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Lin S, Meng J, Li F, Yu H, Lin D, Lin S, Li M, Zhou H, Yang B. Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide alleviates hyperuricemia by regulating adenosine deaminase and urate transporters. Food Funct 2022; 13:12619-12631. [PMID: 36385640 DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02431d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Hyperuricemia (HUA) affects human health and is involved in the pathogenesis of common chronic diseases. Previous studies showed that Ganoderma lucidum extract lowered HUA in animals. However, the active ingredient and pharmacological mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum extract in the improvement of HUA are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the anti-HUA efficacy and related mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide peptide (GLPP) using a potassium oxonate (PO)-induced mouse model and an adenosine-induced cell model. The experimental results showed that blood uric acid (UA) was decreased up to 40.6% by GLPP in HUA mice in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, GLPP significantly reduced UA production by inhibiting the hepatic and blood adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity and increased UA excretion by decreasing the expression of glucose transporter 9 (GLUT9) and increasing the expression of organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1) in kidney. The adenosine-induced cell model showed that the inhibitory effect of GLPP on ADA activity may be the main reason for the alleviation of HUA by GLPP. Furthermore, PO-induced renal histopathological damage was also alleviated by GLPP in a dose-dependent manner. The experimental results in this study indicated that GLPP exerted anti-HUA effects via regulating the UA production and excretion, suggesting that GLPP could be developed into a therapeutic agent for HUA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Jia Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Fei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Huifan Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Dongmei Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Shuqian Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Juncao Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Baoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, China
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2
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Ruiz Puentes P, Rueda-Gensini L, Valderrama N, Hernández I, González C, Daza L, Muñoz-Camargo C, Cruz JC, Arbeláez P. Predicting target-ligand interactions with graph convolutional networks for interpretable pharmaceutical discovery. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8434. [PMID: 35589824 PMCID: PMC9119967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12180-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug Discovery is an active research area that demands great investments and generates low returns due to its inherent complexity and great costs. To identify potential therapeutic candidates more effectively, we propose protein–ligand with adversarial augmentations network (PLA-Net), a deep learning-based approach to predict target–ligand interactions. PLA-Net consists of a two-module deep graph convolutional network that considers ligands’ and targets’ most relevant chemical information, successfully combining them to find their binding capability. Moreover, we generate adversarial data augmentations that preserve relevant biological backgrounds and improve the interpretability of our model, highlighting the relevant substructures of the ligands reported to interact with the protein targets. Our experiments demonstrate that the joint ligand–target information and the adversarial augmentations significantly increase the interaction prediction performance. PLA-Net achieves 86.52% in mean average precision for 102 target proteins with perfect performance for 30 of them, in a curated version of actives as decoys dataset. Lastly, we accurately predict pharmacologically-relevant molecules when screening the ligands of ChEMBL and drug repurposing Hub datasets with the perfect-scoring targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Ruiz Puentes
- Center for Research and Formation in Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Laura Rueda-Gensini
- Center for Research and Formation in Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Natalia Valderrama
- Center for Research and Formation in Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Isabela Hernández
- Center for Research and Formation in Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Cristina González
- Center for Research and Formation in Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Laura Daza
- Center for Research and Formation in Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Carolina Muñoz-Camargo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Juan C Cruz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia
| | - Pablo Arbeláez
- Center for Research and Formation in Artificial Intelligence, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia.
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Hou R, Panda C, Voruganti VS. Heterogeneity in Metabolic Responses to Dietary Fructose. Front Genet 2019; 10:945. [PMID: 31737029 PMCID: PMC6834945 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of fructose has dramatically increased in past few decades in children and adults. Increasing evidence indicates that added sugars (particularly fructose) have adverse effects on metabolism and lead to numerous cardiometabolic diseases. Although both fructose and glucose are components of sucrose and high fructose corn syrup, the sugars have different metabolic fates in the human body and the effects of fructose on health are thought to be more adverse than glucose. Studies have also shown that the metabolic effects of fructose differ between individuals based on their genetic background, as individuals with specific SNPs and risk alleles seem to be more susceptible to the adverse metabolic effects of fructose. The current review discusses the metabolic effects of fructose on key complex diseases and discusses the heterogeneity in metabolic responses to dietary fructose in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Hou
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - Chinmayee Panda
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
| | - V Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC, United States
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Bagheri S, Saboury AA, Haertlé T. Adenosine deaminase inhibition. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 141:1246-1257. [PMID: 31520704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase is a critical enzyme in purine metabolism that regulates intra and extracellular adenosine concentrations by converting it to inosine. Adenosine is an important purine that regulates numerous physiological functions by interacting with its receptors. Adenosine and consequently adenosine deaminase can have pro or anti-inflammatory effects on tissues depending on how much time has passed from the start of the injury. In addition, an increase in adenosine deaminase activity has been reported for various diseases and the significant effect of deaminase inhibition on the clinical course of different diseases has been reported. However, the use of inhibitors is limited to only a few medical indications. Data on the increase of adenosine deaminase activity in different diseases and the impact of its inhibition in various cases have been collected and are discussed in this review. Overall, the evidence shows that many studies have been done to introduce inhibitors, however, in vivo studies have been much less than in vitro, and often have not been expanded for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bagheri
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - A A Saboury
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - T Haertlé
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nantes, France
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Kutryb-Zajac B, Mierzejewska P, Sucajtys-Szulc E, Bulinska A, Zabielska MA, Jablonska P, Serocki M, Koszalka P, Milczarek R, Jasztal A, Bartoszewski R, Chlopicki S, Slominska EM, Smolenski RT. Inhibition of LPS-stimulated ecto-adenosine deaminase attenuates endothelial cell activation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 128:62-76. [PMID: 30641086 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vascular inflammation is an important factor in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis. Changes in the extracellular nucleotide and in particular adenosine catabolism may alter a chronic inflammation and endothelial activation. This study aimed to evaluate the relation between vascular ecto-adenosine deaminase (eADA) activity and endothelial activation in humans and to analyze the effects of LPS-mediated inflammation on this activity as well as mechanisms of its increase. Moreover, we investigated a therapeutic potential of ADA inhibition by deoxycofromycin (dCF) for endothelial activation. We demonstrated a positive correlation of vascular eADA activity and ADA1 mRNA expression with endothelial activation parameters in humans with atherosclerosis. The activation of vascular eADA was also observed under LPS stimulation in vivo along with endothelial activation, an increase in markers of inflammation and alterations in the lipid profile of a rat model. Ex vivo and in vitro studies on human specimen demonstrated that at an early stage of vascular pathology, eADA activity originated from activated endothelial cells, while at later stages also from an inflammatory infiltrate. We proposed that LPS-stimulated increase in endothelial adenosine deaminase activity could be a result of IL-6/JAK/STAT pathway activation, since the lack of IL-6 in mice was associated with lower vascular and plasma eADA activities. Furthermore, the inhibitors of JAK/STAT pathway decreased LPS-stimulated adenosine deaminase activity in endothelial cells. We demonstrated that cell surface eADA activity could be additionally regulated by transcytosis pathways, as exocytosis inhibitors including lipid raft inhibitor, methyl-β-cyclodextrin decreased LPS-induced eADA activity. This suggests that cholesterol-dependent protein externalization mediated by lipid rafts could be an important factor in the eADA increase. Moreover, endocytosis inhibitors and exocytosis activators increased this activity on the cell surface. Furthermore, the inhibition of adenosine deaminase in endothelial cells in vitro attenuated LPS-mediated IL-6 release and soluble ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 concentration in the incubation medium through the restoration of the extracellular adenosine pool and adenosine receptor-dependent pathways. This study demonstrated that the vascular endothelial eADA activity remains under control of inflammatory mediators acting through JAK/STAT pathway that could be further modified by dyslipidemic-dependent exocytosis and transcytosis pathways. Inhibition of eADA blocked endothelial activation suggesting a crucial role of this enzyme in the control of vascular inflammation. This supports the concept of eADA targeted vascular protection therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kutryb-Zajac
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paulina Mierzejewska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Sucajtys-Szulc
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 7 Debinki St., 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Alicja Bulinska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena A Zabielska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland; Department of Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Jablonska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marcin Serocki
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107 St., 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Patrycja Koszalka
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ryszard Milczarek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafal Bartoszewski
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Gdansk, Hallera 107 St., 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Stefan Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego St., 30-348 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa M Slominska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Ryszard T Smolenski
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdansk, 1 Debinki St., 80-211 Gdansk, Poland.
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Simard T, Jung R, Labinaz A, Faraz MA, Ramirez FD, Di Santo P, Pitcher I, Motazedian P, Gaudet C, Rochman R, Marbach J, Boland P, Sarathy K, Alghofaili S, Russo JJ, Couture E, Beanlands RS, Hibbert B. Adenosine as a Marker and Mediator of Cardiovascular Homeostasis: A Translational Perspective. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 2019; 19:109-131. [PMID: 30318008 DOI: 10.2174/1871529x18666181011103719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine, a purine nucleoside, is produced broadly and implicated in the homeostasis of many cells and tissues. It signals predominantly via 4 purinergic adenosine receptors (ADORs) - ADORA1, ADORA2A, ADORA2B and ADOosine signaling, both through design as specific ADOR agonists and antagonists and as offtarget effects of existing anti-platelet medications. Despite this, adenosine has yet to be firmly established as either a therapeutic or a prognostic tool in clinical medicine to date. Herein, we provide a bench-to-bedside review of adenosine biology, highlighting the key considerations for further translational development of this proRA3 in addition to non-ADOR mediated effects. Through these signaling mechanisms, adenosine exerts effects on numerous cell types crucial to maintaining vascular homeostasis, especially following vascular injury. Both in vitro and in vivo models have provided considerable insights into adenosine signaling and identified targets for therapeutic intervention. Numerous pharmacologic agents have been developed that modulate adenmising molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Simard
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Richard Jung
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Alisha Labinaz
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | | | - F Daniel Ramirez
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Pietro Di Santo
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Ian Pitcher
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Pouya Motazedian
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, ON, Canada
| | - Chantal Gaudet
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Rebecca Rochman
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Marbach
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Paul Boland
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Kiran Sarathy
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Saleh Alghofaili
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Juan J Russo
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Etienne Couture
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
| | - Rob S Beanlands
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
| | - Benjamin Hibbert
- CAPITAL research group, Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
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Antonioli L, Csóka B, Fornai M, Colucci R, Kókai E, Blandizzi C, Haskó G. Adenosine and inflammation: what's new on the horizon? Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1051-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Cortés A, Gracia E, Moreno E, Mallol J, Lluís C, Canela EI, Casadó V. Moonlighting Adenosine Deaminase: A Target Protein for Drug Development. Med Res Rev 2014; 35:85-125. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Cortés
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Eduard Gracia
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Estefania Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Josefa Mallol
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Carme Lluís
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Enric I. Canela
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - Vicent Casadó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED); Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB); Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Faculty of Biology; University of Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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Effect of adenine on bacterial translocation using technetium-99m labeled E. coli in an intestinal obstruction model in rats. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-2223-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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10
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Çıtak A, Yilmaz O, Pekçetin Ç, Ozbal S, Lambrecht FY. Influence of uracil on bacterial translocation in an intestinal obstruction model in rats. Int J Surg 2012; 11:27-30. [PMID: 23164988 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bacterial translocation occurs when intestinal mucosa and the intestinal wall lose their barrier properties against bacteria such as in the case of intestinal obstruction. Enteral nutrition with immunonutrients strengthens the immune system and thickens the intestinal barrier thus preventing bacterial translocation. AIM The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of uracil which is an immunonutrient on bacterial translocation using rats with intestinal obstruction as a model. METHODS Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups. The control group was fed with standard chow diet, while the other two groups were fed with uracil-supplemented chow diet. The rats were fed with these diets for seven days. And the end of the feeding period all groups were submitted intestinal obstruction and injected with (99m)Tc labeled Escherichia coli into the rats' terminal ileum under anesthetic. The rats were sacrificed 24 h later. Their blood, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN), liver, spleen, lung and ileum were removed to determine level of radioactivity. RESULTS When compared with the control group it was determined that uracil supplementation reduced the level of bacterial translocation. CONCLUSION Uracil may be used in the prevention of bacterial translocation in cases of intestinal obstruction because it strengthens the intestinal barrier and the immune system. However, more studies are needed to clearly explain the mechanism behind uracil's beneficial role here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aslı Çıtak
- Department of Nuclear Applications, Institute of Nuclear Science, Ege University, Bornova, 35100 Izmir, Turkey
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Antonioli L, Fornai M, Colucci R, Awwad O, Ghisu N, Tuccori M, Da Settimo F, La Motta C, Natale G, Duranti E, Virdis A, Blandizzi C. The blockade of adenosine deaminase ameliorates chronic experimental colitis through the recruitment of adenosine A2A and A3 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:434-42. [PMID: 20668053 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.171223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine modulates immune/inflammatory reactions. This study investigates the expression of adenosine deaminase in the inflamed colon, the effects of adenosine deaminase inhibitors on established colitis, and the recruitment of adenosine receptors by endogenous adenosine after adenosine deaminase blockade. Adenosine deaminase expression was determined by Western blot. The effects of 4-amino-2-(2-hydroxy-1-decyl)pyrazole[3,4-d]pyrimidine (APP; a novel adenosine deaminase inhibitor), erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA; a reference adenosine deaminase inhibitor), dexamethasone, and selective adenosine receptor antagonists were tested in rats with 2,4-dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis. Systemic (food intake, body and spleen weight) and colonic [macroscopic/microscopic damage, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and malondialdehyde (MDA)] inflammatory parameters were assessed. Test drugs were administered intraperitoneally for 6 days, starting at day 5 from colitis induction. Adenosine deaminase was detected in normal colon, and its expression was increased in inflamed tissues. Colitis was associated with decreased food intake and body weight, augmented spleen weight, and increased levels of colonic TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA. APP or EHNA, but not dexamethasone, improved food intake and body weight. APP, EHNA, and dexamethasone counteracted the increments of spleen weight, ameliorated macroscopic and microscopic indexes of inflammation, and reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA levels. The beneficial effects of APP and EHNA on inflammatory parameters were prevented by the pharmacological blockade of A(2A) or A(3) receptors, but not A(1) or A(2B). The present results show that: 1) bowel inflammation is associated with an enhanced adenosine deaminase expression; and 2) the anti-inflammatory actions of adenosine deaminase inhibitors against chronic established colitis depend on the sparing of endogenous adenosine, leading to enhanced A(2A) and A(3) receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Antonioli
- Division of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Roma 55, 56126, Pisa, Italy
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