1
|
Tortellini E, Fosso Ngangue YC, Dominelli F, Guardiani M, Falvino C, Mengoni F, Carraro A, Marocco R, Pasculli P, Mastroianni CM, Ciardi MR, Lichtner M, Zingaropoli MA. Immunogenicity and Efficacy of Vaccination in People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Viruses 2023; 15:1844. [PMID: 37766251 PMCID: PMC10534440 DOI: 10.3390/v15091844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) remain at high risk of mortality and morbidity from vaccine-preventable diseases, even though antiretroviral therapy (ART) has restored life expectancy and general well-being. When, which, and how many doses of vaccine should be administered over the lifetime of PLWH are questions that have become clinically relevant. Immune responses to most vaccines are known to be impaired in PLWH. Effective control of viremia with ART and restored CD4+ T-cell count are correlated with an improvement in responsiveness to routine vaccines. However, the presence of immune alterations, comorbidities and co-infections may alter it. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on immune responses to different vaccines in the setting of HIV infection, emphasizing the potential effect of HIV-related factors and presence of comorbidities in modulating such responses. A better understanding of these issues will help guide vaccination and prevention strategies for PLWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Tortellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Yann Collins Fosso Ngangue
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Federica Dominelli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Mariasilvia Guardiani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Carmen Falvino
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Fabio Mengoni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Anna Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Raffaella Marocco
- Infectious Diseases Unit, SM Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy; (R.M.); (M.L.)
| | - Patrizia Pasculli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Claudio Maria Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Maria Rosa Ciardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| | - Miriam Lichtner
- Infectious Diseases Unit, SM Goretti Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Latina, Italy; (R.M.); (M.L.)
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs, NESMOS, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Zingaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (Y.C.F.N.); (F.D.); (M.G.); (C.F.); (F.M.); (A.C.); (P.P.); (C.M.M.); (M.R.C.); (M.A.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
CRISPR/Cas13a combined with hybridization chain reaction for visual detection of influenza A (H1N1) virus. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:8437-8445. [PMID: 36264297 PMCID: PMC9584272 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04380-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study provides proof of concept of a colorimetric biosensor for influenza H1N1 virus assay based on the CRISPR/Cas13a system and hybridization chain reaction (HCR). Target RNA of influenza H1N1 virus activated the trans-cleavage activity of Cas13a, which cleaved the special RNA sequence (-UUU-) of the probe, further initiating HCR to copiously generate G-rich DNA. Abundant G-quadruplex/hemin was formed in the presence of hemin, thus catalyzing a colorimetric reaction. The colorimetric biosensor exhibited a linear relationship from 10 pM to 100 nM. The detection limit was 0.152 pM. The biosensor specificity was excellent. This new and sensitive detection method for influenza virus is a promising rapid influenza diagnostic test.
Collapse
|
3
|
Arnal A, Vittecoq M, Pearce-Duvet J, Gauthier-Clerc M, Boulinier T, Jourdain E. Laridae: A neglected reservoir that could play a major role in avian influenza virus epidemiological dynamics. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 41:508-19. [DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.870967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
4
|
Yeo SJ, Huong DT, Hong NN, Li CY, Choi K, Yu K, Choi DY, Chong CK, Choi HS, Mallik SK, Kim HS, Sung HW, Park H. Rapid and quantitative detection of zoonotic influenza A virus infection utilizing coumarin-derived dendrimer-based fluorescent immunochromatographic strip test (FICT). Am J Cancer Res 2014; 4:1239-49. [PMID: 25285172 PMCID: PMC4184001 DOI: 10.7150/thno.10255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Great efforts have been made to develop robust signal-generating fluorescence materials which will help in improving the rapid diagnostic test (RDT) in terms of sensitivity and quantification. In this study, we developed coumarin-derived dendrimer-based fluorescent immunochromatographic strip test (FICT) assay with enhanced sensitivity as a quantitative diagnostic tool in typical RDT environments. The accuracy of the proposed FICT was compared with that of dot blot immunoassay techniques and conventional RDTs. Through conjugation of coumarin-derived dendrimers with latex beads, fluorescent emission covering broad output spectral ranges was obtained which provided a distinct advantage of easy discrimination of the fluorescent emission of the latex beads with a simple insertion of a long-pass optical filter away from the excitation wavelength. The newly developed FICT assay was able to detect 100 ng/10 μL of influenza A nucleoprotein (NP) antigen within 5 minutes, which corresponded to 2.5-fold higher sensitivity than that of the dot blot immunoassay or conventional RDTs. Moreover, the FICT assay was confirmed to detect at least four avian influenza A subtypes (H5N3, H7N1, H7N7, and H9N2). On applying the FICT to the clinical swab samples infected with respiratory viruses, our FICT assay was confirmed to differentiate influenza H1N1 infection from other respiratory viral diseases. These data demonstrate that the proposed FICT assay is able to detect zoonotic influenza A viruses with a high sensitivity, and it enables the quantitation of the infection intensity by providing the numerical diagnostic values; thus demonstrating enhanced detectability of influenza A viruses.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lee DH, Park JK, Song CS. Progress and hurdles in the development of influenza virus-like particle vaccines for veterinary use. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2014; 3:133-9. [PMID: 25003086 PMCID: PMC4083065 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2014.3.2.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs), which resemble infectious virus particles in structure and morphology, have been proposed to provide a new generation of vaccine candidates against various viral infections. As effective immunogens, characterized by high immunogenicity and safety, VLPs have been employed in the development of human influenza vaccines. Recently, several influenza VLP vaccines have been developed for veterinary use and successfully evaluated in swine, canine, duck, and chicken models. These VLP vaccine candidates induced protective immune responses and enabled serological differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals in conjunction with a diagnostic test. Here, we review the current progress of influenza VLP development as a next-generation vaccine technology in the veterinary field and discuss the challenges and future direction of this technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hun Lee
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Keun Park
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Avian Disease Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mawson AR. Role of Fat-Soluble Vitamins A and D in the Pathogenesis of Influenza: A New Perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5402/2013/246737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Reduced exposure to solar radiation, leading to a deficiency of vitamin D and hence impaired innate immunity, has been suggested as a trigger for influenza viral replication and as an explanation of seasonal influenza. Although this hypothesis accounts for many unexplained facts about the epidemiology of influenza, gaps remain in understanding the pathogenesis and manifestations of the disease. Several observations suggest a role for vitamin A compounds (retinoids) in the disease. This paper presents a new model of the etiopathogenesis of influenza, suggesting that host resistance and susceptibility depend importantly on the ratio of vitamin D to vitamin A activity. Retinoid concentrations within normal physiological limits appear to inhibit influenza pathogenesis whereas higher background concentrations (i.e., very low vitamin D : A ratios) increase the risk of severe complications of the disease. There is also evidence that influenza-induced or preexisting liver disease, diabetes, and obesity worsen the severity of infection, possibly via liver dysfunction and alterations in retinoid metabolism. The model could be tested by determining the presence of retinoids in the secretions of patients with influenza and by studies of retinoid profiles in patients and controls. Potential strategies for prevention and treatment are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony R. Mawson
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Health Sciences, College of Public Service, Jackson State University,
350 West Woodrow Wilson Avenue, Room 229, Jackson, MS 39213, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Marois I, Cloutier A, Garneau É, Richter MV. Initial infectious dose dictates the innate, adaptive, and memory responses to influenza in the respiratory tract. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:107-21. [PMID: 22504848 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1011490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors from the virus and the host contribute to influenza virus pathogenicity and to the development of immunity. This study thoroughly examined the effects of an initial infectious dose of virus and unveiled new findings concerning the antiviral and inflammatory responses, innate and adaptive immunity, memory responses, and protection against secondary heterologous infection. Our results demonstrated that the initial infectious dose significantly affects the gene expression of antiviral (IFN-β) and inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) cytokines and of enzymes involved in nitrosative/oxidative stress (iNOS, HO-1, NQO1) early in the response to influenza. This response correlated with significantly increased recruitment of innate immune cells into the lungs of infected mice. We showed that this response also alters the subsequent accumulation of activated IFN-γ(+) CD44(hi) CD62L(lo) influenza-specific CD8(+) T cells into the lungs of infected mice through increased T cell-recruiting chemokine gene expression (CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL10). Furthermore, we demonstrated that the initial infectious dose determines the generation and the distribution of memory CD8(+) T cell subsets without affecting trafficking mechanisms. This impacted on immune protection against heterologous infection. Lastly, we showed that the effects on innate and adaptive immunity were not dependent on influenza strain or on the genetic background of the host. Collectively, our data show for the first time and in detail that the initial infectious dose of influenza determines the development of several aspects of antiviral immunity. This study provides new insights on virus-host interaction in the generation of the global immune response to influenza.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Marois
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke and Centrede Recherche Clinique Étienne-Le Bel, Québec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Watanabe T, Bartrand TA, Omura T, Haas CN. Dose-response assessment for influenza A virus based on data sets of infection with its live attenuated reassortants. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2012; 32:555-65. [PMID: 21977924 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Reported data sets on infection of volunteers challenged with wild-type influenza A virus at graded doses are few. Alternatively, we aimed at developing a dose-response assessment for this virus based on the data sets for its live attenuated reassortants. Eleven data sets for live attenuated reassortants that were fit to beta-Poisson and exponential dose-response models. Dose-response relationships for those reassortants were characterized by pooling analysis of the data sets with respect to virus subtype (H1N1 or H3N2), attenuation method (cold-adapted or avian-human gene reassortment), and human age (adults or children). Furthermore, by comparing the above data sets to a limited number of reported data sets for wild-type virus, we quantified the degree of attenuation of wild-type virus with gene reassortment and estimated its infectivity. As a result, dose-response relationships of all reassortants were best described by a beta-Poisson model. Virus subtype and human age were significant factors determining the dose-response relationship, whereas attenuation method affected only the relationship of H1N1 virus infection to adults. The data sets for H3N2 wild-type virus could be pooled with those for its reassortants on the assumption that the gene reassortment attenuates wild-type virus by at least 63 times and most likely 1,070 times. Considering this most likely degree of attenuation, 10% infectious dose of H3N2 wild-type virus for adults was estimated at 18 TCID50 (95% CI = 8.8-35 TCID50). The infectivity of wild-type H1N1 virus remains unknown as the data set pooling was unsuccessful.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Child
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza, Human/etiology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Models, Biological
- Models, Statistical
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/etiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Reassortant Viruses/classification
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Risk
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Virulence/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Watanabe
- 1Department of Food, Life and Environmental Sciences, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Xu W, Chen M, Ge N, Xu J. Hemagglutinin from the H5N1 virus activates Janus kinase 3 to dysregulate innate immunity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31721. [PMID: 22359619 PMCID: PMC3280993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) cause severe disease in humans. There are no effective vaccines or antiviral therapies currently available to control fatal outbreaks due in part to the lack of understanding of virus-mediated immunopathology. In our study, we used hemagglutinin (HA) of H5N1 virus to investigate the related signaling pathways and their relationship to dysregulated innate immune reaction. We found the HA of H5N1 avian influenza triggered an abnormal innate immune signalling in the pulmonary epithelial cells, through an unusual process involving activation of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) that is exclusively associated with γc chain and is essential for signaling via all γc cytokine receptors. By using a selective JAK3 inhibitor and JAK3 knockout mice, we have, for the first time, demonstrated the ability to target active JAK3 to counteract injury to the lungs and protect immunocytes from acute hypercytokinemia -induced destruction following the challenge of H5N1 HA in vitro and in vivo. On the basis of the present data, it appears that the efficacy of selective JAK3 inhibition is likely based on its ability to block multiple cytokines and protect against a superinflammatory response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) attack. Our findings highlight the potential value of selective JAK3 inhibitor in treating the fatal immunopathology caused by H5N1 challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Minhui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanhai Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yan S, Wu G. Evidence obtained from ANOVA to reason cross-species infection and cross-subtype mutation in neuraminidases of influenza A viruses. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 57:254-61. [PMID: 20545912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01143.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic of A/H1N1 influenza raises a serious question on cross-species infection and cross-subtype mutation because our previous focus on possible influenza pandemic laid on H5N1 subtype and the cross-species infection between avian and human. In this study, we analyse 3874 neuraminidases from influenza A viruses using anova to answer the question of if there is barrier between species and between subtypes. The results show that there is no cross-species barrier in some species, and the intra-species variation is larger than the inter-species variation in some species hosting the viruses, and the cross-subtype mutation is possible because there is no cross-subtype barrier in some subtypes and the intra-subtype variation is larger than the inter-subtype variation in some subtypes. These results highlight the state of barrier of influenza A virus, which can help us understand the current pandemic and manufacture more effective vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Yan
- National Engineering Research Center for Non-food Biorefinery, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lattes R, Jacob N, de la Fuente J, Fragale G, Massari P. Pandemic influenza A/H1N1 and organ donation. Transpl Infect Dis 2010; 12:169-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3062.2010.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
|
12
|
Abstract
Influenza is a viral zoonosis of birds and mammals that has probably existed since antiquity. Attack rates of influenza are relatively high but mortality is relatively low. Influenza mortality is highest in the very young, the very old, and the immunosuppressed. Influenza has the potential for rapid spread and may involve large populations. This article examines the swine influenza (H1N1) strain of recent origin, and compares the microbiology, epidemiology, clinical presentation, differential, clinical, and laboratory diagnosis, therapy, complications, and prognosis with previous recorded outbreaks of avian and human seasonal influenza pneumonias.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Burke A Cunha
- Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital, 259 First Street, Mineola, Long Island, NY 11501, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Influenza. MANAGEMENT OF ANTIMICROBIALS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2010. [PMCID: PMC7123779 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-239-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is a highly contagious virus that causes an acute respiratory tract infection. Disease occurs in yearly outbreaks in humans, lasting 2–6 weeks in length. Influenza A and B predominate in these outbreaks, with more severe disease occurring with InfluenzaA. Additional infections with avian subtypes of influenza have also occurred in humans in the past decade, with notably increased morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is the mainstay for preventing disease. Antiviral drugs may be effective in decreasing duration and severity of disease, but evolving resistance has narrowed treatment options. This chapter provides a broad overview of influenza, from basic virology to epidemiology, disease, treatment, and prevention.
Collapse
|
14
|
Yen MY, Wu TSJ, Chiu AWH, Wong WW, Wang PE, Chan TC, King CC. Taipei's use of a multi-channel mass risk communication program to rapidly reverse an epidemic of highly communicable disease. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7962. [PMID: 19956722 PMCID: PMC2776508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In September 2007, an outbreak of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) occurred in Keelung City and spread to Taipei City. In response to the epidemic, a new crisis management program was implemented and tested in Taipei. Methodology and Principal Findings Having noticed that transmission surged on weekends during the Keelung epidemic, Taipei City launched a multi-channel mass risk communications program that included short message service (SMS) messages sent directly to approximately 2.2 million Taipei residents on Friday, October 12th, 2007. The public was told to keep symptomatic students from schools and was provided guidelines for preventing the spread of the disease at home. Epidemiological characteristics of Taipei's outbreak were analyzed from 461 sampled AHC cases. Median time from exposure to onset of the disease was 1 day. This was significantly shorter for cases occurring in family clusters than in class clusters (mean±SD: 2.6±3.2 vs. 4.39±4.82 days, p = 0.03), as well as for cases occurring in larger family clusters as opposed to smaller ones (1.2±1.7 days vs. 3.9±4.0 days, p<0.01). Taipei's program had a significant impact on patient compliance. Home confinement of symptomatic children increased from 10% to 60% (p<0.05) and helped curb the spread of AHC. Taipei experienced a rapid decrease in AHC cases between the Friday of the SMS announcement and the following Monday, October 15, (0.70% vs. 0.36%). By October 26, AHC cases reduced to 0.01%. The success of this risk communication program in Taipei (as compared to Keelung) is further reflected through rapid improvements in three epidemic indicators: (1) significantly lower crude attack rates (1.95% vs. 14.92%, p<0.001), (2) a short epidemic period of AHC (13 vs. 34 days), and (3) a quick drop in risk level (1∼2 weeks) in Taipei districts that border Keelung (the original domestic epicenter). Conclusions and Significance The timely launch of this systematic, communication-based intervention proved effective at preventing a dangerous spike in AHC and was able to bring this high-risk disease under control. We recommend that public health officials incorporate similar methods into existing guidelines for preventing pandemic influenza and other emerging infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muh-Yong Yen
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MYY); (CCK)
| | - Tsung-Shu Joseph Wu
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Luke International Norway, Nøtterøy, Norway
| | - Allen Wen-Hsiang Chiu
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Urology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wing-Wai Wong
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei City Government, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-En Wang
- Department of Health, Keelung City Government, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Chien Chan
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chwan-Chuen King
- Institute of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (MYY); (CCK)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Woode E, Poku R, Ainooson G, Boakye-Gya E, Abotsi W, Mensah T, Amoh-Barim A. An Evaluation of the Anti-inflammatory, Antipyretic and Antinociceptive Effects of Ficus exasperata (Vahl) Leaf Extract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2009.138.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
Asia is a highly heterogeneous region with vastly different cultures, social constitutions and populations affected by a wide spectrum of respiratory diseases caused by tropical pathogens. Asian patients with community‐acquired pneumonia differ from their Western counterparts in microbiological aetiology, in particular the prominence of Gram‐negative organisms, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Staphylococcus aureus. In addition, the differences in socioeconomic and health‐care infrastructures limit the usefulness of Western management guidelines for pneumonia in Asia. The importance of emerging infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome and avian influenza infection remain as close concerns for practising respirologists in Asia. Specific infections such as melioidosis, dengue haemorrhagic fever, scrub typhus, leptospirosis, salmonellosis, penicilliosis marneffei, malaria, amoebiasis, paragonimiasis, strongyloidiasis, gnathostomiasis, trinchinellosis, schistosomiasis and echinococcosis occur commonly in Asia and manifest with a prominent respiratory component. Pulmonary eosinophilia, endemic in parts of Asia, could occur with a wide range of tropical infections. Tropical eosinophilia is believed to be a hyper‐sensitivity reaction to degenerating microfilariae trapped in the lungs. This article attempts to address the key respiratory issues in these respiratory infections unique to Asia and highlight the important diagnostic and management issues faced by practising respirologists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Tsang
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hajjar LA, Schout D, Galas FRBG, Uip DE, Levin ASS, Filho HHC, Sakane PT, Suslik CA, de Camargo Teixeira JM, Bonfa E, Barone AA, de Arruda Martins M, Boulos M, Auler JOC. Guidelines on management of human infection with the novel virus influenza A (H1N1)--a report from the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2009; 64:1015-24. [PMID: 19841710 PMCID: PMC2763061 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322009001000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pandemic novel influenza A (H1N1) infection was considered widespread in Brazil on July, 2009. Since then, 9.249 cases were confirmed in Brazil, most of them concentrated in São Paulo. The Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo is a reference center for H1N1 cases in São Paulo. The purpose of this review is to analyze the evidence concerning diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of novel influenza A (H1N1) infection. In addition, we propose guidelines for the management of this pandemic emphasizing Hospital das Clínicas "bundles" for the control of the pandemic novel influenza A (H1N1).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ludhmila Abrahao Hajjar
- Department of Anesthesiology, InCor-Heart Institute and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Denise Schout
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Epidemiology Service - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes Galas
- Department of Anesthesiology, InCor-Heart Institute and Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - David Everson Uip
- Hospital Emilio Ribas - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Anna Sara Shafferman Levin
- Department of Infectious Diseases - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Helio Hehl Caiaffa Filho
- Department of Pathology - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Takanori Sakane
- Instituto da Criança - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Suslik
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | | | - Eloisa Bonfa
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Alci Barone
- Department of Infectious Diseases - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Milton de Arruda Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine - Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Boulos
- Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Jose Otavio Costa Auler
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo - São Paulo/SP, Brazil., , Tel.: 55 11 3069.6431
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Role of hypercytokinemia in NF-kappaB p50-deficient mice after H5N1 influenza A virus infection. J Virol 2008; 82:11461-6. [PMID: 18768968 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01071-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During H5N1 influenza virus infection, proinflammatory cytokines are markedly elevated in the lungs of infected hosts. The significance of this dysregulated cytokine response in H5N1-mediated pathogenesis remains to be determined. To investigate the influence of hypercytokinemia, or "cytokine storm," a transgenic mouse technology was used. The classical NF-kappaB pathway regulates the induction of most proinflammatory cytokines. Deletion of the p50 subunit leads to a markedly reduced expression of the NF-kappaB-regulated cytokines and chemokines. Here we show that H5N1 influenza virus infection of this transgenic mouse model resulted in a lack of hypercytokinemia but not in altered pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
19
|
Siembieda J, Johnson CK, Boyce W, Sandrock C, Cardona C. Risk for avian influenza virus exposure at human-wildlife interface. Emerg Infect Dis 2008; 14:1151-3. [PMID: 18598646 PMCID: PMC2600330 DOI: 10.3201/eid1407.080066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess risk for human exposure to avian influenza viruses (AIV), we sampled California wild birds and marine mammals during October 2005-August 2007 and estimated human-wildlife contact. Waterfowl hunters were 8 times more likely to have contact with AIV-infected wildlife than were persons with casual or occupational exposures (p<0.0001).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Siembieda
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christine K. Johnson
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Walter Boyce
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| | - Christian Sandrock
- University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Carol Cardona
- University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Leiss O, Bader L, Mielke M, Exner M. [Five years of the Robert Koch Institute guidelines for reprocessing of flexible endoscopes. A look back and a look forward]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2008; 51:211-20. [PMID: 18259713 PMCID: PMC7080046 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-008-0451-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In a short review the national and international reception of the German guidelines for reprocessing flexible endoscopes is presented. The recommendations of the guidelines are discussed in view of recent knowledge on old problems such as prion inactivation and new infectious diseases and new microorganisms such as SARS, avian influenza and C. difficile. New disinfectants and new methods for endoscope disinfection are mentioned, the importance of careful cleaning is underlined. The German guidelines of the Robert Koch Institute and the US Multi-Society guidelines, published in 2003, are compared. The discrepancies concerning recommendations for water quality for final rinsing and need of microbiological controls of endoscope reprocessing are stressed. Aspects not mentioned in the German guidelines, e.g. duration of storage after reprocessing and risk of infection transmission by the endo-washer, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Leiss
- Gastroenterologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Bahnhofplatz 2, Mainz, BRD.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|