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Virto N, Río X, Méndez-Zorrilla A, García-Zapirain B. Non invasive techniques for direct muscle quality assessment after exercise intervention in older adults: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:642. [PMID: 39085773 PMCID: PMC11293103 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-05243-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aging process induces neural and morphological changes in the human musculoskeletal system, leading to a decline in muscle mass, strength and quality. These alterations, coupled with shifts in muscle metabolism, underscore the essential role of physical exercise in maintaining and improving muscle quality in older adults. Muscle quality's morphological domain encompasses direct assessments of muscle microscopic and macroscopic aspects of muscle architecture and composition. Various tools exist to estimate muscle quality, each with specific technical requirements. However, due to the heterogeneity in both the studied population and study methodologies, there is a gap in the establishment of reference standards to determine which are the non-invasive and direct tools to assess muscle quality after exercise interventions. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to obtain an overview of the non-invasive tools used to measure muscle quality directly after exercise interventions in healthy older adults, as well as to assess the effects of exercise on muscle quality. MAIN TEXT To address the imperative of understanding and optimizing muscle quality in aging individuals, this review provides an overview of non-invasive tools employed to measure muscle quality directly after exercise interventions in healthy older adults, along with an assessment of the effects of exercise on muscle quality. RESULTS Thirty four studies were included. Several methods of direct muscle quality assessment were identified. Notably, 2 studies harnessed CT, 20 utilized US, 9 employed MRI, 2 opted for TMG, 2 adopted myotonometry, and 1 incorporated BIA, with several studies employing multiple tests. Exploring interventions, 26 studies focus on resistance exercise, 4 on aerobic training, and 5 on concurrent training. CONCLUSIONS There is significant diversity in the methods of direct assessment of muscle quality, mainly using ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging; and a consistent positive trend in exercise interventions, indicating their efficacy in improving or preserving muscle quality. However, the lack of standardized assessment criteria poses a challenge given the diversity within the studied population and variations in methodologies.. These data emphasize the need to standardize assessment criteria and underscore the potential benefits of exercise interventions aimed at optimizing muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara Virto
- eVida Research Lab, Faculty of Engineering, University of Deusto, Bilbo, Spain.
| | - Xabier Río
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, Bilbo, Spain
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Wang Z, Taniguchi M, Saeki J, Ichihashi N. Effects of High-Velocity Versus Low-Velocity Resistance Training on Muscle Echo Intensity in Healthy Young Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Sports Health 2024:19417381241257181. [PMID: 38864295 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241257181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Improving muscle quality to prevent and treat muscle dysfunction is critical. However, effective measures to improve muscle quality remain poorly understood. We investigated the effects of high- and low-velocity resistance training (RT) on muscle quality, mass, and function before and after an 8-week intervention. HYPOTHESIS High-velocity RT would improve muscle quality more effectively than low-velocity RT. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 1. METHODS A total of 33 healthy young women (23.1 ± 2.2 years) were assigned randomly to high-velocity (n = 16) or low-velocity (n = 17) groups. Both groups underwent concentric knee extension RT with a 60% 1-repetition maximum (1RM) load, performing 10 repetitions of 4 sets, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. The high-velocity group was instructed to complete each repetition as quickly as possible (mean repetition duration of 0.5 seconds), while the low-velocity group was required to execute each repetition in 3 seconds. Before and after the 8-week intervention, quadriceps femoris echo intensity (EI), muscle thickness (MT), isokinetic peak torque (60 and 300 deg/s), rate of velocity development (RVD) at 300 deg/s, and 1RM were assessed. Split-plot factorial design analysis of variance was used to compare the group × time interaction. RESULTS A group×time interaction was observed for EI (P < 0.01). Only the high-velocity group showed a significant reduction in EI after the intervention. MT revealed a main effect of time (P < 0.01), with both groups significantly increasing MT. RVD showed a group × time interaction (P < 0.05), with significant increase only in the high-velocity group. Isokinetic peak torque and 1RM showed main effects of time (P < 0.01), with significant increases in both groups. CONCLUSION High-velocity RT may be superior to low-velocity RT in enhancing muscle quality and RVD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results emphasize the importance of RT velocity for muscle quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimin Wang
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Taniguchi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Junya Saeki
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, Japan
| | - Noriaki Ichihashi
- Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Japan
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Tay MRJ, Kong KH. Relationship of serial muscle ultrasound of rectus femoris and ambulatory recovery in patients with acute incomplete spinal cord injury: A prospective observational study. J Spinal Cord Med 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38819981 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2024.2344317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT/OBJECTIVE To investigate the change in serial muscle ultrasound of rectus femoris of patients with incomplete spinal cord injury (SCI) performed within 2 months after SCI during acute rehabilitation, and the relationship with functional outcomes at 1 year post-injury. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING Inpatient multi-speciality tertiary rehabilitation center in Singapore. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-four patients with incomplete SCI, defined as American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale B-D, with SCI above L2, were recruited from March 2020 to June 2021. Serial muscle ultrasound of the rectus femoris thickness and echo intensity were obtained at 1 week post-injury and after 2 months via standardized protocols. OUTCOME MEASURES Functional Independence Measure (FIM) motor score, Lower Extremity Motor Score (LEMS), Spinal Cord Independence Measure III (SCIM III) indoor mobility component and Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury II (WISCI II) were assessed in the first week post-admission and at 1 year. RESULTS There was a significant positive correlation between change in rectus femoris muscle thickness over 2 months and FIM motor score (P < 0.001), LEMS (P < 0.001), SCIM III indoor mobility component (P < 0.001) and WISCI II (P < 0.001) at 1 year. For the change in echo intensity over 2 months, there was a significantly negative correlation with FIM motor score (P = 0.002), LEMS (P = 0.002), SCIM III indoor mobility component (P = 0.001) and WISCI II (P = 0.001) at 1 year. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that ultrasonographic serial assessment of rectus femoris muscle thickness and echo intensity during rehabilitation may be useful for determining the long-term functional outcomes in patients with incomplete SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Keng He Kong
- Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Rehabilitation Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
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Kawano T, Nankaku M, Murao M, Yuri T, Kitamura G, Goto K, Kuroda Y, Kawai T, Okuzu Y, Ikeguchi R, Matsuda S. Association of physical activity with fatty infiltration of muscles after total hip arthroplasty. Skeletal Radiol 2024; 53:967-974. [PMID: 37999749 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-023-04516-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the association between muscle density as an indicator of fatty infiltration of lower extremity muscles and physical activity (PA) after total hip arthroplasty (THA) and identify the patient characteristics with high postoperative PA. METHODS This study included 62 female patients who underwent THA for unilateral hip osteoarthritis. Muscle density of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, iliopsoas, and quadriceps muscles was measured using computed tomography (CT). PA was assessed using University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) activity scores. CT and UCLA activity score were obtained before and 1 year after THA. The patients were divided into two groups, sufficient (score ≥ 6) and insufficient (score < 6) activity groups, based on their level of PA as determined by their UCLA activity score 1 year after THA. The association of PA with the amount of changes in muscle density was examined with Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify postoperative factors determining PA at 1 year after THA. RESULTS Spearman's rank correlation coefficient showed a significantly positive association between recovery in PA and an increase in muscle density of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, iliopsoas, and quadriceps muscles. Additionally, logistic regression analysis confirmed that postoperative muscle densities of the gluteus maximus and quadriceps muscles were variables determining the PA 1 year after THA. CONCLUSION The findings of this study indicated that the improvement of fatty infiltration in lower limb muscles, especially in the gluteus maximus and quadriceps, is likely to promote the increase in postoperative PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Kawano
- Rehabilitation Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Manabu Nankaku
- Rehabilitation Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masanobu Murao
- Rehabilitation Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takuma Yuri
- Rehabilitation Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Gakuto Kitamura
- Rehabilitation Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koji Goto
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kuroda
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kawai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yaichiro Okuzu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Ikeguchi
- Rehabilitation Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Rehabilitation Unit, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Kawahara-Cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Johnston CD, Dewig DR, Pietrosimone B, Padua D, Ryan ED, Hart J, Spang J, Blackburn T. Longitudinal Changes in Quadriceps Morphology over the First 3 Months after Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:933-941. [PMID: 38109204 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Neuromuscular deficits and atrophy after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) may be accompanied by changes in muscle composition and poor quadriceps muscle quality (QMQ). Quadriceps atrophy occurs after ACLR but improves within the first three postoperative months, yet this hypertrophy could be attributable to increases in noncontractile tissue (i.e., poor QMQ). The purposes of this study were to evaluate changes in QMQ after ACLR and to determine if changes in QMQ and cross-sectional area (CSA) occur in parallel or independently. METHODS A longitudinal prospective cohort design was implemented to evaluate QMQ and CSA in 20 individuals with ACLR and 12 healthy controls. Participants completed three testing sessions (baseline/presurgery, 1 month, and 3 months) during which ultrasound images were obtained from the vastus lateralis (VL) and rectus femoris (RF). QMQ was calculated as the echo intensity (EI) of each image, with high EI representing poorer QMQ. Anatomical CSA was also obtained from each image. RESULTS RF and VL EI were greater at 1 and 3 months in the ACLR limb compared with baseline and the contralateral limb and did not change between 1 and 3 months. VL and RF CSA in the ACLR limb were smaller at 1 and 3 months compared with the contralateral limb and controls (VL only) but increased from 1 to 3 months. Changes in QMQ and CSA were not correlated. CONCLUSIONS QMQ declines within the first month after ACLR and does not improve by 3 months although hypertrophy occurs, suggesting that these morphological characteristics change independently after ACLR. Poorer QMQ represents greater concentration of noncontractile tissues within the muscle and potentially contributes to chronic quadriceps dysfunction observed after ACLR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek R Dewig
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV
| | - Brian Pietrosimone
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Darin Padua
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Eric D Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Joe Hart
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Jeffrey Spang
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Troy Blackburn
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
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Mongold SJ, Ricci AW, Hahn ME, Callahan DM. Skeletal Muscle Compliance and Echogenicity in Resistance-Trained and Nontrained Women. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:671-680. [PMID: 38513175 PMCID: PMC10956671 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mongold, SJ, Ricci, AW, Hahn, ME, and Callahan, DM. Skeletal muscle compliance and echogenicity in resistance-trained and nontrained women. J Strength Cond Res 38(4): 671-680, 2024-Noninvasive assessment of muscle mechanical properties in clinical and performance settings tends to rely on manual palpation and emphasizes examination of musculotendinous stiffness. However, measurement standards are highly subjective. The purpose of the study was to compare musculotendinous stiffness in adult women with varying resistance training history while exploring the use of multiple tissue compliance measures. We identified relationships between tissue stiffness and morphology, and tested the hypothesis that combining objective measures of morphology and stiffness would better predict indices of contractile performance. Resistance-trained (RT) women (n = 11) and nontrained (NT) women (n = 10) participated in the study. Muscle echogenicity and morphology were measured using B-mode ultrasonography (US). Vastus lateralis (VL) and patellar tendon (PT) stiffness were measured using digital palpation and US across submaximal isometric contractions. Muscle function was evaluated during maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the knee extensors (KEs). Resistance trained had significantly greater PT stiffness and reduced echogenicity (p < 0.01). Resistance trained also had greater strength per body mass (p < 0.05). Muscle echogenicity was strongly associated with strength and rate of torque development (RTD). Patellar tendon passive stiffness was associated with RTD normalized to MVIC (RTDrel; r = 0.44, p < 0.05). Patellar tendon stiffness was greater in RT young women. No predictive models of muscle function incorporated both stiffness and echogenicity. Because RTDrel is a clinically relevant measure of rehabilitation in athletes and can be predicted by digital palpation, this might represent a practical and objective measure in settings where RTD may not be easy to measure directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J. Mongold
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Austin W. Ricci
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Michael E. Hahn
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
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Nilius A, Dewig DR, Johnston CD, Pietrosimone BG, Blackburn JT. Quadriceps composition and function influence downhill gait biomechanics >1 year following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2024; 114:106229. [PMID: 38490072 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2024.106229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quadriceps dysfunction is common following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and contributes to aberrant gait biomechanics. Changes in quadriceps composition also occur in these patients including greater concentrations of non-contractile tissue. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between quadriceps composition, function, and gait biomechanics in individuals with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. METHODS Forty-eight volunteers with anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction completed gait biomechanics and quadriceps function and composition assessments. Gait biomechanics were sampled during downhill walking (-10° slope) on an instrumented treadmill. Quadriceps function (peak torque and rate of torque development) was assessed via maximal isometric contractions, while composition was evaluated via ultrasound echo intensity. FINDINGS Greater quadriceps peak torque was associated with a greater peak knee extension moment (r = 0.365, p = 0.015). Greater vastus lateralis echo intensity (i.e. poorer muscle quality) was associated with less knee flexion displacement (r = -0.316, p = 0.032). Greater echo intensity of the vastus lateralis (r = -0.298, p = 0.044) and rectus femoris (r = -0.322, p = 0.029) was associated with a more abducted knee angle at heel strike. Quadriceps peak torque explained 11-16% of the variance in echo intensity. INTERPRETATION Both quadriceps function and composition influence aberrant gait biomechanics following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Quadriceps composition appears to provide insight into quadriceps dysfunction independent of muscle strength, as they associated with different gait biomechanics outcomes and shared minimal variance. Future research is necessary to determine the influence of changes in quadriceps composition on joint health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Nilius
- Program in Human Movement Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; MOTION Science Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Derek R Dewig
- College of Education, Health & Human Performance, Fairmont State University, USA
| | | | - Brian G Pietrosimone
- Program in Human Movement Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; MOTION Science Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - J Troy Blackburn
- Program in Human Movement Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; MOTION Science Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
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Rundle AG, Neckerman KM, Judd SE, Colabianchi N, Moore KA, Quinn JW, Hirsch JA, Lovasi GS. Cumulative Experience of Neighborhood Walkability and Change in Weight and Waist Circumference in REGARDS. Am J Epidemiol 2023; 192:1960-1970. [PMID: 37312569 PMCID: PMC10691194 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwad134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neighborhood walkability-features of the built environment that promote pedestrian activity-has been associated with greater physical activity and lower body mass index (BMI; calculated as weight (kg)/height (m)2) among neighborhood residents. However, much of the literature has been cross-sectional and only a few cohort studies have assessed neighborhood features throughout follow-up. Using data from the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke Study (2003-2016) and a neighborhood walkability index (NWI) measured annually during follow-up, we assessed whether the cumulative experience of neighborhood walkability (NWI-years) predicted BMI and waist circumference after approximately 10 years of follow-up, controlling for these anthropometric measures at enrollment. Analyses were adjusted for individual-level sociodemographic covariates and the cumulative experience of neighborhood poverty rate and neighborhood greenspace coverage. Almost a third (29%) of participants changed address at least once during follow-up. The first change of residence, on average, brought the participants to neighborhoods with higher home values and lower NWI scores than their originating neighborhoods. Compared with those having experienced the lowest quartile of cumulative NWI-years, those who experienced the highest quartile had 0.83 lower BMI (95% confidence interval, -1.5, -0.16) and 1.07-cm smaller waist circumference (95% confidence interval, -1.96, -0.19) at follow-up. These analyses provide additional longitudinal evidence that residential neighborhood features that support pedestrian activity are associated with lower adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Rundle
- Correspondence to Dr. Andrew Rundle, Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032 (e-mail: )
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Costa SN, Ferreira LHB, Bento PCB. Effects of Home-Based Exercise Programs on Mobility, Muscle Strength, Balance, and Gait in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Aging Phys Act 2023; 31:693-704. [PMID: 36623512 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2022-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individual unsupervised home-based exercise programs can enhance muscle strength, physical function, gait, and balance in older adults. However, the effectiveness of such programs may be limited by the lack of supervision. This study aims to verify the effectiveness of individual unsupervised home-based programs, compare the effects of individual unsupervised home-based to supervised programs, and verify the influence of supervision over individual unsupervised home-based programs on the physical function of older adults. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in four electronic databases, and the trials involved randomized controlled comparing the home-based programs to supervised, control groups, or home-based + supervised evaluating the muscle strength, physical function, gait, and balance in older adults. RESULTS Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis revealed no differences between home-based program versus supervised program in gait, mobility, and balance, revealing a trend of significance to supervised program on strength (standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.27, p = .05). The analysis revealed effects in mobility (SMD = 0.40, p = .003), balance (SMD = 0.58, p = .0002), and muscle strength (SMD = 0.36, p = .02) favoring home-based program versus control group. Significant effects between home-based program versus home-based + supervised program were observed in balance (SMD = 0.74, p = .002) and muscle strength (SMD = 0.58, p = .01) in favor of home-based + supervised program. CONCLUSION Home-based programs effectively improve older adults' physical function compared with control groups. However, supervised programs were more effective for muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Nayara Costa
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba,Brazil
| | | | - Paulo C B Bento
- Physical Education Department, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba,Brazil
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Functional Improvement and Satisfaction with a Wearable Hip Exoskeleton in Community-Living Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11050643. [PMID: 36900648 PMCID: PMC10000834 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11050643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Demand for wearable devices and supportive technology is growing as these devices have the potential to enhance physical function and quality of life in users. The purpose of this study was to investigate usability and satisfaction after performing functional and gait exercise with a wearable hip exoskeleton in community-living adults. A total of 225 adults residing in the local community participated in this study. All participants performed 40 min of exercise once with a wearable hip exoskeleton in various environments. The EX1, which functions as a wearable hip exoskeleton, was used. Physical function was assessed before and after exercise with the EX1. After completing exercise with the EX1, the usability and satisfaction questionnaires were evaluated. Gait speed, timed up and go test (TUG), and four square step test (FSST) showed statistically significant improvements after exercise with the EX1 in both groups (p < 0.05). In the 6 min walking test (6MWT), a significant increase was observed in the middle-aged group (p < 0.05). In the short physical performance battery (SPPB), there was a significant improvement in the old-aged group (p < 0.05). On the other hand, positive results in usability and satisfaction were noticed in both groups. These results demonstrate that a single session of exercise with the EX1 was effective in improving physical performance of both middle- and old-aged adults, with positive feedback from most of the participants.
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Lee S, Kim JS, Park KS, Baek KW, Yoo JI. Daily Walking Accompanied with Intermittent Resistance Exercise Prevents Osteosarcopenia: A Large Cohort Study. J Bone Metab 2022; 29:255-263. [PMID: 36529868 PMCID: PMC9760770 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2022.29.4.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to analyze the effects of walking and resistance exercises on bone structure, bone mineral density (BMD), and skeletal muscle mass. We used data from the fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). METHODS A total of 3,477 participants aged ≥19 years underwent hip structural analysis (HSA), BMD, and skeletal muscle index (SMI). All radiologic evaluations were performed using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The Korean short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire was used to measure physical activity status. The physical activity recommendations of the American College of Rheumatology Work Group Panel were used to evaluate the extent of activity. RESULTS The BMD and SMI in the group in which walking activity was performed 5 days or more per week for at least 30 min per day were significantly higher than those in the group in which walking activity was not performed. HSA and SMI in the group in which resistance exercise was performed 2 days or more per week for at least 30 min per day were found to be significantly higher than those in the group in which strengthening exercises were not performed. CONCLUSIONS If resistance exercise and walking are combined, bone loss and muscle loss are prevented maintaining cortical thickness in the elderly. Walking for more than 5 days a week and resistance exercise for more than 2 days a week will help to maintain the skeletal muscle as well as the cortex around the femur neck, thus helping to prevent fragility fractures in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyeob Lee
- Department of Biomedical Research Institute, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju,
Korea
| | - Ji-Seok Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju,
Korea
| | - Ki-Soo Park
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju,
Korea
| | - Kyung-Wan Baek
- Department of Physical Education, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju,
Korea
| | - Jun-Il Yoo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Gyeongang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju,
Korea
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Yoshida T, Kumon Y, Takamatsu N, Nozaki T, Inoue M, Nodera H, Albayda J, Izumi Y. Ultrasound assessment of sarcopenia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Mod Rheumatol 2022; 32:728-735. [PMID: 34897497 DOI: 10.1093/mr/roab049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy of ultrasound (US) as a diagnostic tool for sarcopenia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS Female RA patients aged >50 years and matched controls were cross-sectionally assessed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed based on the 2019-updated Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia definition. The cross-sectional area (CSA) and echo intensity (EI) of the biceps brachii, rectus femoris, and EI of the vastus lateralis were examined bilaterally. Correction for subcutaneous fat and calculation of the recorrected EI (rcEI) were performed. We performed logistic regression using both muscle rcEI and CSA with receiver operating curve analysis to evaluate the discriminative performance per muscle group. RESULTS Seventy-eight consecutive RA patients and 15 age-and sex-matched controls were assessed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed in 34 RA patients (43.6%). The rcEI of examined muscles were significantly higher, whereas CSA were significantly lower in sarcopenic RA patients than in non-sarcopenic patients and matched controls. The combined discriminative performance of rcEI and CSA was superior to those of rcEI or CSA alone. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests the use of US for the diagnosis of sarcopenia in RA patients. The diagnostic performance increases when both echogenicity and CSA are considered together rather than individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yoshida
- Department of Rheumatology, Chikamori Hospital, Kochi, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Tokushima University School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kumon
- Department of Rheumatology, Chikamori Hospital, Kochi, Japan
| | - Naoko Takamatsu
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Taiki Nozaki
- Department of Radiology, St. Luke's International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Jemima Albayda
- School of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yuishin Izumi
- Department of Neurology, Tokushima University School of Medicine, Tokushima, Japan
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13
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Koch K, Semciw AI, Commean PK, Hillen TJ, Fitzgerald GK, Clohisy JC, Harris-Hayes M. Comparison between movement pattern training and strengthening on muscle volume, muscle fat, and strength in patients with hip-related groin pain: An exploratory analysis. J Orthop Res 2022; 40:1375-1386. [PMID: 34370330 PMCID: PMC8825882 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this exploratory analysis was to compare the impact of movement pattern training (MoveTrain) and standard strength and flexibility training (Standard) on muscle volume, strength and fatty infiltration in patients with hip-related groin pain (HRGP). We completed a secondary analysis of data collected during an assessor-blinded randomized control trial. Data were used from 27 patients with HRGP, 15-40 years, who were randomized into MoveTrain or Standard groups. Both groups participated in their training protocol (MoveTrain, n = 14 or Standard, n = 13) which included 10 supervised sessions over 12 weeks and a daily home exercise program. Outcome measures were collected at baseline and immediately after treatment. Magnetic resonance images data were used to determine muscle fat index (MFI) and muscle volume. A hand-held dynamometer was used to assess isometric hip abductor and extensor strength. The Standard group demonstrated a significant posttreatment increase in gluteus medius muscle volume compared to the MoveTrain group. Both groups demonstrated an increase in hip abductor strength and reduction in gluteus minimus and gluteus maximus MFI. The magnitude of change for all outcomes were modest. Statement of Clinical Significance: Movement pattern training or a program of strength/flexibility training may be effective at improving hipabductor strength and reducing fatty infiltration in the gluteal musculature among those with HRGP. Further research is needed to betterunderstand etiology of strength changes and impact of muscle volume and MFI in HRGP and the effect of exercise on muscle structure andfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Koch
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Adam I. Semciw
- Department of Physiotherapy, Podiatry and Prosthetics and Orthotics, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia,Northern Centre for Health Education and Research, Northern Health, Epping, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul K. Commean
- Electronic Radiology Lab in Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA,Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Travis J. Hillen
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - G. Kelley Fitzgerald
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John C. Clohisy
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Marcie Harris-Hayes
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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14
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Akima H, Maeda H, Suwa M, Imoto T, Tanaka N. Skeletal muscle and abdominal circumference explain intramuscular fat, independent of exercise frequency, in middle-aged Japanese men. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0267557. [PMID: 35613126 PMCID: PMC9132269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0267557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine how intramuscular adipose tissue (IntraMAT) can be characterized using physical and functional characteristics, muscle size, and/or adipose tissue in four different exercise frequency groups of middle-aged Japanese men. One thousand twenty-eight middle-aged men (age, 47.5 ± 8.1 years; height, 170.5 ± 5.8 cm; body mass, 67.0 ± 9.3 kg; body mass index, 21.9 ± 5.3 kg/m2) were allocated to four groups on the basis of their weekly exercise frequency: Group 1, no exercise, n = 334; Group 2, once a week, n = 271; Group 3, a few days a week, n = 269; and Group 4, every day, n = 154. Their body composition, blood pressure, and handgrip strength were assessed. A single-slice computerized tomography image at the level of the umbilicus was acquired and the CSAs of IntraMAT, muscle tissue, and subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissues (SCAT and VAT) were calculated. The %IntraMAT significantly correlated with physical characteristics, such as age, BMI, abdominal circumference, and muscle tissue CSA. Stepwise multiple regression analysis was performed, with the %IntraMAT as the dependent variable. Muscle tissue CSA and abdominal circumference were the common independent variables across groups to explain the variability of the %IntraMAT. It was also extracted %body fat and age for Group 2, age, handgrip strength, and BMI for Group 3, and smoking category for Group 4. These results suggested that muscle tissue size and abdominal circumference would be the strong predictors to explain %IntraMAT of the trunk muscle across four groups, and that age, %body fat, BMI, and SCAT, handgrip strength and smoking category were also good predictors for each group with different exercise frequency in middle-aged Japanese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Hisashi Maeda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masataka Suwa
- Health Support Center WELPO, Toyota Motor Corporation, Iwakura, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takayuki Imoto
- Health Support Center WELPO, Toyota Motor Corporation, Iwakura, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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15
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Yoshida T, Shibata A, Tanihata A, Hayashi H, Yamaguchi Y, Kitada R, Ehara S, Izumiya Y, Yoshiyama M. Thigh Intramuscular Fat on Prognosis of Patients With Nonischemic Cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol 2022; 169:113-119. [PMID: 35067348 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2021.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is an independent prognostic predictor for patients with chronic heart failure, and the concept of sarcopenia is drawing attention. Furthermore, the importance of not only muscle mass but also ectopic fat has been pointed out. However, there is a lack of consensus on the implications of ectopic fat for the prognosis in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy. We investigated whether ectopic fat in the thigh affects the prognosis of nonischemic cardiomyopathy. This prospective study recruited 145 patients diagnosed with nonischemic cardiomyopathy between September 2017 and January 2020. Finally, 93 patients with a reduced ejection fraction were enrolled. The clinical end points were cardiovascular death or unexpected rehospitalization because of a cardiac event. Using computed tomography, the percentage of intramuscular fat (%IMF) in the thigh was measured in all patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups based on the median %IMF. The results of Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis revealed a correlation among %IMF and peak oxygen uptake (Spearman r = -0.221, p = 0.036). Kaplan-Meier analysis results showed significantly higher risk of adverse events in the high %IMF group (log-rank p = 0.013). Multivariate Cox regression analysis results revealed the %IMF as an independent factor for adverse events (hazard ratio 1.361; 95% confidence interval 1.043 to 1.745; p = 0.018). In conclusion, %IMF may have adverse consequences such as increased cardiac events in patients with nonischemic cardiomyopathy with a reduced ejection fraction.
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16
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Monjo H, Fukumoto Y, Asai T, Ohshima K, Kubo H, Tajitsu H, Koyama S. Changes in Muscle Thickness and Echo Intensity in Chronic Stroke Survivors: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study. J Clin Neurol 2022; 18:308-314. [PMID: 35196746 PMCID: PMC9163946 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2022.18.3.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The objective of this study was to identify 2-year longitudinal changes in the muscle thickness (MT) and echo intensity (EI) of the abdominal, thigh, and lower limb muscles in chronic stroke survivors. Methods This study included 15 chronic stroke survivors aged 74.1±9.9 years. The MT, EI, and subcutaneous fat thickness values of the following muscles on the paretic and nonparetic sides were assessed on transverse ultrasound images: rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus femoris (RF), vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and soleus. The ultrasound measurements were performed both at baseline and 2 years later. Results After 2 years, the VL on the paretic side showed a significant decrease in MT (p=0.031) and increase in EI (p=0.002), whereas the RF on the nonparetic side showed a significant decrease in EI (p=0.046). Correlation coefficient analyses showed that changes in MT (r=0.668, p=0.012) and EI (r=0.597, p=0.018) of the VL on the paretic side were significantly associated with a change in the body mass index. Conclusions The findings of this longitudinal study suggest that the VL on the paretic side is subject to deteriorations in muscle quantity and quality, and conversely that the RF on the nonparetic side shows an improvement in muscle quality after 2 years in chronic stroke survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Monjo
- Headquarters of Avanzar Co., Ltd, Akashi, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Fukumoto
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Asai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kensuke Ohshima
- Graduate School of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kubo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Itami Kousei Neurosurgical Hospital, Itami, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Tajitsu
- Department of Rehabilitation, National Hospital Organization Wakayama Hospital, Tanabe, Japan
| | - Shota Koyama
- Department of Rehabilitation, Saiseikai Hyogoken Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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17
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Recovery of Muscle Atrophy and Fatty Infiltration in Patients With Acetabular Dysplasia After Total Hip Arthroplasty. J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2022; 30:e317-e326. [PMID: 34910715 DOI: 10.5435/jaaos-d-21-00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hip osteoarthritis (OA) with acetabular dysplasia negatively affects pelvic alignment and muscle function. We aimed to investigate the changes in muscle atrophy and fatty infiltration of the hip and trunk muscles 1 year after total hip arthroplasty (THA) in patients with hip OA with acetabular dysplasia. METHODS This study included 51 female patients who underwent THA for unilateral hip OA with acetabular dysplasia. The cross-sectional area (CSA) and muscle density of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, iliopsoas, rectus abdominis, and abdominal oblique muscles using computer tomography and pelvic inclination angle using radiographs were assessed before and 1 year after THA. RESULTS At the 1-year follow-up, the CSA and muscle density of the gluteus medius (2,078 to 2,522 mm2 and 30.3 to 39.4 hounsfield units [HU]), iliopsoas (715 to 901 mm2 and 40.3 to 50.8 HU), and rectus abdominis (336 to 363 mm2 and 28.6 to 30.6 HU) of the affected limb had increased significantly (P < 0.05). The CSA and muscle density of the gluteus maximus (2,429 versus 2,884 mm2 and 23.7 versus 32.6 HU), gluteus minimus (636 versus 785 mm2 and 14.3 versus 37.1 HU), piriformis (505 versus 607 mm2 and 23.4 versus 31.6 HU), and iliopsoas (901 versus 997 mm2 and 50.8 versus 54.5 HU) in the affected limb were lower than those in the unaffected limb (P < 0.01). Postoperatively, the CSA and muscle density of the rectus abdominis were not significantly different between the limbs, and the pelvic inclination angle (35.2° to 32.1°, P < 0.01) was significantly decreased. DISCUSSION Compared with the nonoperated limb, substantial atrophy and fatty infiltration of most hip muscles persisted in the operated limb 1 year after THA in patients with acetabular dysplasia; asymmetry in the rectus abdominis muscle fully resolved. In patients with acetabular dysplasia, the surgical technique and postoperative rehabilitation should be further considered to optimize hip muscle recovery.
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18
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Yoshiko A, Kaji T, Kozuka T, Sawazaki T, Akima H. Evaluation of rehabilitation exercise effects by using gradation-based skeletal muscle echo intensity in older individuals: a one-group before-and-after trial study. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:485. [PMID: 34488651 PMCID: PMC8422694 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Higher muscle echo intensity (EI) reflects higher content of fat and/or connective tissue within skeletal muscle, eventually inducing lower muscle strength, physical dysfunction, and metabolic impairment. Continuous exercise decreases muscle EI in older individuals; however, it is not well understood how several months’ rehabilitation exercise affects gradation-based EI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 6 months of rehabilitation exercise on gradation-based higher and lower EI in older men and women. Methods Twenty-seven men and women (7 men, 20 women; age, 75.6 ± 6.4 years; height, 154.3 ± 8.5 cm; weight, 55.8 ± 9.7 kg) participated in this study. This study was a one-group before-and-after trial. They needed long-term care for activities of daily living. They performed rehabilitation exercises consisting of resistance exercises using a hydraulic resistance machine, stretching, and aerobic exercises using a recumbent bicycle once or twice a week for 6 months. B-mode ultrasonographic transverse image was taken from thigh muscles, e.g., rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and biceps femoris. We calculated gradation-based cross-sectional area (CSA) from thigh muscles by dividing 256 greyscale level to 10 different components levels (e.g., 0–24, 25–49, 50–74, …, 200–224 and 225–249 a.u.). Results Lowest EI (e.g., 0–24 a.u.) CSA of thigh muscle was significantly increased after the exercise (0.3 ± 0.3 to 1.0 ± 0.8 cm2; P < 0.05). Middle to higher EI (e.g., 50–74, 75–99, 100–124, 125–149, 150–174, 175–199 and 200–224 a.u.) CSAs were significantly decreased from 23.0 to 68.7% after the exercise (P < 0.05). Conclusions Several months’ rehabilitation exercise affected both lower and higher EI in older men and women. This result suggests that rehabilitation exercise changes muscle composition by increasing contractile muscle tissue and decreasing fat and connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Yoshiko
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan.
| | | | | | | | - Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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19
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Naimo MA, Varanoske AN, Hughes JM, Pasiakos SM. Skeletal Muscle Quality: A Biomarker for Assessing Physical Performance Capabilities in Young Populations. Front Physiol 2021; 12:706699. [PMID: 34421645 PMCID: PMC8376973 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.706699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle quality (MQ), defined as the amount of strength and/or power per unit of muscle mass, is a novel index of functional capacity that is increasingly relied upon as a critical biomarker of muscle health in low functioning aging and pathophysiological adult populations. Understanding the phenotypical attributes of MQ and how to use it as an assessment tool to explore the efficacy of resistance exercise training interventions that prioritize functional enhancement over increases in muscle size may have implications for populations beyond compromised adults, including healthy young adults who routinely perform physically demanding tasks for competitive or occupational purposes. However, MQ has received far less attention in healthy young populations than it has in compromised adults. Researchers and practitioners continue to rely upon static measures of lean mass or isolated measures of strength and power, rather than using MQ, to assess integrated functional responses to resistance exercise training and physical stress. Therefore, this review will critically examine MQ and the evidence base to establish this metric as a practical and important biomarker for functional capacity and performance in healthy, young populations. Interventions that enhance MQ, such as high-intensity stretch shortening contraction resistance exercise training, will be highlighted. Finally, we will explore the potential to leverage MQ as a practical assessment tool to evaluate function and enhance performance in young populations in non-traditional research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall A Naimo
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Alyssa N Varanoske
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Julie M Hughes
- Military Performance Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Stefan M Pasiakos
- Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
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20
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Song JS, Abe T, Bell ZW, Wong V, Spitz RW, Yamada Y, Loenneke JP. The Relationship Between Muscle Size and Strength Does not Depend on Echo Intensity in Healthy Young Adults. J Clin Densitom 2021; 24:406-413. [PMID: 33020041 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Muscle quality is typically defined as muscle strength relative to muscle size. Echo intensity has gained popularity as an index of skeletal muscle quality. There is common agreement that muscle size is related to strength at baseline and echo intensity is purported to impact this relationship. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether echo intensity can be used as a physiological marker for muscle quality by investigating the moderating effect of echo intensity on the relationship between muscle size and strength. A sample of 96 participants was used for the upper body analysis and a separate sample of 96 participants was used for the lower body analysis. Echo intensity, muscle thickness, and strength measurements were measured on each limb. For strength, participants performed unilateral elbow flexion (upper body analysis) and knee extension (lower body analysis) to quantify 1-repetition maximum. Muscle thickness and echo intensity were determined from images captured using B-mode ultrasound. Muscle size correlated with muscle strength for all limbs. However, the relationship between muscle size and strength was not significantly moderated by echo intensity for Arm 1 (b = 0.042, p = 0.54) or Arm 2 (b = -0.002, p = 0.97). At the proximal site, no significant moderating effect of echo intensity was found in Leg 1 (b = 0.037, p = 0.67) or Leg 2 (b = -0.085, p = 0.29). Similarly, no significant moderating effect was observed at the distal site for Leg 1 (b = 0.03, p = 0.69) or Leg 2 (b = -0.026, p = 0.75). The results would indicate that the relationship between muscle size and strength does not depend on echo intensity. Therefore, the use of echo intensity as an index of muscle quality in healthy young adults may need to be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, & Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS, USA.
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21
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Saad MF, Cheah WL, Hazmi H. The Effects of a 7000-Step Goal and Weekly Group Walking Program for Overweight and Obese Elderly People in Sarawak, Malaysia: A Quasi-experimental Study. J Prev Med Public Health 2021; 54:199-207. [PMID: 34092066 PMCID: PMC8190551 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.20.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Physical inactivity is the fourth leading global risk factor for mortality, followed by obesity. The combination of these risk factors is associated with non-communicable diseases, impaired physical function, and declining mental function. The World Health Organization recommends physical activity to reduce the mortality rate. Thus, this study examined the effects on anthropometric measurements of a 12-week walking program for elderly people in Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia with a 7000-step goal and weekly group walking activities. METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted involving 109 elderly people with a body mass index (BMI) ≥25.0 kg/m2. BMI, body composition, and average daily steps were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0, and repeated-measures analysis of variance with the paired t-test for post-hoc analysis was conducted. RESULTS In total, 48 participants in the intervention group and 61 participants in the control group completed the study. A significant interaction was found between time and group. The post-hoc analysis showed a significant difference between pre-intervention and post-intervention (within the intervention group). The post-intervention analysis revealed an increase in the mean number of daily steps by 3571.59, with decreases in body weight (-2.20 kg), BMI (-0.94 kg/m2), body fat percentage (-3.52%), visceral fat percentage (-1.29%) and waist circumference (-2.91 cm). Skeletal muscle percentage also showed a significant increase (1.67%). CONCLUSIONS A 12-week walking program combining a 7000-step goals with weekly group walking activities had a significant effect on the anthropometric measurements of previously inactive and overweight/obese elderly people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Fakhree Saad
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Whye Lian Cheah
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
| | - Helmy Hazmi
- Department of Community Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sarawak, Kota Samarahan, Malaysia
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22
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Yamauchi T, Yamada T, Satoh Y. Relationship between muscle echo intensity on ultrasound and isokinetic strength of the three superficial quadriceps femoris muscles in healthy young adults. J Phys Ther Sci 2021; 33:334-338. [PMID: 33935357 PMCID: PMC8079893 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between muscle echo intensity measured with ultrasound and the isokinetic strength of each of the three superficial quadriceps femoris muscles in healthy young adults. [Participants and Methods] We measured the echo intensity of the three superficial muscles of the quadriceps femoris in 25 healthy adults (10 males and 15 females; mean age, 22.3 years) using ultrasound. Moreover, we obtained the maximum force during isokinetic knee extension at 60°/s using an isokinetic dynamometer. [Results] In males and females, a significant negative correlation between echo intensity and muscle strength was found in the VM (r=-0.65 and r=-0.63, respectively). [Conclusion] In both males and females, only the muscle echo intensity of the vastus medialis was found to have a negative correlation with the maximum force during isokinetic knee extension at 60°/s. Our data lay the foundation for simplifying and rationally performing the measurement of muscle echo intensity of the quadriceps femoris. And it would therefore be sufficient to only measure the VM to clarify a relationship between EI and maximum isokinetic force in the quadriceps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Yamauchi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nihon University Hospital: 1-6 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8309, Japan
| | - Takumi Yamada
- Department of Physical Therapy Sciences, Graduate School of Human Health Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Satoh
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tokyo Metropolitan Rehabilitation Hospital, Japan
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23
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Yoshiko A, Watanabe K. Impact of home-based squat training with two-depths on lower limb muscle parameters and physical functional tests in older adults. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6855. [PMID: 33767255 PMCID: PMC7994411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of home-based shallow and deep squat trainings on knee extension peak torque, muscle thickness, one-repetition maximum (1RM) leg press, and physical function in older individuals. Sixteen participants were randomly assigned to the shallow squat group (SS group; age, 71.0 ± 4.0 years) or deep squat group (DS group, age; 68.6 ± 3.6 years). Chairs of 40-cm height and chairs with a cushion of 20-cm height (60-cm in total) were used as the depth targets for squats, with participants instructed to sink until their hip touched the chair and cushion. Participants performed four sets of squats per day (35 repetitions per set), three days per week, for 12 weeks at their home. Knee extension peak torque, muscle thickness of quadriceps femoris (e.g., vastus lateralis, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius), and physical function were measured at weeks 0 (baseline), 4, 8, and 12. Maximal isometric knee extension peak torque, muscle thickness, and walking speed did not change significantly over the 12-week training period in either group (P > 0.05). However, compared with the baseline, there was significant improvement in the results of 30-s sit-to-stand repetition tests after weeks 8 and 12 in both groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, 1RM leg press results were significantly improved after weeks 4 and 12 in the DS group, and weeks 4, 8, and 12 in the SS group (P < 0.05). Results indicate that home-based weight-bearing squat training improves lower limb function in older adults, as well as performance in physical functional tests related to activities of daily living. Moreover, such training benefits older adults regardless of whether squats are shallow or deep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Yoshiko
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
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Varanoske AN, Coker NA, Johnson BADI, Belity T, Wells AJ. Muscle Quality, Measured by Ultrasound-Derived Corrected Echo Intensity, Does not Affect Changes in Cross-sectional Area of the Vastus Lateralis Following Recumbent Rest. JOURNAL OF DIAGNOSTIC MEDICAL SONOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/8756479320967277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Recumbent rest elicits a decrease in muscle size of the lower extremity, but the extent of decrease may be related to differences in muscle quality. This could have implications for ultrasound-derived measures of muscle size, particularly in individuals with a large proportion of intramuscular contractile elements. The research objective was to determine whether decreases in muscle size following recumbent rest are related to ultrasound-derived corrected echo intensity in resistance-trained males. Methods: Cross-sectional area (CSA), echo intensity (EI), subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT), and EI corrected for SFT (EICor) of the vastus lateralis (VL) were measured via ultrasonography in 30 resistance-trained males. Measures were obtained immediately following recumbency (T0) and 15 minutes after recumbency (T15). The association between EICor and percentage change in CSA (%ΔCSA) from T0 to T15 was examined. Comparisons of morphological characteristics were examined between a subset of participants with the lowest (LO; n = 10; <33rd percentile) and highest (HI; n = 10; >66th percentile) EICor. Results: EICor was not correlated with %ΔCSA ( P = .151), and the decrease in CSA from T0 to T15 did not differ between the LO and HI groups. Conclusions: Muscle quality (EICor) is not related to the decrease in CSA of the VL following recumbent rest among resistance-trained, young males. The time frame of muscle CSA acquisition should not differ based solely on differences in muscle quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa N. Varanoske
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Coker
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bri-Ana D. I. Johnson
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Tal Belity
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Adam J. Wells
- Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, Division of Kinesiology, College of Health Professions and Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
- Exercise Physiology Intervention and Collaboration (EPIC) Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL
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De-la-Cruz-Torres B, Navarro-Flores E, López-López D, Romero-Morales C. Ultrasound Imaging Evaluation of Textural Features in Athletes with Soleus Pathology-A Novel Case-Control Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041983. [PMID: 33670774 PMCID: PMC7922228 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background: the aim of this study was to compare the echotexture of patients with soleus muscle injury and age matched controls. Methods: a sample of 62 athletes was recruited at the private clinic and was divided in two group: a healthy group (n = 31) and a soleus pathology group whose athletes had soleus muscle injury, located in the central tendon (n = 31). The muscle thickness (MTh), echointensity (EI) and echovariation (EV) were analyzed. An intra-rater reliability test (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient-ICC) was performed in order to analyze the reliability of the values of the measurements. Results: Sociodemographic variables did not show statistically significant differences (p > 0.05). Ultrasound imaging measurements who reported statistically significant differences were EI (p = 0.001) and standard deviation (SD) (p = 0.001). MTh and EV variables did not show statistically significant differences (p = 0.381 and p = 0.364, respectively). Moreover, reliability values for the MTh (ICC = 0.911), EI (ICC = 0.982), SD (ICC = 0.955) and EV (ICC = 0.963). Based on these results the intra-rater reliability was considered excellent. Conclusion: Athletes with a central tendon injury of soleus muscle showed a lower EI when they were compared to healthy athletes. The echogenicity showed by the quantitative ultrasound imaging measurement may be a more objective parameter for the diagnosis and follow-up the soleus muscle injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emmanuel Navarro-Flores
- Frailty Research Organized Group (FROG), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel López-López
- Research, Health and Podiatry Group, Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing and Podiatry, Universidade da Coruña, 15403 Ferrol, Spain;
| | - Carlos Romero-Morales
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
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Garrett J, Keller J, Anders JP, Hergenrader K, Neltner T, Housh T, Schmidt R, Johnson G. Echo intensity is weakly associated with muscular strength and endurance in young, healthy adults. Res Sports Med 2021; 30:371-382. [PMID: 33573413 DOI: 10.1080/15438627.2021.1888109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships between echo intensity (EI) and muscular strength (maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]) and endurance (time-to task-failure [TTF]) in young adults. Ultrasonography was used to examine the dominant vastus lateralis of 15 young men and 15 young women. The participants completed an MVIC to assess muscular strength and sustained a bilateral, leg extension at 45% MVIC to assess muscular endurance. There was a significant (r = -0.354, p = 0.028) correlation between EI and normalized MVIC force for the combined sample (n = 30). There was also a significant (r = -0.520, p = 0.002) correlation between EI and absolute MVIC force for the combined sample. The correlation between EI and TTE was significant for the men (r = -0.449, p = 0.047) and the combined sample (r = -0.477, p = 0.004). Overall, muscle quality as assessed by EI does not appear to be strongly related to muscular strength, but there may be a modest correlation with muscular endurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayden Garrett
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Division of Physical Therapy Education, Omaha, USA
| | - Joshua Keller
- University of South Alabama, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Sport, College of Education and Professional Studies, Mobile, USA
| | - John Paul Anders
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Science, Lincoln, USA
| | - Kipp Hergenrader
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Science, Lincoln, USA
| | - Tyler Neltner
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Science, Lincoln, USA
| | - Terry Housh
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Science, Lincoln, USA
| | - Richard Schmidt
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Science, Lincoln, USA
| | - Glen Johnson
- University of Nebraska - Lincoln, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Education and Human Science, Lincoln, USA
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Santos R, Ferraz H. Effects of physical activity in muscle ultrasound evaluation of an older adult population – a pilot study. GERIATRICS, GERONTOLOGY AND AGING 2021. [DOI: 10.5327/z2447-212320202000084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Population aging has become an increasing challenge in society and inactive aging populations are especially challenging. OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study is to conduct ultrasound evaluation of the effects of an intervention program on muscle architecture in older adults. METHODS: A total of thirty-four individuals of both sexes aged over 60 years were divided into two groups as follows: an intervention group (n = 18), who took part in a physical activity program for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, lasting approximately 20 min on each occasion, and a control group, whose members were encouraged to maintain their usual daily routines (outdoor aerobic exercise) (n = 16). Only six of the 18 participants from the intervention group were available for a second evaluation session. All the participants were submitted to bilateral quadriceps muscle ultrasound evaluations; thickness and echo-intensity of muscles were analyzed. RESULTS: Muscle thickness showed a significant negative correlation with age and echo-intensity showed a significant positive correlation with age. Echo-intensity showed a significant negative correlation with muscle thickness. Comparing the groups at the baseline evaluation, there were no significant differences between them (p < 0.05) for either measurement. CONCLUSIONS: We can highlight three points regarding post-intervention status in the intervention group: 1. There were significant differences in echo-intensity. It is therefore essential to establish early strategies to promote active aging, thus preventing dependence and inactivity in the older adult population; 2. Ultrasound is a good method for evaluating the musculoskeletal system and its changes in response to aging and physical activities; 3 Physical activities are important to maintain the muscles healthy and the older adult population independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rute Santos
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia de Saúde de Coimbra, 3046-854 Coimbra
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Akima H, Yoshiko A, Radaelli R, Ogawa M, Shimizu K, Tomita A, Maeda H, Neske R, Teodoro J, Maeda K, Tanaka N, Pinto R. Comparison of muscle quality and functional capacity between Japanese and Brazilian older individuals. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243589. [PMID: 33326469 PMCID: PMC7743983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle quality is well-known to decrease with aging and is a risk factor for metabolic abnormalities. However, there is a lack of information on race-associated differences in muscle quality and other neuromuscular features related to functional performance. This study aimed to compare muscle quality, function, and morphological characteristics in Japanese and Brazilian older individuals. Eighty-four participants aged 65–87 years were enrolled in the study (42 Japanese: 23 men, 19 women, mean age 70.4 years; 42 Brazilians: 23 men, 19 women, mean age 70.8 years). Echo intensity (EI) and muscle thickness (MT) of the quadriceps femoris were measured using B-mode ultrasonography. A stepwise multiple linear regression analysis with EI as a dependent variable revealed that MT was a significant variable for Japanese participants (R2 = 0.424, P = 0.001), while MT and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) thickness were significant variables for Brazilian participants (R2 = 0.490, P = 0.001). A second stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed after excluding MT and SCAT thickness from the independent variables. Sex and age for Japanese participants (R2 = 0.381, P = 0.001) and lean body mass and body mass index for Brazilian participants (R2 = 0.385, P = 0.001) were identified as significant independent variables. The present results suggest that MT is closely correlated with muscle quality in Japanese and Brazilian older individuals. Increases in muscle size may induce decreases in intramuscular adipose tissue and/or connective tissues, which are beneficial for reducing the risks of metabolic impairments in Japanese and Brazilian older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Akito Yoshiko
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Régis Radaelli
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Port Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Madoka Ogawa
- Faculty of Sport Science, Nippon Sport Science University, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Shimizu
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Aya Tomita
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hisashi Maeda
- Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Rodrigo Neske
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Port Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Teodoro
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Port Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Kazuhiro Maeda
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
- Graduate School of Education & Human Development, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ronei Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory (LAPEX), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Port Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Stock MS, Thompson BJ. Echo intensity as an indicator of skeletal muscle quality: applications, methodology, and future directions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:369-380. [PMID: 33221942 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This narrative review provides an overview of the current knowledge of B-mode ultrasound-derived echo intensity (EI) as an indicator of skeletal muscle quality. METHOD PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search the literature. Advanced search functions were used to find original studies with the terms 'echo intensity' and/or 'muscle quality' in the title and/or abstract. Publications that conceptually described muscle quality but did not include measurement of EI were not a focus of the review. RESULT Importantly, the foundational premise of EI remains unclear. While it is likely that EI reflects intramuscular adiposity, data suggesting that these measurements are influenced by fibrous tissue is limited to diseased muscle and animal models. EI appears to show particular promise in studying muscular aging. Studies have consistently reported an association between EI and muscle function, though not all chronic interventions have demonstrated improvements. Based on the existing literature, it is unclear if EI can be used as a marker of muscle glycogen following exercise and nutritional interventions, or if EI is influenced by hydration status. Inconsistent methodological approaches used across laboratories have made comparing EI studies challenging. Image depth, rest duration, participant positioning, probe tilt, and the decision to correct for subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness are all critical considerations when interpreting the literature and planning studies. CONCLUSION While some areas show conflicting evidence, EI shows promise as a novel tool for studying muscle quality. Collaborative efforts focused on methodology are necessary to enhance the consistency and quality of the EI literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt S Stock
- School of Kinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Central Florida, 12805 Pegasus Drive, HPA 1, Room 258, Orlando, FL, 32816-2205, USA. .,Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Institute of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA.
| | - Brennan J Thompson
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.,Sorenson Legacy Foundation Center for Clinical Excellence, Movement Research Clinic, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
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Machado CLF, Pinto RS, Brusco CM, Cadore EL, Radaelli R. COVID-19 pandemic is an urgent time for older people to practice resistance exercise at home. Exp Gerontol 2020; 141:111101. [PMID: 33049354 PMCID: PMC7547324 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Social distancing measures have been used to contain the COVID-19 pandemic; nevertheless, it causes unintended greater time at home and consequently a reduction in general physical activity and an increase in sedentary time, which is harmful to older people. A decrease in daily physical activities and an increase in sedentary time culminates in an impactful skeletal muscle disuse period and reduction in neuromuscular abilities related to functional capacity. Home-based resistance training is a strategy to mitigate physical inactivity and improve or retain muscle function and functional performance. Therefore, it is an urgent time to encourage older people to perform resistance exercises at home to avoid a harmful functional decline and promote physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Leonardo Figueiredo Machado
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ronei Silveira Pinto
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Muller Brusco
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Régis Radaelli
- Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Akazawa N, Kishi M, Hino T, Tsuji R, Tamura K, Hioka A, Moriyama H. Relationship Between Aging and Intramuscular Adipose Tissue in Older Inpatients. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2020; 22:1287-1291.e1. [PMID: 33127329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although older inpatients are known to develop various conditions, whether aging affects intramuscular adipose tissue in older inpatients remains unclear. In particular, an increase in intramuscular adipose tissue in persons aged ≥85 years has previously not been revealed in either older inpatients or community-dwelling older individuals. This study therefore aimed to examine whether aging affects intramuscular adipose tissue in older inpatients. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS This study was clinical-based and included 404 inpatients aged ≥65 years. METHODS We divided the participants into the following age groups: 65-74 years (n = 63), 75-84 years (n = 171), and ≥85 years (n = 170). B-mode ultrasound imaging was performed, and the intramuscular adipose tissue of the quadriceps was assessed based on echo intensity. One-way analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were used to compare the echo intensity of the quadriceps between the 65-74-year, 75-84-year, and ≥85-year groups. RESULTS The median (25th-75th percentile) ages of the 65-74-year group, 75-84-year group, and ≥85-year group were 70.0 (68.0-73.0), 80.0 (77.0-82.0), and 89.0 (87.0-91.0), respectively. In the one-way analysis of variance, the quadriceps echo intensity of the ≥85-year group was significantly higher than that of the 65-74-year and 75-84-year groups. In addition, the ≥85-year group had significantly higher quadriceps echo intensity than the 65-74-year group, even after adjusting for other confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The current study revealed that intramuscular adipose tissue in older inpatients increases with age, and the levels of intramuscular adipose tissue of older inpatients aged ≥85 years is higher than those of older inpatients aged 65-74 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Akazawa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Masaki Kishi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kasei Tamura Hospital, Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Hino
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kasei Tamura Hospital, Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ryota Tsuji
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kasei Tamura Hospital, Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kimiyuki Tamura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kasei Tamura Hospital, Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Akemi Hioka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health and Welfare, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Moriyama
- Life and Medical Sciences Area, Health Sciences Discipline, Kobe University, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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Marcos-Pardo PJ, González-Gálvez N, Gea-García GM, López-Vivancos A, Espeso-García A, Gomes de Souza Vale R. Sarcopenia as a Mediator of the Effect of a Gerontogymnastics Program on Cardiorespiratory Fitness of Overweight and Obese Older Women: A Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17197064. [PMID: 32992531 PMCID: PMC7578986 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17197064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to analyze the effect of a gerontogymnastics program on functional ability and fitness on overweight and obese older woman and to understand if sarcopenia mediates its effect. This randomized controlled trial involved 216 overweight and obese women. The experimental group (EG) carried out 12 weeks of a gerontogymnastics program. The assessment was of gait speed, cardiorespiratory fitness, functional capacity, and muscle strength. EG showed significant improvements in almost every test. When the effect of training was adjusted by gait speed, the improvement of the 6 min walk test (MWT) for the trained group was no longer significant (p = 0.127). The improvement of the 6 MWT was significantly and positively associated with the 10 m test (β = −10.087). After including the 10-m test in the equations, the association between the 6MWT and carrying out the training program decreased but remained significant (β = −19.904). The mediation analysis showed a significant, direct and indirect effect with a significant Sobel test value (z = 6.606 ± 7.733; p = 0.000). These results indicate that a gerontogymnastics program improves functional capacity and fitness; and the effect of a gerontogymnastics program on CRF is mediated by sarcopenia in older women who are overweight and obese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jorge Marcos-Pardo
- Research Group on Health, Physical Activity, Fitness and Motor Behaviour (GISAFFCOM), Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.J.M.-P.); (G.M.G.-G.); (A.L.-V.); (A.E.-G.)
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Noelia González-Gálvez
- Research Group on Health, Physical Activity, Fitness and Motor Behaviour (GISAFFCOM), Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.J.M.-P.); (G.M.G.-G.); (A.L.-V.); (A.E.-G.)
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Gemma María Gea-García
- Research Group on Health, Physical Activity, Fitness and Motor Behaviour (GISAFFCOM), Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.J.M.-P.); (G.M.G.-G.); (A.L.-V.); (A.E.-G.)
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Abraham López-Vivancos
- Research Group on Health, Physical Activity, Fitness and Motor Behaviour (GISAFFCOM), Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.J.M.-P.); (G.M.G.-G.); (A.L.-V.); (A.E.-G.)
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Espeso-García
- Research Group on Health, Physical Activity, Fitness and Motor Behaviour (GISAFFCOM), Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Sport, Catholic University San Antonio of Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain; (P.J.M.-P.); (G.M.G.-G.); (A.L.-V.); (A.E.-G.)
| | - Rodrigo Gomes de Souza Vale
- Active Aging, Exercise and Health/HEALTHY-AGE Network, Consejo Superior de Deportes (CSD), Ministry of Culture and Sport of Spain, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Estacio de Sa University, 20261-063 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Akima H, Yoshiko A, Ogawa M, Maeda H, Tomita A, Ando R, Tanaka NI. Quadriceps echo intensity can be an index of muscle size regardless of age in 65 or more years old. Exp Gerontol 2020; 138:111015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.111015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Yoshiko A, Beppu M, Izumida R, Matsubara M, Otani T, Shiratsuchi H, Takahira N, Moritani T, Watanabe K. Long-term assessment of morphological, functional, and quantitative parameters of skeletal muscle in older patients after unilateral total hip arthroplasty. Exp Gerontol 2020; 137:110971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Changes in Strength, Mobility, and Body Composition Following Self-Selected Exercise in Older Adults. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 29:17-26. [PMID: 32604068 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this trial was to examine the effects of self-selected exercise intensities plus either whey protein or placebo supplementation on vital signs, body composition, bone mineral density, muscle strength, and mobility in older adults. A total of 101 participants aged 55 years and older (males [n = 34] and females [n = 67]) were evaluated before and after 12 weeks of self-selected, free-weight resistance exercise plus 30 min of self-paced walking three times per week. The participants were randomized into two groups: whey protein (n = 46) or placebo (n = 55). Three-way mixed factorial analyses of variance were used to test for mean differences for each variable. The 12 weeks of self-selected, self-paced exercise intensities improved resting heart rate, fat-free mass, percent body fat, handgrip strength, bench press strength, leg press strength, and all mobility measurements (p < .05) in males and females despite supplementation status. This suggests that additional protein in well-fed healthy older adults does not enhance the benefit of exercise.
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Exercise induced changes in echo intensity within the muscle: a brief review. J Ultrasound 2020; 23:457-472. [PMID: 31925731 DOI: 10.1007/s40477-019-00424-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Echo intensity is the mean pixel intensity of a specific region of interest from an ultrasound image. This variable has been increasingly used in the literature as a physiological marker. Although there has been an increased interest in reporting changes in echo intensity in response to exercise, little consensus exists as to what a change in echo intensity represents physiologically. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the earliest, as well as the most up to date literature regarding the changes in echo intensity in response to exercise. Echo intensity has been used to measure muscle quality, muscle damage, acute swelling, and intramuscular glycogen. The changes in echo intensity, however, are not consistent throughout the literature and often times lead to conclusions that seem contrary to the physiologic effects of exercise. For example, echo intensity increases in conjunction with increases in strength, contrary to what would be expected if echo intensity was a marker of muscle quality/muscle damage. It is conceivable that a change in echo intensity represents a range of physiologic effects at different time points. We recommend that these effects should be determined experimentally in order to rule out what echo intensity might and might not represent. Until this is done, caution should be employed when interpreting changes in echo intensity with acute and chronic exercise.
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Nawrocka A, Niestrój-Jaworska M, Mynarski A, Polechoński J. Association Between Objectively Measured Physical Activity And Musculoskeletal Disorders, And Perceived Work Ability Among Adult, Middle-Aged And Older Women. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:1975-1983. [PMID: 31806953 PMCID: PMC6850688 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s204196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and perceived work ability and musculoskeletal disorders among adult, middle-aged, and older women. Patients and methods This study used a cross-sectional design with a convenience sample of 348 women divided into 3 age groups: 30–49 years (n=111), 50–65 years (n=120), 66–75 years (n=117). Weekly physical activity was monitored using tri-axial accelerometer ActiGraph Gt3X. Perceived work ability was assessed using the standardized Work Ability Index (WAI) questionnaire. Information about the occurrence and intensity of musculoskeletal disorders was collected using standardized Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) expanded by visual analog pain intensity scale (VAS). Results Regardless of age, women who met physical activity recommendations achieved higher scores in each part of the WAI, and also in the total WAI scores. However, the most significant differences were found in women aged 50–64 years, and included the following items: subjective work ability, work ability in relation to demands, work impairments, sick leave in the past year. Total WAI scores were also significantly higher in women aged 30–49 and 50–64 years who met PA recommendations in comparison to women who did not meet recommendations. Also, significant relations between the frequency of occurrence of musculoskeletal problems and meeting physical activity recommendations were found in women aged 50–64 years. Those who were more physically active reported less musculoskeletal problems in shoulders (p=0.006) and ankles/feet (p=0.018) regions. Conclusion Adherence to Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health disseminated by WHO is related to better-perceived work ability among adult (30–49 years) and middle-aged (50–64 years) women. There is also a relationship between adherence to recommendations of physical activity and frequency and intensity of musculoskeletal pain among middle-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nawrocka
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Maria Niestrój-Jaworska
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Prevention, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Mynarski
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Prevention, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jacek Polechoński
- Institute of Sport Science, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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Yoshiko A, Natsume Y, Makino T, Hayashi T, Umegaki H, Yoshida Y, Cheng XW, Kuzuya M, Ishida K, Koike T, Oshida Y, Akima H. Higher and Lower Muscle Echo Intensity in Elderly Individuals Is Distinguished by Muscle Size, Physical Performance and Daily Physical Activity. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2019; 45:2372-2380. [PMID: 31235206 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2019.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study was performed to identify factors that discriminate muscle echo intensity (EI) among parameters of body composition, physical function and daily physical activity in elderly individuals. A total of 209 men and women (73.7 ± 2.8 y) were evaluated. EI was measured on ultrasonographic axial thigh muscle images. The participants were categorized into the low, mid and high EI groups. We measured the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) and physical functions. The high EI group exhibited a significantly lower SMI, slower 5-m walking time and shorter 6-min walking distance than the low EI group and had a shorter moderate-intensity activity time than the mid EI group. As a result of the discriminant analysis, elderly individuals were categorized into EI groups by SMI, daily activity and physical function. The data indicate that morphologic and functional parameters and the daily activity level help to discriminate higher and lower muscle EI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Yoshiko
- School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan; Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan.
| | - Yukie Natsume
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Taeko Makino
- Department of Rehabilitation and Care, Seijoh University, Tokai, Japan; Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Department of Rehabilitation and Care, Seijoh University, Tokai, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Umegaki
- Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yoshida
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Japan; Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Japan; Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Institute of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Japan; Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Koji Ishida
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Japan; Department of Exercise and Sports Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Koike
- Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan; Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Akima
- Research Center of Health, Physical Fitness & Sports, Nagoya University, Japan; Graduate School of Education and Human Development, Nagoya University, Japan
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