapatinib has novel, dual tyrosine kinase inhibitory properties selective for factors overexpressed in some solid tumors. Results from preclinical and Phase I/II trials indicate activity in the treatment of solid tumors, especially advanced or metastatic breast cancer. Application for approval is anticipated pending results of ongoing Phase III trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Nelson
- School of Pharmacy, Wingate University, Wingate, NC 28174-0159, USA.
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Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is defined as research into inherited genetic variations that determine an individual's response to therapeutic agents. In oncology, pharmacogenomics based on somatic molecular alterations inherited by subsequent cancer cell generations forms the basis of molecular targeting of novel therapeutic agents. What has emerged from clinical experience with such agents is the need for appropriate pharmacodiagnostic approaches to ensure the drugs are correctly targeted. Given the broad range of pharmacogenomic agents currently under evaluation for cancer therapy, it appears that a rapid extension of pharmacodiagnostic profiling will be required in the next 5-10 years, if not sooner. If this is to be successfully achieved, lessons learned in the past, particularly during the development of HER2 (ERBB2) testing for directing trastuzumab therapy in breast cancer, may provide a valuable framework for the development of future pharmacodiagnostic assays system. This article reviews the biological and clinical rationale for targeting breast cancer with trastuzumab and the steps taken to validate and improve pharmacodiagnostic procedures for testing tumor HER2 protein expression and HER2 gene amplification. Attention is given to quality assurance and reproducibility of testing approaches and the optimal selection of patients for response to trastuzumab. This approach serves as a paradigm for the future development of pharmacodiagnostic tests in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M S Bartlett
- Section of Surgical and Translational Research, Division of Cancer, Department of Surgery, Sciences and Molecular Pathology, Endocrine Cancer Group, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland.
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