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Jia W, Hitchcock-Szilagyi H, He W, Goldman J, Zhao F. Engineering the Lymphatic Network: A Solution to Lymphedema. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001537. [PMID: 33502814 PMCID: PMC8483563 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Secondary lymphedema is a life-long disorder characterized by chronic tissue swelling and inflammation that obstruct interstitial fluid circulation and immune cell trafficking. Regenerating lymphatic vasculatures using various strategies represents a promising treatment for lymphedema. Growth factor injection and gene delivery have been developed to stimulate lymphangiogenesis and augment interstitial fluid resorption. Using bioengineered materials as growth factor delivery vehicles allows for a more precisely targeted lymphangiogenic activation within the injured site. The implantation of prevascularized lymphatic tissue also promotes in situ lymphatic capillary network formation. The engineering of larger scale lymphatic tissues, including lymphatic collecting vessels and lymph nodes constructed by bioengineered scaffolds or decellularized animal tissues, offers alternatives to reconnecting damaged lymphatic vessels and restoring lymph circulation. These approaches provide lymphatic vascular grafting materials to reimpose lymphatic continuity across the site of injury, without creating secondary injuries at donor sites. The present work reviews molecular mechanisms mediating lymphatic system development, approaches to promoting lymphatic network regeneration, and strategies for engineering lymphatic tissues, including lymphatic capillaries, collecting vessels, and nodes. Challenges of advanced translational applications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenkai Jia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845
| | | | - Weilue He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Jeremy Goldman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845
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Loukovaara S, Gucciardo E, Repo P, Vihinen H, Lohi J, Jokitalo E, Salven P, Lehti K. Indications of lymphatic endothelial differentiation and endothelial progenitor cell activation in the pathology of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Acta Ophthalmol 2015; 93:512-23. [PMID: 25899460 DOI: 10.1111/aos.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) is characterized by ischaemia- and inflammation-induced neovascularization, but the pathological vascular differentiation in PDR remains poorly characterized. Here, endothelial progenitor and growth properties, as well as potential lymphatic differentiation, were investigated in the neovascular membrane specimens from vitrectomized patients with PDR. METHODS The expression of pan-endothelial CD31 (PECAM-1), ETS-related gene (ERG), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and stem/progenitor cell marker CD117 (c-kit) and cell proliferation marker Ki67 was investigated along with the markers of lymphatic endothelial differentiation (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR)-3; prospero-related homeobox gene-1 (Prox-1), lymphatic vessel endothelial receptor [LYVE)-1 and podoplanin (PDPN)] by immunohistochemistry. Lymphocyte antigen CD45 and pan-macrophage marker CD68 were likewise investigated. RESULTS All specimens displayed CD31, ERG and α-SMA immunoreactivity in irregular blood vessels. Unexpectedly, VEGFR3 and Prox-1 lymphatic marker positive vessels were also detected in several tissues. Prox-1 was co-expressed with CD117 in lumen-lining endothelial cells and adjacent cells, representing putative endothelial stem/progenitor cells and pro-angiogenic perivascular cells. Immunoreactivity of CD45 and CD68 was detectable in all investigated diabetic neovessel specimens. PDPN immunoreactivity was also detected in irregular lumen-forming structures, but these cells lacked CD31 and ERG that mark blood and lymphatic endothelium. CONCLUSIONS Although the inner part of human eye is physiologically devoid of lymphatic vessels, lymphatic differentiation associated with endothelial stem/progenitor cell activation may be involved in the pathogenesis of human PDR. Further studies are warranted to elucidate whether targeting lymphatic factors could be beneficial in the treatment of patients with the sight-threatening forms of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirpa Loukovaara
- Unit of Vitreoretinal Surgery; Ophthalmology; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Erika Gucciardo
- Research Programs Unit; Genome-Scale Biology; Biomedicum Helsinki; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Pathology; Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Pauliina Repo
- Research Programs Unit; Genome-Scale Biology; Biomedicum Helsinki; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Pathology; Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Helena Vihinen
- Electron Microscopy Unit; Institute of Biotechnology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Jouko Lohi
- Pathology; Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Electron Microscopy Unit; Institute of Biotechnology; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
| | - Petri Salven
- Pathology; Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Research Programs Unit; Genome-Scale Biology; Biomedicum Helsinki; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Pathology; Haartman Institute; University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital; Helsinki Finland
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Rufaihah AJ, Huang NF, Kim J, Herold J, Volz KS, Park TS, Lee JC, Zambidis ET, Reijo-Pera R, Cooke JP. Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells exhibit functional heterogeneity. Am J Transl Res 2013; 5:21-35. [PMID: 23390563 PMCID: PMC3560482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived endothelial cells (hiPSC-ECs) are promising for treatment of vascular diseases. However, hiPSC-ECs purified based on CD31 expression are comprised of arterial, venous, and lymphatic subtypes. It is unclear whether hiPSC-ECs are heterogeneous in nature, and whether there may be functional benefits of enriching for specific subtypes. Therefore, we sought to characterize the hiPSC-ECs and enrich for each subtype, and demonstrate whether such enrichment would have functional significance. The hiPSC-ECs were generated from differentiation of hiPSCs using vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A and bone morphogenetic protein-4. The hiPSC-ECs were purified based on positive expression of CD31. Subsequently, we sought to enrich for each subtype. Arterial hiPSC-ECs were induced using higher concentrations of VEGF-A and 8-bromoadenosine-3':5'-cyclic monophosphate in the media, whereas lower concentrations of VEGF-A favored venous subtype. VEGF-C and angiopoietin-1 promoted the expression of lymphatic phenotype. Upon FACS purification based on CD31+ expression, the hiPSC-EC population was observed to display typical endothelial surface markers and functions. However, the hiPSC-EC population was heterogeneous in that they displayed arterial, venous, and to a lesser degree, lymphatic lineage markers. Upon comparing vascular formation in matrigel plugs in vivo, we observed that arterial enriched hiPSC-ECs formed a more extensive capillary network in this model, by comparison to a heterogeneous population of hiPSC-ECs. This study demonstrates that FACS purification of CD31+ hiPSC-ECs produces a diverse population of ECs. Refining the differentiation methods can enrich for subtype-specific hiPSC-ECs with functional benefits of enhancing neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jalil Rufaihah
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jeanna Kim
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joerg Herold
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katharina S Volz
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tea Soon Park
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine733 N. Broadway, BRB 755 Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jerry C Lee
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elias T Zambidis
- Johns Hopkins Institute for Cell Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine733 N. Broadway, BRB 755 Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Renee Reijo-Pera
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John P Cooke
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Pharmacological manipulation of blood and lymphatic vascularization in ex vivo-cultured mouse embryos. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:1970-82. [PMID: 23060242 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2012.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Formation of new blood and lymphatic vessels is involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including organ and tumor growth, cancer cell metastasis, fluid drainage and lymphedema. Therefore, the ability to manipulate vascularization in a mammalian system is of particular interest to researchers. Here we describe a method for pharmacological manipulation of de novo and sprouting blood and lymphatic vascular development in ex vivo-cultured mouse embryos. The described protocol can also be used to evaluate the properties of pharmacological agents in growing mammalian tissues and to manipulate other developmental processes. The whole procedure, from embryo isolation to image quantification, takes 3-5 d, depending on the analysis and age of the embryos.
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Vittet D, Merdzhanova G, Prandini MH, Feige JJ, Bailly S. TGFβ1 inhibits lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:3593-602. [PMID: 22287283 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature is essential for the maintenance of tissue fluid, immune surveillance, and dissemination of metastasis. Recently, several models for lymphatic vascular research and markers specific for lymphatic endothelium have been characterized. Despite these significant achievements, our understanding of the early lymphatic development is still rather limited. The purpose of the study was to further define early lymphatic differentiation regulatory pathways. In the present study, we have developed conditions leading to lymphatic endothelial cell differentiation under both serum-rich and serum-free conditions, using the coculture system of Flk-1-positive vascular precursors derived from murine embryonic stem (ES) cells grown on an OP9 stromal cell layer. In this work, we also identified Transforming Growth Factor-β1 (TGFβ1) as a negative regulator of lymphvasculogenesis from ES-derived vascular progenitors. Finally, we could show that TGFβ1 addition decreases COUP-TFII and Sox18 mRNA levels, which are two transcription factors known to be involved in early lymphatic endothelial differentiation. Taken together these findings support the concept that manipulating the TGFβ signaling pathway may represent an interesting target to favor lymphatic endothelial cell expansion for cell replacement strategies.
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Laco F, Grant MH, Flint DJ, Black RA. Cellular Trans-Differentiation and Morphogenesis Toward the Lymphatic Lineage in Regenerative Medicine. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:181-95. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Laco
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Helen Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Flint
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Black
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Kume T. Specification of arterial, venous, and lymphatic endothelial cells during embryonic development. Histol Histopathol 2010; 25:637-46. [PMID: 20238301 DOI: 10.14670/hh-25.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The groundbreaking discovery about arterial and venous expression of ephrinB2 and EphB4, respectively, in early embryonic development has led to a new paradigm for vascular research, providing compelling evidence that arterial and venous endothelial cells are established by genetic mechanisms before circulation begins. For arterial specification, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces expression of Notch signaling genes, including Notch1 and its ligand, Delta-like 4 (Dll4), and Foxc1 and Foxc2 transcription factors directly regulate Dll4 expression. Upon activation of Notch signaling, the Notch downstream genes, Hey1/2 in mice or gridlock in zebrafish, further promote arterial differentiation. On the other hand, the orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TFII is a determinant factor for venous specification by inhibiting expression of arterial specific genes, including Nrp1 and Notch. After arterial and venous endothelial cells differentiate, a subpopulation of venous endothelial cells is thought to become competent to acquire lymphatic endothelial cell fate by progressively expressing the transcription factors Sox18 and Prox1 to differentiate into lymphatic endothelial cells. Therefore, it has now evident that arterial-venous cell fate determination and subsequent lymphatic development are regulated by the multi-step regulatory system associated with the key signaling pathways and transcription factors. Furthermore, new signaling molecules as additional regulators in these processes have recently been identified. As the mechanistic basis for a link between signaling pathways and transcriptional networks in arterial, venous and lymphatic endothelial cells begins to be uncovered, it is now time to summarize the literature on this exciting topic and provide perspectives for future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Kume
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Bellini C, Fulcheri E, Rutigliani M, Calevo MG, Boccardo F, Campisi C, Bonioli E, Bellini T, Hennekam RC. Immunohistochemistry in non-immune hydrops fetalis: A single center experience in 79 fetuses. Am J Med Genet A 2010; 152A:1189-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Literature Watch. Lymphat Res Biol 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2009.7203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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