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Liang F, Liu L, Li C, Liu Y, Han S, Yang H, Li S, Hui W, Liu L, Yang C. Systematic identification and functional characterization of the CFEM proteins in fishscale bamboo rhombic-spot pathogen Neostagonosporella sichuanensis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1396273. [PMID: 38882567 PMCID: PMC11176510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1396273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Fungal effectors play a crucial role in the interaction between pathogenic fungi and their hosts. These interactions directly influence the invasion and spread of pathogens, and the development of diseases. Common in fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) effectors are closely associated with the pathogenicity, cell wall stability, and pathogenic processes of pathogenic fungi. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CFEM proteins in Neostagonosporella sichuanensis in pathogen-host interactions. We retrieved 19 proteins containing CFEM structural domains from the genome of N. sichuanensis. By systematic analysis, five NsCFEM proteins had signal peptides but lacked transmembrane structural domains, and thus were considered as potential effectors. Among them, NsCFEM1 and NsCFEM2 were successfully cloned and their functions were further investigated. The validation results show that NsCFEM1 was localized in the cell membrane and nucleus, whereas NsCFEM2 was exclusively observed in the cell membrane. Both were identified as secreted proteins. Additionally, NsCFEM1 inhibited Bax-induced programmed cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, whereas NsCFEM2 did not induce or inhibit this response. NsCFEM1 was implicated as a virulence factor that contributes to fungal growth, development, stress response, and pathogenicity. NsCFEM2 was implicated in maintenance of cell wall stability. This study lays a foundation for elucidating the role of CFEM proteins in the pathogen of fishscale bamboo rhombic-spot caused by N. sichuanensis. In particular, the functional studies of NsCFEM1 and NsCFEM2 revealed their potential roles in the interaction between N. sichuanensis and the host Phyllostachys heteroclada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Liang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengsong Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yinggao Liu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Han
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Yang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shujiang Li
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenkai Hui
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Long Liu
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunlin Yang
- College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Forest Resources Conservation and Ecological Safety on the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River and Forestry Ecological Engineering in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Martín-Cardoso H, Bundó M, Val-Torregrosa B, San Segundo B. Phosphate accumulation in rice leaves promotes fungal pathogenicity and represses host immune responses during pathogen infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1330349. [PMID: 38298608 PMCID: PMC10827867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1330349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Rice is one of the most important crops in the world and a staple food for more than half of the world's population. At present, the blast disease caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae poses a severe threat to food security through reduction of rice yields worldwide. High phosphate fertilization has previously been shown to increase blast susceptibility. At present, however, our knowledge on the mechanisms underpinning phosphate-induced susceptibility to M. oryzae infection in rice is limited. In this work, we conducted live cell imaging on rice sheaths inoculated with a M. oryzae strain expressing two fluorescently-tagged M. oryzae effectors. We show that growing rice under high phosphate fertilization, and subsequent accumulation of phosphate in leaf sheaths, promotes invasive growth of M. oryzae. Consistent with this, stronger expression of M. oryzae effectors and Pathogenicity Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (PMK1) occurs in leaf sheaths of rice plants grown under high a phosphate regime. Down-regulation of fungal genes encoding suppressors of plant cell death and up-regulation of plant cell death-inducing effectors also occurs in sheaths of phosphate over-accumulating rice plants. Treatment with high Pi causes alterations in the expression of fungal phosphate transporter genes potentially contributing to pathogen virulence. From the perspective of the plant, Pi accumulation in leaf sheaths prevents H2O2 accumulation early during M. oryzae infection which was associated to a weaker activation of Respiratory Burst Oxidase Homologs (RBOHs) genes involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Further, a weaker activation of defense-related genes occurs during infection in rice plants over-accumulating phosphate. From these results, it can be concluded that phosphate fertilization has an effect on the two interacting partners, pathogen and host. Phosphate-mediated stimulation of fungal effector genes (e.g., potentiation of fungal pathogenicity) in combination with repression of pathogen-inducible immune responses (e.g., ROS accumulation, defense gene expression) explains higher colonization by M. oryzae in rice tissues accumulating phosphate. Phosphate content can therefore be considered as an important factor in determining the outcome of the rice/M. oryzae interaction. As fertilizers and pesticides are commonly used in rice cultivation to maintain optimal yield and to prevent losses caused by pathogens, a better understanding of how phosphate impacts blast susceptibility is crucial for developing strategies to rationally optimize fertilizer and pesticide use in rice production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Martín-Cardoso
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Bundó
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Val-Torregrosa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca San Segundo
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, C/de la Vall Moronta, CRAG Building, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Huang Z, Zhou Y, Li H, Bao Y, Duan Z, Wang C, Powell CA, Wang K, Hu Q, Chen B, Zhang J, Zhang M, Yao W. Identification of common fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) proteins in Fusarium sacchari that inhibit plant immunity and contribute to virulence. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0145223. [PMID: 37962343 PMCID: PMC10715082 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01452-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Common fungal extracellular membrane (CFEM) domain-containing protein has long been considered an essential effector, playing a crucial role in the interaction of pathogens and plant. Strategies aimed at understanding the pathogenicity mechanism of F. sacchari are eagerly anticipated to ultimately end the spread of pokkah boeng disease. Twenty FsCFEM proteins in the genome of F. sacchari have been identified, and four FsCFEM effector proteins have been found to suppress BCL2-associated X protein-triggered programmed cell death in N. benthamiana. These four effector proteins have the ability to enter plant cells and inhibit plant immunity. Furthermore, the expression of these four FsCFEM effector proteins significantly increases during the infection stage, with the three of them playing an essential role in achieving full virulence. These study findings provide a direction toward further exploration of the immune response in sugarcane. By applying these discoveries, we can potentially control the spread of disease through techniques such as host-induced gene silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Huang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuming Zhou
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Huixue Li
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yixue Bao
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhenzhen Duan
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | | | - Kai Wang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qin Hu
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Baoshan Chen
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jisen Zhang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Muqing Zhang
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
| | - Wei Yao
- State Key Lab for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agri-Biological Resources, Guangxi Key Lab of Sugarcane Biology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- IRREC-IFAS, University of Florida, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
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Zhao Y, Zheng X, Tabima JF, Zhu S, Søndreli KL, Hundley H, Bauer D, Barry K, Zhang Y, Schmutz J, Wang Y, LeBoldus JM, Xiong Q. Secreted Effector Proteins of Poplar Leaf Spot and Stem Canker Pathogen Sphaerulina musiva Manipulate Plant Immunity and Contribute to Virulence in Diverse Ways. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:779-795. [PMID: 37551980 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-23-0091-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Fungal effectors play critical roles in manipulating plant immune responses and promoting colonization. Sphaerulina musiva is a heterothallic ascomycete fungus that causes Septoria leaf spot and stem canker disease in poplar (Populus spp.) plantations. This disease can result in premature defoliation, branch and stem breakage, increased mortality, and plantation failure. However, little is known about the interaction between S. musiva and poplar. Previous work predicted 142 candidate secreted effector proteins in S. musiva (SmCSEPs), 19 of which were selected for further functional characterization in this study. SmCSEP3 induced plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, while 8 out of 19 tested SmCSEPs suppressed cell death. The signal peptides of these eight SmCSEPs exhibited secretory activity in a yeast signal sequence trap assay. Confocal microscopy revealed that four of these eight SmCSEPs target both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, whereas four predominantly localize to discrete punctate structures. Pathogen challenge assays in N. benthamiana demonstrated that the transient expression of six SmCSEPs promoted Fusarium proliferatum infection. The expression of these six SmCSEP genes were induced during infection. SmCSEP2, SmCSEP13, and SmCSEP25 suppressed chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition in N. benthamiana. The candidate secreted effector proteins of S. musiva target multiple compartments in the plant cell and modulate different pattern-triggered immunity pathways. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhao
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinyue Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Javier F Tabima
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources and Management, College of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Sheng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kelsey L Søndreli
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
| | - Hope Hundley
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Diane Bauer
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Kerrie Barry
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, U.S.A
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, U.S.A
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A
- Department of Biology, Clark University, Worcester, MA 01610, U.S.A
| | - Qin Xiong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Wei YY, Liang S, Zhu XM, Liu XH, Lin FC. Recent Advances in Effector Research of Magnaporthe oryzae. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1650. [PMID: 38002332 PMCID: PMC10669146 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recalcitrant rice blast disease is caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, which has a significant negative economic reverberation on crop productivity. In order to induce the disease onto the host, M. oryzae positively generates many types of small secreted proteins, here named as effectors, to manipulate the host cell for the purpose of stimulating pathogenic infection. In M. oryzae, by engaging with specific receptors on the cell surface, effectors activate signaling channels which control an array of cellular activities, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. The most recent research on effector identification, classification, function, secretion, and control mechanism has been compiled in this review. In addition, the article also discusses directions and challenges for future research into an effector in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yun Wei
- College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China;
| | - Shuang Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (S.L.); (X.-M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Sabnam N, Hussain A, Saha P. The secret password: Cell death-inducing proteins in filamentous phytopathogens - As versatile tools to develop disease-resistant crops. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106276. [PMID: 37541554 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) are some of the secreted effector proteins manifested by filamentous oomycetes and fungal pathogens to invade the plant tissue and facilitate infection. Along with their involvement in different developmental processes and virulence, CDIPs play a crucial role in plant-pathogen interactions. As the name implies, CDIPs cause necrosis and trigger localised cell death in the infected host tissues by the accumulation of higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), oxidative burst, accumulation of nitric oxide (NO), and electrolyte leakage. They also stimulate the biosynthesis of defense-related phytohormones such as salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene (ET), as well as the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR) genes that are important in disease resistance. Altogether, the interactions result in the hypersensitive response (HR) in the host plant, which might confer systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in some cases against a vast array of related and unrelated pathogens. The CDIPs, due to their capability of inducing host resistance, are thus unique among the array of proteins secreted by filamentous plant pathogens. More interestingly, a few transgenic plant lines have also been developed expressing the CDIPs with added resistance. Thus, CDIPs have opened an interesting hot area of research. The present study critically reviews the current knowledge of major types of CDIPs identified across filamentous phytopathogens and their modes of action in the last couple of years. This review also highlights the recent breakthrough technologies in studying plant-pathogen interactions as well as crop improvement by enhancing disease resistance through CDIPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmiara Sabnam
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India.
| | - Afzal Hussain
- Department of Bioinformatics, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India
| | - Pallabi Saha
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, 55108, United States; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India
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Kushwah AS, Dixit H, Upadhyay V, Yadav S, Verma SK, Prasad R. Elucidating the zinc-binding proteome of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici with particular emphasis on zinc-binding effector proteins. Arch Microbiol 2023; 205:298. [PMID: 37516670 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03638-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici is a soil-borne phytopathogenic species which causes vascular wilt disease in the Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Due to the continuous competition for zinc usage by Fusarium and its host during infection makes zinc-binding proteins a hotspot for focused investigation. Zinc-binding effector proteins are pivotal during the infection process, working in conjunction with other essential proteins crucial for its biological activities. This work aims at identifying and analysing zinc-binding proteins and zinc-binding proteins effector candidates of Fusarium. We have identified three hundred forty-six putative zinc-binding proteins; among these proteins, we got two hundred and thirty zinc-binding proteins effector candidates. The functional annotation, subcellular localization, and Gene Ontology analysis of these putative zinc-binding proteins revealed their probable role in wide range of cellular and biological processes such as metabolism, gene expression, gene expression regulation, protein biosynthesis, protein folding, cell signalling, DNA repair, and RNA processing. Sixteen proteins were found to be putatively secretory in nature. Eleven of these were putative zinc-binding protein effector candidates may be involved in pathogen-host interaction during infection. The information obtained here may enhance our understanding to design, screen, and apply the zinc-metal ion-based antifungal agents to protect the S. lycopersicum and control the vascular wilt caused by F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh Kushwah
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India
| | - Himisha Dixit
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Vipin Upadhyay
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
| | - Siddharth Yadav
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - Shailender Kumar Verma
- Centre for Computational Biology & Bioinformatics, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, 176206, India
- Department of Environmental Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Ramasare Prasad
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Liu D, Lun Z, Liu N, Yuan G, Wang X, Li S, Peng YL, Lu X. Identification and Characterization of Novel Candidate Effector Proteins from Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050574. [PMID: 37233285 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae secretes a large number of effector proteins to facilitate infection, most of which are not functionally characterized. We selected potential candidate effector genes from the genome of M. oryzae, field isolate P131, and cloned 69 putative effector genes for functional screening. Utilizing a rice protoplast transient expression system, we identified that four candidate effector genes, GAS1, BAS2, MoCEP1 and MoCEP2 induced cell death in rice. In particular, MoCEP2 also induced cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves through Agrobacteria-mediated transient gene expression. We further identified that six candidate effector genes, MoCEP3 to MoCEP8, suppress flg22-induced ROS burst in N. benthamiana leaves upon transient expression. These effector genes were highly expressed at a different stage after M. oryzae infection. We successfully knocked out five genes in M. oryzae, MoCEP1, MoCEP2, MoCEP3, MoCEP5 and MoCEP7. The virulence tests suggested that the deletion mutants of MoCEP2, MoCEP3 and MoCEP5 showed reduced virulence on rice and barley plants. Therefore, those genes play an important role in pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqin Lun
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guixin Yuan
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xingbin Wang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xunli Lu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Yan X, Tang B, Ryder LS, MacLean D, Were VM, Eseola AB, Cruz-Mireles N, Ma W, Foster AJ, Osés-Ruiz M, Talbot NJ. The transcriptional landscape of plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae reveals distinct families of temporally co-regulated and structurally conserved effectors. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:1360-1385. [PMID: 36808541 PMCID: PMC10118281 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae causes a devastating disease that threatens global rice (Oryza sativa) production. Despite intense study, the biology of plant tissue invasion during blast disease remains poorly understood. Here we report a high-resolution transcriptional profiling study of the entire plant-associated development of the blast fungus. Our analysis revealed major temporal changes in fungal gene expression during plant infection. Pathogen gene expression could be classified into 10 modules of temporally co-expressed genes, providing evidence for the induction of pronounced shifts in primary and secondary metabolism, cell signaling, and transcriptional regulation. A set of 863 genes encoding secreted proteins are differentially expressed at specific stages of infection, and 546 genes named MEP (Magnaportheeffector protein) genes were predicted to encode effectors. Computational prediction of structurally related MEPs, including the MAX effector family, revealed their temporal co-regulation in the same co-expression modules. We characterized 32 MEP genes and demonstrate that Mep effectors are predominantly targeted to the cytoplasm of rice cells via the biotrophic interfacial complex and use a common unconventional secretory pathway. Taken together, our study reveals major changes in gene expression associated with blast disease and identifies a diverse repertoire of effectors critical for successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yan
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Bozeng Tang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Lauren S Ryder
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Dan MacLean
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Vincent M Were
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Alice Bisola Eseola
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Neftaly Cruz-Mireles
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Weibin Ma
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Andrew J Foster
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
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10
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Screening of Candidate Effectors from Magnaporthe oryzae by In Vitro Secretomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043189. [PMID: 36834598 PMCID: PMC9962664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnaporthe oryzae is the causal agent of rice blast, one of the most serious diseases of rice worldwide. Secreted proteins play essential roles during a M. oryzae-rice interaction. Although much progress has been made in recent decades, it is still necessary to systematically explore M. oryzae-secreted proteins and to analyze their functions. This study employs a shotgun-based proteomic analysis to investigate the in vitro secretome of M. oryzae by spraying fungus conidia onto the PVDF membrane to mimic the early stages of infection, during which 3315 non-redundant secreted proteins were identified. Among these proteins, 9.6% (319) and 24.7% (818) are classified as classically or non-classically secreted proteins, while the remaining 1988 proteins (60.0%) are secreted through currently unknown secretory pathway. Functional characteristics analysis show that 257 (7.8%) and 90 (2.7%) secreted proteins are annotated as CAZymes and candidate effectors, respectively. Eighteen candidate effectors are selected for further experimental validation. All 18 genes encoding candidate effectors are significantly up- or down-regulated during the early infection process. Sixteen of the eighteen candidate effectors cause the suppression of BAX-mediated cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana by using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay, suggesting their involvement in pathogenicity related to secretion effectors. Our results provide high-quality experimental secretome data of M. oryzae and will expand our knowledge on the molecular mechanisms of M. oryzae pathogenesis.
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Yuan Z, Geng Y, Dai Y, Li J, Lv M, Liao Q, Xie L, Zhang H. A fijiviral nonstructural protein triggers cell death in plant and bacterial cells via its transmembrane domain. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:59-70. [PMID: 36305370 PMCID: PMC9742498 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV; Fijivirus, Reoviridae) has become a threat to cereal production in East Asia in recent years. Our previous cytopathologic studies have suggested that SRBSDV induces a process resembling programmed cell death in infected tissues that results in distinctive growth abnormalities. The viral product responsible for the cell death, however, remains unknown. Here P9-2 protein, but not its RNA, was shown to induce cell death in Escherichia coli and plant cells when expressed either locally with a transient expression vector or systemically using a heterologous virus. Both computer prediction and fluorescent assays indicated that the viral nonstructural protein was targeted to the plasma membrane (PM) and further modification of its subcellular localization abolished its ability to induce cell death, indicating that its PM localization was required for the cell death induction. P9-2 was predicted to harbour two transmembrane helices within its central hydrophobic domain. A series of mutation assays further showed that its central transmembrane hydrophobic domain was crucial for cell death induction and that its conserved F90, Y101, and L103 amino acid residues could play synergistic roles in maintaining its ability to induce cell death. Its homologues in other fijiviruses also induced cell death in plant and bacterial cells, implying that the fijiviral nonstructural protein may trigger cell death by targeting conserved cellular factors or via a highly conserved mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjie Yuan
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Yanfei Geng
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Yuanxing Dai
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
- College of Chemistry and Life ScienceZhejiang Normal UniversityJinhuaChina
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Mingfang Lv
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Qiansheng Liao
- College of Life ScienceZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Li Xie
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Heng‐Mu Zhang
- Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Virology and BiotechnologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
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Sahu PK, Sao R, Choudhary DK, Thada A, Kumar V, Mondal S, Das BK, Jankuloski L, Sharma D. Advancement in the Breeding, Biotechnological and Genomic Tools towards Development of Durable Genetic Resistance against the Rice Blast Disease. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182386. [PMID: 36145787 PMCID: PMC9504543 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Rice production needs to be sustained in the coming decades, as the changeable climatic conditions are becoming more conducive to disease outbreaks. The majority of rice diseases cause enormous economic damage and yield instability. Among them, rice blast caused by Magnaportheoryzae is a serious fungal disease and is considered one of the major threats to world rice production. This pathogen can infect the above-ground tissues of rice plants at any growth stage and causes complete crop failure under favorable conditions. Therefore, management of blast disease is essentially required to sustain global food production. When looking at the drawback of chemical management strategy, the development of durable, resistant varieties is one of the most sustainable, economic, and environment-friendly approaches to counter the outbreaks of rice blasts. Interestingly, several blast-resistant rice cultivars have been developed with the help of breeding and biotechnological methods. In addition, 146 R genes have been identified, and 37 among them have been molecularly characterized to date. Further, more than 500 loci have been identified for blast resistance which enhances the resources for developing blast resistance through marker-assisted selection (MAS), marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB), and genome editing tools. Apart from these, a better understanding of rice blast pathogens, the infection process of the pathogen, and the genetics of the immune response of the host plant are very important for the effective management of the blast disease. Further, high throughput phenotyping and disease screening protocols have played significant roles in easy comprehension of the mechanism of disease spread. The present review critically emphasizes the pathogenesis, pathogenomics, screening techniques, traditional and molecular breeding approaches, and transgenic and genome editing tools to develop a broad spectrum and durable resistance against blast disease in rice. The updated and comprehensive information presented in this review would be definitely helpful for the researchers, breeders, and students in the planning and execution of a resistance breeding program in rice against this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmeshwar K. Sahu
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Richa Sao
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, Chhattisgarh, India
| | | | - Antra Thada
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Baronda, Raipur 493225, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Suvendu Mondal
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Bikram K. Das
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400085, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ljupcho Jankuloski
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1400 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (D.S.); Tel.: +91-7000591137 (D.S.)
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur 492012, Chhattisgarh, India
- Correspondence: (L.J.); (D.S.); Tel.: +91-7000591137 (D.S.)
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Khairi MHF, Nor Muhammad NA, Bunawan H, Abdul Murad AM, Ramzi AB. Unveiling the Core Effector Proteins of Oil Palm Pathogen Ganoderma boninense via Pan-Secretome Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8080793. [PMID: 36012782 PMCID: PMC9409662 DOI: 10.3390/jof8080793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma boninense is the major causal agent of basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm, causing the progressive rot of the basal part of the stem. Despite its prominence, the key pathogenicity determinants for the aggressive nature of hemibiotrophic infection remain unknown. In this study, genome sequencing and the annotation of G. boninense T10 were carried out using the Illumina sequencing platform, and comparative genome analysis was performed with previously reported G. boninense strains (NJ3 and G3). The pan-secretome of G. boninense was constructed and comprised 937 core orthogroups, 243 accessory orthogroups, and 84 strain-specific orthogroups. In total, 320 core orthogroups were enriched with candidate effector proteins (CEPs) that could be classified as carbohydrate-active enzymes, hydrolases, and non-catalytic proteins. Differential expression analysis revealed an upregulation of five CEP genes that was linked to the suppression of PTI signaling cascade, while the downregulation of four CEP genes was linked to the inhibition of PTI by preventing host defense elicitation. Genome architecture analysis revealed the one-speed architecture of the G. boninense genome and the lack of preferential association of CEP genes to transposable elements. The findings obtained from this study aid in the characterization of pathogenicity determinants and molecular biomarkers of BSR disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hazwan Fikri Khairi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Nor Azlan Nor Muhammad
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Hamidun Bunawan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
| | - Abdul Munir Abdul Murad
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.H.F.K.); (N.A.N.M.); (H.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-8921-4546; Fax: +603-8921-3398
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14
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Ning N, Xie X, Yu H, Mei J, Li Q, Zuo S, Wu H, Liu W, Li Z. Plant Peroxisome-Targeting Effector MoPtep1 Is Required for the Virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2515. [PMID: 35269662 PMCID: PMC8910473 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice blast caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is one of the most serious fungous diseases in rice. In the past decades, studies have reported that numerous M. oryzae effectors were secreted into plant cells to facilitate inoculation. Effectors target host proteins to assist the virulence of pathogens via the localization of specific organelles, such as the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, chloroplast, etc. However, studies on the pathogenesis of peroxisome-targeting effectors are still limited. In our previous study, we analyzed the subcellular localization of candidate effectors from M. oryzae using the agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system in tobacco and found that MoPtep1 (peroxisomes-targeted effector protein 1) localized in plant peroxisomes. Here, we proved that MoPtep1 was induced in the early stage of the M. oryzae infection and positively regulated the pathogenicity, while it did not affect the vegetative growth of mycelia. Subcellular localization results showed that MoPtep1 was localized in the plant peroxisomes with a signal peptide and a cupredoxin domain. Sequence analysis indicated that the homologous protein of MoPtep1 in plant-pathogenic fungi was evolutionarily conserved. Furthermore, MoPtep1 could suppress INF1-induced cell death in tobacco, and the targeting host proteins were identified using the Y2H system. Our results suggested that MoPtep1 is an important pathogenic effector in rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ning
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (N.N.); (X.X.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (N.N.); (X.X.)
| | - Haiyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Jie Mei
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Qianqian Li
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, College of Agriculture, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Hanxiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.Y.); (J.M.); (H.W.)
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15
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Zhang W, Li H, Wang L, Xie S, Zhang Y, Kang R, Zhang M, Zhang P, Li Y, Hu Y, Wang M, Chen L, Yuan H, Ding S, Li H. A novel effector, CsSp1, from Bipolaris sorokiniana, is essential for colonization in wheat and is also involved in triggering host immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:218-236. [PMID: 34741560 PMCID: PMC8743017 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana causes root rot, leaf blotching, and black embryos in wheat and barley worldwide, resulting in significant yield and quality reductions. However, the mechanism underlying the host-pathogen interactions between B. sorokiniana and wheat or barley remains unknown. The B. sorokiniana genome encodes a large number of uncharacterized putative effector proteins. In this study, we identified a putative secreted protein, CsSp1, with a classic N-terminal signal peptide, that is induced during early infection. A split-marker approach was used to knock out CsSP1 in the Lankao 9-3 strain. Compared with the wild type, the deletion mutant ∆Cssp1 displayed less radial growth on potato dextrose agar plates and produced fewer spores, and complementary transformation completely restored the phenotype of the deletion mutant to that of the wild type. The pathogenicity of the deletion mutant in wheat was attenuated even though appressoria still penetrated the host. Additionally, the infectious hyphae in the deletion mutant became swollen and exhibited reduced growth in plant cells. The signal peptide of CsSp1 was functionally verified through a yeast YTK12 secretion system. Transient expression of CsSp1 in Nicotiana benthamiana inhibited lesion formation caused by Phytophthora capsici. Moreover, CsSp1 localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of plant cells. In B. sorokiniana-infected wheat leaves, the salicylic acid-regulated genes TaPAL, TaPR1, and TaPR2 were down-regulated in the ∆Cssp1 strain compared with the wild-type strain under the same conditions. Therefore, CsSp1 is a virulence effector and is involved in triggering host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Haiyang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Limin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Shunpei Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Ruijiao Kang
- Department of Landscape Architecture and Food EngineeringXuchang Vocational Technical CollegeXuchangChina
| | - Mengjuan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Panpan Zhang
- Agriculture and Rural Affairs BureauXuchangChina
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Yanfeng Hu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Linlin Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Hongxia Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Shengli Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
| | - Honglian Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant ProtectionHenan Agricultural University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Grain Crops/National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop ScienceZhengzhouChina
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16
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Dong Y, Huang X, Yang Y, Li J, Zhang M, Shen H, Ren Y, Li X, Tian J, Shen D, Dou D, Xia A. Characterization of Salivary Secreted Proteins That Induce Cell Death From Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) and Their Roles in Insect-Plant Interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:912603. [PMID: 35860545 PMCID: PMC9289560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.912603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius) is a polyphagous hemipteran crop pest that mainly feeds on the leguminous plants, resulting in shriveled and dimpled seeds. With recent several outbreaks in the Huang-Huai-Hai region of China, as well as in South Korea and Japan, this species has caused enormous economic losses to soybean crops. In the present study, we found that R. pedestris feeding results in local lesions at the infestation sites. To identify the key effectors that induce plant damage during feeding, the salivary glands of R. pedestris were dissected for transcriptome sequencing, and 200 putative secreted proteins were transiently expressed in N. benthamiana. Among them, three intracellular effectors (RP191, RP246, and RP302) and one apoplastic effector (RP309) were identified as necrosis-inducing proteins (NIPs), which also triggered the reactive oxidative burst. Yeast signal sequence trap and qRT-PCR analysis suggested that these proteins might be secreted into plant tissue during R. pedestris infestation. Pathogenicity assays revealed that RP191, 246, and 302 promote Phytophthora capsici infection or induce Spodoptera litura feeding by inhibiting plant immunity. RP302 is localized to the cytoplasm and nuclei, while RP191 and 246 are endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins. RP309 stimulates the expression of PTI marker genes, and its induced cell death depends on co-receptors NbBAK1 and NbSOBIR1, indicating that it is a HAMP. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that four NIPs are recently evolved effectors and only conserved in the Pentatomidae. In this study, saliva-secreted proteins were used as the starting point to preliminarily analyze the harm mechanism of R. pedestris, which might provide a new idea and theoretical basis for this species control.
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Kashiwa T, Motoyama T, Yoshida K, Yun CS, Osada H. Tenuazonic acid production is dispensable for virulence, but its biosynthetic gene expression pattern is associated with the infection of Pyricularia oryzae. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 86:135-139. [PMID: 34755835 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is a toxin produced by the rice blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae. Although knockout of the TeA biosynthetic gene TAS1 did not affect the virulence of P. oryzae, constitutive TAS1 expression suppressed its infection. TAS1 expression was induced alongside transition of P. oryzae infection behavior. The results suggested that controlling TeA biosynthesis is important for P. oryzae infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kashiwa
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takayuki Motoyama
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuko Yoshida
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Choong-Soo Yun
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Osada
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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18
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Seong K, Krasileva KV. Computational Structural Genomics Unravels Common Folds and Novel Families in the Secretome of Fungal Phytopathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2021; 34:1267-1280. [PMID: 34415195 PMCID: PMC9447291 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-21-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural biology has the potential to illuminate the evolution of pathogen effectors and their commonalities that cannot be readily detected at the primary sequence level. Recent breakthroughs in protein structure modeling have demonstrated the feasibility to predict the protein folds without depending on homologous templates. These advances enabled a genome-wide computational structural biology approach to help understand proteins based on their predicted folds. In this study, we employed structure prediction methods on the secretome of the destructive fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae. Out of 1,854 secreted proteins, we predicted the folds of 1,295 proteins (70%). We showed that template-free modeling by TrRosetta captured 514 folds missed by homology modeling, including many known effectors and virulence factors, and that TrRosetta generally produced higher quality models for secreted proteins. Along with sensitive homology search, we employed structure-based clustering, defining not only homologous groups with divergent members but also sequence-unrelated structurally analogous groups. We demonstrate that this approach can reveal new putative members of structurally similar MAX effectors and novel analogous effector families present in M. oryzae and possibly in other phytopathogens. We also investigated the evolution of expanded putative ADP-ribose transferases with predicted structures. We suggest that the loss of catalytic activities of the enzymes might have led them to new evolutionary trajectories to be specialized as protein binders. Collectively, we propose that computational structural genomics approaches can be an integral part of studying effector biology and provide valuable resources that were inaccessible before the advent of machine learning-based structure prediction.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Zhang W, Huang J, Cook DE. Histone modification dynamics at H3K27 are associated with altered transcription of in planta induced genes in Magnaporthe oryzae. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009376. [PMID: 33534835 PMCID: PMC7886369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional dynamic in response to environmental and developmental cues are fundamental to biology, yet many mechanistic aspects are poorly understood. One such example is fungal plant pathogens, which use secreted proteins and small molecules, termed effectors, to suppress host immunity and promote colonization. Effectors are highly expressed in planta but remain transcriptionally repressed ex planta, but our mechanistic understanding of these transcriptional dynamics remains limited. We tested the hypothesis that repressive histone modification at H3-Lys27 underlies transcriptional silencing ex planta, and that exchange for an active chemical modification contributes to transcription of in planta induced genes. Using genetics, chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing and RNA-sequencing, we determined that H3K27me3 provides significant local transcriptional repression. We detail how regions that lose H3K27me3 gain H3K27ac, and these changes are associated with increased transcription. Importantly, we observed that many in planta induced genes were marked by H3K27me3 during axenic growth, and detail how altered H3K27 modification influences transcription. ChIP-qPCR during in planta growth suggests that H3K27 modifications are generally stable, but can undergo dynamics at specific genomic locations. Our results support the hypothesis that dynamic histone modifications at H3K27 contributes to fungal genome regulation and specifically contributes to regulation of genes important during host infection. Fungal pathogens of crops and humans pose annual threats to our food and health. There are many steps to the host infection process, during which fungal pathogens display unique growth, and use specific genes to cause disease. Despite this knowledge, many aspects of how pathogens regulate their genome to enact this process remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate how chemical modification of lysine residues on the histone H3, which helps organize and control DNA usage, play an important regulatory role in the model fungal pathogen causing rice blast disease. Our analysis shows a significant association between genes important for host infection and H3 lysine 27 methylation. We show that by experimentally changing histone modifications, many fungal genes normally used during plant infection are turned on outside of the host. Furthermore, we detail how histone modifications can change naturally in the fungus during plant infection. These findings help broaden our knowledge of genome regulation for these pathogens, and advances the goal of a more comprehensive understanding of the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Jun Huang
- Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - David E. Cook
- Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Arroyo-Velez N, González-Fuente M, Peeters N, Lauber E, Noël LD. From effectors to effectomes: Are functional studies of individual effectors enough to decipher plant pathogen infectious strategies? PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009059. [PMID: 33270803 PMCID: PMC7714205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Noe Arroyo-Velez
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Nemo Peeters
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Laurent D. Noël
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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21
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Dang Y, Wei Y, Wang Y, Liu S, Julia C, Zhang SH. Cleavage of PrePL by Lon promotes growth and pathogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:4881-4895. [PMID: 33225564 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ATP-dependent Lon proteases function in bacterial pathogenesis by regulating the expression of the Type III secretion system; however, little is known about how Lon proteases regulate fungal pathogenesis. We previously investigated Lon-binding proteins involved in fungal pathogenesis that interact with PrePL, the smallest Magnaporthe oryzae Lon-binding protein. Here, we show that Lon cleaves PrePL and produces Pc, an extracellular 11-kDa isoform with catalase and peroxidase activity. The ΔPrePL loss-of-function strain showed stronger sporulation and accelerated disease development, suggesting a temporally specific negative regulatory mechanism controlled by PrePL in disease progression. Neither the truncated Pc, nor the full-length PrePL missing the Lon cleavage site complemented the ΔPrePL phenotype, suggesting that full-length PrePL and Pc both function in fungal development. PrePL targeted to the mitochondria undergoes hydrolysis by Lon to produce Pc, which accumulates in the fungal apoplast. Importantly, recombinant Pc induced plant defence responses and cell death after being infiltrated into selected plant leaves, indicating that it functions as an avirulence factor. This work thus reveals a novel pathogenic factor in the fungal Lon-mediated pathway. Additionally, our results provide new insight into the functions of a full-length protein and its cleaved isoform in fungal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuejia Dang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Yi Wei
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Shaoshuai Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,Institute of Phytopathology, Centre for BioSystems, Land Use and Nutrition, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Heinrich Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392, Germany
| | - Chekanova Julia
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
| | - Shi-Hong Zhang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China.,College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China
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22
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Pradhan A, Ghosh S, Sahoo D, Jha G. Fungal effectors, the double edge sword of phytopathogens. Curr Genet 2020; 67:27-40. [PMID: 33146780 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01118-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Phyto-pathogenic fungi can cause huge damage to crop production. During millions of years of coexistence, fungi have evolved diverse life-style to obtain nutrients from the host and to colonize upon them. They deploy various proteinaceous as well as non-proteinaceous secreted molecules commonly referred as effectors to sabotage host machinery during the infection process. The effectors are important virulence determinants of pathogenic fungi and play important role in successful pathogenesis, predominantly by avoiding host-surveillance system. However, besides being important for pathogenesis, the fungal effectors end-up being recognized by the resistant cultivars of the host, which mount a strong immune response to ward-off pathogens. Various recent studies involving different pathosystem have revealed the virulence/avirulence functions of fungal effectors and their involvement in governing the outcome of host-pathogen interactions. However, the effectors and their cognate resistance gene in the host remain elusive for several economically important fungal pathogens. In this review, using examples from some of the biotrophic, hemi-biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens, we elaborate the double-edged functions of fungal effectors. We emphasize that knowledge of effector functions can be helpful in effective management of fungal diseases in crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Pradhan
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Srayan Ghosh
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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23
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Li Y, Han Y, Qu M, Chen J, Chen X, Geng X, Wang Z, Chen S. Apoplastic Cell Death-Inducing Proteins of Filamentous Plant Pathogens: Roles in Plant-Pathogen Interactions. Front Genet 2020; 11:661. [PMID: 32676100 PMCID: PMC7333776 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous pathogens, such as phytopathogenic oomycetes and fungi, secrete a remarkable diversity of apoplastic effector proteins to facilitate infection, many of which are able to induce cell death in plants. Over the past decades, over 177 apoplastic cell death-inducing proteins (CDIPs) have been identified in filamentous oomycetes and fungi. An emerging number of studies have demonstrated the role of many apoplastic CDIPs as essential virulence factors. At the same time, apoplastic CDIPs have been documented to be recognized by plant cells as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The recent findings of extracellular recognition of apoplastic CDIPs by plant leucine-rich repeat-receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs) have greatly advanced our understanding of how plants detect them and mount a defense response. This review summarizes the latest advances in identifying apoplastic CDIPs of plant pathogenic oomycetes and fungi, and our current understanding of the dual roles of apoplastic CDIPs in plant-filamentous pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Li
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yijuan Han
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengyu Qu
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xueqing Geng
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Songbiao Chen
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
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