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Benyó B, Paláncz B, Szlávecz Á, Szabó B, Kovács K, Chase JG. Classification-based deep neural network vs mixture density network models for insulin sensitivity prediction problem. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 240:107633. [PMID: 37343375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Model-based glycemic control (GC) protocols are used to treat stress-induced hyperglycaemia in intensive care units (ICUs). The STAR (Stochastic-TARgeted) glycemic control protocol - used in clinical practice in several ICUs in New Zealand, Hungary, Belgium, and Malaysia - is a model-based GC protocol using a patient-specific, model-based insulin sensitivity to describe the patient's actual state. Two neural network based methods are defined in this study to predict the patient's insulin sensitivity parameter: a classification deep neural network and a Mixture Density Network based method. Treatment data from three different patient cohorts are used to train the network models. Accuracy of neural network predictions are compared with the current model- based predictions used to guide care. The prediction accuracy was found to be the same or better than the reference. The authors suggest that these methods may be a promising alternative in model-based clinical treatment for patient state prediction. Still, more research is needed to validate these findings, including in-silico simulations and clinical validation trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs Benyó
- Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Béla Paláncz
- Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ákos Szlávecz
- Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint Szabó
- Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Kovács
- Department of Informatics, Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Zhou T, Boettger M, Knopp J, Lange M, Heep A, Chase JG. Model-based subcutaneous insulin for glycemic control of pre-term infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Comput Biol Med 2023; 160:106808. [PMID: 37163965 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Hyperglycaemia is a common problem in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Achieving good control can result in better outcomes for patients. However, good control is difficult, where poor control and resulting hypoglycaemia reduces outcomes and confounds results. Clinically validated models can provide good control, and subcutaneous insulin delivery can provide more options for insulin therapy for clinicians. However, this combination has only been significantly utilised in adult outpatient diabetes, but could hold benefit for treating NICU infants. This research combines a well-validated NICU metabolic model with subcutaneous insulin kinetics models to assess the feasibility of a model-based approach. Clinical data from 12 very/extremely pre-mature infants was collected for an average study duration of 10.1 days. Blood glucose, interstitial and plasma insulin, as well as subcutaneous and local insulin were modelled, and patient-specific insulin sensitivity profiles were identified for each patient. Modelling error was low, where the cohort median [IQR] mean percentage error was 0.8 [0.3 3.4] %. For external validation, insulin sensitivity was compared to previous NICU cohorts using the same metabolic model, where overall levels of insulin sensitivity were similar. Overall, the combined system model accurately captured observed glucose and insulin dynamics, showing the potential for a model-based approach to glycaemic control using subcutaneous insulin in this cohort. The results justify further model validation and clinical trial research to explore a model-based protocol.
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Yahia A, Szlávecz Á, Knopp JL, Norfiza Abdul Razak N, Abu Samah A, Shaw G, Chase JG, Benyo B. Estimating Enhanced Endogenous Glucose Production in Intensive Care Unit Patients with Severe Insulin Resistance. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:1208-1219. [PMID: 34078114 PMCID: PMC9445352 DOI: 10.1177/19322968211018260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Critically ill ICU patients frequently experience acute insulin resistance and increased endogenous glucose production, manifesting as stress-induced hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. STAR (Stochastic TARgeted) is a glycemic control protocol, which directly manages inter- and intra- patient variability using model-based insulin sensitivity (SI). The model behind STAR assumes a population constant for endogenous glucose production (EGP), which is not otherwise identifiable. OBJECTIVE This study analyses the effect of estimating EGP for ICU patients with very low SI (severe insulin resistance) and its impact on identified, model-based insulin sensitivity identification, modeling accuracy, and model-based glycemic clinical control. METHODS Using clinical data from 717 STAR patients in 3 independent cohorts (Hungary, New Zealand, and Malaysia), insulin sensitivity, time of insulin resistance, and EGP values are analyzed. A method is presented to estimate EGP in the presence of non-physiologically low SI. Performance is assessed via model accuracy. RESULTS Results show 22%-62% of patients experience 1+ episodes of severe insulin resistance, representing 0.87%-9.00% of hours. Episodes primarily occur in the first 24 h, matching clinical expectations. The Malaysian cohort is most affected. In this subset of hours, constant model-based EGP values can bias identified SI and increase blood glucose (BG) fitting error. Using the EGP estimation method presented in these constrained hours significantly reduced BG fitting errors. CONCLUSIONS Patients early in ICU stay may have significantly increased EGP. Increasing modeled EGP in model-based glycemic control can improve control accuracy in these hours. The results provide new insight into the frequency and level of significantly increased EGP in critical illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anane Yahia
- Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
- Anane Yahia, Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 2. Magyar tudosok Blvd., Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
| | - Ákos Szlávecz
- Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jennifer L. Knopp
- Mechanical Engineering, Centre of Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ
| | | | - Asma Abu Samah
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-UNITEN, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Geoff Shaw
- Mechanical Engineering, Centre of Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ
| | - J. Geoffrey Chase
- Mechanical Engineering, Centre of Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, NZ
| | - Balazs Benyo
- Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
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Vedantam D, Poman DS, Motwani L, Asif N, Patel A, Anne KK. Stress-Induced Hyperglycemia: Consequences and Management. Cureus 2022; 14:e26714. [PMID: 35959169 PMCID: PMC9360912 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperglycemia during stress is a common occurrence seen in patients admitted to the hospital. It is defined as a blood glucose level above 180mg/dl in patients without pre-existing diabetes. Stress-induced hyperglycemia (SIH) occurs due to an illness that leads to insulin resistance and decreased insulin secretion. Such a mechanism causes elevated blood glucose and produces a complex state to manage with external insulin. This article compiles various studies to explain the development and consequences of SIH in the critically ill that ultimately lead to an increase in mortality while also discussing the dire impact of SIH on certain acute illnesses like myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. It also evaluates multiple studies to understand the management of SIH with insulin and proper nutritional therapy in the hospitalized patients admitted to the Intensive care unit (ICU) alongside the non-critical care unit. While emphasizing the diverse effects of improper control of SIH in the hospital, this article elucidates and discusses the importance of formulating a discharge plan due to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the recovered.
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Personalized vital signs control based on continuous action-space reinforcement learning with supervised experience. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Blood glucose-related indicators are associated with in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with acute pancreatitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15351. [PMID: 34321549 PMCID: PMC8319392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) results in potentially harmful blood glucose fluctuations, affecting patient prognosis. This study aimed to explore the relationship between blood glucose-related indicators and in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with AP. We extracted data on AP patients from the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care III database. Initial glucose (Glucose_initial), maximum glucose (Glucose_max), minimum glucose (Glucose_min), mean glucose (Glucose_mean), and glucose variability (glucose standard deviation [Glucose_SD] and glucose coefficient of variation [Glucose_CV]) were selected as blood glucose-related indicators. Logistic regression models and the Lowess smoothing curves were used to display the association between significant blood glucose-related indicators and in-hospital mortality. Survivors and non-survivors showed significant differences in Glucose_max, Glucose_mean, Glucose_SD, and Glucose_CV (P < 0.05). Glucose_max, Glucose_mean, Glucose_SD, and Glucose_CV were risk factors for in-hospital mortality in AP patients (OR > 1; P < 0.05). According to the Lowess smoothing curve, the overall trends of blood glucose-related indicators showed a non-linear correlation with in-hospital mortality. Glucose_max, Glucose_mean, Glucose_SD, and Glucose_CV were associated with in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients with AP.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Stress-induced hyperglycemia is frequently experienced by critically ill patients and the use of glycemic control (GC) has been shown to improve patient outcomes. For model-based approaches to GC, it is important to understand and quantify model parameter assumptions. This study explores endogenous glucose production (EGP) and the use of a population-based parameter value in the intensive care unit context. METHOD Hourly insulin sensitivity (SI) was fit to clinical data from 145 patients on the Specialized Relative Insulin and Nutrition Titration GC protocol for at least 24 hours. Constraint of SI at a lower bound was used to explore likely EGP variability due to stress response. Minimum EGP was estimated during times when the model SI was constrained, and time and duration of events were examined. RESULTS Constrained events occur for 1.6% of patient hours. About 70% of constrained events occur in the first 12 hours and most events (~80%) occur when there is no exogenous nutrition given. Enhanced EGP values ranged from 1.16 mmol/min (current population value) to 2.75 mmol/min, with most being below 1.5 mmol/min (21% increase). CONCLUSION The frequency of constrained events is low and the current population value of 1.16 mmol/min is sufficient for more than 98% of patient hours, however, some patients experience significantly raised EGP probably due to an extreme stress response early in patient stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J. Ormsbee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bioengineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L. Knopp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bioengineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J. Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bioengineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Parente JD, Chase JG, Moeller K, Shaw GM. High Inter-Patient Variability in Sepsis Evolution: A Hidden Markov Model Analysis. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 201:105956. [PMID: 33561709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2021.105956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe sepsis and septic shock are common in the intensive care unit (ICU) and contribute significantly to cost and mortality. Early treatment is critical but is confounded by the difficulty of real-time diagnosis. This study uses hidden Markov models (HMMs) to examine whether the time evolution of sepsis can add diagnostic accuracy or value using a proven set of bio-signals. METHODS Clinical data (N=36 patients; 6071 hours), including an hourly personalised insulin sensitivity metric. A two hidden state HMM is created to discriminate diagnosed cases (Severe Sepsis, Septic Shock) from controls (SIRS, Sepsis) states. Diagnostic performance is measured by ROC curves, likelihood ratios (LHRs), sensitivity/specificity, and diagnostic odds-ratios (DOR), for a best-case resubstitution estimate and a worst-case 80/20% repeated holdout analysis. RESULTS The HMM delivered near perfect results (95% Sensitivity; 96% Specificity) for best-case resubstitution estimates, but was comparatively poor (59% Sensitivity; 61% Specificity) for worst-case repeated holdout estimations. Adding the time evolution of sepsis did not add to the accuracy of diagnosis from using the signals alone without time history. CONCLUSIONS These potentially surprising results indicate significant inter-patient variability in the time evolution of sepsis, preventing effective diagnosis in the context of the bio-signals, data, and HMM topology used. Efforts for improved real-time, early sepsis diagnosis should concentrate on the robustness and efficacy of the bio-signals and data used, as well as the level of model complexity, to create more effective real-time classifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Geoffrey M Shaw
- Otago University School of Medicine; and ICU, Christchurch Hospital; Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Uyttendaele V, Chase JG, Knopp JL, Gottlieb R, Shaw GM, Desaive T. Insulin sensitivity in critically ill patients: are women more insulin resistant? Ann Intensive Care 2021; 11:12. [PMID: 33475909 PMCID: PMC7818291 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-021-00807-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glycaemic control (GC) in intensive care unit is challenging due to significant inter- and intra-patient variability, leading to increased risk of hypoglycaemia. Recent work showed higher insulin resistance in female preterm neonates. This study aims to determine if there are differences in inter- and intra-patient metabolic variability between sexes in adults, to gain in insight into any differences in metabolic response to injury. Any significant difference would suggest GC and randomised trial design should consider sex differences to personalise care. Methods Insulin sensitivity (SI) levels and variability are identified from retrospective clinical data for men and women. Data are divided using 6-h blocks to capture metabolic evolution over time. In total, 91 male and 54 female patient GC episodes of minimum 24 h are analysed. Hypothesis testing is used to determine whether differences are significant (P < 0.05), and equivalence testing is used to assess whether these differences can be considered equivalent at a clinical level. Data are assessed for the raw cohort and in 100 Monte Carlo simulations analyses where the number of men and women are equal. Results Demographic data between females and males were all similar, including GC outcomes (safety from hypoglycaemia and high (> 50%) time in target band). Females had consistently significantly lower SI levels than males, and this difference was not clinically equivalent. However, metabolic variability between sexes was never significantly different and always clinically equivalent. Thus, inter-patient variability was significantly different between males and females, but intra-patient variability was equivalent. Conclusion Given equivalent intra-patient variability and significantly greater insulin resistance, females can receive the same benefit from safe, effective GC as males, but may require higher insulin doses to achieve the same glycaemia. Clinical trials should consider sex differences in protocol design and outcome analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Uyttendaele
- GIGA-In silico Medicine,, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19, Bât. B5a, 4000, Liège, Belgium. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L Knopp
- GIGA-In silico Medicine,, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19, Bât. B5a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Gottlieb
- Medtronic Diabetes, 18000 Devonshire St, Northridge, CA, 91325, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Shaw
- Christchurch Hospital, Dept of Intensive Care, Christchurch, New Zealand and University of Otago, School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Desaive
- GIGA-In silico Medicine,, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19, Bât. B5a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Uyttendaele V, Chase JG, Knopp JL, Gottlieb R, Shaw GM, Desaive T. Insulin sensitivity in critically ill patients: are women more insulin resistant? Ann Intensive Care 2021. [PMID: 33475909 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-021-00807-7.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycaemic control (GC) in intensive care unit is challenging due to significant inter- and intra-patient variability, leading to increased risk of hypoglycaemia. Recent work showed higher insulin resistance in female preterm neonates. This study aims to determine if there are differences in inter- and intra-patient metabolic variability between sexes in adults, to gain in insight into any differences in metabolic response to injury. Any significant difference would suggest GC and randomised trial design should consider sex differences to personalise care. METHODS Insulin sensitivity (SI) levels and variability are identified from retrospective clinical data for men and women. Data are divided using 6-h blocks to capture metabolic evolution over time. In total, 91 male and 54 female patient GC episodes of minimum 24 h are analysed. Hypothesis testing is used to determine whether differences are significant (P < 0.05), and equivalence testing is used to assess whether these differences can be considered equivalent at a clinical level. Data are assessed for the raw cohort and in 100 Monte Carlo simulations analyses where the number of men and women are equal. RESULTS Demographic data between females and males were all similar, including GC outcomes (safety from hypoglycaemia and high (> 50%) time in target band). Females had consistently significantly lower SI levels than males, and this difference was not clinically equivalent. However, metabolic variability between sexes was never significantly different and always clinically equivalent. Thus, inter-patient variability was significantly different between males and females, but intra-patient variability was equivalent. CONCLUSION Given equivalent intra-patient variability and significantly greater insulin resistance, females can receive the same benefit from safe, effective GC as males, but may require higher insulin doses to achieve the same glycaemia. Clinical trials should consider sex differences in protocol design and outcome analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Uyttendaele
- GIGA-In silico Medicine,, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19, Bât. B5a, 4000, Liège, Belgium. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L Knopp
- GIGA-In silico Medicine,, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19, Bât. B5a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Gottlieb
- Medtronic Diabetes, 18000 Devonshire St, Northridge, CA, 91325, USA
| | - Geoffrey M Shaw
- Christchurch Hospital, Dept of Intensive Care, Christchurch, New Zealand and University of Otago, School of Medicine, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Desaive
- GIGA-In silico Medicine,, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19, Bât. B5a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
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Braithwaite SS, Barakat K, Idrees T, Qureshi F, Soetan OT. Algorithm Maxima for Intravenous Insulin Infusion. Diabetes Technol Ther 2020; 22:861-864. [PMID: 32915059 PMCID: PMC7698999 DOI: 10.1089/dia.2020.0343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan S. Braithwaite
- Presence Saint Joseph Hospital, Department of Medicine/Endocrinology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Tallhassee Memorial Healthcare, Department of Endocrinology, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Florida State University, College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
- Address correspondence to: Susan S. Braithwaite, MD, 4321 Preserve Lane, Tallahassee, FL 32317, USA
| | - Khalid Barakat
- Ascension via Christi St. Francis Hospital, Hospitalist–Sound Physicians, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Thaer Idrees
- Section of Endocrinology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Faisal Qureshi
- Section of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amita Saint Francis Hospital, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Amita Saint Joseph Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Parente JD, Chase JG, Moeller K, Shaw GM. Quantifying misclassification and bias errors due to hierarchical sepsis scores in real-time sepsis diagnosis. Biomed Signal Process Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abdul Razak A, Abu-Samah A, Abdul Razak NN, Jamaludin U, Suhaimi F, Ralib A, Mat Nor MB, Pretty C, Knopp JL, Chase JG. Assessment of Glycemic Control Protocol (STAR) Through Compliance Analysis Amongst Malaysian ICU Patients. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2020; 13:139-149. [PMID: 32607009 PMCID: PMC7282801 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s231856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This paper presents an assessment of an automated and personalized stochastic targeted (STAR) glycemic control protocol compliance in Malaysian intensive care unit (ICU) patients to ensure an optimized usage. Patients and Methods STAR proposes 1–3 hours treatment based on individual insulin sensitivity variation and history of blood glucose, insulin, and nutrition. A total of 136 patients recorded data from STAR pilot trial in Malaysia (2017–quarter of 2019*) were used in the study to identify the gap between chosen administered insulin and nutrition intervention as recommended by STAR, and the real intervention performed. Results The results show the percentage of insulin compliance increased from 2017 to first quarter of 2019* and fluctuated in feed administrations. Overall compliance amounted to 98.8% and 97.7% for administered insulin and feed, respectively. There was higher average of 17 blood glucose measurements per day than in other centres that have been using STAR, but longer intervals were selected when recommended. Control safety and performance were similar for all periods showing no obvious correlation to compliance. Conclusion The results indicate that STAR, an automated model-based protocol is positively accepted among the Malaysian ICU clinicians to automate glycemic control and the usage can be extended to other hospitals already. Performance could be improved with several propositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Asma Abu-Samah
- Department of Electrical, Electronics and Systems, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia
| | | | - Ummu Jamaludin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Fatanah Suhaimi
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Azrina Ralib
- Department of Anesthesiology, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basri Mat Nor
- Intensive Care Unit, International Islamic University Medical Centre, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Christopher Pretty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer Laura Knopp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - James Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Sun Q, Zhou C, Chase JG. Parameter updating of a patient-specific lung mechanics model for optimising mechanical ventilation. Biomed Signal Process Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.102003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Davidson SM, Uyttendaele V, Pretty CG, Knopp JL, Desaive T, Chase JG. Virtual patient trials of a multi-input stochastic model for tight glycaemic control using insulin sensitivity and blood glucose data. Biomed Signal Process Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2020.101896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Parente JD, Chase JG, Möller K, Shaw GM. Kernel density estimates for sepsis classification. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2020; 188:105295. [PMID: 31918193 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe sepsis is a leading cause of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of stay, mortality, and cost. systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and organ failure due to infection define it, but also make it hard to diagnose. Early diagnosis reduces morbidity, mortality and cost, and diagnosis is often significantly delayed due to a lack of effective biomarkers. This research employs kernel density estimation (KDE) methods fusing a personalized, model-based insulin sensitivity (SI) metric with standard bedside measures of: temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and SIRS, as these measures are available hourly or more frequently. METHODS Model-based SI is a derived metric, identified using clinical data and a clinically validated metabolic model. The KDE classifier discriminates severe sepsis and septic shock from moderate sepsis using accepted consensus sepsis scores. A best case in-sample estimate, a worst case independent cross validation estimate, and an accepted .632 bootstrap estimate are calculated to assess performance using multi-level likelihood ratios, and sensitivity and specificity. Performance is assessed against clinically and statistically defined thresholds denoted for the minimum acceptable level as: "high accuracy, often providing useful information, and clinical significance," and similar definitions for greater or lesser quality. RESULTS The .632 bootstrap estimate performs near clinically defined levels of high accuracy, often providing useful information, and clinical significance based on sensitivity, specificity, and multilevel likelihood ratios. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE The classifier created and this overall approach is useful for clinical decision making in diagnosing severe sepsis and septic shock in real time, for both case and control hours. However, improvements could be made with larger clinical data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn Dawn Parente
- Institute of Technical Medicine, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Centre of Bioengineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Knut Möller
- Institute of Technical Medicine, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany.
| | - Geoffrey M Shaw
- Intensive Care Unit, Canterbury District Health Board, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Uyttendaele V, Knopp JL, Shaw GM, Desaive T, Chase JG. Risk and reward: extending stochastic glycaemic control intervals to reduce workload. Biomed Eng Online 2020; 19:26. [PMID: 32349750 PMCID: PMC7191799 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-020-00771-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background STAR is a model-based, personalised, risk-based dosing approach for glycaemic control (GC) in critically ill patients. STAR provides safe, effective control to nearly all patients, using 1–3 hourly measurement and intervention intervals. However, the average 11–12 measurements per day required can be a clinical burden in many intensive care units. This study aims to significantly reduce workload by extending STAR 1–3 hourly intervals to 1 to 4-, 5-, and 6-hourly intervals, and evaluate the impact of these longer intervals on GC safety and efficacy, using validated in silico virtual patients and trials methods. A Standard STAR approach was used which allowed more hyperglycaemia over extended intervals, and a STAR Upper Limit Controlled approach limited nutrition to mitigate hyperglycaemia over longer intervention intervals. Results Extending STAR from 1–3 hourly to 1–6 hourly provided high safety and efficacy for nearly all patients in both approaches. For STAR Standard, virtual trial results showed lower % blood glucose (BG) in the safe 4.4–8.0 mmol/L target band (from 83 to 80%) as treatment intervals increased. Longer intervals resulted in increased risks of hyper- (15% to 18% BG > 8.0 mmol/L) and hypo- (2.1% to 2.8% of patients with min. BG < 2.2 mmol/L) glycaemia. These results were achieved with slightly reduced insulin (3.2 [2.0 5.0] to 2.5 [1.5 3.0] U/h) and nutrition (100 [85 100] to 90 [75 100] % goal feed) rates, but most importantly, with significantly reduced workload (12 to 8 measurements per day). The STAR Upper Limit Controlled approach mitigated hyperglycaemia and had lower insulin and significantly lower nutrition administration rates. Conclusions The modest increased risk of hyper- and hypo-glycaemia, and the reduction in nutrition delivery associated with longer treatment intervals represent a significant risk and reward trade-off in GC. However, STAR still provided highly safe, effective control for nearly all patients regardless of treatment intervals and approach, showing this unique risk-based dosing approach, modulating both insulin and nutrition, to be robust in its design. Clinical pilot trials using STAR with different measurement timeframes should be undertaken to confirm these results clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Uyttendaele
- GIGA-In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Allée Du 6 Août 19, Bât. B5a, 4000, Liège, Belgium. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Jennifer L Knopp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M Shaw
- Dept of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.,School of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Desaive
- GIGA-In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Allée Du 6 Août 19, Bât. B5a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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Abstract
Hyperglycemia is a common phenomenon in critically ill patients, even in those without diabetes. Two landmark studies established the benefits of tight glucose control (blood glucose target 80-110 mg/dL) in surgical and medical patients. Since then, literature has consistently demonstrated that both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia are independently associated with increased morbidity and mortality in a variety of critically ill patients. However, tight glycemic control has subsequently come into question due to risks of hypoglycemia and increased mortality. More recently, strategies targeting euglycemia (blood glucose ≤180 mg/dL) have been associated with improved outcomes, although the risk of hypoglycemia remains. More complex targets (ie, glycemic variability and time within target glucose range) and the impact of individual patient characteristics (ie, diabetic status and prehospital glucose control) have more recently been shown to influence the relationship between glycemic control and outcomes in critically ill patients. Although our understanding has increased, the optimal glycemic target is still unclear and glucose management strategies may require adjustment for individual patient characteristics. As glucose management increases in complexity, we realize that traditional means of using meters and strips and paper insulin titration algorithms are potential limitations to our success. To achieve these complex goals for glycemic control, the use of continuous or near-continuous glucose monitoring combined with computerized insulin titration algorithms may be required. The purpose of this review is to discuss the evidence surrounding the various domains of glycemic control and the emerging data supporting the need for individualized glucose targets in critically ill patients.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the advances in literature that support the best current practices regarding glucose control in the critically ill. RECENT FINDINGS There are differences between patients with and without diabetes regarding the relationship of glucose metrics during acute illness to mortality. Among patients with diabetes, an assessment of preadmission glycemia, using measurement of Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c) informs the choice of glucose targets. For patients without diabetes and for patients with low HgbA1c levels, increasing mean glycemia during critical illness is independently associated with increasing risk of mortality. For patients with poor preadmission glucose control the appropriate blood glucose target has not yet been established. New metrics, including stress hyperglycemia ratio and glycemic gap, have been developed to describe the relationship between acute and chronic glycemia. SUMMARY A 'personalized' approach to glycemic control in the critically ill, with recognition of preadmission glycemia, is supported by an emerging literature and is suitable for testing in future interventional trials.
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Davidson S, Pretty C, Uyttendaele V, Knopp J, Desaive T, Chase JG. Multi-input stochastic prediction of insulin sensitivity for tight glycaemic control using insulin sensitivity and blood glucose data. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 182:105043. [PMID: 31470221 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2019.105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycaemic control in the intensive care unit is dependent on effective prediction of patient insulin sensitivity (SI). The stochastic targeted (STAR) controller uses a 2D stochastic model for prediction, with current SI as an input and future SI as an output. METHODS This paper develops an extension of the STAR 2D stochastic model into 3D by adding blood glucose (G) as an input. The performance of the 2D and 3D stochastic models is compared over a retrospective cohort of 65,269 data points across 1525 patients. RESULTS Under five-fold cross-validation, the 3D model was found to better match the expected potion of data points within, above and below various credible intervals, suggesting it provided a better representation of the underlying probability field. The 3D model was also found to provide an 18.1% narrower 90% credible interval on average, and a narrower 90% credible interval in 96.4% of cases, suggesting it provided more accurate predictions of future SI. Additionally, the 3D stochastic model was found to avoid the undesirable tendency of the 2D model to overestimate SI for patients with high G, and underestimate SI for patients with low G. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the 3D stochastic model is shown to provide clear potential benefits over the 2D model for minimal clinical cost or effort, though further exploration into whether these improvements in SI prediction translate into improved clinical outcomes is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Davidson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Upper Riccarton, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Chris Pretty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Upper Riccarton, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | | | - Jennifer Knopp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Upper Riccarton, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Desaive
- GIGA-Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Upper Riccarton, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
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21
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3D kernel-density stochastic model for more personalized glycaemic control: development and in-silico validation. Biomed Eng Online 2019; 18:102. [PMID: 31640720 PMCID: PMC6805453 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-019-0720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The challenges of glycaemic control in critically ill patients have been debated for 20 years. While glycaemic control shows benefits inter- and intra-patient metabolic variability results in increased hypoglycaemia and glycaemic variability, both increasing morbidity and mortality. Hence, current recommendations for glycaemic control target higher glycaemic ranges, guided by the fear of harm. Lately, studies have proven the ability to provide safe, effective control for lower, normoglycaemic, ranges, using model-based computerised methods. Such methods usually identify patient-specific physiological parameters to personalize titration of insulin and/or nutrition. The Stochastic-Targeted (STAR) glycaemic control framework uses patient-specific insulin sensitivity and a stochastic model of its future variability to directly account for both inter- and intra-patient variability in a risk-based insulin-dosing approach. Results In this study, a more personalized and specific 3D version of the stochastic model used in STAR is compared to the current 2D stochastic model, both built using kernel-density estimation methods. Fivefold cross validation on 681 retrospective patient glycaemic control episodes, totalling over 65,000 h of control, is used to determine whether the 3D model better captures metabolic variability, and the potential gain in glycaemic outcome is assessed using validated virtual trials. Results show that the 3D stochastic model has similar forward predictive power, but provides significantly tighter, more patient-specific, prediction ranges, showing the 2D model over-conservative > 70% of the time. Virtual trial results show that overall glycaemic safety and performance are similar, but the 3D stochastic model reduced median blood glucose levels (6.3 [5.7, 7.0] vs. 6.2 [5.6, 6.9]) with a higher 61% vs. 56% of blood glucose within the 4.4–6.5 mmol/L range. Conclusions This improved performance is achieved with higher insulin rates and higher carbohydrate intake, but no loss in safety from hypoglycaemia. Thus, the 3D stochastic model developed better characterises patient-specific future insulin sensitivity dynamics, resulting in improved simulated glycaemic outcomes and a greater level of personalization in control. The results justify inclusion into ongoing clinical use of STAR.
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Sun Y, Lin Y, Sun W, Han R, Luo C, Wang X, Wei Q. A highly selective and sensitive detection of insulin with chemiluminescence biosensor based on aptamer and oligonucleotide-AuNPs functionalized nanosilica @ graphene oxide aerogel. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1089:152-164. [PMID: 31627812 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel, highly selective and sensitive chemiluminescence (CL) biosensor for insulin (INS) detection was proposed based on aptamer and oligonucleotide-gold nanoparticles functionalized nanosilica @ graphene oxide aerogel. Initially, nanosilica functionalized graphene oxide aerogel (SiO2@GOAG) was successfully prepared and the composite showed rich pore distribution, large specific surface area and good biocompatibility. Insulin aptamer (IGA3) was used as a biorecognition element and oligonucleotide functionalized gold nanoparticles (ssDNA-AuNPs) was used as CL signal amplification materials, which were functionalized on the surface of SiO2@GOAG. The multi-functionalized composite - ssDNA-AuNPs/IGA3/SiO2@ GOAG was obtained and used to construct the CL biosensor for insulin detection. When insulin is present in a sample, the insulin will bind to the IGA3, which will result in the release of ssDNA-AuNPs. The released ssDNA-AuNPs would catalyze the luminescence of luminol and H2O2. The linear range of the CL biosensor for insulin detection was 7.5 × 10-12 to 5.0 × 10-9 moL/L and the detection limit was 1.6 × 10-12 moL/L (S/N = 3). The selectivity and stability of the CL biosensor were also studied and the results showed that the biosensor exhibited high selectivity and good stability due to the introduction of ssDNA-AuNPs/IGA3/SiO2@GOAG. The CL biosensor was finally used for recombinant human insulin detection in recombinant human insulin injection and the results were satisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Yanna Lin
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Weiyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Rui Han
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - Chuannan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
| | - Xueying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China.
| | - Qin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Reaction & Sensing Analysis in Universities of Shandong, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
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Abu-Samah A, Knopp JL, Abdul Razak NN, Razak AA, Jamaludin UK, Mohamad Suhaimi F, Md Ralib A, Mat Nor MB, Chase JG, Pretty CG. Model-based glycemic control in a Malaysian intensive care unit: performance and safety study. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2019; 12:215-226. [PMID: 31239792 PMCID: PMC6551612 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s187840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Stress-induced hyperglycemia is common in critically ill patients. A few forms of model-based glycemic control have been introduced to reduce this phenomena and among them is the automated STAR protocol which has been used in the Christchurch and Gyulá hospitals' intensive care units (ICUs) since 2010. Methods: This article presents the pilot trial assessment of STAR protocol which has been implemented in the International Islamic University Malaysia Medical Centre (IIUMMC) Hospital ICU since December 2017. One hundred and forty-two patients who received STAR treatment for more than 20 hours were used in the assessment. The initial results are presented to discuss the ability to adopt and adapt the model-based control framework in a Malaysian environment by analyzing its performance and safety. Results: Overall, 60.7% of blood glucose measurements were in the target band. Only 0.78% and 0.02% of cohort measurements were below 4.0 mmol/L and 2.2 mmol/L (the limitsfor mild and severe hypoglycemia, respectively). Treatment preference-wise, the clinical staff were favorable of longer intervention options when available. However, 1 hourly treatments were still used in 73.7% of cases. Conclusion: The protocol succeeded in achieving patient-specific glycemic control while maintaining safety and was trusted by nurses to reduce workload. Its lower performance results, however, give the indication for modification in some of the control settings to better fit the Malaysian environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Abu-Samah
- Institute of Energy Infrastructure, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia
| | - Jennifer Launa Knopp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
| | | | | | | | | | - Azrina Md Ralib
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Kepala Batas, 13200, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basri Mat Nor
- Kulliyah of Medicine, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, 25200, Malaysia
| | - James Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8041, New Zealand
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Morton SE, Knopp JL, Chase JG, Docherty P, Howe SL, Möller K, Shaw GM, Tawhai M. Optimising mechanical ventilation through model-based methods and automation. ANNUAL REVIEWS IN CONTROL 2019; 48:369-382. [PMID: 36911536 PMCID: PMC9985488 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcontrol.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a core life-support therapy for patients suffering from respiratory failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Respiratory failure is a secondary outcome of a range of injuries and diseases, and results in almost half of all intensive care unit (ICU) patients receiving some form of MV. Funding the increasing demand for ICU is a major issue and MV, in particular, can double the cost per day due to significant patient variability, over-sedation, and the large amount of clinician time required for patient management. Reducing cost in this area requires both a decrease in the average duration of MV by improving care, and a reduction in clinical workload. Both could be achieved by safely automating all or part of MV care via model-based dynamic systems modelling and control methods are ideally suited to address these problems. This paper presents common lung models, and provides a vision for a more automated future and explores predictive capacity of some current models. This vision includes the use of model-based methods to gain real-time insight to patient condition, improve safety through the forward prediction of outcomes to changes in MV, and develop virtual patients for in-silico design and testing of clinical protocols. Finally, the use of dynamic systems models and system identification to guide therapy for improved personalised control of oxygenation and MV therapy in the ICU will be considered. Such methods are a major part of the future of medicine, which includes greater personalisation and predictive capacity to both optimise care and reduce costs. This review thus presents the state of the art in how dynamic systems and control methods can be applied to transform this core area of ICU medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Morton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer L Knopp
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Paul Docherty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Sarah L Howe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Knut Möller
- Institute of Technical Medicine, Furtwangen University, Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Geoffrey M Shaw
- Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Merryn Tawhai
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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25
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Fernández-Méndez R, Rodríguez-Villar S, Méndez PF, Windle R, Adams GG. Methodology for the analysis and comparison of protocols for glycaemic control in intensive care. J Eval Clin Pract 2019; 25:251-259. [PMID: 30311352 DOI: 10.1111/jep.13047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE, AIMS, AND OBJECTIVES The practice of glycaemic control of critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) is guided by clinical management protocols, designed locally by the ICUs. These protocols differ significantly in their aims and methods. The aim of this study was to develop a standardized methodology for the systematic and objective analysis and comparison of protocols for glycaemic control implemented in any ICU. METHOD The protocols for glycaemic control implemented in seven ICUs of a UK-based ICU network were analysed using techniques of inductive content analysis, through an open coding process and the framework method. This involved the identification and classification of protocol instructions for glycaemic control, as well as of the processes and decisions pertaining to each of these instructions. These were used to develop a framework for the structured and systematic description and comparison of the protocols' contents, and to develop a technique for the protocols' graphic visualization. RESULTS The following elements were identified or developed: (1) 35 quantifiable variables and 11 non-quantifiable subjects that could be present in an ICU protocol for glycaemic control, to be used as a framework for the description and comparison of contents; (2) a technique for condensing a protocol into a single, comprehensive flowchart; (3) using these flowcharts, a method for assessing the complexity and comprehensiveness of the protocols. CONCLUSIONS The methodology developed in this study will allow for any future work analysing the contents of glycaemic control protocols to be carried out in a structured and standardized way. This may be done either as a standalone study, or as the essential first step in any investigation on the impact of new protocols. In turn, the methodology will facilitate the performance of regional, national, and international comparisons, demonstrating the usefulness of this study at a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Fernández-Méndez
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School (West Block), NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Pablo F Méndez
- Department of Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Seville, Spain
| | - Richard Windle
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School (West Block), NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gary George Adams
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School (West Block), NG7 2RD, Nottingham, UK
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Fernández-Méndez R, Harvey DJR, Windle R, Adams GG. The practice of glycaemic control in intensive care units: A multicentre survey of nursing and medical professionals. J Clin Nurs 2019; 28:2088-2100. [PMID: 30653767 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To determine the views of nurses and physicians working in intensive care units (ICU) about the aims of glycaemic control and use of their protocols. BACKGROUND Evidence about the optimal aims and methods for glycaemic control in ICU is controversial, and current local protocols guiding practice differ between ICUs, both nationally and internationally. The views of professionals on glycaemic control can influence their practice. DESIGN Cross-sectional, multicentre, survey-based study. METHODS An online short survey was sent to all physicians and nurses of seven ICUs, including questions on effective glycaemic control, treatment of hypoglycaemia and deviations from protocols' instructions. STROBE reporting guidelines were followed. RESULTS Over half of the 40 respondents opined that a patient spending <75% admission time within the target glycaemic levels constituted poor glycaemic control. Professionals with more than 5 years of experience were more likely to rate a patient spending 50%-74% admission time within target glycaemic levels as poor than less experienced colleagues. Physicians were more likely to rate a patient spending <50% admission time within target as poor than nurses. There was general agreement on how professionals would rate most deviations from their protocols. Nurses were more likely to rate insulin infusions restarted late and incorrect dosage of rescue glucose as major deviations than physicians. Most professionals agreed on when they would treat hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSIONS When surveyed on various aspects of glycaemic control, ICU nurses and physicians often agreed, although there were certain areas of disagreement, in which their profession and level of experience seemed to play a role. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE Differing views on glycaemic control amongst professionals may affect their practice and, thus, could lead to health inequalities. Clinical leads and the multidisciplinary ICU team should assess and, if necessary, address these differing opinions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Richard Windle
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gary George Adams
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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27
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Abstract
Good glucose management through an insulin dose regime based on the metabolism of glucose helps millions of people worldwide manage their diabetes. Since Banting and Best extracted insulin, glucose management has improved due to the introduction of insulin analogues that act from 30 minutes to 28 days, improved insulin dose regimes, and portable glucose meters, with a current focus on alternative sampling sites that are less invasive. However, a piece of the puzzle is still missing-the ability to measure insulin directly in a Point-of-Care device. The ability to measure both glucose and insulin concurrently will enable better glucose control by providing an improved estimate for insulin sensitivity, minimizing variability in control, and maximizing safety from hypoglycaemia. However, direct detection of free insulin has provided a challenge due to the size of the molecule, the low concentration of insulin in blood, and the selectivity against interferants in blood. This review summarizes current insulin detection methods from immunoassays to analytical chemistry, and sensors. We also discuss the challenges and potential of each of the methods towards Point-of-Care insulin detection.
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28
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Stewart KW, Chase JG, Pretty CG, Shaw GM. Nutrition delivery, workload and performance in a model-based ICU glycaemic control system. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 166:9-18. [PMID: 30415721 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hyperglycaemia is commonplace in the adult intensive care unit (ICU), and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Effective glycaemic control (GC) can reduce morbidity and mortality, but has proven difficult. STAR is a model-based GC protocol that uniquely maintains normoglycaemia by changing both insulin and nutrition interventions, and has been proven effective in controlling blood glucose (BG) in the ICU. However, most ICU GC protocols only change insulin interventions, making the variable nutrition aspect of STAR less clinically desirable. This paper compares the performance of STAR modulating only insulin, with three simpler alternative nutrition protocols in clinically evaluated virtual trials. METHODS Alternative nutrition protocols are fixed nutrition rate (100% caloric goal), CB (Cahill et al. best) stepped nutrition rate (60%, 80% and 100% caloric goal for the first 3 days of GC, and 100% thereafter) and SLQ (STAR lower quartile) stepped nutrition rate (65%, 75% and 85% caloric goal for the first 3 days of GC, and 85% thereafter). Each nutrition protocol is simulated with the STAR insulin protocol on a 221 patient virtual cohort, and GC performance, safety and total intervention workload are assessed. RESULTS All alternative nutrition protocols considerably reduced total intervention workload (14.6-19.8%) due to reduced numbers of nutrition changes. However, only the stepped nutrition protocols achieved similar GC performance to the current variable nutrition protocol. Of the two stepped nutrition protocols, the SLQ nutrition protocol also improved GC safety, almost halving the number of severe hypoglycaemic cases (5 vs. 9, P = 0.42). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the SLQ nutrition protocol was the best alternative to the current variable nutrition protocol, but either stepped nutrition protocol could be adapted by STAR to reduce workload and make it more clinically acceptable, while maintaining its proven performance and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Stewart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Christopher G Pretty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Geoffrey M Shaw
- Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Stoudt K, Chawla S. Don't Sugar Coat It: Glycemic Control in the Intensive Care Unit. J Intensive Care Med 2018; 34:889-896. [PMID: 30309291 DOI: 10.1177/0885066618801748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress hyperglycemia is the transient increase in blood glucose as a result of complex hormonal changes that occur during critical illness. It has been described in the critically ill for nearly 200 years; patient harm, including increases in morbidity, mortality, and lengths of stay, has been associated with hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, and glucose variability. However, there remains a contentious debate regarding the optimal glucose ranges for this population, most notably within the past 15 years. Recent landmark clinical trials have dramatically changed the treatment of stress hyperglycemia in the intensive care unit (ICU). Earlier studies suggested that tight glucose control improved both morbidity and mortality for ICU patients, but later studies have suggested potential harm related to the development of hypoglycemia. Multiple trials have tried to elucidate potential glucose target ranges for special patient populations, including those with diabetes, trauma, sepsis, cardiac surgery, and brain injuries, but there remains conflicting evidence for most of these subpopulations. Currently, most international organizations recommend targeting moderate blood glucose concentration to levels <180 mg/dL for all patients in the intensive care unit. In this review, the history of stress hyperglycemia and its treatment will be discussed including optimal glucose target ranges, devices for monitoring blood glucose, and current professional organizations' recommendations regarding glucose control in the ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Stoudt
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Critical Care Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA
| | - Sanjay Chawla
- Department of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Critical Care Medicine Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigates blood glucose (BG) measurement interpolation techniques to represent intermediate BG dynamics, and the effect resampling of retrospective BG data has on key glycemic control (GC) performance results. GC protocols in the ICU have varying BG measurement intervals ranging from 0.5 to 4 hours. Sparse data pose problems, particularly in comparing GC performance or model fitting, and thus interpolation is required. METHODS Retrospective data from SPRINT in Christchurch Hospital Intensive Care Unit (ICU) (2005-2007) were used to analyze several interpolation techniques. Piecewise linear, spline, and cubic interpolation functions, which force interpolation through measured data, as well as 1st and 2nd Order B-spline basis functions, are used to identify the interpolated trace. Dense data were thinned to increase sparsity and obtain measurements (Hidden Measurements) for comparison after interpolation. Performance is assessed based on error in capturing hidden measurements. Finally, the effect of minutely versus hourly sampling of the interpolated trace on key GC performance statistics was investigated using retrospective data received from STAR GC in Christchurch Hospital ICU, New Zealand (2011-2015). RESULTS All of the piecewise functions performed considerably better than the fitted interpolation functions. Linear piecewise interpolation performed the best having a mean RMSE 0.39 mmol/L, within 2 standard deviations of the BG sensor error. Minutely sampled BG resulted in significantly different key GC performance values when compared to raw sparse BG measurements. CONCLUSION Linear piecewise interpolation provides the best estimate of intermediate BG dynamics and all analyses comparing GC protocol performance should use minutely linearly interpolated BG data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W. Stewart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher G. Pretty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M. Shaw
- Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J. Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Uyttendaele V, Knopp JL, Stewart KW, Desaive T, Benyó B, Szabó-Némedi N, Illyés A, Shaw GM, Chase JG. A 3D insulin sensitivity prediction model enables more patient-specific prediction and model-based glycaemic control. Biomed Signal Process Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Chase JG, Desaive T, Bohe J, Cnop M, De Block C, Gunst J, Hovorka R, Kalfon P, Krinsley J, Renard E, Preiser JC. Improving glycemic control in critically ill patients: personalized care to mimic the endocrine pancreas. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2018; 22:182. [PMID: 30071851 PMCID: PMC6091026 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable physiological and clinical evidence of harm and increased risk of death associated with dysglycemia in critical care. However, glycemic control (GC) currently leads to increased hypoglycemia, independently associated with a greater risk of death. Indeed, recent evidence suggests GC is difficult to safely and effectively achieve for all patients. In this review, leading experts in the field discuss this evidence and relevant data in diabetology, including the artificial pancreas, and suggest how safe, effective GC can be achieved in critically ill patients in ways seeking to mimic normal islet cell function. The review is structured around the specific clinical hurdles of: understanding the patient’s metabolic state; designing GC to fit clinical practice, safety, efficacy, and workload; and the need for standardized metrics. These aspects are addressed by reviewing relevant recent advances in science and technology. Finally, we provide a set of concise recommendations to advance the safety, quality, consistency, and clinical uptake of GC in critical care. This review thus presents a roadmap toward better, more personalized metabolic care and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Desaive
- GIGA In-Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Julien Bohe
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Lyon-Sud University Hospital, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, and Division of Endocrinology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Christophe De Block
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Jan Gunst
- Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roman Hovorka
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Level 4, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Kalfon
- Service de Réanimation polyvalente, Hôpital Louis Pasteur, CH de Chartres, Chartres, France
| | - James Krinsley
- Division of Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Stamford Hospital, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Stamford, CT, USA
| | - Eric Renard
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Nutrition, and Institute of Functional Genomics, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier University Hospital, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Charles Preiser
- Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, route de Lennik 808, 1070, Brussels, Belgium.
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Jamaludin UK, M Suhaimi F, Abdul Razak NN, Md Ralib A, Mat Nor MB, Pretty CG, Humaidi L. Performance of Stochastic Targeted Blood Glucose Control Protocol by virtual trials in the Malaysian intensive care unit. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2018; 162:149-155. [PMID: 29903481 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Blood glucose variability is common in healthcare and it is not related or influenced by diabetes mellitus. To minimise the risk of high blood glucose in critically ill patients, Stochastic Targeted Blood Glucose Control Protocol is used in intensive care unit at hospitals worldwide. Thus, this study focuses on the performance of stochastic modelling protocol in comparison to the current blood glucose management protocols in the Malaysian intensive care unit. Also, this study is to assess the effectiveness of Stochastic Targeted Blood Glucose Control Protocol when it is applied to a cohort of diabetic patients. METHODS Retrospective data from 210 patients were obtained from a general hospital in Malaysia from May 2014 until June 2015, where 123 patients were having comorbid diabetes mellitus. The comparison of blood glucose control protocol performance between both protocol simulations was conducted through blood glucose fitted with physiological modelling on top of virtual trial simulations, mean calculation of simulation error and several graphical comparisons using stochastic modelling. RESULTS Stochastic Targeted Blood Glucose Control Protocol reduces hyperglycaemia by 16% in diabetic and 9% in nondiabetic cohorts. The protocol helps to control blood glucose level in the targeted range of 4.0-10.0 mmol/L for 71.8% in diabetic and 82.7% in nondiabetic cohorts, besides minimising the treatment hour up to 71 h for 123 diabetic patients and 39 h for 87 nondiabetic patients. CONCLUSION It is concluded that Stochastic Targeted Blood Glucose Control Protocol is good in reducing hyperglycaemia as compared to the current blood glucose management protocol in the Malaysian intensive care unit. Hence, the current Malaysian intensive care unit protocols need to be modified to enhance their performance, especially in the integration of insulin and nutrition intervention in decreasing the hyperglycaemia incidences. Improvement in Stochastic Targeted Blood Glucose Control Protocol in terms of uen model is also a must to adapt with the diabetic cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummu K Jamaludin
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Fatanah M Suhaimi
- Universiti Sains Malaysia, Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, 13200 Bertam, Kepala Batas, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Normy Norfiza Abdul Razak
- Universiti Tenaga Nasional, College of Engineering, Putrajaya Campus, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azrina Md Ralib
- International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuliyyah of Medicine, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Basri Mat Nor
- International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuliyyah of Medicine, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Christopher G Pretty
- University of Canterbury, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Luqman Humaidi
- Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, 26600 Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
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Stewart KW, Pretty CG, Shaw GM, Chase JG. Creating smooth SI. B-spline basis function representations of insulin sensitivity. Biomed Signal Process Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Doola R, Todd AS, Forbes JM, Deane AM, Presneill JJ, Sturgess DJ. Diabetes-Specific Formulae Versus Standard Formulae as Enteral Nutrition to Treat Hyperglycemia in Critically Ill Patients: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Feasibility Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2018; 7:e90. [PMID: 29631990 PMCID: PMC5913570 DOI: 10.2196/resprot.9374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During critical illness, hyperglycemia is prevalent and is associated with adverse outcomes. While treating hyperglycemia with insulin reduces morbidity and mortality, it increases glycemic variability and hypoglycemia risk, both of which have been associated with an increase in mortality. Therefore, other interventions which improve glycemic control, without these complications should be explored. Nutrition forms part of standard care, but the carbohydrate load of these formulations has the potential to exacerbate hyperglycemia. Specific diabetic-formulae with a lesser proportion of carbohydrate are available, and these formulae are postulated to limit glycemic excursions and reduce patients’ requirements for exogenous insulin. Objective The primary outcome of this prospective, blinded, single center, randomized controlled trial is to determine whether a diabetes-specific formula reduces exogenous insulin administration. Key secondary outcomes include the feasibility of study processes as well as glycemic variability. Methods Critically ill patients will be eligible if insulin is administered whilst receiving exclusively liquid enteral nutrition. Participants will be randomized to receive a control formula, or a diabetes-specific, low glycemic index, low in carbohydrate study formula. Additionally, a third group of patients will receive a second diabetes-specific, low glycemic index study formula, as part of a sub-study to evaluate its effect on biomarkers. This intervention group (n=12) will form part of recruitment to a nested cohort study with blood and urine samples collected at randomization and 48 hours later for the first 12 participants in each group with a secondary objective of exploring the metabolic implications of a change in nutrition formula. Data on relevant medication and infusions, nutrition provision and glucose control will be collected to a maximum of 48 hours post randomization. Baseline patient characteristics and anthropometric measures will be recorded. A 28-day phone follow-up will explore weight and appetite changes as well as blood glucose control pre and post intensive care unit (ICU) discharge. Results Recruitment commenced in February 2015 with an estimated completion date for data collection by May 2018. Results are expected to be available late 2018. Conclusions This feasibility study of the effect of diabetes-specific formulae on the administration of insulin in critically ill patients and will inform the design of a larger, multi-center trial. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (ANZCTR):12614000166673; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?ACTRN=12614000166673 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6xs0phrVu)
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Affiliation(s)
- Ra'eesa Doola
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mater Health Services, South Brisbane, Australia.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Alwyn S Todd
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Josephine M Forbes
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Glycation and Diabetes Group, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Adam M Deane
- Department of Intensive Care, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey J Presneill
- Department of Intensive Care, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David J Sturgess
- Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Department of Anaesthesia, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Braithwaite SS, Clark LP, Idrees T, Qureshi F, Soetan OT. Hypoglycemia Prevention by Algorithm Design During Intravenous Insulin Infusion. Curr Diab Rep 2018; 18:26. [PMID: 29582176 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-018-0994-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review examines algorithm design features that may reduce risk for hypoglycemia while preserving glycemic control during intravenous insulin infusion. We focus principally upon algorithms in which the assignment of the insulin infusion rate (IR) depends upon maintenance rate of insulin infusion (MR) or a multiplier. RECENT FINDINGS Design features that may mitigate risk for hypoglycemia include use of a mid-protocol bolus feature and establishment of a low BG threshold for temporary interruption of infusion. Computer-guided dosing may improve target attainment without exacerbating risk for hypoglycemia. Column assignment (MR) within a tabular user-interpreted algorithm or multiplier may be specified initially according to patient characteristics and medical condition with revision during treatment based on patient response. We hypothesize that a strictly increasing sigmoidal relationship between MR-dependent IR and BG may reduce risk for hypoglycemia, in comparison to a linear relationship between multiplier-dependent IR and BG. Guidelines are needed that curb excessive up-titration of MR and recommend periodic pre-emptive trials of MR reduction. Future research should foster development of recommendations for "protocol maxima" of IR appropriate to patient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Shapiro Braithwaite
- , 1135 Ridge Road, Wilmette, IL, 60091, USA.
- Endocrinology Consults and Care, S.C, 3048 West Peterson Ave, Chicago, IL, 60659, USA.
| | - Lisa P Clark
- Presence Saint Francis Hospital, 355 Ridge Ave, Evanston, IL, 60202, USA
| | - Thaer Idrees
- Presence Saint Joseph Hospital, 2900 N. Lakeshore Dr, Chicago, IL, 60657, USA
| | - Faisal Qureshi
- Presence Saint Joseph Hospital, 2800 N Sheridan Road Suite 309, Chicago, IL, 60657, USA
| | - Oluwakemi T Soetan
- Presence Saint Joseph Hospital, 2900 N. Lakeshore Dr, Chicago, IL, 60657, USA
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Stewart KW, Chase JG, Pretty CG, Shaw GM. Nutrition delivery of a model-based ICU glycaemic control system. Ann Intensive Care 2018; 8:4. [PMID: 29330610 PMCID: PMC5768573 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-017-0351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycaemia is commonplace in the adult intensive care unit (ICU), associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Effective glycaemic control (GC) can reduce morbidity and mortality, but has proven difficult. STAR is a proven, effective model-based ICU GC protocol that uniquely maintains normo-glycaemia by changing both insulin and nutrition interventions to maximise nutrition in the context of GC in the 4.4-8.0 mmol/L range. Hence, the level of nutrition it provides is a time-varying estimate of the patient-specific ability to take up glucose. METHODS First, the clinical provision of nutrition by STAR in Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand (N = 221 Patients) is evaluated versus other ICUs, based on the Cahill et al. survey of 158 ICUs. Second, the inter- and intra- patient variation of nutrition delivery with STAR is analysed. Nutrition rates are in terms of percentage of caloric goal achieved. RESULTS Mean nutrition rates clinically achieved by STAR were significantly higher than the mean and best ICU surveyed, for the first 3 days of ICU stay. There was large inter-patient variation in nutrition rates achieved per day, which reduced overtime as patient-specific metabolic state stabilised. Median intra-patient variation was 12.9%; however, the interquartile range of the mean per-patient nutrition rates achieved was 74.3-98.2%, suggesting patients do not deviate much from their mean patient-specific nutrition rate. Thus, the ability to tolerate glucose intake varies significantly between, rather than within, patients. CONCLUSIONS Overall, STAR's protocol-driven changes in nutrition rate provide higher nutrition rates to hyperglycaemic patients than those of 158 ICUs from 20 countries. There is significant inter-patient variability between patients to tolerate and uptake glucose, where intra-patient variability over stay is much lower. Thus, a best nutrition rate is likely patient specific for patients requiring GC. More importantly, these overall outcomes show high nutrition delivery and safe, effective GC are not exclusive and that restricting nutrition for GC does not limit overall nutritional intake compared to other ICUs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W. Stewart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - J. Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Christopher G. Pretty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140 New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M. Shaw
- Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Zhou T, Dickson JL, Geoffrey Chase J. Autoregressive Modeling of Drift and Random Error to Characterize a Continuous Intravascular Glucose Monitoring Sensor. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2018; 12:90-104. [PMID: 28707484 PMCID: PMC5761979 DOI: 10.1177/1932296817719089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices have been effective in managing diabetes and offer potential benefits for use in the intensive care unit (ICU). Use of CGM devices in the ICU has been limited, primarily due to the higher point accuracy errors over currently used traditional intermittent blood glucose (BG) measures. General models of CGM errors, including drift and random errors, are lacking, but would enable better design of protocols to utilize these devices. This article presents an autoregressive (AR) based modeling method that separately characterizes the drift and random noise of the GlySure CGM sensor (GlySure Limited, Oxfordshire, UK). METHODS Clinical sensor data (n = 33) and reference measurements were used to generate 2 AR models to describe sensor drift and noise. These models were used to generate 100 Monte Carlo simulations based on reference blood glucose measurements. These were then compared to the original CGM clinical data using mean absolute relative difference (MARD) and a Trend Compass. RESULTS The point accuracy MARD was very similar between simulated and clinical data (9.6% vs 9.9%). A Trend Compass was used to assess trend accuracy, and found simulated and clinical sensor profiles were similar (simulated trend index 11.4° vs clinical trend index 10.9°). CONCLUSION The model and method accurately represents cohort sensor behavior over patients, providing a general modeling approach to any such sensor by separately characterizing each type of error that can arise in the data. Overall, it enables better protocol design based on accurate expected CGM sensor behavior, as well as enabling the analysis of what level of each type of sensor error would be necessary to obtain desired glycemic control safety and performance with a given protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Tony Zhou, BE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Riccarton, Christchurch, Canterbury 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Jennifer L. Dickson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J. Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Langdon R, Docherty PD, Mansell EJ, Chase JG. Accurate and precise prediction of insulin sensitivity variance in critically ill patients. Biomed Signal Process Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhou T, Dickson JL, Shaw GM, Chase JG. Continuous Glucose Monitoring Measures Can Be Used for Glycemic Control in the ICU: An In-Silico Study. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2018; 12:7-19. [PMID: 29103302 PMCID: PMC5761989 DOI: 10.1177/1932296817738791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) technology has become more prevalent in the intensive care unit (ICU), offering potential benefits of increased safety and reduced workload in glycemic control (GC). The drift and higher point accuracy errors of CGM devices over traditional intermittent blood glucose (BG) measures have so far limited their application in the ICU. This study delineates the trade-offs of performance, safety and workload that CGM sensors provide in GC protocols. METHODS Clinical data from 236 patients were used for clinically validated virtual trials. A CGM-enabled version of the STAR GC protocol was used to evaluate the use of guard rails and rolling windows. Safety was assessed through percentage of patients who had a severe hypoglycemic episode (BG < 40 mg/dl) as well as percentage of resampled BG < 72 mg/dl. Performance was assessed as percentage of resampled measurements in the 80-126 mg/dl and the 80-144 mg/dl target bands. Workload was measured by number of manual BG measures per day. RESULTS CGM-enabled versions of STAR decreased the number of required blood draws by up to 74%, while maintaining performance (76.6% BG measurements in the 80-126 mg/dl range vs 62.8% clinically, 87.9% in the 80-144 mg/dl range vs 83.7% clinically) and maintaining patient safety (1.13% of patients experienced a severe hypoglycemic event vs 0.85% clinically, 1.37% of BG measurements were less than 72 mg/dl vs 0.51% clinically). CONCLUSION CGM sensor traces were reproduced in virtual trials to guide GC. Existing GC protocols such as STAR may need to be adjusted only slightly to gain the benefits of the increased temporal measurements of CGM sensors, through which workload may be significantly decreased while maintaining GC performance and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
- Tony Zhou, BE, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, 20 Kirkwood Ave, Riccarton, Christchurch, Canterbury 8041, New Zealand.
| | - Jennifer L. Dickson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M. Shaw
- Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Science, University of Otago, New Zealand
| | - J. Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, Canterbury, New Zealand
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Verçoza Viana M, Verçoza Viana L, Tavares AL, de Azevedo MJ. Insulin Regimens to Treat Hyperglycemia in Hospitalized Patients on Nutritional Support: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2017; 71:183-194. [PMID: 29017173 DOI: 10.1159/000481355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The best insulin regimen to treat hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients on nutritional support (NS) is unclear. METHODS We searched electronic databases to identify cohort studies or randomized clinical trials in order to evaluate the efficacy of different insulin regimens used to treat hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients on NS on diverse outcomes: mean blood glucose (MBG), hypoglycemia, length of stay in hospital, and mortality. RESULTS Seventeen studies from a total of 5,030 were included. Enteral Group included 8 studies; 1,203 patients using rapid, glargine, NPH, or Premix insulin; MBG 108-225 mg/dL; hypoglycemia 0-13%. In indirect meta-analyses, NPH insulin ranked best for glucose control (MD 95% CI -2.50 mg/dL [2.65 to -2.35]). Parenteral Group included 4 studies; 228 patients using regular and glargine or NPH insulin; MBG 137-202 mg/dL; hypoglycemia 0-40%. In meta-analyses comparing regular insulin added to parenteral nutrition bag with glargine, MBG (MD 95% CI -3.78 mg/dL [-11.93 to 4.37]; I2 = 0%) or hypoglycemia frequency (RR 95% CI 1.37 [0.43-4.32]; I2 = 70.7%) did not differ. The description related to hospital length of stay and mortality was inconsistent between groups. CONCLUSIONS The best insulin regimen to treat hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients on NS has not been established; best results using insulin regimens with NPH in enteral nutrition do not seem to be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Verçoza Viana
- Division of Endocrinology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Uyttendaele V, Dickson JL, Shaw G, Desaive T, Chase JG. Virtual Trials of the NICE-SUGAR Protocol: The Impact on Performance of Protocol and Protocol Compliance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifacol.2017.08.1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Uyttendaele V, Dickson JL, Shaw GM, Desaive T, Chase JG. Untangling glycaemia and mortality in critical care. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2017. [PMID: 28645302 PMCID: PMC5482947 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-017-1725-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Hyperglycaemia is associated with adverse outcomes in the intensive care unit, and initial studies suggested outcome benefits of glycaemic control (GC). However, subsequent studies often failed to replicate these results, and they were often unable to achieve consistent, safe control, raising questions about the benefit or harm of GC as well as the nature of the association of glycaemia with mortality and clinical outcomes. In this study, we evaluated if non-survivors are harder to control than survivors and determined if glycaemic outcome is a function of patient condition and eventual outcome or of the glycaemic control provided. Methods Clinically validated, model-based, hour-to-hour insulin sensitivity (SI) and its hour-to-hour variability (%ΔSI) were identified over the first 72 h of therapy in 145 patients (119 survivors, 26 non-survivors). In hypothesis testing, we compared distributions of SI and %ΔSI in 6-hourly blocks for survivors and non-survivors. In equivalence testing, we assessed if differences in these distributions, based on blood glucose measurement error, were clinically significant. Results SI level was never equivalent between survivors and non-survivors (95% CI of percentage difference in medians outside ±12%). Non-survivors had higher SI, ranging from 9% to 47% higher overall in 6-h blocks, and this difference became statistically significant as glycaemic control progressed. %ΔSI was equivalent between survivors and non-survivors for all 6-hourly blocks (95% CI of difference in medians within ±12%) and decreased in general over time as glycaemic control progressed. Conclusions Whereas non-survivors had higher SI levels, variability was equivalent to that of survivors over the first 72 h. These results indicate survivors and non-survivors are equally controllable, given an effective glycaemic control protocol, suggesting that glycaemia level and variability, and thus the association between glycaemia and outcome, are essentially determined by the control provided rather than by underlying patient or metabolic condition. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1725-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Uyttendaele
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand. .,GIGA - In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19, bâtiment B5a, 4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Jennifer L Dickson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey M Shaw
- Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Private Bag 4710, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Desaive
- GIGA - In Silico Medicine, University of Liège, Allée du 6 Août 19, bâtiment B5a, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Suhaimi FM, Chase JG, Pretty CG, Shaw GM, Razak NN, Jamaludin UK. Insulin sensitivity and sepsis score: A correlation between model-based metric and sepsis scoring system in critically ill patients. Biomed Signal Process Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mansell EJ, Docherty PD, Chase JG. Shedding light on grey noise in diabetes modelling. Biomed Signal Process Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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De Block CEM, Rogiers P, Jorens PG, Schepens T, Scuffi C, Van Gaal LF. A comparison of two insulin infusion protocols in the medical intensive care unit by continuous glucose monitoring. Ann Intensive Care 2016; 6:115. [PMID: 27878572 PMCID: PMC5120161 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-016-0214-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Achieving good glycemic control in intensive care units (ICU) requires a safe and efficient insulin infusion protocol (IIP). We aimed to compare the clinical performance of two IIPs (Leuven versus modified Yale protocol) in patients admitted to medical ICU, by using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM). This is a pooled data analysis of two published prospective randomized controlled trials. CGM monitoring was performed in 57 MICU patients (age 64 ± 12 years, APACHE-II score 28 ± 7, non-diabetic/diabetic: 36/21). The main outcome measures were percentage of time in normoglycemia (80–110 mg/dl) and in hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dl), and glycemic variability (standard deviation, coefficient of variation, mean amplitude of glucose excursions, mean of daily differences). Results Twenty-two subjects were treated using the Leuven protocol and 35 by the Yale protocol; >63,000 CGM measurements were available. The percentage of time in normoglycemia (80–110 mg/dl) was higher (37 ± 15 vs. 26 ± 11%, p = 0.001) and percentage of time spent in hypoglycemia was lower (0[0–2] vs. 5[1–8]%, p = 0.001) in the Yale group. Median glycemia did not differ between groups (118[108–128] vs. 128[106–154] mg/dl). Glycemic variability was less pronounced in the Yale group (median SD 28[21–37] vs. 47[31–71] mg/dl, p = 0.001; CV 23[19–31] vs. 36[26–50]%, p = 0.001; MODD 35[26–41] vs. 60[33–94] mg/dl, p = 0.001). However, logistic regression could not identify type of IIP, diabetes status, age, BMI, or APACHE-II score as independent parameters for strict glucose control. Conclusions The Yale protocol provided better average glycemia, more time spent in normoglycemia, less time in hypoglycemia, and less glycemic variability than the Leuven protocol, but was not independently associated with strict glycemic control. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13613-016-0214-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe E M De Block
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium.
| | - Peter Rogiers
- Intensive Care Unit, ZNA, General Hospital Middelheim, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe G Jorens
- Intensive Care Unit, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Tom Schepens
- Intensive Care Unit, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Cosimo Scuffi
- A. Menarini Diagnostics, Scientific and Technology Affairs, Florence, Italy
| | - Luc F Van Gaal
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Wilrijkstraat 10, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
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Thomas F, Pretty CG, Desaive T, Chase JG. Blood Glucose Levels of Subelite Athletes During 6 Days of Free Living. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2016; 10:1335-1343. [PMID: 27301981 PMCID: PMC5094325 DOI: 10.1177/1932296816648344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices, with their 1-5 min measurement interval, allow blood glucose (BG) concentration dynamics to be captured more frequently and less invasively than traditional BG measures. One cohort CGM could provide insight is athletes. This study investigates what impact their heightened energy expenditure and dietary intake may have on their ability to achieve optimal BG. METHODS Ten subelite athletes (resting HR<60 bpm, training>6 hrs per week) were recruited. Two Ipro2 CGM devices (Medtronic Minimed, Northridge, CA) were inserted into the abdomen and remained in place for ~6 days. Time in band was calculated as the percentage of CGM BG measurements with in the 4.0-6.0 mmol/L. Fasting glucose was calculated using CGM calibration BG measurements and postprandial glucose response was also calculated using the CGM values. RESULTS 4/10 athletes studied spent more than 70% of the total monitoring time above 6.0 mmol/L even with the 2-hour period after meals is excluded. Fasting BG was also in the ADA defined prediabetes range for 3/10 athletes. Only 1 participant spent substantial time below 4.0 mmol/L which was largely due to significantly lower energy intake compared to recommendations. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to expectations high BG appears to be more of a concern for athletes then low BG even in those with the highest energy expenditure and consuming below the recommended carbohydrate intake. This study warrants further investigation on the recommended diets and the BG of athletes to better determine the causes and impact of this hyperglycemia on overall athlete health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Thomas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- GIGA-In Silico Medicine, University of Liege, Belgium
| | - Chris G Pretty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Incorporating bolus and infusion pharmacokinetics into the ICING insulin model. Math Biosci 2016; 281:1-8. [PMID: 27580690 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The ICING model has been successfully used to guide clinical decisions on insulin administration in critical illness. However, insulin pharmacokinetics in the ICING model can be improved to better describe both intravenous (IV) bolus and infusion insulin administration. Patient data from 217 Dynamic Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion Tests (DISST) and 36 Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Tests (IVGTT) from independent dietary intervention studies was used to fit model parameters to a model structure that conforms to known behaviour. The DISST tests measured both endogenous and exogenous IV insulin bolus responses, while the IVGTT measured exogenous IV insulin infusion dynamics. Unidentifiable parameters were given physiologically justified values, with knowledge on relative insulin clearance rates used to constrain parameter values. The resulting whole-cohort description was able to simultaneously describe both IV bolus and infusion dynamics, and improves ICING model descriptive capability. Improved infusion dynamics will allow better description of subcutaneous insulin, the insulin administration route favoured in outpatient care of diabetes.
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Stewart KW, Pretty CG, Tomlinson H, Thomas FL, Homlok J, Noémi SN, Illyés A, Shaw GM, Benyó B, Chase JG. Safety, efficacy and clinical generalization of the STAR protocol: a retrospective analysis. Ann Intensive Care 2016; 6:24. [PMID: 27025951 PMCID: PMC4811843 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-016-0125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The changes in metabolic pathways and metabolites due to critical illness result in a highly complex and dynamic metabolic state, making safe, effective management of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia difficult. In addition, clinical practices can vary significantly, thus making GC protocols difficult to generalize across units.The aim of this study was to provide a retrospective analysis of the safety, performance and workload of the stochastic targeted (STAR) glycemic control (GC) protocol to demonstrate that patient-specific, safe, effective GC is possible with the STAR protocol and that it is also generalizable across/over different units and clinical practices. Methods Retrospective analysis of STAR GC in the Christchurch Hospital Intensive Care Unit (ICU), New Zealand (267 patients), and the Gyula Hospital, Hungary (47 patients), is analyzed (2011–2015). STAR Christchurch (BG target 4.4–8.0 mmol/L) is also compared to the Specialized Relative Insulin and Nutrition Tables (SPRINT) protocol (BG target 4.4–6.1 mmol/L) implemented in the Christchurch Hospital ICU, New Zealand (292 patients, 2005–2007). Cohort mortality, effectiveness and safety of glycemic control and nutrition delivered are compared using nonparametric statistics. Results Both STAR implementations and SPRINT resulted in over 86 % of time per episode in the blood glucose (BG) band of 4.4–8.0 mmol/L. Patients treated using STAR in Christchurch ICU spent 36.7 % less time on protocol and were fed significantly more than those treated with SPRINT (73 vs. 86 % of caloric target). The results from STAR in both Christchurch and Gyula were very similar, with the BG distributions being almost identical. STAR provided safe GC with very few patients experiencing severe hypoglycemia (BG < 2.2 mmol/L, <5 patients, 1.5 %). Conclusions STAR outperformed its predecessor, SPRINT, by providing higher nutrition and equally safe, effective control for all the days of patient stay, while lowering the number of measurements and interventions required. The STAR protocol has the ability to deliver high performance and high safety across patient types, time, clinical practice culture (Christchurch and Gyula) and clinical resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W Stewart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Christopher G Pretty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Hamish Tomlinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Felicity L Thomas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - József Homlok
- Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Attila Illyés
- Department of Intensive Care, Kálmán Pándy Hospital, Gyula, Hungary
| | - Geoffrey M Shaw
- Department of Intensive Care, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Balázs Benyó
- Department of Control Engineering and Information Technology, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - J Geoffrey Chase
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Centre for Bio-Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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