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Akiyama M, Kanayama M, Umezawa Y, Nagao T, Izumi Y, Yamamoto M, Ohteki T. An early regulatory mechanism of hyperinflammation by restricting monocyte contribution. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1398153. [PMID: 39040105 PMCID: PMC11260625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1398153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells play a key role in inflammation as a source of pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, it remains unclear how innate immunity-mediated inflammation is fine-tuned to minimize tissue damage and assure the host's survival at the early phase of systemic inflammation. The results of this study with mouse models demonstrate that the supply of monocytes is restricted depending on the magnitude of inflammation. During the acute phase of severe inflammation, monocytes, but not neutrophils, were substantially reduced by apoptosis and the remaining monocytes were dysfunctional in the bone marrow. Monocyte-specific ablation of Casp3/7 prevented monocyte apoptosis but promoted monocyte necrosis in the bone marrow, leading to elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the increased mortality of mice during systemic inflammation. Importantly, the limitation of monocyte supply was dependent on pro-inflammatory cytokines in vivo. Consistently, a reduction of monocytes was observed in the peripheral blood during cytokine-release syndrome (CRS) patients, a pathogen-unrelated systemic inflammation induced by chimeric antigen receptor-T cell (CAR-T cell) therapy. Thus, monocytes act as a safety valve to alleviate tissue damage caused by inflammation and ensure host survival, which may be responsible for a primitive immune-control mechanism that does not require intervention by acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megumi Akiyama
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Kanayama
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Umezawa
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshikage Nagao
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Izumi
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahide Yamamoto
- Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, TMDU, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ohteki
- Department of Biodefense Research, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), Tokyo, Japan
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Fitzpatrick G, Nader D, Watkin R, McCoy CE, Curley GF, Kerrigan SW. Human endothelial cell-derived exosomal microRNA-99a/b drives a sustained inflammatory response during sepsis by inhibiting mTOR expression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:854126. [PMID: 36061862 PMCID: PMC9434345 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.854126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of sepsis and its accompanying hyper-inflammatory response are key events that lead to multi-organ failure and death. A growing body of literature now suggests that the vascular endothelium plays a critical role in driving early events of sepsis progression. In this study, we demonstrate how endothelial-derived exosomes contribute to a successive pro-inflammatory phenotype of monocytes. Exosomes isolated from S. aureus infected endothelial cells drive both CD11b and MHCII expression in monocytes and contribute dysregulated cytokine production. Conversely, healthy endothelial exosomes had no major effect. microRNA (miRNA) profiling of exosomes identified miR-99 upregulation which we hypothesised as driving this phenotypic change through mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR). Knockdown of mTOR with miR-99a and miR-99b mimetics in S. aureus infected monocytes increased IL-6 and decreased IL-10 production. Interestingly, inhibition of miRNAs with antagomirs has the opposing effect. Collectively, endothelial exosomes are driving a pro-inflammatory phenotype in monocytes through dysregulated expression of miR-99a and miR-99b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Fitzpatrick
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Danielle Nader
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Watkin
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire E. McCoy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gerard F. Curley
- Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Steven W. Kerrigan
- Cardiovascular Infection Research Group, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Steven W. Kerrigan,
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Hu X, Qin X, Gu X, Wang H, Zhou W. Effect of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio on survival in septic patients: an observational cohort study. Arch Med Sci 2020; 20:790-797. [PMID: 39050157 PMCID: PMC11264070 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2020.92692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the potential relationship of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) with outcomes of septic patients at intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Material and methods 3087 septic patients were included in the final cohort by using the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) database. We evaluated the association of different groups of LMRmax with 28-day survival and 1-year survival via Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analysis and Cox regression analysis. Subgroups analysis of LMRmax was performed to further explore the effect of LMRmax on survival. Results According to the optimal cut-off value, the cohort was divided into low-LMRmax and high-LMRmax groups. The 28-day and 1-year survival rates were 47.9% and 19.9%, respectively, in the low-LMRmax group, and 60.4% and 25.9%, respectively, in the high-LMRmax group. Univariate logistic regression and K-M analyses revealed that the 28-day and 1-year survival rates of the high-LMRmax group were higher than those of the low-LMRmax group (both p < 0.001). A subgroup analysis of LMRmax identified a significant stepwise decrease in the risk of death at 28 days and 1 year from group 1 to group 4 (LMRmax increased gradually) after adjustment for multiple variables. Conclusions We report for the first time that a lower LMRmax value is independently predictive of a poor prognosis in septic patients. Therefore, as an inexpensive and readily available indicator, LMRmax may facilitate stratification of prognosis in septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyi Qin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolong Gu
- Department of Pneumology, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Denstaedt SJ, Singer BH, Standiford TJ. Sepsis and Nosocomial Infection: Patient Characteristics, Mechanisms, and Modulation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2446. [PMID: 30459764 PMCID: PMC6232897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a leading cause of death worldwide. After initial trials modulating the hyperinflammatory phase of sepsis failed, generations of researchers have focused on evaluating hypo-inflammatory immune phenotypes. The main goal has been to develop prognostic biomarkers and therapies to reduce organ dysfunction, nosocomial infection, and death. The depressed host defense in sepsis has been characterized by broad cellular reprogramming including lymphocyte exhaustion, apoptosis, and depressed cytokine responses. Despite major advances in this field, our understanding of the dynamics of the septic host response and the balance of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cellular programs remains limited. This review aims to summarize the epidemiology of nosocomial infections and characteristic immune responses associated with sepsis, as well as immunostimulatory therapies currently under clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Theodore J. Standiford
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Lin YW, Huang CY, Shih CM, Tsai YT, Lin CS, Lin CY, Li CY, Loh SH, Lin CY, Lin FY, Tsai CS. Eotaxin-2 induces monocytic apoptosis in patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass surgery and in THP-1 cells in vitro regulated by thrombomodulin. Am J Transl Res 2018; 10:3133-3149. [PMID: 30416656 PMCID: PMC6220218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces cytokine production and causes postoperative monocytic inflammatory responses, which are associated with patient outcomes. In fact, monocytes regulate immunity through dynamic networks of survival and cellular apoptosis as well as thrombomodulin (TM)-associated differenciiation. Whether CPB affects the plasma level of eotaxin-2, a potent chemoattractant, or stimulates monocyte apoptosis among patients undergoing elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is also unknown. Thus, we aimed to investigate this subject and explored the feasible roles of TM in the phenomena. Firstly, clinical data showed that after CABG surgery, patients with lower plasma eotaxin-2 levels and higher TM expression levels exhibited reduced monocytic apoptosis, compared with that in patients with lower TM expression levels. Subsequently, to explore the hypothesis that eotaxin-2 induces monocytic apoptosis mediation by TM expression, we used in vitro monocytic THP-1 cells. The results indicated that treatment of THP-1 cells with eotaxin-2 markedly increased apoptosis. Knockdown of TM significantly increased, and overexpression of TM significantly reversed eotaxin-2-induced monocyte apoptosis, which was compared with that of only eotaxin-2-treated THP-1 cells. TM may regulate mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by its PI3K/Akt axis signaling pathway, which acts as an extinguisher for p53 and BAX activation, as well as limit further downstream release of cytochrome c and cleavage of caspases 8 and 3; we suggest that TM interacts with the cofilin cytoskeleton, which further supports a role for TM in eotaxin-induced THP-1 cell apoptosis. Based on clinical observation and in vitro study, we conclude that TM expression on monocytes is associated with their apoptosis. The above mechanisms may be relevant to clinical phenomena in which patients exhibiting more monocytic apoptosis are complicated by higher plasma levels of eotaxin-2 and lower TM expression on monocytes after CABG surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yao Huang
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Min Shih
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Lin
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University and HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hurng Loh
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yen Lin
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Healthcare Information and Management Department, Ming Chuan UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yen Lin
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sung Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Center, Taipei Medical University HospitalTaipei, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei, Taiwan
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Differential Immune Phenotypes in Human Monocytes Induced by Non-Host-Adapted Salmonella enterica Serovar Choleraesuis and Host-Adapted S. Typhimurium. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00509-18. [PMID: 30037797 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00509-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the effects of two Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (host-adapted) strains (14028 and 4/74) and three S Choleraesuis (non-host-adapted) strains (A50, A45, and B195) in human monocytes between 2 and 24 h postinfection (p.i.) to investigate whether differences in immune response may explain the much higher prevalence of sepsis in individuals infected with S Choleraesuis. Both serovars significantly increased the production of cytokines associated with acute sepsis (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], interleukin β [IL-β], and IL-6), but temporal differences occurred between these serovars and between different S Choleraesuis strains. Generally, all S Choleraesuis strains induced significantly higher production of inflammatory cytokines than S Typhimurium strains (P < 0.01 to 0.05). All S Choleraesuis strains very significantly increased IL-10 production by monocytes at 6 and 24 h p.i. in comparison to S Typhimurium strains (P < 0.01). In addition, ∼80% of monocytes were viable at 24 h p.i. with S Choleraesuis A50, compared to only ∼40% following S Typhimurium infection. Using S Typhimurium 14028 and S Choleraesuis A50 as examples of these two serovars, we also showed differential expression of genes within the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) (JAK/STAT) pathway via quantitative PCR (qPCR) microarray analysis. High serum IL-10 concentration and monocyte survival have been reported as markers of the development of human sepsis. We therefore conclude that high production of IL-10 by monocytes may, in part, explain the greater propensity for S Choleraesuis to induce human sepsis and that this may be greater in strains such as A50, which induces both high IL-10 production and monocyte survival.
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Dysregulation of JAK/STAT genes by vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in Salmonella -infected monocytes may inhibit its therapeutic potential in human sepsis. Cytokine 2018; 105:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Kuuliala K, Penttilä AK, Kaukonen KM, Mustonen H, Kuuliala A, Oiva J, Hämäläinen M, Moilanen E, Pettilä V, Puolakkainen P, Kylänpää L, Repo H. Signalling Profiles of Blood Leucocytes in Sepsis and in Acute Pancreatitis in Relation to Disease Severity. Scand J Immunol 2017; 87:88-98. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - A. K. Penttilä
- Department of GI surgery; Abdominal Centre; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - K.-M. Kaukonen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - H. Mustonen
- Department of GI surgery; Abdominal Centre; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - A. Kuuliala
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - J. Oiva
- Department of Surgery; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
| | - M. Hämäläinen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - E. Moilanen
- The Immunopharmacology Research Group; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences; University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital; Tampere Finland
| | - V. Pettilä
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - P. Puolakkainen
- Department of GI surgery; Abdominal Centre; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - L. Kylänpää
- Department of GI surgery; Abdominal Centre; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - H. Repo
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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9
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Zhang Y, Sun H, Zhao H, Chen X, Li J, Li B. Early apoptosis of monocytes induced by Helicobacter pylori infection through multiple pathways. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 73:46-51. [PMID: 28302498 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Only a small percentage of people infected with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) will develop overt chronic gastric diseases. To understand the pathological mechanism, the action of H. pylori on monocyte apoptosis was detected. H. pylori co-culturing with peripheral blood monocytes, THP-1 or U937 cells result in early apoptosis at 6, 12, and 24 h after infection. The phosphorylated Bad and JNK were increased, and Bcl-2 was declined at 6, 12, and 24 h in peripheral blood monocytes after H. pylori infection. The phosphorylated Akt was augmented at 6 and 12 h post-infection. A slow apoptotic response was induced by H. pylori via Bad and Bcl-2 regulators, activated caspase-8 and caspase-9, and JNK at 24 h in THP-1 cells. Meanwhile, only Bad and JNK were involved in regulating U937 cells apoptosis at 24 h after infection. These results supported a novel mechanism of H. pylori escaping from monocytes by upregulation of early apoptosis and inhibition of late apoptosis. The differences among the three cells may reveal why H. pylori-derived disease occurs in relatively few people and provide a pathological mechanism whereby a treatment for H. pylori-derived disease may be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Hui Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Huilin Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Boqing Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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10
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Chen C, Zhao D, Fang S, Chen Q, Cheng B, Fang X, Shu Q. TRIM22-Mediated Apoptosis is Associated with Bak Oligomerization in Monocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39961. [PMID: 28079123 PMCID: PMC5228056 DOI: 10.1038/srep39961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte apoptosis is a key mechanism that orchestrates host immune responses during sepsis. TRIM22 is constitutively expressed at high levels in monocytes and plays important roles in the antiviral response and inflammation. Overexpression of TRIM22 interferes with the clonogenic growth of monocytic cells, suggesting that TRIM22 may regulate monocyte survival. However, the effect of TRIM22 on monocyte apoptosis remains unknown. In the present report, lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-primed human peripheral blood monocytes expressing higher levels of TRIM22 were more sensitive to apoptosis. This phenomenon was also observed in TRIM22-overexpressing THP-1 monocytes and was associated with the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, as well as the increased expression and oligomerization of the pro-apoptotic protein Bak. Similar expression patterns of TRIM22 and Bak were also observed in LPS-primed, apoptotic human peripheral blood monocytes. In addition, the deletion of either the RING domain or the SPRY domain of TRIM22 significantly attenuated TRIM22-mediated monocyte apoptosis and decreased Bak expression and oligomerization. Furthermore, in monocytes from septic patients, TRIM22 levels were down-regulated and positively correlated with Bak levels. Taken together, these results indicate that TRIM22 plays a critical role in monocyte apoptosis by regulating Bak oligomerization and may have a potential function in the pathogenesis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - DongYan Zhao
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - Shu Fang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - QiXing Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, China
| | - BaoLi Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - XiangMing Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qiang Shu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Therapy of Neonatal Diseases, Hangzhou 310052, China
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11
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Xu X, Yuan B, Liang Q, Huang H, Yin X, Sheng X, Nie N, Fang H. Gene expression profile analysis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7455-62. [PMID: 26459786 PMCID: PMC4626132 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the gene expression profile of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and patients not affected by the disease, the present study aimed to enhance the current understanding of VAP development using bioinformatics methods. The expression profile GSE30385 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The Linear Models for Microarray Data package in R language was used to screen and identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were grouped as up- and down-regulated genes. The up- and downregulated genes were functionally enriched using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery system and then annotated according to TRANSFAC, Tumor Suppressor Gene and Tumor Associated Gene databases. Subsequently, the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed, followed by module analysis using CFinder software. A total of 69 DEGs, including 33 up- and 36 downregulated genes were screened out in patients with VAP. Upregulated genes were mainly enriched in functions and pathways associated with the immune response (including the genes ELANE and LTF) and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway (including MAPK14). The PPI network comprised 64 PPI pairs and 44 nodes. The top two modules were enriched in different pathways, including the MAPK signaling pathway. Genes including ELANE, LTF and MAPK14 may have important roles in the development of VAP via altering the immune response and the MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xu
- Department of Infection Management, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Medical Administration, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Quan Liang
- Department of Medical Administration, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Huang
- Department of Infection Management, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyi Yin
- Department of Infection Management, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyue Sheng
- Department of Infection Management, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Niuyan Nie
- Department of Infection Management, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Fang
- Department of Infection Management, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, P.R. China
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Askar B, Ibrahim H, Barrow P, Foster N. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) differentially affects inflammatory immune responses in human monocytes infected with viable Salmonella or stimulated with LPS. Peptides 2015. [PMID: 26206287 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We compared the effect of VIP on human blood monocytes infected with Salmonella typhimurium 4/74 or stimulated with LPS. VIP (10(-7)M) increased monocyte viability by 24% and 9% when cultured for 24h with 4/74 or Salmonella LPS (100ng/ml), respectively. Significantly increased (P<0.05) numbers of 4/74 were also recovered from monocytes co-cultured with VIP after 6h post-infection (pi) and this remained high after 24h pi. Both 4/74 and LPS increased (P<0.05) the concentration of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 measured in monocyte supernatants. However, LPS induced this effect more rapidly while, with the exception of IL-6, 4/74 induced higher concentrations (P<0.05). VIP significantly decreased (P<0.05) TNF-α and IL-1β production by 4/74-infected monocytes after 6 pi, but only after 24h in LPS-cultured monocytes. This trend was reversed for IL-6 production. However, TNF-α and IL-1β production by 4/74-infected monocytes, cultured with VIP, still remained higher (P<0.05) than concentrations measured in supernatants cultured only with LPS. VIP also increased (P<0.05) production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in both 4/74 and LPS cultures after 24h. We also show a differential effect of VIP on the expression of TNFα and IL-6 receptors, since VIP was only able to decreased expression in LPS-stimulated monocytes but not in 4/74-infected monocytes. In conclusion, we show a differential effect of VIP on human monocytes infected with virulent Salmonella or stimulated with LPS. Our study suggests that the use of VIP in bacteraemia and/or sepsis may be limited to an adjunctive therapy to antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basim Askar
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Hiba Ibrahim
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Neil Foster
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Santana PT, Benjamim CF, Martinez CG, Kurtenbach E, Takiya CM, Coutinho-Silva R. The P2X7 Receptor Contributes to the Development of the Exacerbated Inflammatory Response Associated with Sepsis. J Innate Immun 2015; 7:417-27. [PMID: 25675986 DOI: 10.1159/000371388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is associated with high mortality rates in intensive care units worldwide and represents a systemic inflammatory response to infection. P2X7 is an ionotropic purine receptor with known proinflammatory activity. Here, we investigated the role of the P2X7 receptor in sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS Wild-type (WT) and P2X7KO (P2X7 null) mice were subjected to CLP and their survival was monitored for 7 days. Blood, peritoneal wash and lungs were collected 24 h after CLP and used to measure bacterial load, immune cell infiltration, nitric oxide (NO), cytokine levels, and peritoneal cell death and to assess lung injury. RESULTS P2X7KO mice showed significantly increased survival 7 days after CLP (30% compared to 60% in WT animals) accompanied by an overall attenuated inflammatory response, with decreased cell recruitment to the peritoneum, no or limited increases in the levels of NO and proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-17, and IL-4), reduced peritoneal cell apoptosis, and less pronounced lung infiltration and morphological changes. CONCLUSIONS Our data show the P2X7 receptor is required for the development of the inflammatory response associated with sepsis and support the notion that P2X7 receptor is a valid therapeutic target against inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Texeira Santana
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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The prognostic value of leukocyte apoptosis in patients with severe sepsis at the emergency department. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 438:364-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jahromi AS, Zar A, Ahmadi F, Krustrup P, Ebrahim K, Hovanloo F, Amani D. Effects of Endurance Training on the Serum Levels of Tumour Necrosis Factor-α and Interferon-γ in Sedentary Men. Immune Netw 2014; 14:255-9. [PMID: 25360077 PMCID: PMC4212087 DOI: 10.4110/in.2014.14.5.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity could be considered one of the factors that affect the immune system status and function. To find the relation between exercise and cytokines, we examined the possible effects of an 8-week endurance training program on the serum levels of cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in sedentary men. A total of 30 healthy young male volunteers were randomly divided into an endurance training group and a control group. The training group followed a specific exercise protocol (running on a treadmill for 15~30 min at 50~70% maximal heart rate) for 8 weeks and the control group did not participate in any exercise program. Venous blood samples were collected from both the groups 24 h before and 24 h and 48 h after the exercise. Repeated ANOVA was used for statistical purposes. The serum levels of TNF-α and IFN-γ were determined by ELISA. Significant (p<0.05) and non-significant (p>0.05) decreases were observed in the serum levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α, respectively, after the 8-week endurance training program. Our findings indicated that an 8-week endurance exercise may affect the serum levels of some inflammatory cytokines, suggesting the beneficial role of this training protocol in elderly population and people with certain conditions (inflammation of the vertebrae or other inflammatory diseases).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Sotoodeh Jahromi
- Research Center for Non.communicable Diseases, Immunology Department, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Abdossaleh Zar
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science,University of Jahrom, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ahmadi
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Khosrow Ebrahim
- Department of Exercise Physiology, G.C. Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Friborz Hovanloo
- Department of Exercise Physiology, G.C. Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davar Amani
- Department of Immunology, Medical School, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Leiber A, Graf B, Spring B, Rudner J, Köstlin N, Orlikowsky TW, Poets CF, Gille C. Neonatal monocytes express antiapoptotic pattern of Bcl-2 proteins and show diminished apoptosis upon infection with Escherichia coli. Pediatr Res 2014; 76:142-9. [PMID: 24850312 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonates show sustained inflammation after a bacterial infection, which is associated with inflammatory diseases like bronchopulmonary dysplasia or periventricular leucomalacia. Physiologically, inflammation is terminated early after the removal of the invading pathogens by phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) of immune effector cells. Earlier results showed reduced PICD in neonatal monocytes. The underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. We hypothesize that the reduced PICD in neonatal monocytes is regulated through the proteins of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) protein family. METHODS mRNA and protein expression of Bcl-2 family proteins in cord blood and adult peripheral blood monocytes infected with Escherichia coli were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry and cytochrome c release by fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS mRNA expression of antiapopototic Bcl-xL was upregulated in cord blood monocytes (CBMO), whereas proapoptotic Bim tended to be higher in peripheral blood monocytes (PBMO). Upon infection, Bax was more strongly expressed in PBMO compared with CBMO. The pro/antiapoptotic balance was skewed toward survival in CBMO and apoptosis in PBMO. Cytochome c release into the cytosol was enhanced in PBMO compared with CBMO. CONCLUSION Bcl-2 proteins are involved in reduced PICD in neonatal monocytes. These findings are another step toward the understanding of sustained inflammation in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Leiber
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Graf
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bärbel Spring
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Justine Rudner
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Natascha Köstlin
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Christian F Poets
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Atan R, Virzi GM, Peck L, Ramadas A, Brocca A, Eastwood G, Sood S, Ronco C, Bellomo R, Goehl H, Storr M. High cut-off hemofiltration versus standard hemofiltration: a pilot assessment of effects on indices of apoptosis. Blood Purif 2014; 37:296-303. [PMID: 25096908 DOI: 10.1159/000363220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To measure plasma pro-apoptotic and pro-necrotic activity in severe acute kidney injury (AKI) patients within a randomized controlled trial of continuous veno-venous hemofiltration with high cut-off filters (CVVH-HCO) versus standard filters (CVVH-Std). METHODS We measured pro-apoptotic and pro-necrotic plasma activity by trypan blue exclusion cell viability assay, detection of DNA fragmentation, and by determination of caspase-3 activity and annexin V-based apoptosis and necrosis detection assay. RESULTS Compared to no apoptosis or necrosis after incubation with healthy plasma, 14-18% of cells showed apoptosis and 4-8% showed necrosis after incubation with plasma from AKI patients. When comparing different measures of pro-apoptotic or pro-necrotic activity, CVVH-HCO and CVVH-Std showed no differential effects on such activity, which remained high over the first 3 days of treatment. However, using annexin V-FITC, there was a significant drop in pro-apoptotic activity across the filter for the CVVH-HCO group (p = 0.043) but not for the CVVH-Std group (p = 0.327) and a significant difference between the two groups (CVVH-HCO vs. CVVH-Std p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS Patients with severe AKI have increased pro-apoptotic and pro-necrotic activity. Although on single-pass effect assessment, CVVH-HCO was superior to CVVH-Std in decreasing annexin V-FITC-assessed pro-apoptotic activity, there was no overall attenuation of such activity during the first 3 days of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafidah Atan
- Clinical School Johor Bahru, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Sundar KM, Sires M. Sepsis induced immunosuppression: Implications for secondary infections and complications. Indian J Crit Care Med 2014; 17:162-9. [PMID: 24082613 PMCID: PMC3777370 DOI: 10.4103/0972-5229.117054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is the commonest cause of admission to medical ICUs across the world. Mortality from sepsis continues to be high. Besides shock and multi-organ dysfunction occurring following the intense inflammatory reaction to sepsis, complications arising from sepsis-related immunoparalysis contribute to the morbidity and mortality from sepsis. This review explores the basis for sepsis related immune dysfunction and discusses its clinical implications for the treating intensivist. Recent trends indicate that a significant proportion of septic patients succumb to the complications of secondary infections and chronic critical care illness from the initial bout of sepsis. Therefore care-givers in the ICU need to be aware of the impediments posed by sepsis-related immune dysfunction that can impair recovery in patients with sepsis and contribute to sepsis-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna M Sundar
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA ; Department of Medicine, Utah Valley Regional Medical Center, Intermountain Health Care, Provo, Utah, USA
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The CD95/CD95L pathway is involved in phagocytosis-induced cell death of monocytes and may account for sustained inflammation in neonates. Pediatr Res 2013; 73:402-8. [PMID: 23269121 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2012.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The propensity for sustained inflammation after bacterial infection in neonates, resulting in inflammatory sequelae such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and periventricular leucomalacia, is well known, but its molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Termination of inflammatory reactions physiologically occurs early after removal of bacteria by phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) of immune effector cells such as monocytes. PICD from cord blood monocytes (CBMOs) was shown to be reduced as compared with that of peripheral blood monocytes (PBMOs) from adult donors in vitro. METHODS PBMOs, CBMOs, and Fas (CD95)-deficient (lpr) mouse monocytes were analyzed in an in vitro infection model using green fluorescence protein-labeled Escherichia coli (E. coli-GFP). Phagocytosis and apoptosis were quantified by flow cytometry and CD95L secretion was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS We demonstrate the involvement of the CD95/CD95 ligand pathway (CD95/CD95L) in PICD and provide evidence that diminished CD95L secretion by CBMOs may result in prolonged activation of neonatal immune effector cells. CONCLUSION These in vitro results offer for the first time a molecular mechanism accounting for sustained inflammation seen in neonates.
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Regulation on Expression of Toll-like Receptors on Monocytes After Stimulation with the 3-o-C12-HSL Molecule from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:384-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0162-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Effect of clarithromycin in inflammatory markers of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia and sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacteria: results from a randomized clinical study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:3819-25. [PMID: 22564837 DOI: 10.1128/aac.05798-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One recent, double-blind, randomized clinical trial with 200 patients showed that clarithromycin administered intravenously for 3 days in patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) accelerated the resolution of pneumonia and decreased the risk of death from septic shock and multiple organ dysfunctions (MODS). The present study focused on the effect of clarithromycin on markers of inflammation in these patients. Blood was drawn immediately before the administration of the allocated treatment and on six consecutive days after the start of treatment. The concentrations of circulating markers were measured. Monocytes and neutrophils were isolated for immunophenotyping analysis and for cytokine stimulation. The ratio of serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) to serum tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was decreased in the clarithromycin group compared with the results in the placebo group. Apoptosis of monocytes was significantly increased on day 4 in the clarithromycin group compared with the rate of apoptosis in the placebo group. On the same day, the expression of CD86 was increased and the ratio of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) to CD86 in serum was unchanged. The release of TNF-α, IL-6, and soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) by circulating monocytes after stimulation was greater in the clarithromycin group than in the placebo group. The expression of TREM-1 on monocytes was also increased in the former group. These effects were pronounced in patients with septic shock and MODS. These results suggest that the administration of clarithromycin restored the balance between proinflammatory versus anti-inflammatory mediators in patients with sepsis; this was accompanied by more efficient antigen presentation and increased apoptosis. These effects render new perspectives for the immunotherapy of sepsis.
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Sepsis Immunopathology: Perspectives of Monitoring and Modulation of the Immune Disturbances. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2012; 60:123-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-012-0166-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Gille C, Dreschers S, Spring B, Tárnok A, Bocsi J, Poets CF, Orlikowsky TW. Differential modulation of cord blood and peripheral blood monocytes by intravenous immunoglobulin. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2011; 82:26-34. [PMID: 21812105 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulins (IVIG) have been shown to be useful in adults suffering from sepsis. In contrast, prophylactic and curative IVIG trials failed to show beneficial effects in neonates. We tested the hypothesis that IVIG, have different effects on monocytes from cord blood (CBMO) and peripheral blood monocytes from adults (PBMO) with respect to survival, phenotype, and function. METHODS Mononuclear cells, or purified monocytes, were cultured in 5% human serum, incubated with polyvalent IVIG (1 mg/ml), stimulated with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Escherichia coli (E. Coli-GFP), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ, 50 U/ml), or the T cell mitogen anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody, αCD3-mAb, (5 μg/ml). Phagocytosis, phenotype, T cell proliferation, and apoptosis were assessed by flow cytometry. RESULTS IVIG enhanced phagocytosis in PBMO or CBMO when infected directly after isolation, while IVIG had no effect on monocytes cultured 48 h prior to infection. In contrast to PBMO, IVIG inhibited the IFN-γ mediated up-regulation of CD80, CD86, and HLA-DR on CBMO. In the presence of IVIG, stimulation with αCD3 in cord blood enhanced deletion, inhibited blast formation and CD28 up-regulation of T cells (P < 0.05 vs. T cells from adults). IVIG induced monocyte apoptosis, associated with up-regulation of Annexin V and loss of nuclear DNA, which was more pronounced in CBMO. Although phagocytosis induced cell death (PICD) was lower in CBMO (P < 0.05 vs. PBMO), the addition of IVIG enhanced PICD levels of CBMO to the extent of PBMO. CONCLUSIONS IVIG inhibits co-stimulatory receptors and functions of CBMO and induces apoptosis. These findings may be of clinical relevance for the failure of IVIG benefit in neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Calwerstr.7, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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Qu HP, Liu ZJ, Liu JL. Measurement of monocyte apoptosis, plasma IL-1β and PR3 activity as an approach to evaluate the immunological status in sepsis. Crit Care 2011; 15:434. [PMID: 21722337 PMCID: PMC3219000 DOI: 10.1186/cc10248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Filias A, Theodorou GL, Mouzopoulou S, Varvarigou AA, Mantagos S, Karakantza M. Phagocytic ability of neutrophils and monocytes in neonates. BMC Pediatr 2011; 11:29. [PMID: 21492472 PMCID: PMC3094219 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2431-11-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections by a variety of pathogens are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality during perinatal period. The susceptibility of neonates to bacterial infections has been attributed to immaturity of innate immunity. It is considered that one of the impaired mechanisms is the phagocytic function of neutrophils and monocytes. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the phagocytic ability of neonates at birth. Methods The phagocytic ability of neutrophils and monocytes of 42 neonates was determined using the Phagotest flow cytometry method, that assesses the intake of E. Coli by phagocytes, in cord blood and in peripheral blood 3 days after birth. Fifteen healthy adults were included in the study as controls. Results The phagocytic ability of neutrophils in the cord blood of neonates was significantly reduced compared to adults. The 3rd postnatal day the reduction of phagocytic ability of neutrophils was no longer significant compared to adults. The phagocytic ability of monocytes did not show any difference from that of adults either at birth or the 3rd postnatal day. Conclusions Our findings indicate that the intake of E. Coli by phagocytes is impaired at birth in both preterm and full term neonates compared to adults. This defect is transient, with the phagocytic ability in neonates reaching that of the adults 3 days after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Filias
- Paediatric Department, Medical School & University Hospital, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Vaki I, Kranidioti H, Karagianni V, Spyridaki A, Kotsaki A, Routsi C, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. An early circulating factor in severe sepsis modulates apoptosis of monocytes and lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 89:343-9. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Abstract
Sepsis is exceedingly burdensome for hospital intensive care unit caregivers, and its incidence, as well as sepsis-related deaths, is increasing steadily. Sepsis is characterized by a robust increase in NO production throughout the organism that is driven by iNOS. Moreover, NO is an important factor in the development of septic shock and is synthesized by NOS, an enzyme expressed by a variety of cells, including vascular endothelium, macrophages, and neutrophils. However, the effects of NO on leukocyte functions, and the underlying mechanisms, are relatively unknown. Thus, the present review focuses on the effects of NO and its derivatives on cells of the immune system. Experimental evidences discussed herein show that NO induces posttranslational modifications of key proteins in targeted processes with the potential of deterring cellular physiology. Consequently, the manipulation of NO distribution in septic patients, used in conjunction with conventional treatments aimed at restoring normal immune functions, may represent a valuable therapeutic strategy.
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Kumpf O, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Koch A, Hamann L, Mouktaroudi M, Oh DY, Latz E, Lorenz E, Schwartz DA, Ferwerda B, Routsi C, Skalioti C, Kullberg BJ, van der Meer JWM, Schlag PM, Netea MG, Zacharowski K, Schumann RR. Influence of genetic variations in TLR4 and TIRAP/Mal on the course of sepsis and pneumonia and cytokine release: an observational study in three cohorts. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2010; 14:R103. [PMID: 20525286 PMCID: PMC2911747 DOI: 10.1186/cc9047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Introduction It has been proposed that individual genetic variation contributes to the course of severe infections and sepsis. Recent studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the endotoxin receptor and its signaling system showed an association with the risk of disease development. This study aims to examine the response associated with genetic variations of TLR4, the receptor for bacterial LPS, and a central intracellular signal transducer (TIRAP/Mal) on cytokine release and for susceptibility and course of severe hospital acquired infections in distinct patient populations. Methods Three intensive care units in tertiary care university hospitals in Greece and Germany participated. 375 and 415 postoperative patients and 159 patients with ventilator associated pneumonia (VAP) were included. TLR4 and TIRAP/Mal polymorphisms in 375 general surgical patients were associated with risk of infection, clinical course and outcome. In two prospective studies, 415 patients following cardiac surgery and 159 patients with newly diagnosed VAP predominantly caused by Gram-negative bacteria were studied for cytokine levels in-vivo and after ex-vivo monocyte stimulation and clinical course. Results Patients simultaneously carrying polymorphisms in TIRAP/Mal and TLR4 and patients homozygous for the TIRAP/Mal SNP had a significantly higher risk of severe infections after surgery (odds ratio (OR) 5.5; confidence interval (CI): 1.34 - 22.64; P = 0.02 and OR: 7.3; CI: 1.89 - 28.50; P < 0.01 respectively). Additionally we found significantly lower circulating cytokine levels in double-mutant individuals with ventilator associated pneumonia and reduced cytokine production in an ex-vivo monocyte stimulation assay, but this difference was not apparent in TIRAP/Mal-homozygous patients. In cardiac surgery patients without infection, the cytokine release profiles were not changed when comparing different genotypes. Conclusions Carriers of mutations in sequential components of the TLR signaling system may have an increased risk for severe infections. Patients with this genotype showed a decrease in cytokine release when infected which was not apparent in patients with sterile inflammation following cardiac surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Kumpf
- Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine and Pain Management, Hanse-Klinikum Stralsund, Grosse Parower Strasse 47-53, Stralsund 18435, Germany.
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Pathogenicity islands PAPI-1 and PAPI-2 contribute individually and synergistically to the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14. Infect Immun 2010; 78:1437-46. [PMID: 20123716 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00621-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a leading cause of hospital-acquired pneumonia and severe chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis patients. The reference strains PA14 and PAO1 have been studied extensively, revealing that PA14 is more virulent than PAO1 in diverse infection models. Among other factors, this may be due to two pathogenicity islands, PAPI-1 and PAPI-2, both present in PA14 but not in PAO1. We compared the global contributions to virulence of PAPI-1 and PAPI-2, rather than that of individual island-borne genes, using murine models of acute pneumonia and bacteremia. Three isogenic island-minus mutants (PAPI-1-minus, PAPI-2-minus, and PAPI-1-minus, PAPI-2-minus mutants) were compared with the wild-type parent strain PA14 and with PAO1. Our results showed that both islands contributed significantly to the virulence of PA14 in acute pneumonia and bacteremia models. However, in contrast to the results for the bacteremia model, where each island was found to contribute individually, loss of the 108-kb PAPI-1 island alone was insufficient to measurably attenuate the mutant in the acute pneumonia model. Nevertheless, the double mutant was substantially more attenuated, and exhibited a lesser degree of virulence, than even PAO1 in the acute pneumonia model. In particular, its ability to disseminate from the lungs to the bloodstream was markedly inhibited. We conclude that both PAPI-1 and PAPI-2 contribute directly and synergistically in a major way to the virulence of PA14, and we suggest that analysis of island-minus strains may be a more appropriate way than individual gene knockouts to assess the contributions to virulence of large, horizontally acquired segments of DNA.
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Christaki E. Host immune response in sepsis due to ventilator-associated pneumonia: how is it different? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:1009. [PMID: 20017893 PMCID: PMC2811897 DOI: 10.1186/cc8174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence regarding potentially different host response mechanisms in sepsis according to the type of initiating infection is sporadic. It is possible that alterations in cell populations, variations in effector molecules, and the degree of apoptosis differ between sepsis caused by ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and non-VAP sepsis. VAP is one of the most common infections and leading causes of sepsis in the intensive care unit, and mortality remains high. A better understanding of the unique pathophysiologic features of VAP is needed in order to develop interventions that target those specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Christaki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI 02906, USA.
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Pelekanou A, Tsangaris I, Kotsaki A, Karagianni V, Giamarellou H, Armaganidis A, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. Decrease of CD4-lymphocytes and apoptosis of CD14-monocytes are characteristic alterations in sepsis caused by ventilator-associated pneumonia: results from an observational study. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2009; 13:R172. [PMID: 19883512 PMCID: PMC2811921 DOI: 10.1186/cc8148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction The present study aimed to investigate changes of the immune response between sepsis due to ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and sepsis due to other types of infections. Methods Peripheral venous blood was sampled from 68 patients with sepsis within 24 hours of diagnosis; 36 suffered from VAP; 32 from other nosocomial infections, all well-matched for severity, age and sex. Blood monocytes were isolated and cultured with/without purified endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide (LPS)). Estimation of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cultures' supernatants was done by an enzyme immunoassay. Flow cytometry was used to determine subpopulations of mononuclear cells and apoptosis. To mimic pathogenesis of VAP, mononuclear cells of healthy volunteers were progressively stimulated with increased inocula of pathogens; apoptosis was determined. Results In patients with VAP, the absolute number of CD3(+)/CD4(+) lymphocytes was significantly lower (P = 0.034) and apoptosis of isolated monocytes was increased (P = 0.007) compared to other infections. TNFα and IL-6 production from LPS-stimulated monocytes was lower in patients with VAP-related sepsis than with sepsis due to other infections. Apoptosis of monocytes was induced after in vitro stimulation of mononuclear cells by a mechanism mimicking VAP. Conclusions Decrease of CD4-lymphocytes and immunoparalysis of monocytes are characteristic alterations of sepsis arising in the field of VAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimilia Pelekanou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, ATTIKON University Hospital, 1 Rimini Str, Athens 124 62, Greece.
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Gille C, Leiber A, Mundle I, Spring B, Abele H, Spellerberg B, Hartmann H, Poets CF, Orlikowsky TW. Phagocytosis and postphagocytic reaction of cord blood and adult blood monocyte after infection with green fluorescent protein-labeled Escherichia coli and group B Streptococci. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2009; 76:271-84. [PMID: 19288547 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.20474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal sepsis is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response induced by immune cells (monocytes). We investigated the initial stage of monocyte-pathogen interaction, i.e. bacterial ingestion and degradation at the single-cell level, by comparing a new flow cytometric procedure with culture methods. We also examined the hypothesis that, in terms of phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD), phenotype, or cytokine production, cord blood monocytes (CBMO) differ from monocytes derived from adults (peripheral blood monocytes, PBMO). METHODS Phagocytosis and intracellular degradation were assessed by means of flow cytometry and bacterial cultures of green fluorescent protein-labeled group B Streptococci (GBS) and Escherichia coli. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured through luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. Apoptosis, phenotype, and cytokine production were assessed through flow cytometry. RESULTS Flow cytometry and bacterial cultures showed no difference between phagocytosis and degradation of GBS and E. coli by PBMO and CBMO. A high correlation between both methods was observed. No difference in ROS production was evident. In comparison with PBMO, CBMO apoptosis was lower after exposure to GBS and E. coli. Similarities were found between nonapoptotic monocytes and pro-inflammatory monocytes. CONCLUSIONS PICD is lower in CBMO during the early stages of monocyte-pathogen interaction. Our results emphasize that monocyte apoptosis has a potential role in tailoring the immune response in neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Gille
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Lund PK, Øvstebø R, Møller AW, Olstad OK, Landsverk KS, Hellum M, Kierulf P. Using global gene expression patterns to characterize Annexin V positive and negative human monocytes in culture. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2009; 69:251-64. [DOI: 10.1080/00365510802499399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kleiman DA, Calvano JE, Coyle SM, Macor MA, Calvano SE, Lowry SF. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the Mdm2 promoter and risk of sepsis. Am J Surg 2009; 197:43-8. [PMID: 18558393 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mdm2-SNP309(T/G) polymorphism has been shown to upregulate transcription of Mdm2 and subsequently attenuate the p53 pathway. Its role in regulating the human response to acute illness has not been reported. METHODS Patients from the surgical intensive care unit were prospectively enrolled. SNP309 genotype was determined, and a genotype-based comparison of clinical outcomes was performed. RESULTS Of the 85 enrolled patients, 41 had wild type (T/T) and 44 had mutant (32 T/G and 12 G/G) genotypes. The mutant-genotype group tended to have a longer LOS in both the surgical intensive care unit (P = .40) and the hospital (P = .08), but these trends did not reach significance. No observable genotype-based differences were noted in any other measured parameters. CONCLUSIONS The Mdm2-SNP309(G) allele may be associated with longer LOS. However, it does not appear to influence any other clinical characteristics, nor can it be used to predict clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Kleiman
- Division of Surgical Sciences, Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Ebdrup L, Krog J, Granfeldt A, Tønnesen E, Hokland M. Dynamic Expression of the Signal Regulatory Protein α and CD18 on Porcine PBMC During Acute Endotoxaemia. Scand J Immunol 2008; 68:430-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Exline MC, Crouser ED. Mitochondrial mechanisms of sepsis-induced organ failure. FRONTIERS IN BIOSCIENCE : A JOURNAL AND VIRTUAL LIBRARY 2008; 13:5030-41. [PMID: 18508567 DOI: 10.2741/3061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is the leading cause of death in medical intensive care units. Though progress has been made in the early treatment of sepsis associated with hemodynamic collapse (septic shock), little is known about the pathogenesis of delayed organ dysfunction during sepsis. A growing body of data indicates that sepsis is associated with acute changes in cell metabolism, and that mitochondria are particularly susceptible. The severity of mitochondrial pathology varies according to host and pathogen factors, and appears to correlate with loss of organ dysfunction. In this regard, low levels of cell apoptosis and mitochondrial turnover are normally observed in all metabolically active tissues; however, these homeostatic mechanisms are frequently overwhelmed during sepsis and contribute to cell and tissue pathology. Thus, a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating mitochondrial damage and repair during severe sepsis may provide new treatment options and better outcomes for this deadly disease (30-60% mortality). Herein, we present compelling evidence linking mitochondrial apoptosis pathways to sepsis-induced cell and organ failure and discuss the implications in terms of future sepsis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Exline
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1252, USA.
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Simkova V, Baumgart K, Radermacher P, Barth E, Calzia E. Year in review 2006: Critical Care--Multiple organ failure, sepsis, and shock. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2008; 11:221. [PMID: 17764584 PMCID: PMC2206506 DOI: 10.1186/cc5938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In 2006, Critical Care provided important and clinically relevant research data in the field of multiple organ failure, sepsis, and shock. This review summarizes the results of the experimental studies and clinical trials and discusses them in the context of the relevant scientific and clinical background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislava Simkova
- Anesteziologicko-resuscitacni klinika, Fakultni nemocnice u sv, Anny, Pekarska 53, 656 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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VanderMolen C, Malkevich N, Philbin N, Rice J, Collier S, Hall C, Ahlers S, McCarron R, Freilich D, McGwin G, Pearce LB. Immune effects of decreasing low-molecular weight hemoglobin components of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOC) in a swine model of severe controlled hemorrhagic shock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 35:507-17. [PMID: 17922315 DOI: 10.1080/10731190701586228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) show potential as safe, efficacious, pre-hospital resuscitation fluids. The major criticism of HBOC-201 is its vasoactive property, attributed partially to low-molecular weight (low-MW) tetrameric/dimeric (TD) hemoglobin (Hb) in HBOC solution. Here we sought to determine whether resuscitation with decreasing concentrations of low-MW Hb component of HBOC affects immune responses in hemorrhagic swine. 28 anesthetized swine underwent a soft muscle crush and controlled hemorrhage of 55% blood volume, followed by resuscitation with HBOC containing 31%, 2%, or 0.4% low-MW Hb in four 10 ml/kg infusions at 20, 30, 45 and 60 minutes before hospital arrival at 75 minutes. IL-10, cell activation and adhesion markers and CD4:CD8 ratio remained unchanged in all 3 groups compared to baseline. Leukocyte apoptosis was equally elevated across all groups. Purification from 31% to 0.4% low-MW Hb in HBOC solution did not alter immune effects in a swine model of severe controlled hemorrhagic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- C VanderMolen
- Naval Medical Research Center, Combat Casualty Department, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA
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Gille C, Leiber A, Spring B, Kempf VAJ, Loeffler J, Poets CF, Orlikowsky TW. Diminished phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) in neonatal monocytes upon infection with Escherichia coli. Pediatr Res 2008; 63:33-8. [PMID: 18043500 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31815b8e9f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance in apoptosis or survival of immune cells plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of sepsis. Phagocytosis-induced cell death (PICD) is a common result of the pathogen-host cell interaction mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Neonatal sepsis is frequently characterized by hyperinflammation. Cord blood monocytes (CBMO) are equivalent to monocytes of adults [peripheral blood monocytes (PBMO)], both in terms of phagocytosis and killing of Escherichia coli. We investigated whether CBMO are less sensitive toward PICD compared with PBMO. Monocytes were infected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled E. coli. Phagocytic activity, cell-count, Annexin V staining, hypoploid DNA content, CD95 and CD95L expression, and caspase-8 and -9 activities were analyzed by flow cytometry, ROS production by chemiluminescence, and CD95L mRNA expression by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. With equal phagocytic activity and ROS production, PBMO cell count was decreased by 82 +/- 6% versus 28 +/- 8% for CBMO after infection. Annexin V binding was enhanced fivefold on PBMO; 56 +/- 15% of PBMO showed a hypodiploid DNA content compared with 9 +/- 6% of CBMO. Caspases CD95L and CD95L mRNA were up-regulated in PBMO. Our results indicate that CBMO are less sensitive toward E. coli-mediated PICD than PBMO. Modifying monocyte apoptosis may be a target for future interventions in sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gille
- Department of Neonatology, University Children's Hospital, Tuebingen, 72076, Germany
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Antonopoulou A, Raftogiannis M, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Koutoukas P, Sabracos L, Mouktaroudi M, Adamis T, Tzepi I, Giamarellou H, Douzinas EE. Early apoptosis of blood monocytes is a determinant of survival in experimental sepsis by multi-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:103-8. [PMID: 17488299 PMCID: PMC1942040 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis of blood monocytes was studied in experimental sepsis by multi-drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Thirty-six rabbits were used, divided into the following groups: A (n = 6), sham; B (n = 6), administered anaesthetics; and C (n = 24), acute pyelonephritis induced after inoculation of the test isolate in the renal pelvis. Blood was sampled at standard time intervals for estimation of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and isolation of monocytes. Half the monocytes were incubated and the other half was lysed for estimation of the cytoplasmic activity of caspase-3 by a kinetic chromogenic assay. No animal in groups A and B died; those in group C were divided into two subgroups, CI (n = 8) with present activity of caspase-3 of blood monocytes at 3.5 h and CII (n = 16) with absent activity. Their median survival was 2.0 and 3.5 days, respectively (P = 0.0089). Ex vivo secretion of TNF-alpha from monocytes was higher by monocytes of subgroup CII than subgroup CI at 3.5 h (P = 0.039) and of group A than CII at 48 h (P = 0.010). Median change of caspase-3 activity between 3.5 and 24 h of sampling was 56.1 and -5.8 pmol/min per 10(4) cells for subgroups CI and CII (P = 0.040), respectively. Respective changes between 3.5 and 48 h were 28 981.0 and 0 pmol/min per 10(4) cells (P = 0.036). Early induction of apoptosis in blood monocytes is of prime importance for the survival of the septic host and might be connected to changes of monocyte potential for the secretion of TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Antonopoulou
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
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41
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Tsaganos T, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Kollias S, Zervakis D, Karagianni V, Pelekanou A, Tampaki EC, Kontogiorgi M, Koroneos A, Drakoulis N, Armaganidis A, Roussos C, Giamarellou H. Kinetics of progenitor hemopoetic stem cells in sepsis: correlation with patients survival? BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:142. [PMID: 16981997 PMCID: PMC1586204 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/18/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Current theories underline the crucial role of pro-inflammatory mediators produced by monocytes for the pathogenesis of sepsis. Since monocytes derive from progenitor hemopoetic cells, the kinetics of stem cells was studied in peripheral blood of patients with sepsis. Methods Blood was sampled from 44 patients with septic syndrome due to ventilator-associated pneumonia on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 upon initiation of symptoms. Concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and G-CSF were estimated by ELISA. CD34/CD45 cells were determined after incubation with anti-CD45 FITC and anti-CD34 PE monocloncal antibodies and flow cytometric analysis. Samples from eight healthy volunteers served as controls. Results Median of CD34/CD45 absolute count of controls was 1.0/μl. Respective values of the total study population were 123.4, 112.4, 121.5 and 120.9/μl on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 (p < 0.0001 compared to controls). Positive correlations were found between the absolute CD34/CD45 count and the absolute monocyte count on days 1, 5 and 7. Survival was prolonged among patients with less than 310/μl CD34/CD45 cells on day 1 compared to those with more than 310/μl of CD34/CD45 cells (p: 0.022). Hazard ratio for death due to sepsis was 5.47 (p: 0.039) for CD34/CD45 cells more than 310/μl. Median IL-6 on day 1 was 56.78 and 233.85 pg/ml respectively for patients with less than 310/μl and more than 310/μl CD34/CD45 cells (p: 0.021). Conclusion Stem cells are increased in peripheral blood over all days of follow-up compared to healthy volunteers. Patients with counts on day 1 less than 310/μl are accompanied by increased survival compared to patients with more than 310/μl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tsaganos
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | | | - Spyridon Kollias
- 1Department of Critical Care, University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Zervakis
- 1Department of Critical Care, University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | | | - Aimilia Pelekanou
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | | | - Marina Kontogiorgi
- 1Department of Critical Care, University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | - Apostolos Koroneos
- 1Department of Critical Care, University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Drakoulis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Athens, School of Pharmacy, Greece
| | | | - Charis Roussos
- 1Department of Critical Care, University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
| | - Helen Giamarellou
- 4Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Medical School, Greece
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Moraes TJ, Downey GP. Death of the septic monocyte: is more better? CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2006; 10:146. [PMID: 16762041 PMCID: PMC1550960 DOI: 10.1186/cc4950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is of pivotal importance in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Depending on the cell type involved and the time point of the disease process, apoptosis may be linked to either a good or a bad outcome. Work presented in this issue by Giamarellos-Bourboulis and coworkers suggests that an early increase in the apoptosis of blood monocytes is associated with improved survival in patients with varying degrees of sepsis. Although the mechanism by which monocyte apoptosis influences the outcome of sepsis cannot be determined by this study, these observations represent an important advance in our understanding of this complicated disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo J Moraes
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory P Downey
- Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, The University of Toronto, and The Toronto General Hospital Research Institute of University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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