Biomass-fuelled improved cookstove intervention to prevent household air pollution in Northwest Ethiopia: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Patterns and disparities in indoor particulate matter levels in selected primary schools in Kigali, Rwanda

Air pollution is a global environmental and public health challenge. There is limited evidence about the air quality in Rwanda, and the concentrations of particulate matter (PM), namely PM2.5 and PM10 in schools have not been well documented. This study evaluated patterns and disparities in indoor PM levels in selected primary schools in Kigali, Rwanda. The study collected PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations from six classrooms in six selected primary schools during the regular school study period in the dry season. Data were collected using mobile air sensors (purple air/PA-II-SD air quality) and an observation checklist. A Kruskal-Wallis test was performed to assess the difference in PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations between the six schools. The post-hoc Mann-Whitney test was used to compare all group pairs. The results indicated a significant difference in both the indoor PM2.5 concentration (H (5) = 41.01, p < 0.001) and the indoor PM10 concentration (H (5) = 38.5, p < 0.001). The maximum concentration observed was 133.6 μg/m3 for PM2.5 and 158.5 μg/m3 for PM10. Schools in highly exposed areas tended to have higher concentrations of PM than schools in moderately exposed areas. Specifically, the daily average concentration of PM2.5 in schools located in highly exposed areas ranged from 39 μg/m³ to 118 μg/m³, while PM10 levels ranged from 44.0 μg/m³ to 126 μg/m³. In contrast, schools in moderately exposed areas had daily PM2.5 average concentrations ranging from 32.0 μg/m³ to 111.0 μg/m³ and daily PM10 average concentrations ranging from 38.0 μg/m³ to 119 μg/m³. Overall, the recorded values for both PM2.5 and PM10 in all sampled schools were higher than the World Health Organization air quality guidelines. Indoor air quality is poorer in schools situated in highly exposed areas. This study suggests interventions to improve school air quality for the benefit of school communities.

Association of anaemia with indoor air pollution among older Indian adult population: multilevel modelling analysis of nationally representative cross-sectional study

INTRODUCTION

Anaemia is a disease of public health importance with multi-causal pathways. Previous literature suggests the role of indoor air pollution (IAP) on haemoglobin levels, but this has been studied less due to logistic constraints. A high proportion of the population in developing countries, including India, still depends on unclean fuel, which exacerbates IAP. The objective was to study the association between anaemia and IAP among the older Indian adult population (≥ 45 years) as per gender.

METHODS

Our study analysed the nationally representative dataset of the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI 2017-18, Wave-1). We have documented the association of anaemia (outcome variable) with IAP (explanatory variable). To reduce the confounding effects of demographic and socioeconomic; health related and behavioural covariates; propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted. Nested multilevel regression modelling was conducted. States and union territories were categorised cross tabulated as low, middle and high as per anaemia and IAP exposure. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. SATA version 17 was used for analysis.

RESULTS

More than half (52.52%) of the participants were exposed to IAP (male (53.55%) > female (51.63%)). The odds of having anaemia was significantly 1.19 times higher (AOR 1.19 (1.09-1.31)) among participants using unclean/ solid fuel. The adjusted odds were significantly higher among participants exposed to pollution-generating sources (AOR 1.30; 1.18-1.43), and household indoor smoking (AOR 1.17 (1.07-1.29). The odds of having anaemia were significantly higher (AOR 1.26; 1.15-1.38) among participants exposed to IAP, which was higher in males (AOR 1.36; 1.15-1.61) than females (AOR 1.21; 1.08-1.35). Empowered Action Group (EAG) states like Uttar Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar had both high anaemia and IAP exposure.

CONCLUSION

This study established the positive association of anaemia with indoor air pollution among older Indian adults through a nationally representative large dataset. The association was higher among men. Further research is recommended to understand detailed causation and to establish temporality. It is a high time to implement positive intervention nationally to decrease solid/ unclean fuel usage, vulnerable ventilation, indoor smoking, IAP and health hazards associated with these with more focused actions towards EAG states.

The effect of chimney fitted improved stove on kitchen fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations in rural Ethiopia: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Millions of Ethiopian people cook with biomass fuels using traditional stoves, releasing harmful pollutants and contributing to a significant public health crisis. Improved stoves offer a potential escape route, but their effectiveness needs close scrutiny. This study delves into the impact of chimney-fitted stoves on kitchen PM2.5 concentrations in rural Ethiopian households.

METHOD

We conducted a randomized controlled trial with 86 households equally divided (1:1 ratio) between intervention and control groups. The 24-h average kitchen PM2.5 concentrations was measured using Particle and Temperature Sensor (PATS+) at baseline and after intervention. All relevant sociodemographic and cooking related characteristics were collected at baseline and dynamic characteristics were updated during air monitoring visits. Three distinct statistical models, including independent sample t-tests, paired sample t-tests and one-way analysis of variance were used to analyze the data using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software for Windows (v 24.0).

RESULT

At baseline, the average 24-h kitchen PM2.5 concentrations were 482 μg/m3 (95% CI: 408, 557) for the control and 405 μg/m3 (95% CI: 318, 492) for the intervention groups. Despite remaining elevated at 449 μg/m3 (95% CI: 401, 496) in the control group, PM2.5 concentrations reduced to 104 μg/m3 (95% CI: 90,118) in the intervention group, indicating a statistically significant difference (t = 6.97, p < 0.001). All three statistical analyses delivered remarkably consistent results, estimating a PM2.5 reductions of 74% with the before-and-after approach, 76% when comparing groups, and 74% for difference in difference analysis. Beyond the overall reduction, homes with primary school completed women, larger kitchens, smaller family size, and those specifically baking Injera (the traditional energy-intensive staple food), witnessed even greater drops in PM2.5 levels.

CONCLUSION

Pregnant women in our study encountered dangerously high PM2.5 exposures in their kitchens. While the intervention achieved a significant PM2.5 reductions, unfortunately remained above the WHO's safe limit, highlighting the need for further interventions.

Occupational exposure to Hepatitis B virus, disease burden and pathways for postexposure prophylaxis management: recommendations for healthcare workers in highly endemic settings

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) was recognized many decades ago as an important occupational hazard for Health Care Workers (HCWs) globally. HCWs who are directly involved in patient care and are in continuous contact with blood or body fluids have an increased risk of occupationally acquiring the virus. The risk of HCWs in highly endemic areas is greater due to the greater prevalence of infection in the general population. Recommendations are available to guide HBV prevention activities or practices among HCWs. These include the use of the hepatitis B vaccine as a preexposure prophylaxis and the use of hepatitis B immunoglobulin alone or hepatitis B immunoglobulin plus the vaccine as postexposure prophylaxis. The uptake of preexposure prophylaxis has been observed to be low in resource-poor settings where the disease is highly endemic. Postexposure prophylaxis has become the remedy for preventing occupational transmission of HBV in these settings. This review aimed to summarize the available evidence on the risk of transmission of HBV infection, the burden of infection and recommendations for pre- and postexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of occupational acquisition of HBV among HCWs. We conducted a narrative review to summarize the evidence available on the recommended steps of HBV exposure management and the utilization of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for HBV. A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Africa Journals Online (AJOL) databases. The keywords used were hepatitis B, hepatitis B virus postexposure prophylaxis, occupational exposures, and recommendations for postexposure to hepatitis B virus. We gleaned evidence from the literature sources and summarized the concepts related to exposure forms, postexposure prophylaxis management pathways and recommendations for the utilization of postexposure prophylaxis among exposed healthcare workers. From the synthesis of evidence, we conclude that HBV infection is a life-threatening condition. However, the disease is preventable by using the HBV vaccine as a preexposure prophylaxis measure. An effective postexposure prophylaxis management program is also available, and the last resort to preventing occupational transmission of HBV among HCWs who non-responders are, or who fail to vaccinate completely against HBV. Irrespective of the availability of these lifesaving interventions, the use of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis among HCWs in highly endemic regions is suboptimal. Many barriers operating at the individual HCW and health facility levels have been identified as impacting the successful use of HBV preventive measures.

A case-control study on asthma and obese patients: Influence of lifestyle patterns, serum trace elements, heavy metals, and total antioxidants

Background and aim

Asthma is a chronic airway hyperresponsiveness disorder and Obese people have greater rates of asthma incidence and prevalence. Obesity, a complex condition, can cause nutritional metabolic problems that change trace elements and minerals. Trace element and antioxidant levels affect asthma aetiology. In this study, we aim to determine the serum levels of trace elements Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg, Co, Ni, Pb, Cd, and Cr, total antioxidants (TAS), and lifestyle that determine specific clinical conditions in asthma and obesity patients from Vellore City (Tamil Nadu, India).

Methods

A case-control study to determine the level of the serum trace elements with 838 subjects (n = 242 asthma patients, n = 140 asthmatic obese, n = 185 obese patients, and n = 271 controls) between the ages of 20 and 60 years was carried out. Asthma was diagnosed based on the clinical examination and pulmonary function tests. Trace element levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) in serum, and a DPPH-free radical scavenging assay was used to determine the total antioxidant capacity level in serum.

Result

In asthma male patients, serum levels of Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg, and TAS were significantly lower and Pb, Cd, and Cr significantly higher, whereas in female asthma patients, serum levels of Zn, Fe, Mg, and TAS were significantly lower and Pb significantly higher. In asthmatic obese male patients, Fe, Cu, and TAS were significantly lower, and Pb, Cd, and Co were significantly higher; in asthmatic obese female patients, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg, and TAS were significantly lower, and Ni was significantly higher. In obese male patients, Zn, Fe, Cu, and TAS were significantly lower and Cd was significantly higher, and in obese female patients, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mg, and TAS were significantly lower.

Conclusion

The influence of the level of trace elements, heavy metal, total antioxidant, and the lifestyle patterns, may increase the risk of asthma and obesity.

Association between area deprivation index and concerns to COVID-19: A multi-level analysis of individual and area factors

Background

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been one of the most serious global threats to public health recently. The present study examined whether area deprivation is associated with concerns related to COVID-19 using large nationwide data across South Korea.

Methods

We used nationwide 2020 Korea Community Health Survey and official government database. Of the 225,680 included participants, 123,324 (54.6%) were women, and the mean age was 54.9 [17.8] years old. We classified the Area deprivation index (ADI) into Quartile 1 (Least deprived); Quartile 2; Quartile 3; and Quartile 4 (Most deprived). Our primary outcome was the concerns related to COVID-19 (0-16 scores). Multilevel regression analysis was conducted.

Results

The mean score of concerns related to COVID-19 was 11.3 [3.2] in the total population. 13.5% of the variability in the scores of concerns related to COVID-19 was accounted for by district areas. Area with Q4 of ADI were associated with an increased score of concerns related to COVID-19 (Q1: reference; Q2: β = 0.218, SE = 0.119, FDR adj.p-value = 0.085; Q3: β = 0.235, SE = 0.133, FDR adj.p-value = 0.094; Q4: β = 0.252, SE = 0.109, FDR adj.p-value = 0.029). 19-49 groups in area with Q4 of ADI were associated with an increase in scores of concerns related to COVID-19 than other age groups in area with Q4 of ADI. Area with Q4 of ADI were associated with a score of concern of being criticized if getting infected compared to area with Q1 of ADI.

Conclusion

We found that the highest quartile ADI was associated with greater concerns related to COVID-19. By identifying vulnerable population to concerns related to COVID-19, health systems may consider preventive intervention to mitigate mental health issues.

Indoor air pollution prevention practices and associated factors among household mothers in Olenchiti town, Oromia, Ethiopia

INTRODUCTION

Most households in low- and middle-income countries still cook using solid fuels in poorly ventilated dwellings. Indoor air pollution causes various health problems, like pneumonia, lung cancer, stillbirth, low birth weight, impaired cognitive development, and cataracts. Nevertheless, a few evidences are available in Africa, including Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the level of indoor air pollution prevention practices and associated factors among household mothers in Olenchiti town, Oromia, Ethiopia.

METHODS

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted. Four hundred twenty mothers were randomly selected by systematic random sampling. Data was collected through an interview and observation checklist. The collected data entered into Epi-Info version 7.2.5 was cleaned, edited, and then exported to SPSS version 23 for analysis. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the findings. Binary logistic regression was computed to analyze the effect of each variable on the outcome variable. Model adequacy fitness was checked with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. The multicollinearity of independent variables was checked with the variance inflation factor. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and P -value <0.05 was used as cutoff points to declare significance in the final model.

RESULTS

The overall good practices of mothers towards the prevention of indoor air pollution was 188 (45.0%). Mothers who had under-five children (AOR = 0.49, 95%CI (0.31-0.76), mothers in grade 9-12 (AOR = 0.51, 95%CI (0.28-0.92)) were significantly associated with indoor air pollution prevention practices.

CONCLUSION

The overall good practices of mothers towards indoor air pollution were low compared to different findings. Under-five children and educational status were significantly associated with indoor air pollution prevention practices in the final model. Therefore, the high school curriculums should include indoor air pollution topics.

Adherence to the three-component Hepatitis B virus vaccination protocol among healthcare workers in hepatitis B virus endemic settings in Ghana

Background

The WHO and CDC recommend that HCWs who are at risk of HBV infection should vaccinate as adults early in their career by receiving 3 doses of HB vaccine at a schedule of months 0,1,6 and perform post-vaccination serological testing 1-2 months after vaccination. This study assessed adherence to all three components of the HBV vaccination program.

Methods

The study was a hospital-based analytical cross-sectional study involving 340 HCWs who were randomly selected. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data which was analyzed using SPSS version 21. The proportion of HCWs adhering to the three components of the HBV vaccination protocol was computed. The multivariable analysis procedure identified the factors associated with overall adherence. Odds ratios were estimated with corresponding confidence intervals with the level of significance set at 0.05.

Results

HBV vaccination coverage was 60.9 % and adherence to 3-doses, 0,1,6 vaccination schedules and post-vaccination serological testing were 46.8 %, 38 % and 13 % respectively. Overall adherence was intermediate at the population level with only 6.2 % of the study participants adhering to all three components of the HBV vaccination protocol. HCWs who had low-risk perception for HBV had the lowest odds of completely adhering to all three indicators recommended for HBV vaccination (aOR = 0.15; 95 %CI = 0.04-0.58). Also, male HCWs have lower odds of adhering to all three components of HBV vaccination compared to their female counterparts (aOR = 0.65; 95 %CI = 1.17-2.50).

Conclusion

Adherence to the three components of HBV vaccination recommended for HCWs is low in this study. Failure to receive the recommended three-dose series of HBV vaccine at the recommended 0,1,6 schedule has implications for achieving seroprotection or development of antibodies against HBV. Failure to perform post-vaccination testing 1-2 months after HBV vaccination has implications for timely PEP management following occupational exposures. All three components of an ideal HBV vaccination program are important and should be used collectively to guide facility led HCW vaccination programs. Occupational health and safety programs, Infection prevention and control, as well as health promotion campaigns in health facilities, should promote adherence to all three components of HBV vaccination programs.

Personal exposure to household air pollution and lung function in rural Bangladesh: A population-based cross-sectional study

We assessed whether personal exposure to household air pollution [PM2.5 and black carbon (BC)] is associated with lung functions (FEV1, FVC, and their ratio) in non-smoking adults in rural Bangladesh. We measured personal exposure to PM2.5 using gravimetric analysis of PM2.5 mass and BC by reflectance measurement between April 2016 and June 2019. The average 24-hour PM2.5 and BC concentration was 141.0μgm-3 and 13.8μgm-3 for females, and 91.7 μgm-3 and 10.1 μgm-3 for males, respectively. A 1 μgm-3 increase in PM2.5 resulted in a 0.02 ml reduction in FEV1, 0.43 ml reduction in FVC, and 0.004% reduction in FEV1/FVC. We also found a similar inverse relationship between BC and lung functions (9.6 ml decrease in FEV1 and 18.5 ml decrease in FVC per 1μgm-3 increase in BC). A higher proportion of non-smoking biomass fuel users (50.1% of the females and 46.7% of the males) had restrictive patterns of lung function abnormalities, which need further exploration.

What works in sanitation promotion?

Promotion appears to be the least effective but is nevertheless often the only available, means to achieve increased access to sanitation services, especially at scale, in lower-income countries. A cursory examination of the history of past and present approaches to sanitation promotion, including sanitation marketing, community development, community-led total sanitation and public health, shows that they have a variety of features and characteristics which make them distinctive. Unfortunately, rigorous evaluation has not kept pace with this proliferation of approaches, so it is difficult to recommend any one approach over the others, based on empirical performance in a range of circumstances. However, I argue that a 'hybrid' approach which exhibits a number of salient features from all of the previous approaches is likely to be a good bet. I present a recent example of such a hybrid programme which proved to significantly increase the rate of improved sanitation coverage through promotion (without subsidy of any kind) at scale in Tanzania. I suggest other sanitation promotion programs may want to think about adopting similar practices in their own programming going forward.

Kitchen fine particulate matter (PM2.5) concentrations from biomass fuel use in rural households of Northwest Ethiopia

Background

Combustion of solid biomass fuels using traditional stoves which is the daily routine for 3 billion people emits various air pollutants including fine particulate matter which is one of the widely recognized risk factors for various cardiorespiratory and other health problems. But, there is only limited evidences of kitchen PM2.5 concentrations in rural Ethiopia.

Objective

This study is aimed to estimate the 24-h average kitchen area concentrations of PM2.5 and to identify associated factors in rural households of northwest Ethiopia.

Method

The average kitchen area PM2.5 concentrations were measured using a low-cost light-scattering Particle and Temperature Sensor Plus (PATS+) for a 24-h sampling period. Data from the PATS+ was downloaded in electronic form for further analysis. Other characteristics were collected using face-to-face interviews. Independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance were used to test differences in PM2.5 concentrations between and among various characteristics, respectively.

Result

Mixed fuels were the most common cooking biomass fuel. The 24-h average kitchen PM2.5 concentrations was estimated to be 405 μg/m3, ranging from 52 to 965 μg/m3. The average concentrations were 639 vs. 336 μg/m3 (p < 0.001) in the thatched and corrugated iron sheet roof kitchens, respectively. The average concentration was also higher among mixed fuel users at 493 vs. 347 μg/m3 (p = 0.042) compared with firewood users and 493 vs. 233 μg/m3 (p = 0.007) as compared with crop residue fuel users. Statistically significant differences were also observed across starter fuel types 613 vs. 343 μg/m3 (p = 0.016) for kerosene vs. dried leaves and Injera baking events 523 vs. 343 μg/m3 (p < 0.001) for baked vs. not baked events.

Conclusion

The average kitchen PM2.5 concentrations in the study area exceeded the world health organization indoor air quality guideline value of 15 μg/m3 which can put pregnant women at greater risk and contribute to poor pregnancy outcomes. Thatched roof kitchen, mixed cooking fuel, kerosene fire starter, and Injera baking events were positively associated with high-level average kitchen PM2.5. concentration. Simple cost-effective interventions like the use of chimney-fitted improved stoves and sensitizing women about factors that aggravate kitchen PM2.5 concentrations could reduce kitchen PM 2.5 levels in the future.

Assessment of food hygiene and safety knowledge, attitude, and practices of fruit and vegetable vendors in the Ho central market, Ghana

Local markets are primarily the center for trade and distribution of fruits and vegetables in Ghana. Fruit and vegetable vendors are responsible for keeping food hygienic and safe from contamination. However, little is known about fruit and vegetable vendors' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward food hygiene and safety in local markets. This study aimed to assess the KAP of fruit and vegetable vendors in Ho City. Data on KAP was collected from 113 fruit and vegetable vendors in the Ho Central Market using a structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using a two-way multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine the association of demographic variables with knowledge, attitude, and practice of food hygiene and safety. A correlation analysis was conducted to determine the intercorrelation among the KAP variables. The results suggest significant differences for vendors with medical examination certificates on knowledge (Wilks = 0.60, F = 2.82, p˂0.00), attitude (Wilks = 0.71, F = 2.10, p˂0.01), and practice (Wilks = 0.59, F = 1.79, p˂0.01). A significant correlation was found between the three domains, but the influence of knowledge and attitude on practice was weak. Fruit and vegetable vendors' knowledge and attitudes toward food hygiene and safety were supportive and favorable. However, some practices were not supportive and encouraging toward food hygiene and safety. The lack of basic amenities in the market influenced the practice of vendors. Improved environmental sanitation conditions at local markets are vital to the practice of food hygiene and safety to prevent foodborne diseases.

Pregnant women's perception on the health effects of household air pollution in Rural Butajira, Ethiopia: a phenomenological qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Household air pollution is the major public health problem in developing countries. Pregnant women spent the majority of their time at home and are the most affected population by household air pollution. Exploring the perception of pregnant women on adverse health effects is important to enhance the mitigation strategies. Therefore, this study aim to explore the pregnant women's perceptions about health effects of household air pollution in rural Butajira, Ethiopia.

METHODS

A phenomenological qualitative study design was conducted among 15 selected pregnant women. All interviews were carried out at the participants´ house and audio-recorded while housing and cooking conditions were observed and appropriate notes were taken for each. The collected data were transcribed verbatim and translated into the English language. Then, the data were imported into Open code software to manage the overall data coding processes and analyzed thematically.

RESULTS

Study participants perceived that respiratory problems such as coughing, sneezing and asthma and eye problem were the major health problem caused by household air pollution among pregnant women. Study participants also mentioned asphyxiated, abortion, reduces weight, and hydrocephalus was caused by household air pollution on the foetus. Study participants perceived that financial inability, spouse negligence, autonomy and knowledge level of the women were the barriers to tackling household air pollution. Study participant also suggested that opening the door and window; using improved cookstove and reduce workload were the perceived solution for household air pollution.

CONCLUSIONS

This study explores pregnant women's perceptions on health effects of household air pollution. The finding of this study was important to deliver suitable intervention strategies to mitigate household air pollution. Therefore, educating the women on way of mitigating household air pollution, improving existing structure of the house and minimize the time to stay in the kitchen is important to mitigate household air pollution exposure.

Childhood Adversity and Mental Health Outcomes Among University Students: A Longitudinal Study

BACKGROUND

Mental health concerns are common among university students and maybe elevated among those with specific risk exposures. The study examined the association between childhood adversities and mental health outcomes among undergraduate university students and assessed whether psychosocial and behavioral factors mediate those associations.

METHODS

The Queen's University Student Well-Being and Academic Success Survey identified two large cohorts of first-year undergraduate students entering university in Fall 2018 and 2019 (n = 5,943). At baseline, students reported sociodemographic information, family-related mental health history, childhood physical abuse, sexual abuse, peer bullying, and parental separation or divorce. Baseline and follow-up surveys in Spring 2019, Fall 2019, and Spring 2020 included validated measures of anxiety (7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder) and depressive symptoms (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire ), non-suicidal self-harm, and suicidality, along with psychological processes and lifestyle variables. Repeated measures logistic regression using Generalized Estimating Equations was used to characterize the associations between childhood adversities and mental health outcomes and examine potential mediation.

RESULTS

Adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, familial mental illness, and parental education, any childhood abuse (odds ratio: 2.89; 95% confidence interval, 2.58 to 3.23) and parental separation or divorce (odds ratio: 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 1.50) were significantly associated with a composite indicator of mental health outcomes (either 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire score ≥10 or 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorderscore ≥10 or suicidality or self-harm). The association with childhood abuse weakened when adjusted for perceived stress, self-esteem, and insomnia (odds ratio: 2.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.80 to 2.34), and that with parental divorce weakened when adjusted for self-esteem (odds ratio: 1.17; 95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.36).

CONCLUSION

Childhood abuse and parental separation or divorce were associated with mental health concerns among university students. Childhood adversities may impact later mental health through an association with stress sensitivity, self-esteem, and sleep problems. The findings suggest that prevention and early intervention focusing on improving sleep, self-esteem, and coping with stress while considering the individual risk profile of help-seeking students may help support student mental health.

Hygiene practices of food of animal origin operators in primary schools in the Mono Department of Benin. A cross-sectional study

Food of animal origin is an important source of proteins for human beings. However, they are subject to microbial contamination. It is essential to ensure the safety of food products intended for school children regarding their vulnerability to food poisoning. Good sanitary quality of these products requires the respect of good practices during their processing and distribution. This study aims to evaluate the conditions of processing and sale of food of animal origin to school children in public schools, with or without canteens, in the Department of Mono in southern Benin. In the Department of Mono in the Republic of Benin, 137 operators were interviewed in public schools, with one operator per school, using a questionnaire created on the Epicollect5 platform. The interview showed that the operators involved in the processing and sale of food to school children were women. Most of these operators had primary education and did not undergo a medical examination. They transported food of animal origin mixed with other types of food. Frying and cooking were used to prepare or process the food. Direct observation revealed that food is produced in an unhealthy environment. The operators did not wear gloves during food processing but some wore aprons. All the operators washed their hands with soap and water (tap or well water) after using the toilet. There was not an adequate handwashing facility. The majority of operators used wooden cutting boards. Overall, food operators especially in schools without a canteen do not follow good hygiene and manufacturing practices in the kitchen. To guarantee food safety for school children, training should be organized to make operators aware of good hygiene and manufacturing practices in kitchens.

Food neophobia and its association with sociodemographic factors and food preferences among Bangladeshi university students: Evidence from a cross-sectional study

Food neophobia, described as a reluctance to eat and or avoid new food, is a personality trait that affects food choice. Despite its potential influence on an individual's food intake, food neophobia has been poorly investigated in Bangladesh. This cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate food neophobia and its association with sociodemographic factors and food preferences in a sample of Bangladeshi university students. Five hundred students from five public universities completed the structured surveys. Food neophobia was assessed by a 10-item validated food neophobia scale with some minor modifications based on study settings. A multiple linear regression model was used to observe the factors associated with food neophobia. The mean food neophobia score among study participants was 37.45 (SD: 13.39, Range: 13-67). According to the adjusted statistical model, being female (regression coefficient, β = 2.73), having higher monthly family income (β = -6.64), being underweight (β = 4.68), being overweight (β = -4.63), having any food allergy (β = 9.09), and a history of sickness after eating a new food item (β = 5.16) were significantly associated with food neophobia amongst the participants. The participants' liking of various food items such as vegetables were significantly correlated with food neophobia scores. Nutrition education policies and programs are of importance to address the students' food neophobia during their tertiary education so that they maintain lifelong healthy dietary habits and consume a variety of foods to improve their physical health and well-being.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection and associated factors among health care workers in Southern Ghana

Introduction

The World Health Organization estimates that 37% of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infections among Health Care Workers (HCWs) are due to percutaneous occupational exposure to blood and body fluids. In Ghana, occupational exposures are rising; however, the burden of HBV infection in HCWs remains unknown. Our study estimated the prevalence of HBV surface antigens and associated factors among HCWs.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 340 HCWs using a structured pretested questionnaire and screening for HBV surface antigens. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0 with a level of significance set at <0.05.

Results

The overall crude prevalence of current HBV infection was 5.9 % (95% CI, 3.0-8.0). Adjusted prevalence by test performance was 5.8%. Prevalence was highest among males 10.2% (95% CI, 4.8-18.5), HCWs other than nurses and doctors 9.2% (95% CI, 4.5-16.2), and those working at lower-level facilities 9.7% (95% CI, 4.8-17.1). Training in the prevention of blood-borne infections was significantly associated with HBV infection (adjusted odds ratio 3.2; 95% CI, 1.1-9.1).

Conclusions

HBV infection is high in this population. In addition to lifesaving interventions such as vaccination and the use of immunoglobulin, training in blood-borne infections could prevent new HBV infections among Ghanaian HCWs.

Food Safety Practices and Associated Factors in Food Operators: A Cross-Sectional Survey in the Students' Cafeteria of Woldia University, North Eastern Ethiopia

The food safety issue is often overlooked in countries where food shortages, natural disasters, political tensions, and other major concerns dominate government and media agendas. As a result, the current study sought to assess food safety practices and associated factors among food handlers at Woldia University's student cafeteria. An institutional cross-sectional study was conducted between May and July 2021, and a sample of 291 subjects was recruited through a simple random sampling technique. Questionnaires, focus group discussions, interviews, and observation methods were used as data collection tools. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 software. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to determine the effect of various factors on the outcome variable and control for confounding effects. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. However, some variables are significant even at p < 0.001. The results were described by frequencies and percentages. The current study found that the factors of not having had food hygiene training (AOR = 2.111, 95% CI = (1.029 - 4.428)), less than or equal to one year of work experience (AOR = 3.070, 95% CI = (2.020 - 10.246)), poor knowledge (AOR = 1.285, 95% CI = (0.125 - 0.849)) and poor attitude (AOR = 1.190, 95% CI = (1.361 - 9.393)), not keeping cooked food at a safe temperature (AOR = 3.037, 95% CI = (1.021 - 12.096)), failure to respect the safety of cooking utensils and surfaces (AOR = 2.022, 95% CI = (1.551 - 9.689)), insufficient cleanliness of eating areas (AOR = 2.430, 95% CI = (1.983 - 6.217)), not covering hair when cooking food (AOR = 5.903, 95% CI = (2.243 - 9.621)), and not washing hands before starting to handle food (AOR = 10.019, 95% CI = (4.031 - 24.063)) were statistically associated with unhygienic food handling practices. The results of this study indicated that the state of food safety practices was poor. Therefore, food safety assurance must comply with modern food safety frameworks such as Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP). In addition, addressing knowledge and skill gaps among food handlers, regular inspection services, and effective enforcement of food safety regulations are extremely essential. Finally, future studies should focus on enumerating bacteria and protozoa in unsanitary foods and utensils.

Exposure to indoor air pollution and the cognitive functioning of elderly rural women: a cross-sectional study using LASI data, India

BACKGROUND

The majority of people in rural developing counties still rely on unclean and solid fuels for cooking, putting their health at risk. Adult and elderly women are most vulnerable due to prolonged exposure in cooking areas, and Indoor Air Pollution (IAP) may negatively impact their health and cognitive function. This study examines the effect of IAP on the cognitive function of middle-aged and elderly rural women in India.

METHODS

The study utilized the data from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI 2017-18, Wave-1). Bivariate analysis and multilevel linear regression models were applied to show the association between IAP and the cognitive abilities of rural women and results from regression were presented by beta coefficient (β) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Confounding factors such as age, education, health risk behaviours, marital status, monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE), religion etc. were adjusted in the final model.

RESULTS

The study found that 18.71 percent of the rural women (n = 3,740) lived in Indoor Air Pollution exposed households. IAP was significantly found to be associated with the cognitive functional abilities among the middle and older aged rural women. Middle and older aged rural women exposed to IAP had lower cognitive functional abilities than non-exposed women. Comparing to the non-exposed group, the cognitive score was worse for those exposed to IAP in both the unadjusted (β = -1.96; 95%CI: -2.22 to -1.71) and the adjusted (β = -0.72; 95%CI: -0.92 to -0.51) models. Elderly rural women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were more likely to have cognitive impairment as a result of IAP.

CONCLUSION

Findings revealed that IAP from solid fuels could significantly affect the cognitive health of elderly rural women in India, indicating the need for immediate intervention efforts to reduce the use of solid fuels, IAP and associated health problems.

Human exposure to indoor air pollution in Ethiopian households

Because most people spend the majority of their time in microenvironments, indoor air pollution (IAP) has gained more attention than outdoor air pollution recently. It is indeed crucial to understand IAP sources and the factors that influence human exposure. We synthesized evidence on IAP levels and contributing factors in Ethiopia from available literature, utilizing findings from 19 studies to retrieve 66 relevant values. Particulate matters (PM2.5, PM4, PM10, and TSP), as well as gaseous pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), were analyzed. The calculated mean concentrations for PM2.5, PM10, NO2, TVOCs, and CO were 477.47 μg/m3, 228.38 μg/m3, 63.84 μg/m3, 1361.79 μg/m3, and 18.82 ppm, respectively, all of which exceeded the annual WHO exposure guidelines. Geographical location, stove type, and household activities showed a variation in pollutants concentration. The higher levels of pollutants were attributed to emissions from biomass fuel used for baking injera, wot preparation, and conducting a coffee ceremony, as well as poor ventilation, season, cooking time, and tobacco smoke. The health risk assessments for exposure to various domestic activities were found to be acceptable, except for PM10, with the highest correlation with an acute respiratory infection. Although improved cookstove technology has been proposed as a sustainable energy source, investigations in Ethiopia have revealed that there is still room for public health protection. There is a paucity of research on the relationship between indoor and outdoor air pollution. Future research should prioritize these issues, with a focus on the link between IAP exposure and health effects. In conclusion, there is a higher IAP concentration in Ethiopia so the community should be made aware of it as well as related health effects, and immediate mitigation measures are needed to achieve a reduction in exposure.

The emotional state of young people in northern Spain after one year and a half of the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the young population has been suffering from an accumulation of psychological symptoms in northern Spain. The main objectives of this study were (1) to assess whether psychological symptoms persisted after one year and a half of the COVID-19 pandemic in northern Spain sample of young people, and (2) to analyze whether pandemic-specific variables (having a chronic illness, living with a person who has a chronic illness, having been infected with COVID-19, having a close person who has died or believing that people are respecting the measures imposed) are related to psychological symptomatology.

METHODS

: Symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression were measured using the Depression and Stress Anxiety Scale-21 (DASS-21). An ad hoc online questionnaire was used to collect socio-demographical information related to chronic illnesses of the participants, living with a chronically ill person, contact with a person diagnosed with COVID-19, having people close to them who have died of COVID-19, and their perception of whether or not people respect the health measures.

RESULTS

: Young people have suffered higher stress, anxiety, and depression levels than at the beginning of the pandemic.

CONCLUSIONS

: The present study highlights the importance of addressing young people's mental health, and ensure that future adults emerge from the COVID-19 pandemic in a psychologically strong state.

Ethnobotanical study of Hakka traditional medicine in Ganzhou, China and their antibacterial, antifungal, and cytotoxic assessments

Background

Traditional herbs played a crucial role in the health care of the Hakka people. However, studies to identify these traditional herbs are few. Here we document and assess the potential of these plants for treating microbial infections. Many herbs used by the Hakka people could potentially be a novel medicinal resource.

Methods

Local herb markets were surveyed via semi-structured interviews, complemented by direct observations to obtain information on herbal usage. For each herb selected for this study, extracts in four different solvents were prepared, and tested for activity against 20 microorganisms, as well as cancerous and noncancerous cells. All data were subjected to cluster analysis to discover relationships among herbs, plant types, administration forms, solvents, microorganisms, cells, etc., with the aim to discern promising herbs for medicine.

Results

Ninety-seven Hakka herbs in Ganzhou were documented from 93 plants in 62 families; most are used for bathing (97%), or as food, such as tea (32%), soup (12%), etc. Compared with the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Chinese Materia Medica, 24 Hakka medicines use different plant parts, and 5 plants are recorded here for the first time as traditional medicines. The plant parts used were closely related with the life cycle: annual and perennial herbs were normally used as a whole plant, and woody plants as (tender) stem and leaf, indicating a trend to use the parts that are easily collected. Encouragingly, 311 extracts (94%) were active against one or more microorganisms. Most herbs were active against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus (67%), Listeria innocua (64%), etc. Cytotoxicity was often observed against a tumor cell, but rarely against normal cells. Considering both antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity, many herbs reported in this study show promise as medicine.

Conclusion

Hakka people commonly use easily-collected plant parts (aerial parts or entire herb) as medicine. External use of decoctions dominated, and may help combating microbial infections. The results offer promising perspectives for further research since little phytopharmacology and phytochemistry has been published to date.

Graphical Abstract

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-022-03712-z.

Exploring the drivers of COVID-19 protective behaviors among Singaporean tourists to Indonesia using travel bubbles

This study investigats the relationships among positive emotions, perceived threats, protection motivation, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination intentions, quarantine-free travel intentions and COVID-19 protective behaviors in the context of quarantine-free travel. Data were collected from Singaporean tourists in Batam and Bintan of Indonesia using travel bubbles. A total of 387 respondents completed the questionnaires. The findings can help tourism managers create and implement market-driven service initiatives to increase positive emotions, protection motivation, and intentions to take quarantine-free travel and decrease perceived threats in order to enable tourists to have accurate COVID-19 protective behaviors.

Development and performance analysis of top lit updraft: natural draft gasifier stoves with various feed stocks

The performance of an Ethiopian-designed and built-in gasifier stove was studied and evaluated. The water boiling test (WBT) findings are reported. This test was conducted in a controlled setting utilizing eucalyptus, bamboo, and sawdust-cow dung briquettes as test feedstocks, in accordance with WBT's 4.2.3 standard process and test manuals. Based on moisture content, the net calorific values of eucalyptus, bamboo, and sawdust-cow dung briquettes were calculated and determined to be 15.77 MJ/kg, 14.70 MJ/kg, and 15.35 MJ/kg, respectively. The efficiency of this stove was calculated utilizing those three feedstocks. As a result, the gasifier stove's efficiency having eucalyptus, sawdust-cow dung briquette, and bamboo as feedstock were 32.30 ± 0.3%, 31.5 ± 0.5%, and 26.25 ± 0.25%, respectively. This proportion did not include the ultimate charcoal production, but when this yield was employed as an energy input for additional charcoal burners, it increased to 53 ± 2%. The relationship between gasifier stove charcoal production and total efficiency is negatively related, with a linear equation of Y = - 0.7956X+ 22.766 and an R-squared value of 0.92. When compared to local stoves and foreign gasifier stoves, whose efficiency is in the range of 10 %–39% this efficiency rating was exceptional due to the fact that space between the internal and external cylinder help the secondary air to preheat before combustion and also the interior hallow cylinder help the primary air to move evenly in the vertical circular pattern for proper gasification, it will also help the gases that are produced during gasification process to move to the top part for combustion, indicating that this study can be fostered for prospective use.

The link between indoor air pollution from cooking fuels and anemia status among non-pregnant women of reproductive age in Ethiopia

Objective:

The effect of indoor air pollution from different fuel types on the anemia status among non-pregnant women is rarely studied. This study aimed to assess the link between indoor air pollution from different fuel types and anemia among non-pregnant women of reproductive ages in Ethiopia.

Method:

The secondary data from the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey data have been employed for this study. The anemia status of women in reproductive age was the outcome variable with multiple outcomes as (moderate to severe, mild, and no anemia) and households using biomass fuel and clean fuel were selected for this study. Multinomial logistic regression was employed to estimate the association of biomass fuel use with the anemia status controlling for the predictor variables. Relative risk ratio was calculated at 95% confidence interval. An independent-sample t-test was used to assess the mean difference in blood hemoglobin level (g/dL) between the two fuel users. A p value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Result:

From the total of 10,961 participants included in this study, the proportion of anemia in women of non-reproductive age was 41.8% and 19.4% among biomass fuel and clean fuel users, respectively, with a mean blood hemoglobin level of 12.71 (±1.81) g/dL. In the final model, women using biomass fuel for cooking were 47% more likely to have mild anemia than households who use cleaner fuels, whereas the association was insignificant for moderate to severe anemia. Biomass fuel users were also found to have 5.8 g/dL lower blood hemoglobin level than the clean fuel user (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The use of biomass fuel was associated with reduced blood hemoglobin levels and significantly associated with mild anemia levels in women of reproductive age in Ethiopia. National efforts should be in place to reduce indoor air pollution from biomass fuels.

Consumption of Added Sugar among Chinese Toddlers and Its Association with Picky Eating and Daily Screen Time

Objectives: This study aimed to examine the relationship between daily screen time, picky eating, and consumption frequency of sugared foods and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). Methods: The research data came from the Young Investigation (YI) study conducted in 10 cities in China. This study used sociodemographic information, feeding behavior, picky eating reported by parents, and the consumption frequency of sugared foods and SSBs of 879 toddlers aged 1−3 years. The relationship between daily screen time and picky eating behavior was assessed using logistic regression. The zero-inflated negative binomial (ZINB) model was used to fit the consumption frequencies of sugared foods and SSBs. Results: In all, 13.1% (n = 115) of toddlers did not have sugared foods 1 month before the survey, while 73.3% (n = 644) of toddlers did not have SSBs 1 month before the survey. The consumption rate of sugared foods was relatively higher than SSBs (χ2 = 661.25, p < 0.001). After adjusting for social demographic information, no relationship was found between daily screen time and picky eating (OR = 1.437; 95% CI: 0.990,2.092). The ZINB model showed that, among children who ate sugared foods, children who were picky eaters ate them more often (IRR = 1.133; 95% CI: 1.095,1.172), but no association was found between picky eating and the chance of avoiding sugared foods (OR = 0.949; 95% CI: 0.613,1.471). Children who were picky eaters were less likely not to drink SSBs (OR = 0.664; 95% CI: 0.478,0.921). However, among children who consumed SSBs, picky eaters drank them less frequently (IRR = 0.599; 95% CI: 0.552,0.650). Children with a screen time of no less than 1 h/d ate sugared foods more frequently (IRR = 1.383; 95% CI: 1.164,1.644), and they were less likely to avoid sugared foods (OR = 0.223; 95% CI: 0.085,0.587). The longer the screen time per day was, the less likely children did not have SSBs (<1 h/d: OR = 0.272; 95% CI: 0.130, 0.569; ≥1 h/d: OR = 0.136; 95% CI: 0.057, 0.328). Conclusions: The consumption rate of sugared foods was higher than that of SSBs. Picky eating and daily screen time were related to the consumption frequency of added sugar among Chinese toddlers aged 1−3 years. Picky eaters consumed sugared foods more frequently and were more likely to drink SSBs. Children whose daily screen time reached 1 h/d were more likely to eat sugared foods and drink SSBs.

The Association Between Bangladeshi Adults' Demographics, Personal Beliefs, and Nutrition Literacy: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Survey

Background

Poverty and health illiteracy, combined with inappropriate systems to track disease and infection rates, contribute to children-and-mothers' poor adherence to nutrient-rich foods intake in Bangladesh. Although risk factors for child and pregnant women malnutrition have been explored, the relationship between Bangladeshi adults' nutrition literacy and their demographics and personal beliefs remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between adults' nutrition literacy, demographics and personal beliefs in a large sample of Bangladeshi adults.

Methods

Four hundred adults from two districts (Dhaka and Chattogram) of Bangladesh participated in a cross-sectional survey. Data were collected by interviews using a structured questionnaire containing the Nutrition Literacy Scale. Multiple linear regression models were employed to analyze associations between nutrition literacy and related factors.

Results

The mean nutrition literacy score was 21.6 (SD: 3.7; range: 11-32) on a scale of 32. Multiple linear regression revealed that being a businessman (β = 1.66, p = 0.013) or private employee (β = 1.08, p = 0.030), having a higher family income (β = 1.17, p = 0.009), and a higher educational level were positively associated with higher nutrition literacy scores compared to their counterparts. Participants who had ever completed a nutrition-related course (β = 4.95, p < 0.001), and who perceived themselves as having a need for accessing nutrition-related information were positively associated with the higher nutrition literacy compared to their counterparts.

Conclusion

Findings from this study suggest the need for an integrated response plan involving educational interventions and accessible dietary plans targeting adult populations to enhance their nutritional literacy.

Indoor air pollution from solid fuel on children pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

An updated systematic review was conducted to assessing on the association between indoor air pollution caused by household energy consumption and childhood pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries. We performed a meta-analysis from the electronic databases of PubMed, Cochrane library, Web of Science, EMBASE. Studies were selected when they reported childhood pneumonia or ALRI in relation to indoor air pollution resulted from solid fuel. Studies must provide results on exposure prevalence of children aged below 5 years from Asia or Africa. We devoted ourselves to identifying randomized controlled experiments and observational epidemiological researches, which revealed the relation between household usage of solid fuel and childhood pneumonia. Among 1954 articles, 276 were reviewed thoroughly and 16 conduced to such a meta-analysis. It was found that there is a significant relationship between the solid fuel combustion and increasing risk of childhood pneumonia (OR = 1.66, 95%CI 1.36-2.02). The summary odds ratios from biomass use and mixed fuel use were, respectively, 1.86 (95%CI 1.15-3.02) and 1.58 (95%CI 1.38-1.81), with substantial between study heterogeneity (I² = 87.2% and 29.2%, respectively). According to the subgroup analysis along with the meta-regression analysis, the risk of using solid fuel in Asian regions is higher than that in African regions. Studies based on non-hospital participates (I² = 49.5%) may also a source of heterogeneity. We found that indoor air pollution generated by the usage of solid fuel might be a significant risk factor for pneumonia in children and suggested improving the indoor air quality by promoting cleaner fuel will be important in undeveloped countries.

Effectiveness of interventions to reduce household air pollution from solid biomass fuels and improve maternal and child health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Interventions to reduce household air pollution (HAP) are key to reducing associated morbidity and mortality in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs); especially among pregnant women and young children. This systematic review aims to determine the effectiveness of interventions aimed to reduce HAP exposure associated with domestic solid biomass fuel combustion, compared to usual cooking practices, for improving health outcomes in pregnant women and children under five in LMIC settings. A systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken with searches undertaken in MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, GIM, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Greenfile in August 2020. Inclusion criteria were experimental, non-experimental, or quasi-experimental studies investigating the impact of interventions to reduce HAP exposure and improve associated health outcomes among pregnant women or children under 5 years. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment using the Effective Public Health Practice Project tool were undertaken independently by two reviewers. Seventeen out of 7293 retrieved articles (seven pregnancy, nine child health outcome; 13 studies) met the inclusion criteria. These assessed improved cookstoves (ICS; n = 10 studies), ethanol stoves (n = 1 study), and Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG; n = 2 studies) stoves interventions. Meta-analysis showed no significant effect of ICS interventions compared to traditional cooking for risk of preterm birth (n = 2 studies), small for gestational age (n = 2 studies), and incidence of acute respiratory infections (n = 6 studies). Although an observed increase in mean birthweight was observed, this was not statistically significant (n = 4). However, ICS interventions reduced the incidence of childhood burns (n = 3; observations = 41 723; Rate Ratio: 0.66 [95% CI: 0.45-0.96]; I² : 46.7%) and risk of low birth weight (LBW; n = 4; observations = 3456; Odds Ratio: 0.73 [95% CI: 0.61-0.87]; I² : 21.1%). Although few studies reported health outcomes, the data indicate that ICS interventions were associated with reduced risk of childhood burns and LBW. The data highlight the need for the development and implementation of robust, well-reported and monitored, community-driven intervention trials with longer-term participant follow-up.

High Levels of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentrations from Burning Solid Fuels in Rural Households of Butajira, Ethiopia

The use of solid fuel, known to emit pollutants which cause damage to human health, is the primary energy option in Ethiopia. Thus, the aim of this study was to measure the level of household air pollution by using the 24-h mean concentration of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) in 150 randomly recruited households in rural Butajira, Ethiopia. Data relating to household and cooking practices were obtained by conducting face-to-face interviews with the mothers. The 24-h mean (standard deviation) and median PM_2.5 concentrations were 410 (220) and 340 µg/m³, respectively. Households using only traditional stoves and those who did not open the door or a window during cooking had a significantly higher mean concentration compared with their counterparts. There is a statistically significant correlation between the mean concentration of PM_2.5 and the self-reported cooking duration. The pollution level was up to 16 times higher than the WHO 24-h guideline limit of 25 μg/m^3, thus leaving the mothers and children who spend the most time at the domestic hearth at risk of the adverse health effects from solid fuel use in Ethiopia. Thus, effective short- and long-term interventions are urgently needed.