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Sørensen M, Pershagen G, Thacher JD, Lanki T, Wicki B, Röösli M, Vienneau D, Cantuaria ML, Schmidt JH, Aasvang GM, Al-Kindi S, Osborne MT, Wenzel P, Sastre J, Fleming I, Schulz R, Hahad O, Kuntic M, Zielonka J, Sies H, Grune T, Frenis K, Münzel T, Daiber A. Health position paper and redox perspectives - Disease burden by transportation noise. Redox Biol 2024; 69:102995. [PMID: 38142584 PMCID: PMC10788624 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Transportation noise is a ubiquitous urban exposure. In 2018, the World Health Organization concluded that chronic exposure to road traffic noise is a risk factor for ischemic heart disease. In contrast, they concluded that the quality of evidence for a link to other diseases was very low to moderate. Since then, several studies on the impact of noise on various diseases have been published. Also, studies investigating the mechanistic pathways underlying noise-induced health effects are emerging. We review the current evidence regarding effects of noise on health and the related disease-mechanisms. Several high-quality cohort studies consistently found road traffic noise to be associated with a higher risk of ischemic heart disease, heart failure, diabetes, and all-cause mortality. Furthermore, recent studies have indicated that road traffic and railway noise may increase the risk of diseases not commonly investigated in an environmental noise context, including breast cancer, dementia, and tinnitus. The harmful effects of noise are related to activation of a physiological stress response and nighttime sleep disturbance. Oxidative stress and inflammation downstream of stress hormone signaling and dysregulated circadian rhythms are identified as major disease-relevant pathomechanistic drivers. We discuss the role of reactive oxygen species and present results from antioxidant interventions. Lastly, we provide an overview of oxidative stress markers and adverse redox processes reported for noise-exposed animals and humans. This position paper summarizes all available epidemiological, clinical, and preclinical evidence of transportation noise as an important environmental risk factor for public health and discusses its implications on the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Sørensen
- Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Natural Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Denmark.
| | - Göran Pershagen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesse Daniel Thacher
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Timo Lanki
- Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland; School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Benedikt Wicki
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Röösli
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manuella Lech Cantuaria
- Work, Environment and Cancer, Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark; Research Unit for ORL - Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jesper Hvass Schmidt
- Research Unit for ORL - Head & Neck Surgery and Audiology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Gunn Marit Aasvang
- Department of Air Quality and Noise, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sadeer Al-Kindi
- Department of Medicine, University Hospitals, Harrington Heart & Vascular Institute, Case Western Reserve University, 11100 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Michael T Osborne
- Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Wenzel
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Gießen, 35392, Gießen, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Helmut Sies
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tilman Grune
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Katie Frenis
- Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiology I, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany; Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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Daiber A, Frenis K, Kuntic M, Li H, Wolf E, Kilgallen AB, Lecour S, Van Laake LW, Schulz R, Hahad O, Münzel T. Redox Regulatory Changes of Circadian Rhythm by the Environmental Risk Factors Traffic Noise and Air Pollution. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:679-703. [PMID: 35088601 PMCID: PMC9618394 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Risk factors in the environment such as air pollution and traffic noise contribute to the development of chronic noncommunicable diseases. Recent Advances: Epidemiological data suggest that air pollution and traffic noise are associated with a higher risk for cardiovascular, metabolic, and mental disease, including hypertension, heart failure, myocardial infarction, diabetes, arrhythmia, stroke, neurodegeneration, depression, and anxiety disorders, mainly by activation of stress hormone signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Critical Issues: We here provide an in-depth review on the impact of the environmental risk factors air pollution and traffic noise exposure (components of the external exposome) on cardiovascular health, with special emphasis on the role of environmentally triggered oxidative stress and dysregulation of the circadian clock. Also, a general introduction on the contribution of circadian rhythms to cardiovascular health and disease as well as a detailed mechanistic discussion of redox regulatory pathways of the circadian clock system is provided. Future Directions: Finally, we discuss the potential of preventive strategies or "chrono" therapy for cardioprotection. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 679-703.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Andreas Daiber, Labor für Molekulare Kardiologie, Abteilung für Kardiologie 1, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Geb. 605 – Raum 3.262, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
| | - Katie Frenis
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eva Wolf
- Structural Chronobiology, Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Aoife B. Kilgallen
- Division Heart and Lungs, Regenerative Medicine Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda W. Van Laake
- Division Heart and Lungs, Regenerative Medicine Centre, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute for Physiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Thomas Münzel, Labor für Molekulare Kardiologie, Abteilung für Kardiologie 1, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Geb. 605 – Raum 3.262, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz 55131, Germany
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Parker A, Hobson L, Bains R, Wells S, Bowl M. Investigating audible and ultrasonic noise in modern animal facilities. F1000Res 2022; 11:651. [PMID: 35949916 PMCID: PMC9334837 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.111170.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The environmental housing conditions of laboratory animals are important for both welfare and reliable, reproducible data. Guidelines currently exist for factors such as lighting cycles, temperature, humidity, and noise, however, for the latter the current guidelines may overlook important details. In the case of the most common laboratory species, the mouse, the range of frequencies they can hear is far higher than that of humans. The current guidelines briefly mention that ultrasonic (>20 kHz) frequencies can adversely affect mice, and that the acoustic environment should be checked, though no recommendations are provided relating to acceptable levels of ultrasonic noise. Methods: To investigate the ultrasonic environment in a large mouse breeding facility (the Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell), we compared two systems, the Hottinger Bruel and Kjaer PULSE sound analyser, and an Avisoft Bioacoustics system. Potential noise sources were selected; we used the PULSE system to undertake real-time Fourier analysis of noise up to 100 kHz, and the Avisoft system to record noise up to 125 kHz for later analysis. The microphones from both systems were positioned consistently at the same distance from the source and environmental conditions were identical. In order to investigate our result further, a third system, the AudioMoth (Open Acoustic Devices), was also used for recording. We used DeepSqueak software for most of the recording analysis and, in some cases, we also undertook further spectral analysis using RX8 (iZotope, USA). Results: We found that both systems can detect a range of ultrasonic noise sources, and here discuss the benefits and limitations of each approach. Conclusions: We conclude that measuring the acoustic environment of animal facilities, including ultrasonic frequencies that may adversely affect the animals housed, will contribute to minimising disruption to animal welfare and perturbations in scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Parker
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Oxford, UK
| | - Liane Hobson
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Science Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Rasneer Bains
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Science Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Harwell Science Campus, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Bowl
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Oxford, UK
- UCL Ear Institute, University College London, London, UK
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Frenis K, Kuntic M, Hahad O, Bayo Jimenez MT, Oelze M, Daub S, Steven S, Münzel T, Daiber A. Redox Switches in Noise-Induced Cardiovascular and Neuronal Dysregulation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:784910. [PMID: 34869603 PMCID: PMC8637611 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.784910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental exposures represent a significant health hazard, which cumulatively may be responsible for up to 2/3 of all chronic non-communicable disease and associated mortality (Global Burden of Disease Study and The Lancet Commission on Pollution and Health), which has given rise to a new concept of the exposome: the sum of environmental factors in every individual’s experience. Noise is part of the exposome and is increasingly being investigated as a health risk factor impacting neurological, cardiometabolic, endocrine, and immune health. Beyond the well-characterized effects of high-intensity noise on cochlear damage, noise is relatively well-studied in the cardiovascular field, where evidence is emerging from both human and translational experiments that noise from traffic-related sources could represent a risk factor for hypertension, ischemic heart disease, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. In the present review, we comprehensively discuss the current state of knowledge in the field of noise research. We give a brief survey of the literature documenting experiments in noise exposure in both humans and animals with a focus on cardiovascular disease. We also discuss the mechanisms that have been uncovered in recent years that describe how exposure to noise affects physiological homeostasis, leading to aberrant redox signaling resulting in metabolic and immune consequences, both of which have considerable impact on cardiovascular health. Additionally, we discuss the molecular pathways of redox involvement in the stress responses to noise and how they manifest in disruptions of the circadian rhythm, inflammatory signaling, gut microbiome composition, epigenetic landscape and vessel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Frenis
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Oelze
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Steffen Daub
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Steven
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, Molecular Cardiology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Shirif AZ, Kovačević S, Brkljačić J, Teofilović A, Elaković I, Djordjevic A, Matić G. Decreased Glucocorticoid Signaling Potentiates Lipid-Induced Inflammation and Contributes to Insulin Resistance in the Skeletal Muscle of Fructose-Fed Male Rats Exposed to Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137206. [PMID: 34281257 PMCID: PMC8269441 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The modern lifestyle brings both excessive fructose consumption and daily exposure to stress which could lead to metabolic disturbances and type 2 diabetes. Muscles are important points of glucose and lipid metabolism, with a crucial role in the maintenance of systemic energy homeostasis. We investigated whether 9-week fructose-enriched diet, with and without exposure to 4-week unpredictable stress, disturbs insulin signaling in the skeletal muscle of male rats and evaluated potential contributory roles of muscle lipid metabolism, glucocorticoid signaling and inflammation. The combination of fructose-enriched diet and stress increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors-α and -δ and stimulated lipid uptake, lipolysis and β-oxidation in the muscle of fructose-fed stressed rats. Combination of treatment also decreased systemic insulin sensitivity judged by lower R-QUICKI, and lowered muscle protein content and stimulatory phosphorylations of insulin receptor supstrate-1 and Akt, as well as the level of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 and glucocorticoid receptor. At the same time, increased levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B, nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, were observed in the muscle of fructose-fed stressed rats. Based on these results, we propose that decreased glucocorticoid signaling in the skeletal muscle can make a setting for lipid-induced inflammation and the development of insulin resistance in fructose-fed stressed rats.
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Sun D, Wang B, Guo H, Wang N, Gao D, Zhu B. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in JNK1 are associated with susceptibility to noise-induced hearing loss in a Chinese population. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 94:833-842. [PMID: 33433696 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-020-01644-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study intended to explore the effect of C-Jun N-terminal kinases 1 (JNK1) polymorphisms on the sensitivity of individual hearing loss. METHODS A total of 1333 subjects, including 683 NIHL workers and 650 normal-hearing workers from east China, were included in this cross-sectional study. Genotyping of three JNK1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs9284, rs8428, and rs11598320) was performed. The relationship between different genotypes and noise-induced hearing loss was analyzed. RESULTS Results show that rs11598320 TT genotype was associated with a higher risk of NIHL (OR 1.57, 95% CI 0.91-2.70). Stratified analysis indicated that the rs11598320 AT + AA genotype was associated with a decreased risk of hearing loss in subjects exposed to noise ≤ 16 years or a noise level > 92 dB (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.50-0.93 and OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42-0.96, respectively). The rs8428 TT genotype was associated with an increased risk of noise-induced hearing loss when the noise level was > 92 dB (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.11-2.70). Haplotype TCT (rs9284-rs8424-rs11598320) was associated with an increased risk of noise-induced hearing loss (OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.00-1.68). CONCLUSION Single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs11598320 and rs8424) in JNK1 can be used as new biomarkers of susceptibility for noise-induced hearing loss in Chinese workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Boshen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China. .,Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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Oh M, Shin K, Kim K, Shin J. Influence of noise exposure on cardiocerebrovascular disease in Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1867-1876. [PMID: 30317174 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental noise pollution is an important social problem. Noise is known to have an adverse effect on human emotions and bodies. However, the methodology of previous studies did not consider selection bias in eliminating participants during the screening process. Therefore, for this study, we propose a framework that combines propensity score matching with a generalized additive model to reduce that sampling problem. Within this framework, we use health data from the National Health Insurance Service and noise data from the National Noise Information System in Korea. Using the proposed framework and data set, we analyze the effects of noise on cardiocerebrovascular disease. Our results show that, when daytime noise increases by 1 A-weighted decibel (dB(A)), cerebrovascular disease increases by 0.66%, hypertension increases by 0.17%, and heart disease increases by 0.38%. Moreover, we conducted a scenario analysis to investigate the effects of noise reduction policies. When noise levels are reduced to meet regulatory targets, cerebrovascular diseases decrease by 2077 per million people, high blood pressure decreases by 5705 per million people, and heart disease decreases by 1151 per million people. Our results thus provide information about noise exposure-response functions in Korea that could be used to establish noise reduction policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoungjin Oh
- Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, South Korea.
| | - Kwangsoo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Convergence, College of Medicine, ChungBuk National University, 1 Chungdae-ro, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, South Korea.
| | - Kyungah Kim
- Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, South Korea.
| | - Jungwoo Shin
- Department of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, 1732 Deogyeong-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, South Korea.
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