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Escobar‐Salom M, Torrens G, Jordana‐Lluch E, Oliver A, Juan C. Mammals' humoral immune proteins and peptides targeting the bacterial envelope: from natural protection to therapeutic applications against multidrug‐resistant
Gram
‐negatives. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1005-1037. [PMID: 35043558 PMCID: PMC9304279 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian innate immunity employs several humoral ‘weapons’ that target the bacterial envelope. The threats posed by the multidrug‐resistant ‘ESKAPE’ Gram‐negative pathogens (Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp.) are forcing researchers to explore new therapeutic options, including the use of these immune elements. Here we review bacterial envelope‐targeting (peptidoglycan and/or membrane‐targeting) proteins/peptides of the mammalian immune system that are most likely to have therapeutic applications. Firstly we discuss their general features and protective activity against ESKAPE Gram‐negatives in the host. We then gather, integrate, and discuss recent research on experimental therapeutics harnessing their bactericidal power, based on their exogenous administration and also on the discovery of bacterial and/or host targets that improve the performance of this endogenous immunity, as a novel therapeutic concept. We identify weak points and knowledge gaps in current research in this field and suggest areas for future work to obtain successful envelope‐targeting therapeutic options to tackle the challenge of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Escobar‐Salom
- Department of Microbiology University Hospital Son Espases‐Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa) Carretera de Valldemossa 79 Palma Balearic Islands 07010 Spain
| | - Gabriel Torrens
- Department of Microbiology University Hospital Son Espases‐Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa) Carretera de Valldemossa 79 Palma Balearic Islands 07010 Spain
| | - Elena Jordana‐Lluch
- Department of Microbiology University Hospital Son Espases‐Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa) Carretera de Valldemossa 79 Palma Balearic Islands 07010 Spain
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Department of Microbiology University Hospital Son Espases‐Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa) Carretera de Valldemossa 79 Palma Balearic Islands 07010 Spain
| | - Carlos Juan
- Department of Microbiology University Hospital Son Espases‐Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa) Carretera de Valldemossa 79 Palma Balearic Islands 07010 Spain
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Savini F, Bobone S, Roversi D, Mangoni ML, Stella L. From liposomes to cells: Filling the gap between physicochemical and microbiological studies of the activity and selectivity of host‐defense peptides. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Savini
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRome00133 Italy
| | - Sara Bobone
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRome00133 Italy
| | - Daniela Roversi
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRome00133 Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Mangoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Laboratory affiliated to Pasteur Italia‐Fondazione Cenci BolognettiSapienza University of RomeRome, via degli Apuli9‐00185 Italy
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor VergataRome00133 Italy
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4
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Zughaier SM, Svoboda P, Pohl J. Structure-Dependent Immune Modulatory Activity of Protegrin-1 Analogs. Antibiotics (Basel) 2016; 3:694-713. [PMID: 26097747 PMCID: PMC4472440 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics3040694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Protegrins are porcine antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that belong to the cathelicidin family of host defense peptides. Protegrin-1 (PG-1), the most investigated member of the protegrin family, is an arginine-rich peptide consisting of 18 amino acid residues, its main chain adopting a β-hairpin structure that is linked by two disulfide bridges. We report on the immune modulatory activity of PG-1 and its analogs in neutralizing bacterial endotoxin and capsular polysaccharides, consequently inhibiting inflammatory mediators’ release from macrophages. We demonstrate that the β-hairpin structure motif stabilized with at least one disulfide bridge is a prerequisite for the immune modulatory activity of this type of AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu M. Zughaier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Laboratories of Microbial Pathogenesis, Atlanta Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-404-321-6111 (ext. 12461); Fax: +1-404-329-2210
| | - Pavel Svoboda
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.); (J.P.)
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Jan Pohl
- Microchemical and Proteomics Facility, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; E-Mails: (P.S.); (J.P.)
- Biotechnology Core Facility Branch, Division of Scientific Resources, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Gaspar MC, Couet W, Olivier JC, Pais AACC, Sousa JJS. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis lung disease and new perspectives of treatment: a review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 32:1231-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-013-1876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Réhault-Godbert S, Labas V, Helloin E, Hervé-Grépinet V, Slugocki C, Berges M, Bourin MC, Brionne A, Poirier JC, Gautron J, Coste F, Nys Y. Ovalbumin-related protein X is a heparin-binding ov-serpin exhibiting antimicrobial activities. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:17285-95. [PMID: 23615912 PMCID: PMC3682532 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.469759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovalbumin family contains three proteins with high sequence similarity: ovalbumin, ovalbumin-related protein Y (OVAY), and ovalbumin-related protein X (OVAX). Ovalbumin is the major egg white protein with still undefined function, whereas the biological activity of OVAX and OVAY has not yet been explored. Similar to ovalbumin and OVAY, OVAX belongs to the ovalbumin serine protease inhibitor family (ov-serpin). We show that OVAX is specifically expressed by the magnum tissue, which is responsible for egg white formation. OVAX is also the main heparin-binding protein of egg white. This glycoprotein with a predicted reactive site at Lys367-His368 is not able to inhibit trypsin, plasmin, or cathepsin G with or without heparin as a cofactor. Secondary structure of OVAX is similar to that of ovalbumin, but the three-dimensional model of OVAX reveals the presence of a cluster of exposed positive charges, which potentially explains the affinity of this ov-serpin for heparin, as opposed to ovalbumin. Interestingly, OVAX, unlike ovalbumin, displays antibacterial activities against both Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica sv. Enteritidis. These properties partly involve heparin-binding site(s) of the molecule as the presence of heparin reverses its anti-Salmonella but not its anti-Listeria potential. Altogether, these results suggest that OVAX and ovalbumin, although highly similar in sequence, have peculiar sequential and/or structural features that are likely to impact their respective biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Réhault-Godbert
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UR83 Recherches Avicoles, Fonction et Régulation des Protéines de l'Œuf, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
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Allan B, Buchanan RM, Hauta S, van den Hurk J, Wilson HL. Innate Immune Cocktail Partially Protects Broilers Against Cellulitis and Septicemia. Avian Dis 2012; 56:659-69. [DOI: 10.1637/9966-101711-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Melo MN, Castanho MARB. The Mechanism of Action of Antimicrobial Peptides: Lipid Vesicles vs. Bacteria. Front Immunol 2012; 3:236. [PMID: 22876247 PMCID: PMC3410519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel N Melo
- Groningen Biotechnological and Biomolecular Institute, University of Groningen Groningen, Netherlands
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Ganesan S, Sajjan US. Host evasion by Burkholderia cenocepacia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 1:25. [PMID: 22919590 PMCID: PMC3417383 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2011.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cenocepacia is an opportunistic respiratory pathogen of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF). Some strains of B. cenocepacia are highly transmissible and resistant to almost all antibiotics. Approximately one-third of B. cenocepacia infected CF patients go on to develop fatal "cepacia syndrome." During the last two decades, substantial progress has been made with regards to evasion of host innate defense mechanisms by B. cenocepacia. Almost all strains of B. cenocepacia have the capacity to survive and replicate intracellularly in both airway epithelial cells and macrophages, which are primary sentinels of the lung and play a pivotal role in clearance of infecting bacteria. Those strains of B. cenocepacia, which express both cable pili and the associated 22 kDa adhesin are also capable of transmigrating across airway epithelium and persist in mouse models of infection. In this review, we will discuss how this type of interaction between B. cenocepacia and host may lead to persistence of bacteria as well as lung inflammation in CF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyamala Ganesan
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Jassem AN, Zlosnik JEA, Henry DA, Hancock REW, Ernst RK, Speert DP. In vitro susceptibility of Burkholderia vietnamiensis to aminoglycosides. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2256-64. [PMID: 21321142 PMCID: PMC3088185 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01434-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) bacteria are opportunistic pathogens that can cause severe disease in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and other immunocompromised individuals and are typically multidrug resistant. Here we observed that unlike other BCC species, most environmental and clinical Burkholderia vietnamiensis isolates were intrinsically susceptible to aminoglycosides but not to cationic antimicrobial peptides or polymyxin B. Furthermore, strains acquired aminoglycoside resistance during chronic CF infection, a phenomenon that could be induced under tobramycin or azithromycin pressure in vitro. In comparing susceptible and resistant B. vietnamiensis isolates, no gross differences in lipopolysaccharide structure were observed, all had lipid A-associated 4-amino-4-deoxy-L-arabinose residues, and all were resistant to the permeabilizing effects of aminoglycosides, a measure of drug entry via self-promoted uptake. However, susceptible isolates accumulated 5 to 6 times more gentamicin than a resistant isolate, and aminoglycoside susceptibility increased in the presence of an efflux pump inhibitor. B. vietnamiensis is therefore unusual among BCC bacteria in its susceptibility to aminoglycosides and capacity to acquire resistance. Aminoglycoside resistance appears to be due to decreased cellular accumulation as a result of active efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agatha N. Jassem
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James E. A. Zlosnik
- Pediatrics
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Deborah A. Henry
- Pediatrics
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert K. Ernst
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland—Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David P. Speert
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine
- Pediatrics
- Centre for Understanding and Preventing Infection in Children, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Abstract
With more antibiotic resistance and emerging pathogens in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, the need for new strategies in the lifelong treatment of pulmonary infection has increased. Most of the focus is on chronic infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which is still thought to be the main pathogen leading to advanced CF lung disease. Other bacterial species are also recognized in the pathogenesis of CF lung disease, even though their definitive role is not well established yet. Clearly, expansion of treatment options is urgently needed. This article focuses on recent developments in the field of new antimicrobial strategies for CF. It is clear that studies on new classes of antibiotics or antimicrobial-like drugs are scarce, and that most studies involve new (inhalation) formulations, new routes of delivery, or analogs of existing classes of antibiotics. Studies of new antibiotic-like drugs are, in most cases, in preclinical phases of development and only a few of these agents may reach the market. Importantly, new inhaled antibiotics, e.g. aztreonam, levofloxacin, and fosfomycin, and new, more efficient delivery systems such as dry powder inhalation and liposomes for current antibiotics are in the clinical phase of development. These developments will be of great importance in improving effective treatment and reducing the treatment burden for CF patients in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille van Westreenen
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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12
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Lipopolysaccharide interaction is decisive for the activity of the antimicrobial peptide NK-2 against Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis. Biochem J 2010; 427:477-88. [PMID: 20187872 DOI: 10.1042/bj20091607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylglycerol is a widely used mimetic to study the effects of AMPs (antimicrobial peptides) on the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane. However, the antibacterial activities of novel NK-2-derived AMPs could not be sufficiently explained by using this simple model system. Since the LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-containing outer membrane is the first barrier of Gram-negative bacteria, in the present study we investigated interactions of NK-2 and a shortened variant with viable Escherichia coli WBB01 and Proteus mirabilis R45, and with model membranes composed of LPS isolated from these two strains. Differences in net charge and charge distribution of the two LPS have been proposed to be responsible for the differential sensitivity of the respective bacteria to other AMPs. As imaged by TEM (transmission electron microscopy) and AFM (atomic force microscopy), NK-2-mediated killing of these bacteria was corroborated by structural alterations of the outer and inner membranes, the release of E. coli cytoplasma, and the formation of unique fibrous structures inside P. mirabilis, suggesting distinct and novel intracellular targets. NK-2 bound to and intercalated into LPS bilayers, and eventually induced the formation of transient heterogeneous lesions in planar lipid bilayers. However, the discriminative activity of NK-2 against the two bacterial strains was independent of membrane intercalation and lesion formation, which both were indistinguishable for the two LPS. Instead, differences in activity originated from the LPS-binding step, which could be demonstrated by NK-2 attachment to intact bacteria, and to solid-supported LPS bilayers on a surface acoustic wave biosensor.
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Toté K, Berghe DV, Deschacht M, de Wit K, Maes L, Cos P. Inhibitory efficacy of various antibiotics on matrix and viable mass of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2009; 33:525-31. [PMID: 19179053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 11/01/2008] [Accepted: 11/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Both bacteria and the matrix are essential for the development of biofilms. Antimicrobials should therefore be tested against both components. The aim of this study was to determine the structure-activity relationships of different antibiotics against biofilm-forming Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains using in vitro biofilm discriminatory assays. Only four of twelve antibiotics showed efficacy against S. aureus biofilms. Rifampicin had a 50% inhibitory activity both against the matrix and bacteria at 16 x the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). Polymyxin B killed nearly all bacteria at 8 x MBC, but left the matrix undisturbed. Both P. aeruginosa biofilms responded differently to antibiotic treatment. Rifampicin showed the greatest activity, with 100% killing of microorganisms combined with 91% destruction of the matrix at the MBC. In conclusion, rifampicin showed the highest activity on biofilm matrix and bacteria in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa biofilms. Our results also indicated that biofilm viable mass was more susceptible to treatment than the biofilm matrix, which is mainly responsible for biofilm persistence. Future research should specifically focus on compounds destroying the matrix that can be used as an adjunct to antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Toté
- Laboratory for Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Sang Y, Blecha F. Porcine host defense peptides: expanding repertoire and functions. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:334-343. [PMID: 18579204 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) are a large group of innate immune effectors that are also termed antimicrobial peptides. Because of the rapid progress that has been made in completing several animal genomes, many HDPs have been systemically defined using bioinformatic analysis and partially characterized using reverse genomic approaches. In pigs, about 30 HDPs have been identified and partially characterized relative to structure and function. Antimicrobial activity of porcine HDPs has been extensively evaluated against a broad spectrum of microorganisms in vitro and evaluated for their protective role in vivo. Increasing evidence indicates that HDPs are functionally differentiated during posttranslational and postsecretory processing, and that the structural units for antimicrobial and immunoregulatory functions are separate. These findings suggest promising new avenues for therapeutic drug design based on HDPs, including porcine HDPs. This review summarizes and discusses advances in porcine HDPs research during the last decade with an emphasis on the rapidly expanding profiles and biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongming Sang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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De Soyza A, Silipo A, Lanzetta R, Govan JR, Molinaro A. Chemical and biological features of Burkholderia cepacia complex lipopolysaccharides. Innate Immun 2008; 14:127-44. [PMID: 18562572 DOI: 10.1177/1753425908093984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Burkholderia cepacia complex comprises 10 closely related Gram-negative organisms all of which appear capable of causing disease in humans. These organisms appear of particular relevance to patients with cystic fibrosis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an important virulence determinant in Gram-negative pathogens. In this review, we highlight important data within the field commenting on LPS/lipid A structure-to-function relationships and cytokine induction capacity of Burkholderia strains studied so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony De Soyza
- Transplantation and Immunobiology Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University and The Freeman Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
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16
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Tang M, Waring AJ, Hong M. Effects of arginine density on the membrane-bound structure of a cationic antimicrobial peptide from solid-state NMR. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1788:514-21. [PMID: 19059201 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 10/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is used to determine the membrane-bound topological structure of a cationic beta-hairpin antimicrobial peptide in which the number of Arg residues has been halved. The parent peptide, PG-1, was previously found to form transmembrane beta-barrels in anionic membranes where the Arg residues complex with the lipid phosphate groups to cause toroidal pore defects in the membrane. In comparison, the charge-attenuated and less active mutant studied here forms beta-sheets that lie on the surface of the zwitterionic membrane and only partially insert into the anionic membrane. The mutant also exhibits much looser contact with the lipid headgroups. These results indicate that transmembrane insertion and tight Arg-phosphate association are two important elements for strong antimicrobial activities of this class of peptides. Comparison with other beta-hairpin antimicrobial peptides studied so far further suggests a relative potency scale for the various mechanisms of action for the beta-sheet family of antimicrobial peptides. The transmembrane insertion-toroidal pore mechanism is the most potent in disrupting the lipid bilayer, followed by the large-amplitude in-plane motional mechanism. The carpet model, where peptides aggregate on the membrane surface to cause lateral expansion and eventual micellization of the membrane, is a weaker mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Selection of single chain fragments against the phytopathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri by ribosome display. Enzyme Microb Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2007.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Eckert R, Qi F, Yarbrough DK, He J, Anderson MH, Shi W. Adding selectivity to antimicrobial peptides: rational design of a multidomain peptide against Pseudomonas spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1480-8. [PMID: 16569868 PMCID: PMC1426969 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.4.1480-1488.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently available antimicrobials exhibit broad killing with regard to bacterial genera and species. Indiscriminate killing of microbes by these conventional antibiotics can disrupt the ecological balance of the indigenous microbial flora, often resulting in negative clinical consequences. Species-specific antimicrobials capable of precisely targeting pathogenic bacteria without damaging benign microorganisms provide a means of avoiding this problem. In this communication, we report the successful creation of the first synthetic, target-specific antimicrobial peptide, G10KHc, via addition of a rationally designed Pseudomonas-specific targeting moiety (KH) to a generally killing peptide (novispirin G10). The resulting chimeric peptide showed enhanced bactericidal activity and faster killing kinetics against Pseudomonas spp. than G10 alone. The enhanced killing activities are due to increased binding and penetration of the outer membrane of Pseudomonas sp. cells. These properties were not observed in tests of untargeted bacterial species, and this specificity allowed G10KHc to selectively eliminate Pseudomonas spp. from mixed cultures. This work lays a foundation for generating target-specific "smart" antimicrobials to complement currently available conventional antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randal Eckert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA School of Dentistry, 10833 Le Conte Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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Frecer V. QSAR analysis of antimicrobial and haemolytic effects of cyclic cationic antimicrobial peptides derived from protegrin-1. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:6065-74. [PMID: 16714114 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2006] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we quantitatively analyse antimicrobial and haemolytic activities of porcine protegrin-1 (PG-1) mimetics-cyclic cationic peptides with beta-hairpin fold synthesised by Robinson et al. [Bioorg. Med. Chem.2005, 13, 2055]. The presented QSAR models, which use molecular properties related to possible mechanisms of cell membrane disruption that can be easily calculated from available data on amino acids, rationalize the relationships between sequences and antimicrobial and haemolytic potencies of the cyclic peptides. The best models obtained by application of genetic function approximation algorithm correlate antimicrobial potencies to the peptide's charge and amphipathicity index, while the haemolytic effect correlates well with the lipophilicity of residues forming the nonpolar face of the beta-hairpin. The models permit selection of site-directed residue substitutions leading to simultaneous optimization of antimicrobial and haemolytic potencies. Examples of such residue substitutions in the nonpolar face of a symmetric cyclic beta-hairpin PG-1 analogue with an ideal amphipathic structure are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Frecer
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava SK-83391, Slovakia.
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Robinson JA, Shankaramma SC, Jetter P, Kienzl U, Schwendener RA, Vrijbloed JW, Obrecht D. Properties and structure–activity studies of cyclic β-hairpin peptidomimetics based on the cationic antimicrobial peptide protegrin I. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:2055-64. [PMID: 15727859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The properties and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a macrocyclic analogue of porcine protegrin I (PG-I) have been investigated. The lead compound, having the sequence cyclo-(-Leu-Arg-Leu-Lys-Lys-Arg-Arg-Trp-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Val-d-Pro-Pro-), shows antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, but a much lower haemolytic activity and a much reduced ability to induce dye release from phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylglycerol liposomes, when compared to PG-I. The enantiomeric form of the lead peptide shows comparable antimicrobial activity, a property shared with other cationic antimicrobial peptides acting on cell membranes. SAR studies involving the synthesis and biological profiling of over 100 single site substituted analogues, showed that the antimicrobial activity was tolerant to a large number of the substitutions tested. Some analogues showed slightly improved antimicrobial activities (2-4-fold lowering of MICs), whereas other substitutions caused large increases in haemolytic activity on human red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Robinson
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Papo N, Shai Y. A Molecular Mechanism for Lipopolysaccharide Protection of Gram-negative Bacteria from Antimicrobial Peptides. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:10378-87. [PMID: 15632151 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m412865200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides serve as the first chemical barrier between all organisms and microbes. One of their main targets is the cytoplasmic membrane of the microorganisms. However, it is not yet clear why some peptides are active against one particular bacterial strain but not against others. Recent studies have suggested that the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) outer membrane is the first protective layer that actually controls peptide binding and insertion into Gram-negative bacteria. In order to shed light on these interactions, we synthesized and investigated a 12-mer amphipathic alpha-helical antimicrobial peptide (K(5)L(7)) and its diastereomer (4D-K(5)L(7)) (containing four d-amino acids). Interestingly, although both peptides strongly bind LPS bilayers and depolarize bacterial cytoplasmic membranes, only the diastereomer kills Gram-negative bacteria. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared, CD, and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopies revealed that only the diastereomer penetrates the LPS layer. In contrast, K(5)L(7) binds cooperatively to the polysaccharide chain and the outer phosphate groups. As a result, the self-associated K(5)L(7) is unable to traverse through the tightly packed LPS molecules, revealed by epifluorescence studies with LPS giant unilamellar vesicles. The difference in the peptides' modes of binding is further demonstrated by the ability of the diastereomer to induce LPS miscellization, as shown by transmission electron microscopy. In addition to increasing our understanding of the molecular basis of the protection of bacteria by LPS, this study presents a potential strategy to overcome resistance by LPS, and it should help in the design of antimicrobial peptides for future therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niv Papo
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Rich RL, Myszka DG. A survey of the year 2002 commercial optical biosensor literature. J Mol Recognit 2004; 16:351-82. [PMID: 14732928 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have compiled 819 articles published in the year 2002 that involved commercial optical biosensor technology. The literature demonstrates that the technology's application continues to increase as biosensors are contributing to diverse scientific fields and are used to examine interactions ranging in size from small molecules to whole cells. Also, the variety of available commercial biosensor platforms is increasing and the expertise of users is improving. In this review, we use the literature to focus on the basic types of biosensor experiments, including kinetics, equilibrium analysis, solution competition, active concentration determination and screening. In addition, using examples of particularly well-performed analyses, we illustrate the high information content available in the primary response data and emphasize the impact of including figures in publications to support the results of biosensor analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Rich
- Center for Biomolecular Interaction Analysis, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are components of complex host secretions, acting synergistically with other innate defence molecules to combat infection and control resident microbial populations throughout the oral cavity and respiratory tract. AMPs are directly antimicrobial, bind lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid, and are immunomodulatory signals. Pathogenic and commensal organisms display a variety of resistance mechanisms, which are related to structure of cell wall components (e.g. LPS) and cytoplasmic membranes, and peptide breakdown mechanisms. For example, LPS of the AMP-resistant cystic fibrosis pathogen Burkholderia cepacia is under-phosphorylated and highly substituted with charge-neutralising 4-deoxy-4-aminoarabinose. Additionally, host mimicry by addition of phosphorylcholine contributes to resistance in oral and respiratory organisms. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pathogens produce extracellular and membrane-bound proteases that degrade AMPs. Many of these bacterial properties are environmentally regulated. Their modulation in response to host defences and inflammation can result in altered sensitivity to AMPs, and may additionally change other host-microbe interactions, e.g. binding to Toll-like receptors. The diversity and breadth of antimicrobial cover and immunomodulatory function provided by AMPs is central to the ability of a host to respond to the diverse and highly adaptable organisms colonising oral and respiratory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre A Devine
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9LU, UK.
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Cazzola M, Sanduzzi A, Matera MG. Novelties in the field of antimicrobial compounds for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2003; 16:131-45. [PMID: 12749829 DOI: 10.1016/s1094-5539(03)00050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Emergence of antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem and a public health threat. New drugs must be designed with emerging needs in mind: specific resistant and hard-to-treat organisms. But the difficulty to find real new drugs is a major problem. Only the oxazolidinones, the cationic peptides and the lipopeptide antibiotics can be truly regarded as structurally novel drugs, although the peptide deformylase inhibitors and, possibly, the pleuromutilins can be considered a potential advancement in the field. Obviously, these antibiotics must be reserved only to cases of documented ineffectiveness of the common antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Unit of Pneumology and Allergology, A. Cardarelli Hospital, Via del Parco Margherita 24, 80121 Naples, Italy.
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