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Zhao H, Liu Y, Cai N, Liao X, Tang L, Wang Y. Endocannabinoid Hydrolase Inhibitors: Potential Novel Anxiolytic Drugs. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:2143-2167. [PMID: 38882045 PMCID: PMC11179644 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s462785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the idea of targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat anxiety disorders has received increasing attention. Previous studies focused more on developing cannabinoid receptor agonists or supplementing exogenous cannabinoids, which are prone to various adverse effects due to their strong pharmacological activity and poor receptor selectivity, limiting their application in clinical research. Endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitors are considered to be the most promising development strategies for the treatment of anxiety disorders. More recent efforts have emphasized that inhibition of two major endogenous cannabinoid hydrolases, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), indirectly activates cannabinoid receptors by increasing endogenous cannabinoid levels in the synaptic gap, circumventing receptor desensitization resulting from direct enhancement of endogenous cannabinoid signaling. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the anxiolytic effects of MAGL and FAAH inhibitors and their potential pharmacological mechanisms, highlight reported novel inhibitors or natural products, and provide an outlook on future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhao
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Cai
- Outpatient Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Liao
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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Greco R, Demartini C, Francavilla M, Zanaboni AM, Facchetti S, Palmisani M, Franco V, Tassorelli C. Effects of the Dual FAAH/MAGL Inhibitor AKU-005 on Trigeminal Hyperalgesia in Male Rats. Cells 2024; 13:830. [PMID: 38786051 PMCID: PMC11119298 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of endocannabinoid hydrolysis by enzymatic inhibitors may interfere with mechanisms underlying migraine-related pain. The dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor AKU-005 shows potent inhibitory activity in vitro. Here, we assessed the effect of AKU-005 in a migraine animal model based on nitroglycerin (NTG) administration. Male rats were treated with AKU-005 (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle 3 h after receiving NTG (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or NTG vehicle. One hour later, rats were subjected to the open field test followed by the orofacial formalin test. At the end of the test, we collected serum samples for assessing calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) levels as well as meninges, trigeminal ganglia, and brain areas to assess mRNA levels of CGRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and endocannabinoid and related lipid levels. AKU-005 reduced NTG-induced hyperalgesia during the orofacial formalin test but did not influence NTG-induced changes in the open field test. It significantly reduced serum levels of CGRP, CGRP, and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA levels in the meninges, trigeminal ganglia, and central areas. Surprisingly, AKU-005 caused no change in endocannabinoids and related lipids in the regions evaluated. The present findings suggest that AKU-005 may have anti-migraine effects by reducing CGRP synthesis and release and the associated inflammatory events. This effect, however, does not seem mediated via an interference with the endocannabinoid pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Greco
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.D.); (M.F.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Chiara Demartini
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.D.); (M.F.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
| | - Miriam Francavilla
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.D.); (M.F.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Zanaboni
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.D.); (M.F.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Facchetti
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.D.); (M.F.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Michela Palmisani
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.D.); (M.F.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Franco
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.D.); (M.F.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology Unit, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Tassorelli
- Section of Translational Neurovascular Research, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.D.); (M.F.); (A.M.Z.); (S.F.); (M.P.); (V.F.); (C.T.)
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Liu H, Tan R, Tong J, Wen S, Wu C, Rao M, Zhu J, Qi S, Kong E. Palmitoylation is required for Sept8-204 and Sept5 to form vesicle-like structure and colocalize with synaptophysin. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:e30529. [PMID: 38308620 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Sept8 is a vesicle associated protein and there are two typical transcriptional variants (Sept8-204 and Sept8-201) expressed in mice brain. Interestingly, the coexpression of Sept8-204/Sept5 induces the formation of small sized vesicle-like structure, while that of the Sept8-201/Sept5 produces large puncta. Sept8 is previously shown to be palmitoylated. Here it was further revealed that protein palmitoylation is required for Sept8-204/Sept5 to maintain small sized vesicle-like structure and colocalize with synaptophysin, since either the expression of nonpalmitoylated Sept8-204 mutant (Sept8-204-3CA) or inhibiting Sept8-204 palmitoylation by 2-BP with Sept5 produces large puncta, which barely colocalizes with synaptophysin (SYP). Moreover, it was shown that the dynamic palmitoylation of Sept8-204 is controlled by ZDHHC17 and PPT1, loss of ZDHHC17 decreases Sept8-204 palmitoylation and induces large puncta, while loss of PPT1 increases Sept8-204 palmitoylation and induces small sized vesicle-like structure. Together, these findings suggest that palmitoylation is essential for the maintenance of the small sized vesicle-like structure for Sept8-204/Sept5, and may hint their important roles in synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicong Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Henan Health Commission Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Rong Tan
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Henan Health Commission Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jia Tong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Henan Health Commission Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Shuo Wen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Henan Health Commission Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Can Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Henan Health Commission Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Muding Rao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Henan Health Commission Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiangli Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiqian Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Department of Urology, Sichuan University and National Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Eryan Kong
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Protein Palmitoylation and Major Human Diseases, Henan Health Commission Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Kaya Z, Belder N, Sever-Bahcekapili M, Donmez-Demir B, Erdener ŞE, Bozbeyoglu N, Bagci C, Eren-Kocak E, Yemisci M, Karatas H, Erdemli E, Gursel I, Dalkara T. Vesicular HMGB1 release from neurons stressed with spreading depolarization enables confined inflammatory signaling to astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:295. [PMID: 38082296 PMCID: PMC10712196 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in inflammation is well characterized in the immune system and in response to tissue injury. More recently, HMGB1 was also shown to initiate an "inflammatory signaling cascade" in the brain parenchyma after a mild and brief disturbance, such as cortical spreading depolarization (CSD), leading to headache. Despite substantial evidence implying a role for inflammatory signaling in prevalent neuropsychiatric disorders such as migraine and depression, how HMGB1 is released from healthy neurons and how inflammatory signaling is initiated in the absence of apparent cell injury are not well characterized. We triggered a single cortical spreading depolarization by optogenetic stimulation or pinprick in naïve Swiss albino or transgenic Thy1-ChR2-YFP and hGFAP-GFP adult mice. We evaluated HMGB1 release in brain tissue sections prepared from these mice by immunofluorescent labeling and immunoelectron microscopy. EzColocalization and Costes thresholding algorithms were used to assess the colocalization of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) carrying HMGB1 with astrocyte or microglia processes. sEVs were also isolated from the brain after CSD, and neuron-derived sEVs were captured by CD171 (L1CAM). sEVs were characterized with flow cytometry, scanning electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blotting. We found that HMGB1 is released mainly within sEVs from the soma of stressed neurons, which are taken up by surrounding astrocyte processes. This creates conditions for selective communication between neurons and astrocytes bypassing microglia, as evidenced by activation of the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-ĸB p65 in astrocytes but not in microglia. Transmission immunoelectron microscopy data illustrated that HMGB1 was incorporated into sEVs through endosomal mechanisms. In conclusion, proinflammatory mediators released within sEVs can induce cell-specific inflammatory signaling in the brain without activating transmembrane receptors on other cells and causing overt inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Kaya
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Belder
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
- Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Melike Sever-Bahcekapili
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Buket Donmez-Demir
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şefik Evren Erdener
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Naz Bozbeyoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Canan Bagci
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahçeşehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Eren-Kocak
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muge Yemisci
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hulya Karatas
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Erdemli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ihsan Gursel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Turgay Dalkara
- Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey.
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Xie W, Li R, Tang W, Ma Z, Miao S, Li C, Yang C, Li B, Wang T, Gong Z, Zhou Y, Yu S. Proteomics profiling reveals mitochondrial damage in the thalamus in a mouse model of chronic migraine. J Headache Pain 2023; 24:122. [PMID: 37667199 PMCID: PMC10478405 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-023-01646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine, a complex brain disorder, is regarded as a possible clinical manifestation of brain energy dysfunction. The trigeminovascular system is considered the basis for the pathogenesis of migraine, hence we depicted the proteomics profiling of key regions in this system, then focusing on protein alterations related to mitochondrial function. The aim of this study is to illustrate the role of mitochondria in migraine. METHODS A mouse model of chronic migraine (CM) was established by repeated nitroglycerin (NTG) stimulation and evaluated by von-Frey filaments, a hot plate and a light-dark box. Differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in some subcortical brain regions of the trigeminovascular system were screened through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC‒MS/MS) to analyse the specificity of key signaling pathways in different brain regions. And then mitochondrial function, structure and dynamics were determined by qPCR, ELISA, and transmission electron microscope (TEM). Finally, the effect of mitochondrial intervention-Urolithin A (UA) on CM was investigated. RESULTS Repeated NTG injection triggered photophobia, periorbital and hind paw allodynia in mice. The proteomics profiling of CM model showed that 529, 109, 163, 152 and 419 DEPs were identified in the thalamus, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey (PAG), trigeminal ganglion (TG) and trigeminocervical complex (TCC), respectively. The most significant changes in the brain region-specific pathways pointed to thalamic mitochondrial impairment. NTG induced mitochondrial structural disruption, dysfunction and homeostatic dysregulation, which could be partially attenuated by UA intervention. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the involvement of mitochondrial damage in the thalamus in central sensitization of CM, which provides evidence of possible metabolic mechanisms in migraine pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Ruibing Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjing Tang
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjie Ma
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Miao
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenhao Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiao Yang
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bozhi Li
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Zihua Gong
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shanxi, China.
| | - Shengyuan Yu
- Department of Neurology, the First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
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