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Barlang LA, Deimel I, Mohl BP, Blaurock C, Balkema-Buschmann A, Weinbender K, Hess B, Obernolte H, Merkel OM, Popp A. Distribution and suitability of pulmonary surfactants as a vehicle for topically applied antibodies in healthy and SARS-CoV-2 infected rodent lungs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 196:106744. [PMID: 38471595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2024.106744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
The use of natural pulmonary surfactants (PS) as a drug delivery vehicle for biologics is a more recent therapeutic modality. Herein, we tested different contents of PS regarding their physicochemical properties under stress conditions. The PS content of 12.25 mg/ml (Formulation B) showed desired properties such as an isotonic osmolality ∼300 mOsm/kg and an acceptable viscosity of 8.61 cSt, being lower than in commercially available PS solutions. Formulation B passed the specifications of surface lowering capacities of >80 % total lung capacity and physiologically desired formulation properties were independent of the antibody used in the composition. The identified formulation showed the capability of significantly increasing the oxygen saturation in ex vivo isolated perfused rat lungs, compared to a control and up to 30 min post lavage. In the in vivo setting, we showed that intratracheal administration of a human mAB with and without pulmonary surfactant led to higher amounts of delivered antibody within the alveolar tissue compared to intravenous administration. The antibody with the PS formulation remained longer in the alveolar tissues than the antibody without the PS formulation. Further, SARS-CoV-2 infected Golden Syrian hamsters showed that the intranasally applied antibody reached the site of infection in the alveoli and could be detected in the alveolar region 24 h after the last administration. With this work, we demonstrated that pulmonary surfactants can be used as a pulmonary drug delivery mechanism for antibodies and may subsequently improve the antibody efficacy by increasing the residence time at the desired site of action in the alveolar tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea-Adriana Barlang
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5‑13, 8133 Munich, Germany; Quantitative, Translational & ADME Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Isabelle Deimel
- Biologics Drug Product Development Department, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co.KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Björn-Patrick Mohl
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Blaurock
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Anne Balkema-Buschmann
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Suedufer 10, 17493 Greifswald- Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Kristina Weinbender
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Brian Hess
- Quality Control Laboratories, AbbVie Inc. Illinois, USA
| | - Helena Obernolte
- Department of Preclinical Pharmacology and In Vitro Toxicology, Fraunhofer ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Olivia M Merkel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Butenandtstraße 5‑13, 8133 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Popp
- Preclinical Safety, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, Knollstraße, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Yang S, Lu S, Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Wang W, Wang L. Respiratory syncytial virus subtypes in children with bronchiolitis: does it correlate with clinical severity? BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:263. [PMID: 38408969 PMCID: PMC10898063 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this retrospective study, we aimed to evaluate the factors associated with the severity of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in children aged under 2 years who were admitted to the Children's Hospital of Hebei between June 2018 and January 2019. METHODS Sputum samples positive for RSV via multiplex PCR were subtyped using real-time PCR. Data collected included risk factors for disease severity, demographics, microbiology, and outcomes. RESULTS Of the 82 children with RSV bronchiolitis, 79 were treated and discharged with improvement, while 3 died. All three patients had underlying medical conditions, including complex congenital heart disease and severe combined immunodeficiency. Further, disease severity was associated with preexisting underlying disease, fever duration, and bacterial co-infection, but not with the RSV subtype. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that an appropriate therapeutic regimen should include the detection of bacterial co-infections and the identification of underlying diseases for the effective management of severe RSV bronchiolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei, 133 Jianhua South Street, 050031, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Sukun Lu
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei, 133 Jianhua South Street, 050031, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yakun Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei, 133 Jianhua South Street, 050031, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yinghui Guo
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei, 133 Jianhua South Street, 050031, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhuang Zhang
- Ningbo HEALTH Gene Technologies Co., Ltd, 315000, Ningbo, China
| | - Weijian Wang
- Ningbo HEALTH Gene Technologies Co., Ltd, 315000, Ningbo, China
| | - Le Wang
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Hebei, 133 Jianhua South Street, 050031, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China.
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3
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Loaiza RA, Ramírez RA, Sepúlveda-Alfaro J, Ramírez MA, Andrade CA, Soto JA, González PA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. A molecular perspective for the development of antibodies against the human respiratory syncytial virus. Antiviral Res 2024; 222:105783. [PMID: 38145755 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading etiologic agent causing respiratory infections in infants, children, older adults, and patients with comorbidities. Sixty-seven years have passed since the discovery of hRSV, and only a few successful mitigation or treatment tools have been developed against this virus. One of these is immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies against structural proteins of the virus, such as Palivizumab, the first prophylactic approach approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of the USA. In this article, we discuss different strategies for the prevention and treatment of hRSV infection, focusing on the molecular mechanisms against each target that underly the rational design of antibodies against hRSV. At the same time, we describe the latest results regarding currently approved therapies against hRSV and the challenges associated with developing new candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A Loaiza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Robinson A Ramírez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Javiera Sepúlveda-Alfaro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Mario A Ramírez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile; Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile.
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4
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Miller RJ, Mousa JJ. Structural basis for respiratory syncytial virus and human metapneumovirus neutralization. Curr Opin Virol 2023; 61:101337. [PMID: 37544710 PMCID: PMC10421620 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2023.101337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) continue to be a global burden to infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. In the past ten years, there has been substantial progress in the development of new vaccine candidates and therapies against these viruses. These advancements were guided by the structural elucidation of the major surface glycoproteins for these viruses, the fusion (F) protein and attachment (G) protein. The identification of immunodominant epitopes on the RSV F and hMPV F proteins has expanded current knowledge on antibody-mediated immune responses, which has led to new approaches for vaccine and therapeutic development through the stabilization of pre-fusion constructs of the F protein and pre-fusion-specific monoclonal antibodies with high potency and efficacy. In this review, we describe structural characteristics of known antigenic sites on the RSV and hMPV proteins, their influence on the immune response, and current progress in vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose J Miller
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
| | - Jarrod J Mousa
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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5
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Radić L, Sliepen K, Yin V, Brinkkemper M, Capella-Pujol J, Schriek AI, Torres JL, Bangaru S, Burger JA, Poniman M, Bontjer I, Bouhuijs JH, Gideonse D, Eggink D, Ward AB, Heck AJ, Van Gils MJ, Sanders RW, Schinkel J. Bispecific antibodies combine breadth, potency, and avidity of parental antibodies to neutralize sarbecoviruses. iScience 2023; 26:106540. [PMID: 37063468 PMCID: PMC10065043 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants evade current monoclonal antibody therapies. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) combine the specificities of two distinct antibodies taking advantage of the avidity and synergy provided by targeting different epitopes. Here we used controlled Fab-arm exchange to produce bsAbs that neutralize SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron and its subvariants, by combining potent SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies with broader antibodies that also neutralize SARS-CoV. We demonstrated that the parental antibodies rely on avidity for neutralization using bsAbs containing one irrelevant Fab arm. Using mass photometry to measure the formation of antibody:spike complexes, we determined that bsAbs increase binding stoichiometry compared to corresponding cocktails, without a loss of binding affinity. The heterogeneous binding pattern of bsAbs to spike, observed by negative-stain electron microscopy and mass photometry provided evidence for both intra- and inter-spike crosslinking. This study highlights the utility of cross-neutralizing antibodies for designing bivalent agents to combat circulating and future SARS-like coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Radić
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kwinten Sliepen
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Yin
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mitch Brinkkemper
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joan Capella-Pujol
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angela I. Schriek
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- Department of Structural Biology and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Structural Biology and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Judith A. Burger
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meliawati Poniman
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilja Bontjer
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joey H. Bouhuijs
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David Gideonse
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, WHO COVID-19 reference laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Structural Biology and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Albert J.R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marit J. Van Gils
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janke Schinkel
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Amsterdam institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious diseases, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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6
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Prevention and Treatment Strategies for Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020154. [PMID: 36839426 PMCID: PMC9961958 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease, especially in young children. Despite its global impact on healthcare, related to its high prevalence and its association with significant morbidity, the current therapy is still mostly supportive. Moreover, while more than 50 years have passed since the first trial of an RSV vaccine (which unfortunately caused enhanced RSV disease), no vaccine has been approved for RSV prevention. In the last two decades, our understanding of the pathogenesis and immunopathology of RSV have continued to evolve, leading to significant advancements in RSV prevention strategies. These include both the development of new potential vaccines and the successful implementation of passive immunization, which, together, will provide coverage from infancy to old age. In this review, we provide an update of the current treatment options for acute disease (RSV-specific and -non-specific) and different therapeutic approaches focusing on RSV prevention.
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Diethelm-Varela B, Soto JA, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. New Developments and Challenges in Antibody-Based Therapies for the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2061-2074. [PMID: 37063935 PMCID: PMC10094422 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s379660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV), multiple research efforts have been conducted to develop vaccines and treatments capable of reducing the risk of severe disease, hospitalization, long-term sequelae, and death from this pathogen in susceptible populations. In this sense, therapies specifically directed against hRSV are mainly based on monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies such as intravenous IgG (IVIG)-RSV and the monoclonal antibody palivizumab. However, these therapies are associated with significant limitations, including the need for the recruitment of a high number of convalescent volunteers who donate blood to procure IVIG-RSV and the costs associated with the need for repeated administrations of palivizumab. These limitations render this product not cost-effective for populations other than high-risk patients. These problems have underscored that it is still necessary to identify new safe and effective therapies for human use. However, these new therapies must benefit from a comparatively cheap production cost and the opportunity to be available to the high-risk population and anyone who requires treatment. Here, we review the different antibodies used to prevent the pathology caused by hRSV infection, highlighting therapies currently approved for human use and their clinical value. Also, the new, most promising candidates based on preclinical studies and clinical trial results are revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Diethelm-Varela
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Correspondence: Alexis M Kalergis, Email
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8
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Patel A, Kosanovich J, Sansare S, Balmuri S, Sant V, Empey KM, Sant S. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cerium oxide nanoparticles in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Bioact Mater 2022; 24:124-135. [PMID: 36606255 PMCID: PMC9791695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of viral bronchiolitis among children worldwide, yet there is no vaccine for RSV disease. This study investigates the potential of cube and sphere-shaped cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) to modulate reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species and immune cell phenotypes in the presence of RSV infection in vitro and in vivo. Cube and sphere-shaped CNP were synthesized by hydrothermal and ultrasonication methods, respectively. Physico-chemical characterization confirmed the shape of sphere and cube CNP and effect of various parameters on their particle size distribution and zeta potential. In vitro results revealed that sphere and cube CNP differentially modulated ROS and RNS levels in J774 macrophages. Specifically, cube CNP significantly reduced RSV-induced ROS levels without affecting RNS levels while sphere CNP increased RSV-induced RNS levels with minimal effect on ROS levels. Cube CNP drove an M1 phenotype in RSV-infected macrophages in vitro by increasing macrophage surface expression of CD80 and CD86 with a concomitant increase in TNFα and IL-12p70, while simultaneously decreasing M2 CD206 expression. Intranasal administration of sphere and cube-CNP were well-tolerated with no observed toxicity in BALB/c mice. Notably, cube CNP preferentially accumulated in murine alveolar macrophages and induced their activation, avoiding enhanced uptake and activation of other inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, which are associated with RSV-mediated inflammation. In conclusion, we report that sphere and cube CNP modulate macrophage polarization and innate cellular responses during RSV infection.
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Key Words
- APTES, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
- BAL, Bronchoalveolar lavage
- BHA, Butylated hydroxyanisole
- Bioactive nanoparticles
- CNP, Cerium oxide nanoparticles
- Cerium oxide nanoparticles
- DLS, Dynamic light scattering
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Gas6, Growth arrest specific-6
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- Immunomodulation
- MFI, Mean fluorescence intensity
- Macrophage phenotypes
- Nanoparticle shape
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- RFU, Relative fluorescence units
- RNS, Reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RSV, Respiratory syncytial virus
- Reactive oxygen species
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- SDS-PAGE, Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TEM, Transmission electron microscopy
- iNOS, Induced nitrous oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jessica Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sameera Sansare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sricharani Balmuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Vinayak Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Corresponding author. 3501 Terrace Street, 207 Salk Pavilion, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Corresponding author. 700 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh Technology Center, Room 4307, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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9
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Soto JA, Galvez NMS, Rivera DB, Díaz FE, Riedel CA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. From animal studies into clinical trials: the relevance of animal models to develop vaccines and therapies to reduce disease severity and prevent hRSV infection. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2022; 17:1237-1259. [PMID: 36093605 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2022.2123468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infections in the pediatric and the geriatric population worldwide. There is a substantial economic burden resulting from hRSV disease during winter. Although no vaccines have been approved for human use, prophylactic therapies are available for high-risk populations. Choosing the proper animal models to evaluate different vaccine prototypes or pharmacological treatments is essential for developing efficient therapies against hRSV. AREAS COVERED This article describes the relevance of using different animal models to evaluate the effect of antiviral drugs, pharmacological molecules, vaccine prototypes, and antibodies in the protection against hRSV. The animal models covered are rodents, mustelids, bovines, and nonhuman primates. Animals included were chosen based on the available literature and their role in the development of the drugs discussed in this manuscript. EXPERT OPINION Choosing the correct animal model is critical for exploring and testing treatments that could decrease the impact of hRSV in high-risk populations. Mice will continue to be the most used preclinical model to evaluate this. However, researchers must also explore the use of other models such as nonhuman primates, as they are more similar to humans, prior to escalating into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - N M S Galvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - D B Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - F E Díaz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - C A Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - S M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - A M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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10
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Challenges in Maximizing Impacts of Preventive Strategies against Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Disease in Young Children. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2022; 95:293-300. [PMID: 35782467 PMCID: PMC9235255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and young children. It causes substantial morbidity and mortality in young children and older adults. As few therapeutic and prophylaxis options against RSV illness are currently available, there is a great need for effective RSV vaccines and immune-prophylaxis. Encouragingly, multiple vaccines and immuno-prophylaxis aiming to protect pediatric populations have shown promising progress in clinical trials. The three major preventive strategies include RSV F-protein-based vaccines for pregnant women, extended half-life monoclonal antibodies for neonates, and live-attenuated vaccines for infants. Each preventive strategy has its own merits and challenges yet to be overcome. Challenges also exist in maximizing vaccine impacts in the post-implementation era. This perspectives piece focuses on RSV preventive strategies in young children and highlights the remaining questions in current development of RSV immunization products and design of immunization programs.
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11
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Aleshnick M, Florez-Cuadros M, Martinson T, Wilder BK. Monoclonal antibodies for malaria prevention. Mol Ther 2022; 30:1810-1821. [PMID: 35395399 PMCID: PMC8979832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific proteins that are cloned from a single B cell and bind to a single epitope on a pathogen. These laboratory-made molecules can serve as prophylactics or therapeutics for infectious diseases and have an impressive capacity to modulate the progression of disease, as demonstrated for the first time on a large scale during the COVID-19 pandemic. The high specificity and natural starting point of monoclonal antibodies afford an encouraging safety profile, yet the high cost of production remains a major limitation to their widespread use. While a monoclonal antibody approach to abrogating malaria infection is not yet available, the unique life cycle of the malaria parasite affords many opportunities for such proteins to act, and preliminary research into the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies in preventing malaria infection, disease, and transmission is encouraging. This review examines the current status and future outlook for monoclonal antibodies against malaria in the context of the complex life cycle and varied antigenic targets expressed in the human and mosquito hosts, and provides insight into the strengths and limitations of this approach to curtailing one of humanity’s oldest and deadliest diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Aleshnick
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Thomas Martinson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA
| | - Brandon K Wilder
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon, USA; Department of Parasitology, U.S. Naval Medical Research 6 (NAMRU-6), Lima, Peru
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12
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Sahin M, Remy MM, Fallet B, Sommerstein R, Florova M, Langner A, Klausz K, Straub T, Kreutzfeldt M, Wagner I, Schmidt CT, Malinge P, Magistrelli G, Izui S, Pircher H, Verbeek JS, Merkler D, Peipp M, Pinschewer DD. Antibody bivalency improves antiviral efficacy by inhibiting virion release independently of Fc gamma receptors. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110303. [PMID: 35108544 PMCID: PMC8822495 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Across the animal kingdom, multivalency discriminates antibodies from all other immunoglobulin superfamily members. The evolutionary forces conserving multivalency above other structural hallmarks of antibodies remain, however, incompletely defined. Here, we engineer monovalent either Fc-competent or -deficient antibody formats to investigate mechanisms of protection of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) in virus-infected mice. Antibody bivalency enables the tethering of virions to the infected cell surface, inhibits the release of virions in cell culture, and suppresses viral loads in vivo independently of Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) interactions. In return, monovalent antibody formats either do not inhibit virion release and fail to protect in vivo or their protective efficacy is largely FcγR dependent. Protection in mice correlates with virus-release-inhibiting activity of nAb and nnAb rather than with their neutralizing capacity. These observations provide mechanistic insights into the evolutionary conservation of antibody bivalency and help refining correlates of nnAb protection for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Sahin
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melissa M Remy
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benedict Fallet
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rami Sommerstein
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marianna Florova
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anna Langner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Katja Klausz
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Wagner
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cinzia T Schmidt
- BioEM Lab, Center for Cellular Imaging & Nano Analytics, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pauline Malinge
- Light Chain Bioscience, Novimmune SA, Plan-les-Ouates, Switzerland
| | | | - Shozo Izui
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Pircher
- Institute for Immunology, Department for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospital of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine II, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein and Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel D Pinschewer
- Department of Biomedicine - Haus Petersplatz, Division of Experimental Virology, University of Basel, 4009 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
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13
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Garegnani L, Styrmisdóttir L, Roson Rodriguez P, Escobar Liquitay CM, Esteban I, Franco JV. Palivizumab for preventing severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 11:CD013757. [PMID: 34783356 PMCID: PMC8594174 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013757.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viruses are the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) and hospitalisation in infants and young children. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main infectious agent in this population. Palivizumab is administered intramuscularly every month during five months in the first RSV season to prevent serious RSV LRTI in children. Given its high cost, it is essential to know if palivizumab continues to be effective in preventing severe RSV disease in children. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of palivizumab for preventing severe RSV infection in children. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, three other databases and two trials registers to 14 October 2021, together with reference checking, citation searching and contact with study authors to identify additional studies. We searched Embase to October 2020, as we did not have access to this database for 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs), including cluster-RCTs, comparing palivizumab given at a dose of 15 mg/kg once a month (maximum five doses) with placebo, no intervention or standard care in children 0 to 24 months of age from both genders, regardless of RSV infection history. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used Cochrane's Screen4Me workflow to help assess the search results. Two review authors screened studies for selection, assessed risk of bias and extracted data. We used standard Cochrane methods. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence. The primary outcomes were hospitalisation due to RSV infection, all-cause mortality and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were hospitalisation due to respiratory-related illness, length of hospital stay, RSV infection, number of wheezing days, days of supplemental oxygen, intensive care unit length of stay and mechanical ventilation days. MAIN RESULTS We included five studies with a total of 3343 participants. All studies were parallel RCTs, assessing the effects of 15 mg/kg of palivizumab every month up to five months compared to placebo or no intervention in an outpatient setting, although one study also included hospitalised infants. Most of the included studies were conducted in children with a high risk of RSV infection due to comorbidities like bronchopulmonary dysplasia and congenital heart disease. The risk of bias of outcomes across all studies was similar and predominately low. Palivizumab reduces hospitalisation due to RSV infection at two years' follow-up (risk ratio (RR) 0.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30 to 0.64; 5 studies, 3343 participants; high certainty evidence). Based on 98 hospitalisations per 1000 participants in the placebo group, this corresponds to 43 (29 to 62) per 1000 participants in the palivizumab group. Palivizumab probably results in little to no difference in mortality at two years' follow-up (RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.42 to 1.15; 5 studies, 3343 participants; moderate certainty evidence). Based on 23 deaths per 1000 participants in the placebo group, this corresponds to 16 (10 to 27) per 1000 participants in the palivizumab group. Palivizumab probably results in little to no difference in adverse events at 150 days' follow-up (RR 1.09, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.39; 3 studies, 2831 participants; moderate certainty evidence). Based on 84 cases per 1000 participants in the placebo group, this corresponds to 91 (71 to 117) per 1000 participants in the palivizumab group. Palivizumab probably results in a slight reduction in hospitalisation due to respiratory-related illness at two years' follow-up (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.62 to 0.97; 5 studies, 3343 participants; moderate certainty evidence). Palivizumab may result in a large reduction in RSV infection at two years' follow-up (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.55; 3 studies, 554 participants; low certainty evidence). Based on 195 cases of RSV infection per 1000 participants in the placebo group, this corresponds to 64 (39 to 107) per 1000 participants in the palivizumab group. Palivizumab also reduces the number of wheezing days at one year's follow-up (RR 0.39, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.44; 1 study, 429 participants; high certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The available evidence suggests that prophylaxis with palivizumab reduces hospitalisation due to RSV infection and results in little to no difference in mortality or adverse events. Moreover, palivizumab results in a slight reduction in hospitalisation due to respiratory-related illness and may result in a large reduction in RSV infections. Palivizumab also reduces the number of wheezing days. These results may be applicable to children with a high risk of RSV infection due to comorbidities. Further research is needed to establish the effect of palivizumab on children with other comorbidities known as risk factors for severe RSV disease (e.g. immune deficiencies) and other social determinants of the disease, including children living in low- and middle-income countries, tropical regions, children lacking breastfeeding, living in poverty, or members of families in overcrowded situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Garegnani
- Associate Cochrane Centre, Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Pablo Roson Rodriguez
- Research Department, Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Ignacio Esteban
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Pediatric Stepdown Unit, Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Va Franco
- Associate Cochrane Centre, Instituto Universitario Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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14
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Russell MS, Thulasi Raman SN, Gravel C, Zhang W, Pfeifle A, Chen W, Van Domselaar G, Safronetz D, Johnston M, Sauve S, Wang L, Rosu-Myles M, Cao J, Li X. Single Immunization of a Vaccine Vectored by a Novel Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Affords Effective Protection Against Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection in Cotton Rats. Front Immunol 2021; 12:747866. [PMID: 34603336 PMCID: PMC8484905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.747866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory infections worldwide and disease management measures are hampered by the lack of a safe and effective vaccine against the infection. We constructed a novel recombinant RSV vaccine candidate based on a deletion mutant vaccinia virus platform, in that the host range genes E3L and K3L were deleted (designated as VACVΔE3LΔK3L) and a poxvirus K3L ortholog gene was used as a marker for the rapid and efficient selection of recombinant viruses. The safety of the modified vaccinia virus was investigated by intranasal administration of BALB/c mice with the modified vaccinia vector using a dose known to be lethal in the wild-type Western Reserve. Only a minor loss of body weight by less than 5% and mild pulmonary inflammation were observed, both of which were transient in nature following nasal administration of the high-dose modified vaccinia virus. In addition, the viruses were cleared from the lung in 2 days with no viral invasions of the brain and other vital organs. These results suggest that the virulence of the virus has been essentially abolished. We then investigated the efficiency of the vector for the delivery of vaccines against RSV through comparison with another RSV vaccine delivered by the widely used Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) backbone. In the cotton rats, we found a single intramuscular administration of VACVΔE3LΔK3L-vectored vaccine elicited immune responses and protection at a level comparable to the MVA-vectored vaccine against RSV infection. The distinct features of this novel VACV vector, such as an E3L deletion for attenuation and a K3L ortholog for positive selection and high efficiency for vaccine delivery, could provide unique advantages to the application of VACV as a platform for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marsha S Russell
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sathya N Thulasi Raman
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Caroline Gravel
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wanyue Zhang
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Annabelle Pfeifle
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- National Research Council of Canada, Human Health Therapeutics, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Van Domselaar
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - David Safronetz
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Michael Johnston
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Simon Sauve
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lisheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Rosu-Myles
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Jingxin Cao
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologic and Radiopharmaceutical Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch (HPFB), Health Canada and WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Biologicals, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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15
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Parray HA, Shukla S, Perween R, Khatri R, Shrivastava T, Singh V, Murugavelu P, Ahmed S, Samal S, Sharma C, Sinha S, Luthra K, Kumar R. Inhalation monoclonal antibody therapy: a new way to treat and manage respiratory infections. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6315-6332. [PMID: 34423407 PMCID: PMC8380517 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The route of administration of a therapeutic agent has a substantial impact on its success. Therapeutic antibodies are usually administered systemically, either directly by intravenous route, or indirectly by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. However, treatment of diseases contained within a specific tissue necessitates a better alternate route of administration for targeting localised infections. Inhalation is a promising non-invasive strategy for antibody delivery to treat respiratory maladies because it provides higher concentrations of antibody in the respiratory airways overcoming the constraints of entry through systemic circulation and uncertainity in the amount reaching the target tissue. The nasal drug delivery route is one of the extensively researched modes of administration, and nasal sprays for molecular drugs are deemed successful and are presently commercially marketed. This review highlights the current state and future prospects of inhaled therapies, with an emphasis on the use of monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of respiratory infections, as well as an overview of their importance, practical challenges, and clinical trial outcomes.Key points• Immunologic strategies for preventing mucosal transmission of respiratory pathogens.• Mucosal-mediated immunoprophylaxis could play a major role in COVID-19 prevention.• Applications of monoclonal antibodies in passive immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal Ahmad Parray
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shivangi Shukla
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Reshma Perween
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Ritika Khatri
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Tripti Shrivastava
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Vanshika Singh
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Praveenkumar Murugavelu
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Shubbir Ahmed
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Sweety Samal
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Chandresh Sharma
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | - Subrata Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kalpana Luthra
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Translational Health Science & Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone, Faridabad - Gurgaon Expressway, PO Box # 04, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India.
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16
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Valgardsdottir R, Cattaneo I, Napolitano G, Raglio A, Spinelli O, Salmoiraghi S, Castilletti C, Lapa D, Capobianchi MR, Farina C, Golay J. Identification of Human SARS-CoV-2 Monoclonal Antibodies from Convalescent Patients Using EBV Immortalization. Antibodies (Basel) 2021; 10:26. [PMID: 34287229 PMCID: PMC8293222 DOI: 10.3390/antib10030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the isolation of two human IgG1k monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. These mAbs were isolated from two donors who had recovered from COVID-19 infection during the first pandemic peak in the Lombardy region of Italy, the first European and initially most affected region in March 2020. We used the method of EBV immortalization of purified memory B cells and supernatant screening with a spike S1/2 assay for mAb isolation. This method allowed rapid isolation of clones, with one donor showing about 7% of clones positive against spike protein, whereas the other donor did not produce positive clones out of 91 tested. RNA was extracted from positive clones 39-47 days post-EBV infection, allowing VH and VL sequencing. The same clones were sequenced again after a further 100 days in culture, showing that no mutation had taken place during in vitro expansion. The B cell clones could be expanded in culture for more than 4 months after EBV immortalization and secreted the antibodies stably during that time, allowing to purify mg quantities of each mAb for functional assays without generating recombinant proteins. Unfortunately, neither mAb had significant neutralizing activity in a virus infection assay with several different SARS-CoV-2 isolates. The antibody sequences are made freely available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Valgardsdottir
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Irene Cattaneo
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Gavino Napolitano
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Annibale Raglio
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Orietta Spinelli
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Salmoiraghi
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Virology Laboratory, INMI-IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, 00149 Roma, Italy; (C.C.); (D.L.); (M.R.C.)
| | - Daniele Lapa
- Virology Laboratory, INMI-IRCCS “L. Spallanzani”, 00149 Roma, Italy; (C.C.); (D.L.); (M.R.C.)
| | | | - Claudio Farina
- Division of Microbiology and Virology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (G.N.); (A.R.); (C.F.)
| | - Josee Golay
- Center of Cellular Therapy “G. Lanzani”, Division of Hematology, ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy; (R.V.); (I.C.); (O.S.); (S.S.)
- Fondazione per la Ricerca Ospedale Maggiore, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
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17
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Zuniga A, Rassek O, Vrohlings M, Marrero-Nodarse A, Moehle K, Robinson JA, Ghasparian A. An epitope-specific chemically defined nanoparticle vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus. NPJ Vaccines 2021; 6:85. [PMID: 34145291 PMCID: PMC8213762 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-021-00347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause severe respiratory disease in humans, particularly in infants and the elderly. However, attempts to develop a safe and effective vaccine have so far been unsuccessful. Atomic-level structures of epitopes targeted by RSV-neutralizing antibodies are now known, including that bound by Motavizumab and its clinically used progenitor Palivizumab. We developed a chemically defined approach to RSV vaccine design, that allows control of both immunogenicity and safety features of the vaccine. Structure-guided antigen design and a synthetic nanoparticle delivery platform led to a vaccine candidate that elicits high titers of palivizumab-like, epitope-specific neutralizing antibodies. The vaccine protects preclinical animal models from RSV infection and lung pathology typical of vaccine-derived disease enhancement. The results suggest that the development of a safe and effective synthetic epitope-specific RSV vaccine may be feasible by combining this conformationally stabilized peptide and synthetic nanoparticle delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Zuniga
- Virometix AG, Schlieren, Switzerland.,Shape Biopharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Melissa Vrohlings
- Virometix AG, Schlieren, Switzerland.,CDR-Life, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | | | - Kerstin Moehle
- Chemistry Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - John A Robinson
- Chemistry Department, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Arin Ghasparian
- Virometix AG, Schlieren, Switzerland. .,Shape Biopharmaceuticals Inc, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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18
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Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Andrade CA, Kalergis AM. Bacterial and Viral Coinfections with the Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061293. [PMID: 34199284 PMCID: PMC8231868 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is one of the leading causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections in children under five years old. Notably, hRSV infections can give way to pneumonia and predispose to other respiratory complications later in life, such as asthma. Even though the social and economic burden associated with hRSV infections is tremendous, there are no approved vaccines to date to prevent the disease caused by this pathogen. Recently, coinfections and superinfections have turned into an active field of study, and interactions between many viral and bacterial pathogens have been studied. hRSV is not an exception since polymicrobial infections involving this virus are common, especially when illness has evolved into pneumonia. Here, we review the epidemiology and recent findings regarding the main polymicrobial infections involving hRSV and several prevalent bacterial and viral respiratory pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, human rhinoviruses, influenza A virus, human metapneumovirus, and human parainfluenza viruses. As reports of most polymicrobial infections involving hRSV lack a molecular basis explaining the interaction between hRSV and these pathogens, we believe this review article can serve as a starting point to interesting and very much needed research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (C.A.A.)
| | - Nicolás M. S. Gálvez
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (C.A.A.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (C.A.A.)
| | - Catalina A. Andrade
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (C.A.A.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (C.A.A.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-686-2842; Fax: +56-2-222-5515
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19
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Taylor PC, Adams AC, Hufford MM, de la Torre I, Winthrop K, Gottlieb RL. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for treatment of COVID-19. Nat Rev Immunol 2021; 21:382-393. [PMID: 33875867 PMCID: PMC8054133 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-021-00542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 154.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have been developed and are now under evaluation in clinical trials. With the US Food and Drug Administration recently granting emergency use authorizations for neutralizing mAbs in non-hospitalized patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, there is an urgent need to discuss the broader potential of these novel therapies and to develop strategies to deploy them effectively in clinical practice, given limited initial availability. Here, we review the precedent for passive immunization and lessons learned from using antibody therapies for viral infections such as respiratory syncytial virus, Ebola virus and SARS-CoV infections. We then focus on the deployment of convalescent plasma and neutralizing mAbs for treatment of SARS-CoV-2. We review specific clinical questions, including the rationale for stratification of patients, potential biomarkers, known risk factors and temporal considerations for optimal clinical use. To answer these questions, there is a need to understand factors such as the kinetics of viral load and its correlation with clinical outcomes, endogenous antibody responses, pharmacokinetic properties of neutralizing mAbs and the potential benefit of combining antibodies to defend against emerging viral variants.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/therapeutic use
- Antibody-Dependent Enhancement
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/therapy
- COVID-19/virology
- Drug Development
- Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Viral/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization, Passive/adverse effects
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Models, Immunological
- Pandemics
- SARS-CoV-2/drug effects
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- COVID-19 Serotherapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Taylor
- Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert L Gottlieb
- Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, TX, USA
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20
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Suzuki T, Hashii N, Tada M, Ishii-Watabe A. The influence of antibody engineering on Fc conformation and Fc receptor binding properties: Analysis of FcRn-binding engineered antibodies and an Fc fusion protein. MAbs 2021; 13:1923366. [PMID: 34030575 PMCID: PMC8158039 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1923366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies have comparatively long half-lives because the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) binds to the IgG Fc at acidic pH in the endosome and protects IgG from degradation. To further prolong the half-lives, amino acid-substituted antibodies having high affinity to FcRn are being developed, and one such therapeutic antibody (ravulizumab) has been approved. In this study, we investigated the binding property to FcγR and the conformation of seven FcRn affinity-modulated adalimumab variants to clarify the impact of the amino acid substitutions on the function and conformation of IgG Fc. The amino acid substitutions in T254-P261 caused a change in deuterium uptake into some regions of Fc in HDX-MS analysis, but those at T311, M432 and N438 did not cause such a change. The conformations around F245-L255 (FLFPPKPKDTL) were particularly influenced by the amino acid substitution in M256-P261, and the conformational changes of this region were correlated with the decrease of the affinity to FcγRIIIa. Additionally, we investigated the conformational difference of Fc between a Fc fusion protein (etanercept) and a native IgG (adalimumab). Although the Fc fusion proteins were expected to have similar FcRn affinity to IgGs, the affinity of etanercept to FcRn was lower than that of adalimumab, and its half-life was shorter than those of the IgG antibodies. Differences in deuterium uptakes were observed in the two regions where they were also detected in the adalimumab variants, and the conformational differences appeared to be an important factor for the low FcRn affinity of etanercept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuo Suzuki
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Noritaka Hashii
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Minoru Tada
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishii-Watabe
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Biologicals, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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Kumar D, Gauthami S, Bayry J, Kaveri SV, Hegde NR. Antibody Therapy: From Diphtheria to Cancer, COVID-19, and Beyond. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2021; 40:36-49. [PMID: 33900819 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2021.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The dawn of the 20th century saw the formative years of developments in immunology. In particular, immunochemistry, specifically pertaining to antibodies, was extensively studied. These studies laid the foundations for employing antibodies in a variety of ways. Not surprisingly, antibodies have been used for applications ranging from biomedical research to disease diagnostics and therapeutics to evaluation of immune responses during natural infection and those elicited by vaccines. Despite recent advancements in cellular immunology and the excitement of T cell therapy, use of antibodies represents a large proportion of immunotherapeutic approaches as well as clinical interventions. Polyclonal antibodies in the form of plasma or sera continue to be used to treat a number of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, cancers, and infectious diseases. Historically, antisera to toxins have been the longest serving biotherapeutics. In addition, intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIg) have been extensively used to treat not only immunodeficiency conditions but also autoimmune disorders. Beyond the simplistic suppositions of their action, the IVIg have also unraveled the immune regulatory and homeostatic ramifications of their use. The advent of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), on the other hand, has provided a clear pathway for their development as drug molecules. MAbs have found a clear place in the treatment of cancers and extending lives and have been used in a variety of other conditions. In this review, we capture the important developments in the therapeutic applications of antibodies to alleviate disease, with a focus on some of the recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sulgey Gauthami
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad, Palakkad, Kerala, India
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Bureau India, IFI, New Delhi, India
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22
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Mathew S, Taleb S, Eid AH, Althani AA, Yassine HM. In silico virtual screening of lead compounds for major antigenic sites in respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 5:295-305. [PMID: 33969268 PMCID: PMC8090912 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00213-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading ubiquitous respiratory pathogen in newborn infants, young children, and the elderly, with no vaccine available to date. The viral fusion glycoprotein (RSV F) plays an essential role in the infection process, and it is a primary target of neutralizing antibodies, making it an attractive site for vaccine development. With this in view, there is a persistent need to identify selective antiviral drugs against RSV, targeting the major antigenic sites on the F protein. We aimed to conduct a robust in silico high-throughput drug screening of one million compounds to explore potential inhibitors that bind the major antigenic site Ø and site II on RSV F protein, which are the main target of neutralizing antibodies (NAb). We utilized the three-dimensional crystallographic structure of both antigenic site Ø on pre-F and antigenic II on post-F to screen for potential anti-RSV inhibitors. A library of one million small compounds was docked to explore lead binders in the major antigenic sites by using virtual lab bench CLC Drug Discovery. We also performed Quantitative Structure-Activity and Relationship (QSAR) for the lead best binders known for their antiviral activity. Among one million tested ligands, seven ligands (PubChem ID: 3714418, 24787350, 49828911, 24802036, 79824892, 49726463, and 3139884) were identified as the best binders to neutralizing epitopes site Ø and four ligands (PubChem ID: 865999, 17505357, 24802036, and 24285058) to neutralizing epitopes site II, respectively. These binders exhibited significant interactions with neutralizing epitopes on RSV F, with an average of six H bonds, docking energy of - 15.43 Kcal·mol-1, and minimum interaction energy of - 7.45 Kcal·mol-1. Using in silico virtual screening, we identified potential RSV inhibitors that bind two major antigenic sites on the RSV F protein. Using structure-based design and combination-based drug therapy, identified molecules could be modified to generate the next generation anti-RSV drugs. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42247-021-00213-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilu Mathew
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar
| | - Sara Taleb
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Asmaa A. Althani
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar
- College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar
| | - Hadi M. Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar
- College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, 2713 Qatar
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23
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Behl T, Rocchetti G, Chadha S, Zengin G, Bungau S, Kumar A, Mehta V, Uddin MS, Khullar G, Setia D, Arora S, Sinan KI, Ak G, Putnik P, Gallo M, Montesano D. Phytochemicals from Plant Foods as Potential Source of Antiviral Agents: An Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:381. [PMID: 33921724 PMCID: PMC8073840 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide include viral infections, such as Ebola, influenza virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and recently COVID-19 disease, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Currently, we can count on a narrow range of antiviral drugs, especially older generation ones like ribavirin and interferon which are effective against viruses in vitro but can often be ineffective in patients. In addition to these, we have antiviral agents for the treatment of herpes virus, influenza virus, HIV and hepatitis virus. Recently, drugs used in the past especially against ebolavirus, such as remdesivir and favipiravir, have been considered for the treatment of COVID-19 disease. However, even if these drugs represent important tools against viral diseases, they are certainly not sufficient to defend us from the multitude of viruses present in the environment. This represents a huge problem, especially considering the unprecedented global threat due to the advancement of COVID-19, which represents a potential risk to the health and life of millions of people. The demand, therefore, for new and effective antiviral drugs is very high. This review focuses on three fundamental points: (1) presents the main threats to human health, reviewing the most widespread viral diseases in the world, thus describing the scenario caused by the disease in question each time and evaluating the specific therapeutic remedies currently available. (2) It comprehensively describes main phytochemical classes, in particular from plant foods, with proven antiviral activities, the viruses potentially treated with the described phytochemicals. (3) Consideration of the various applications of drug delivery systems in order to improve the bioavailability of these compounds or extracts. A PRISMA flow diagram was used for the inclusion of the works. Taking into consideration the recent dramatic events caused by COVID-19 pandemic, the cry of alarm that denounces critical need for new antiviral drugs is extremely strong. For these reasons, a continuous systematic exploration of plant foods and their phytochemicals is necessary for the development of new antiviral agents capable of saving lives and improving their well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, University Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Swati Chadha
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Simona Bungau
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, 410028 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Arun Kumar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Vineet Mehta
- Department of Pharmacology, Government College of Pharmacy, Rohru, Distt. Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171207, India;
| | - Md Sahab Uddin
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh;
- Pharmakon Neuroscience Research Network, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Gaurav Khullar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Dhruv Setia
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Sandeep Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India; (S.C.); (A.K.); (G.K.); (D.S.); (S.A.)
| | - Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Gunes Ak
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Selcuk University Campus, Konya 42130, Turkey; (G.Z.); (K.I.S.); (G.A.)
| | - Predrag Putnik
- Department of Food Technology, University North, 48000 Koprivnica, Croatia;
| | - Monica Gallo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Montesano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
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24
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Rocca A, Biagi C, Scarpini S, Dondi A, Vandini S, Pierantoni L, Lanari M. Passive Immunoprophylaxis against Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Children: Where Are We Now? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3703. [PMID: 33918185 PMCID: PMC8038138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represents the main cause of acute respiratory tract infections in children worldwide and is the leading cause of hospitalization in infants. RSV infection is a self-limiting condition and does not require antibiotics. However hospitalized infants with clinical bronchiolitis often receive antibiotics for fear of bacteria coinfection, especially when chest radiography is performed due to similar radiographic appearance of infiltrate and atelectasis. This may lead to unnecessary antibiotic prescription, additional cost, and increased risk of development of resistance. Despite the considerable burden of RSV bronchiolitis, to date, only symptomatic treatment is available, and there are no commercially available vaccines. The only licensed passive immunoprophylaxis is palivizumab. The high cost of this monoclonal antibody (mAb) has led to limiting its prescription only for high-risk children: infants with chronic lung disease, congenital heart disease, neuromuscular disorders, immunodeficiencies, and extreme preterm birth. Nevertheless, it has been shown that the majority of hospitalized RSV-infected children do not fully meet the criteria for immune prophylaxis. While waiting for an effective vaccine, passive immune prophylaxis in children is mandatory. There are a growing number of RSV passive immunization candidates under development intended for RSV prevention in all infants. In this review, we describe the state-of-the-art of palivizumab's usage and summarize the clinical and preclinical trials regarding the development of mAbs with a better cost-effectiveness ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rocca
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Carlotta Biagi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Sara Scarpini
- Specialty School of Paediatrics—Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Dondi
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Silvia Vandini
- Pediatrics and Neonatology Unit, Imola Hospital, 40026 Imola, Italy;
| | - Luca Pierantoni
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcello Lanari
- Pediatric Emergency Unit, Scientific Institute for Research and Healthcare (IRCCS), Sant’Orsola Hospital, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.R.); (C.B.); (A.D.); (L.P.); (M.L.)
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25
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Valk SJ, Piechotta V, Kimber C, Chai KL, Monsef I, Doree C, Wood EM, Lamikanra AA, Roberts DJ, McQuilten Z, So-Osman C, Estcourt LJ, Skoetz N. Convalescent plasma and hyperimmune immunoglobulin to prevent infection with SARS-CoV-2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Valk
- Jon J van Rood Center for Clinical Transfusion Research; Sanquin/Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology; Leiden University Medical Center; Leiden Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Piechotta
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Catherine Kimber
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Khai Li Chai
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Ina Monsef
- Cochrane Haematology, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
| | - Carolyn Doree
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Erica M Wood
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | | | - David J Roberts
- Systematic Review Initiative; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Zoe McQuilten
- Transfusion Research Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Australia
| | - Cynthia So-Osman
- Erasmus Medical Centre; Rotterdam Netherlands
- Sanquin Blood Bank; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Lise J Estcourt
- Haematology/Transfusion Medicine; NHS Blood and Transplant; Oxford UK
| | - Nicole Skoetz
- Cochrane Cancer, Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne; Cologne Germany
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26
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Abstract
Over the past 60 years, more than 100 antiviral drugs or their combinations have been approved for clinical use. Antiviral drugs can be classified according to their chemical nature (e.g., small-molecules, peptides, biologics) or mechanisms of drug actions against specific viral proteins (e.g., polymerase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, glycoprotein inhibitors). This article provides an overview of antiviral classifications in 10 important human viruses: hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), variola virus (human smallpox), varicella zoster virus (VZV), influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
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27
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Current State and Challenges in Developing Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040672. [PMID: 33187337 PMCID: PMC7711987 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the main cause of acute respiratory tract infections in infants and it also induces significant disease in the elderly. The clinical course may be severe, especially in high-risk populations (infants and elderly), with a large number of deaths in developing countries and of intensive care hospitalizations worldwide. To date, prevention strategies against RSV infection is based on hygienic measures and passive immunization with humanized monoclonal antibodies, limited to selected high-risk children due to their high costs. The development of a safe and effective vaccine is a global health need and an important objective of research in this field. A growing number of RSV vaccine candidates in different formats (particle-based vaccines, vector-based vaccines, subunit vaccines and live-attenuated vaccines) are being developed and are now at different stages, many of them already being in the clinical stage. While waiting for commercially available safe and effective vaccines, immune prophylaxis in selected groups of high-risk populations is still mandatory. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art of the RSV vaccine research and its implications for clinical practice, focusing on the characteristics of the vaccines that reached the clinical stage of development.
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28
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Palivizumab for preventing respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in children. Hippokratia 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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29
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Andrade CA, Pacheco GA, Gálvez NMS, Soto JA, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Innate Immune Components that Regulate the Pathogenesis and Resolution of hRSV and hMPV Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:E637. [PMID: 32545470 PMCID: PMC7354512 DOI: 10.3390/v12060637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Andrade
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Gaspar A. Pacheco
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Nicolas M. S. Gálvez
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile; (C.A.A.); (G.A.P.); (N.M.S.G.); (J.A.S.); (S.M.B.)
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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