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Lu X, Li G, Liu Y, Luo G, Ding S, Zhang T, Li N, Geng Q. The role of fatty acid metabolism in acute lung injury: a special focus on immunometabolism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:120. [PMID: 38456906 PMCID: PMC10923746 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Reputable evidence from multiple studies suggests that excessive and uncontrolled inflammation plays an indispensable role in mediating, amplifying, and protracting acute lung injury (ALI). Traditionally, immunity and energy metabolism are regarded as separate functions regulated by distinct mechanisms, but recently, more and more evidence show that immunity and energy metabolism exhibit a strong interaction which has given rise to an emerging field of immunometabolism. Mammalian lungs are organs with active fatty acid metabolism, however, during ALI, inflammation and oxidative stress lead to a series metabolic reprogramming such as impaired fatty acid oxidation, increased expression of proteins involved in fatty acid uptake and transport, enhanced synthesis of fatty acids, and accumulation of lipid droplets. In addition, obesity represents a significant risk factor for ALI/ARDS. Thus, we have further elucidated the mechanisms of obesity exacerbating ALI from the perspective of fatty acid metabolism. To sum up, this paper presents a systematical review of the relationship between extensive fatty acid metabolic pathways and acute lung injury and summarizes recent advances in understanding the involvement of fatty acid metabolism-related pathways in ALI. We hold an optimistic believe that targeting fatty acid metabolism pathway is a promising lung protection strategy, but the specific regulatory mechanisms are way too complex, necessitating further extensive and in-depth investigations in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Lu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guorui Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guoqing Luo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Song Ding
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Qing Geng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Waehler R. Fatty acids: facts vs. fiction. INT J VITAM NUTR RES 2021:1-21. [PMID: 34041926 DOI: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During the last 100 years official dietary guidelines have recommended an increased consumption of fats derived from seeds while decreasing the consumption of traditional fats, especially saturated fats. These recommendations are being challenged by recent studies. Furthermore, the increased use of refining processes in fat production had deleterious health effects. Today, the number of high-quality studies on fatty acids is large enough to make useful recommendations on clinical application and everyday practice. Saturated fats have many beneficial functions and palmitic acid appears to be problematic only when it is synthesized due to excess fructose consumption. Trans fatty acids were shown to be harmful when they are manmade but beneficial when of natural origin. Conjugated linoleic acid has many benefits but the isomer mix that is available in supplement form differs from its natural origin and may better be avoided. The ω3 fatty acid linolenic acid has rather limited use as an anti-inflammatory agent - a fact that is frequently overlooked. On the other hand, the targeted use of long chain ω3 fatty acids based on blood analysis has great potential to supplement or even be an alternative to various pharmacological therapies. At the same time ω6 fatty acids like linoleic acid and arachidonic acid have important physiological functions and should not be avoided but their consumption needs to be balanced with long chain ω3 fatty acids. The quality and quantity of these fats together with appropriate antioxidative protection are critical for their positive health effects.
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Liu YJ, Li H, Tian Y, Han J, Wang XY, Li XY, Tian C, Zhang PH, Hao Y, Gao F, Jin SW. PCTR1 ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute inflammation and multiple organ damage via regulation of linoleic acid metabolism by promoting FADS1/FASDS2/ELOV2 expression and reducing PLA2 expression. J Transl Med 2020; 100:904-915. [PMID: 32123295 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-020-0412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacterial infection causes an excessive inflammatory response and acute organ damage or dysfunction due to its outer membrane component, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Protectin conjugates in tissue regeneration 1 (PCTR1), an endogenous lipid mediator, exerts fundamental anti-inflammation and pro-resolution during infection. In the present study, we examined the properties of PCTR1 on the systemic inflammatory response, organic morphological damage and dysfunction, and serum metabolic biomarkers in an LPS-induced acute inflammatory mouse model. The results show that PCTR1 reduced serum inflammatory factors and ameliorated morphological damage and dysfunction of the lung, liver, kidney, and ultimately improved the survival rate of LPS-induced acute inflammation in mice. In addition, metabolomics analysis and high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that LPS-stimulated serum linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were significantly altered by PCTR1. Moreover, PCTR1 upregulated LPS-inhibited fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2), and elongase of very long chain fatty acids 2 (ELOVL2) expression, and downregulated LPS-stimulated phospholipase A2 (PLA2) expression to increase the intrahepatic content of AA. However, these effects of PCTR1 were partially abrogated by a lipoxin A4 receptor (ALX) antagonist (BOC-2). In summary, via the activation of ALX, PCTR1 promotes the conversion of LA to AA through upregulation of FADS1, FADS2, and ELOVL2 expression, and inhibits the conversion of bound AA into free AA through downregulation of PLA2 expression to decrease the serum AA and PGE2 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jian Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yang Tian
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Jun Han
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xin-Yang Wang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Xin-Yu Li
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Chao Tian
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Pu-Hong Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yu Hao
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, PR China.
| | - Fang Gao
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, PR China. .,Academic Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, Resuscitation and Pain, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Bordesley Green, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Sheng-Wei Jin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, the Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325027, Zhejiang, PR China.
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Skorepa P, Sobotka O, Vanek J, Ticha A, Fortunato J, Manak J, Blaha V, Horacek JM, Sobotka L. The Impact of Glucose-Based or Lipid-Based Total Parenteral Nutrition on the Free Fatty Acids Profile in Critically Ill Patients. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051373. [PMID: 32403367 PMCID: PMC7284730 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Our study aim was to assess how the macronutrient intake during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) modulates plasma total free fatty acids (FFAs) levels and individual fatty acids in critically ill patients. Method: Adult patients aged 18–80, admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), who were indicated for TPN, with an expected duration of more than three days, were included in the study. Isoenergetic and isonitrogenous TPN solutions were given with a major non-protein energy source, which was glucose (group G) or glucose and lipid emulsions (Smof lipid; group L). Blood samples were collected on days 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 14, and 28. Results: A significant decrease (p < 0.001) in total FFAs occurred in both groups with a bigger decrease in group G (p < 0.001) from day 0 (0.41 ± 0.19 mmol∙L−1) to day 28 (0.10 ± 0.07 mmol∙L−1). Increased palmitooleic acid and decreased linoleic and docosahexaenoic acids, with a trend of increased mead acid to arachidonic acid ratio, on day 28 were observed in group G in comparison with group L. Group G had an insignificant increase in leptin with no differences in the concentrations of vitamin E, triacylglycerides, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Conclusion: Decreased plasma FFA in critically ill patients who receive TPN may result from increased insulin sensitivity with a better effect in group G, owing to higher insulin and glucose dosing and no lipid emulsions. It is advisable to include a lipid emulsion at the latest from three weeks of TPN to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Skorepa
- Department of Military Internal Medicine and Military Hygiene, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (J.V.); (J.M.H.)
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine—Metabolic Care and Gerontology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (J.F.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Ondrej Sobotka
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine—Metabolic Care and Gerontology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (J.F.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vanek
- Department of Military Internal Medicine and Military Hygiene, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (J.V.); (J.M.H.)
| | - Alena Ticha
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Diagnostics, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Joao Fortunato
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine—Metabolic Care and Gerontology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (J.F.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Jan Manak
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine—Metabolic Care and Gerontology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (J.F.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Vladimir Blaha
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine—Metabolic Care and Gerontology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (J.F.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Jan M. Horacek
- Department of Military Internal Medicine and Military Hygiene, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence in Brno, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (P.S.); (J.V.); (J.M.H.)
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine—Hematology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubos Sobotka
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine—Metabolic Care and Gerontology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (O.S.); (J.F.); (J.M.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-49-583-2231
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Das UN. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and sepsis. Nutrition 2019; 65:39-43. [PMID: 31029920 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N Das
- UND Life Sciences, Battle Ground, Washington, USA; BioScience Research Centre and Department of Medicine, GVP Medical College and Hospital, Visakhapatnam, India.
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Das UN. Ageing: Is there a role for arachidonic acid and other bioactive lipids? A review. J Adv Res 2018; 11:67-79. [PMID: 30034877 PMCID: PMC6052661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is inevitable. Recent studies suggest that it could be delayed. Low-grade systemic inflammation is seen in type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and endothelial dysfunction that are common with increasing age. In all these conditions, an alteration in arachidonic acid (AA) metabolism is seen in the form of increased formation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and decreased production of anti-inflammatory lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins and decreased activity of desaturases. Calorie restriction, exercise and parabiosis delay age-related changes that could be related to enhanced proliferation of stem cells, decrease in inflammation and transfer of GDF-11 (growth differentiation factor-11) and other related molecules from the young to the old, increase in the formation of lipoxin A4, resolvins, protectins and maresins, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO); inhibition of ageing-related hypothalamic or brain IKK-β and NF-kB activation, decreased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release resulting in increased neurogenesis and consequent decelerated ageing. This suggests that hypothalamus participates in ageing process. N-acylethanolamines (NAEs) and lipid-derived signalling molecules can be tuned favorably under dietary restriction to extend lifespan and/or prevent advanced age associated diseases in an mTOR dependent pathway manner. Sulfur amino acid (SAA) restriction increased hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production and protected tissues from hypoxia and tissue damage. Anti-inflammatory metabolites formed from AA such as LXA4, resolvins, protectins and maresins enhance production of NO, CO, H2S; suppress NF-kB expression and alter mTOR expression and thus, may aid in delaying ageing process. Dietary restriction and exercise enhance AA metabolism to form LXA4, resolvins, protectins and maresins that have anti-inflammatory actions. AA and their metabolites also influence stem cell biology, enhance neurogenesis to improve memory and augment autophagy to prolong life span. Thus, AA and other PUFAs and their anti-inflammatory metabolites inhibit inflammation, augment stem cell proliferation, restore to normal lipid-derived signaling molecules and NO and H2S production, enhance autophagy and prolong life span.
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COX-2, aspirin and metabolism of arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids and their physiological and clinical significance. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 785:116-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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"Immunonutrition" Has Failed to Improve Peritonitis-Induced Septic Shock in Rodents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147644. [PMID: 26808822 PMCID: PMC4726599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunonutrition in sepsis, including n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) or L-arginine supplementation, is a controversial issue that has yielded a great number of studies for the last thirty-five years, and the conclusions regarding the quantity and quality of this support in patients are deceiving. The aim of the present experimental study is to investigate the effects of a pretreatment with enteral nutrition enriched with n-3 PUFAs or L-arginine on vascular dysfunctions, inflammation and oxidative stress during septic shock in rats. DESIGN Rats were fed with enteral Peptamen® HN (HN group), Peptamen® AF containing n-3 PUFAs (AF group) or Peptamen® AF enriched with L-arginine (AFA group). On day 4, peritonitis by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) was performed. Rats were resuscitated (H18) once septic shock was established. After a 4-hour resuscitation, vessels and organs were harvested to assess inflammation, superoxide anion, nitric oxide and prostacyclin levels. Ex-vivo vascular reactivity was also performed. RESULTS Compared to CLP-AF or CLP-HN groups, 47.6% of CLP-AFA rats died before the beginning of hemodynamic measurements (vs. 8.0% and 20.0% respectively, p<0.05). AF and AFA rats required significantly increased norepinephrine infusion rates to reach the mean arterial pressure objective, compared to CLP-HN rats. Both CLP-AF and CLP-AFA reduced mesenteric resistance arterial contractility, decreased vascular oxidative stress, but increased NF-κB (0.40±0.15 in CLP-AF and 0.69±0.06 in CLP-AFA vs. 0.09±0.03 in SHAM rats and 0.30±0.06 in CLP-HN, ß-actin ratio, p<0.05) and pIκB expression (0.60±0.03 in CLP-AF and 0.94±0.15 in CLP-AFA vs. 0.04±0.01 in SHAM rats and 0.56±0.07 in CLP-HN, ß-actin ratio, p<0.05), nitric oxide and prostacyclin production in septic rats. CONCLUSIONS Although n-3 PUFAs or L-arginine supplementation exhibited an antioxidant effect, it worsened the septic shock-induced vascular dysfunction. Furthermore, mortality was higher after L-arginine supplementation.
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Das U. HLA-DR expression, cytokines and bioactive lipids in sepsis. Arch Med Sci 2014; 10:325-35. [PMID: 24904669 PMCID: PMC4042054 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2014.42586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis accounts for more than 200,000 deaths annually in the USA alone. Both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses occur simultaneously in sepsis, the early phase dominated by the hyperinflammatory response and the late phase by immunosuppression. This late immunosuppression phase leads to loss of the delayed type hypersensitivity response, failure to clear the primary infection and development of secondary infections. Based on the available data, I hypothesize that failure to produce adequate amounts of inflammation resolving lipid mediators may be at the centre of both the hyperinflammatory response and late immunosuppression seen in sepsis. These proresolving lipids - lipoxins, resolvins and protectins - suppress exacerbated activation of leukocytes and macrophages, inhibit excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, initiate resolution of inappropriate inflammation, augment clearance of bacteria and other pathogens, and restore homeostasis. If true, this implies that administration of naturally occurring lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins and nitrolipids by themselves or their more stable synthetic analogues such as 15-epi-16-(para-fluorophenoxy)-lipoxin A4-methyl ester, a synthetic analogue of 15-epi-lipoxin A4, and 15(R/S)-methyl-LXA4 may form a new approach in the prevention (in the high-risk subjects), management of sepsis and in resolving the imbalanced inflammatory process such that sepsis is ameliorated early. In addition, recent studies have suggested that nociceptin and cold inducible RNA binding protein (CIRBP) also have a role in the pathobiology of sepsis. It is suggested that both nociceptin and CIRBP inhibit the production of lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, maresins, and nitrolipids and thus play a role in sepsis and septic shock.
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