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Abstract
ABSTRACT Contact lenses are a safe and effective method for correction of refractive error and worn by an estimated 45 million Americans. Because of the widespread availability and commercial popularity of contact lenses, it is not well appreciated by the public that contact lenses are U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-regulated medical devices. Contact lenses are marketed in numerous hard and soft materials that have been improved over decades, worn in daily or extended wear, and replaced in range of schedules from daily to yearly or longer. Lens materials and wear and care regimens have impact on the risks of contact lens-related corneal inflammatory events and microbial keratitis. This article reviews contact lens safety, with specific focus on the correction of refractive error in healthy eyes.
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Hong ZB, Huang JM, Tsai CM, Lin WC. Potential role of Acanthamoeba Rab7. Exp Parasitol 2022; 239:108312. [PMID: 35738459 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii is a free-living protozoan that causes several severe human parasitic diseases such as Acanthamoeba keratitis and granulomatous encephalitis. A. castellanii feeds on bacteria, yeasts, and other organic particles as food sources, but the mechanisms of digestion in acanthamoebal cells are unclear. Rab GTPases participate in endosomal delivery in eukaryotes after phagocytosis. This study aimed to determine the potential functions of A. castellanii Rab7 (AcRab7), which is involved in phagocytosis, and the relationship between AcRab7 and further cellular physiological phenomena. In this study, the inhibitor CID1067700 (CID) was used to specifically inhibit the binding of nucleotides to confirm the potential functions of AcRab7. Cellular proliferation and ATP assays were also used to detect underlying cellular physiological functions after blocking the phagocytosis pathway. We found that AcRab7 expression increased as the co-culture time with Escherichia coli increased. Immunofluorescence staining showed that AcRab7 colocalized with lysosomes in its GTP-activating form. In addition, AcRab7 inhibition resulted in a reduction in cell proliferation and ATP levels. Our results suggest that AcRab7 participates in endosomal delivery and dominates energy production and cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zih-Bin Hong
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Jian-Ming Huang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Ming Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chen Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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Padzik M, Chomicz L, Bluszcz J, Maleszewska K, Grobelny J, Conn DB, Hendiger EB. Tannic Acid-Modified Silver Nanoparticles in Conjunction with Contact Lens Solutions Are Useful for Progress against the Adhesion of Acanthamoeba spp. to Contact Lenses. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061076. [PMID: 35744595 PMCID: PMC9230222 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are amphizoic amoebae that are widely distributed in the environment and capable of entering the human body. They can cause pathogenic effects in different tissues and organs, including Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), which may result in a loss of visual acuity and blindness. The diagnostics, treatment, and prevention of AK are still challenging. More than 90% of AK cases are related to the irresponsible wearing of contact lenses. However, even proper lens care does not sufficiently protect against this eye disease, as amoebae have been also found in contact lens solutions and contact lens storage containers. The adhesion of the amoebae to the contact lens surface is the first step in developing this eye infection. To limit the incidence of AK, it is important to enhance the anti-adhesive activity of the most popular contact lens solutions. Currently, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used as modern antimicrobial agents. Their effectiveness against Acanthamoeba spp., especially with the addition of plant metabolites, such as tannic acid, has been confirmed. Here, we present the results of our further studies on the anti-adhesion potential of tannic acid-modified silver nanoparticles (AgTANPs) in combination with selected contact lens solutions against Acanthamoeba spp. on four groups of contact lenses. The obtained results showed an increased anti-adhesion activity of contact lens solutions in conjunction with AgTANPs with a limited cytotoxicity effect compared to contact lens solutions acting alone. This may provide a benefit in improving the prevention of amoebae eye infections. However, there is still a need for further studies on different pathogenic strains of Acanthamoeba in order to assess the adhesion of the cysts to the contact lens surface and to reveal a more comprehensive picture of the activity of AgTANPs and contact lens solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Padzik
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (L.C.); (J.B.); (K.M.); (E.B.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lidia Chomicz
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (L.C.); (J.B.); (K.M.); (E.B.H.)
| | - Julita Bluszcz
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (L.C.); (J.B.); (K.M.); (E.B.H.)
| | - Karolina Maleszewska
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (L.C.); (J.B.); (K.M.); (E.B.H.)
| | - Jaroslaw Grobelny
- Department of Materials Technology and Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Lodz, 163 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Lodz, Poland;
| | - David Bruce Conn
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; or
- One Health Center, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA 30149, USA
| | - Edyta B. Hendiger
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (L.C.); (J.B.); (K.M.); (E.B.H.)
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Metzinger SE, Homsy C, Chun MJ, Metzinger RC. Breast Implant Illness: Treatment Using Total Capsulectomy and Implant Removal. EPLASTY 2022; 22:e5. [PMID: 35602522 PMCID: PMC9097901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast implant illness (BII) is extramammary systemic symptoms that are caused by breast implants. The emergence of this controversial topic has spurred patients with breast implants who are experiencing these symptoms to seek implant removal, hoping to feel better. This article presents novel outcomes and suggestions for plastic surgeons in managing BII using total capsulectomy and breast implant removal. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study conducted between 2016 and 2020, medical records of all patients undergoing breast implant removal were reviewed. Inclusion criteria consisted of all patients with history of breast implant placement presenting with mastodynia and capsular contracture on physical examination. Patients with history of implant-based reconstruction following mastectomy and patients who underwent implant exchange were excluded. All patients underwent bilateral implant removal and total capsulectomies. RESULTS A total of 200 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were identified. Average age was 45.5 (range: 29-73) years and average body mass index was 26.28 (range: 19-36.8), with an average follow-up time of 5 months postoperatively. Of patients with a presentation of BII, 96% reported improved or complete resolution of their systemic symptoms after implant removal and total capsulectomy. A positive microbial culture was found in 68.5% of patients, and all culture-positive patients reported improvement post-treatment. The most common organisms found were Propionibacterium acnes (49.6%). There were no associations between implant characteristics and rate of positive microbiology findings. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that implant removal with capsulectomy drastically improves BII symptoms. Further large prospective cohort studies are needed to better understand this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen E. Metzinger
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
- Aesthetic Surgical Associates, Metairie, LA
| | - Christopher Homsy
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Magnus J. Chun
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
| | - Rebecca C. Metzinger
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA
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Shing B, Balen M, McKerrow JH, Debnath A. Acanthamoeba Keratitis: an update on amebicidal and cysticidal drug screening methodologies and potential treatment with azole drugs. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:1427-1441. [PMID: 33929276 PMCID: PMC8551003 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1924673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Acanthamoeba encompasses several species of free-living ameba encountered commonly throughout the environment. Unfortunately, these species of ameba can cause opportunistic infections that result in Acanthamoeba keratitis, granulomatous amebic encephalitis, and occasionally systemic infection.Areas covered: This review discusses relevant literature found through PubMed and Google scholar published as of January 2021. The review summarizes current common Acanthamoeba keratitis treatments, drug discovery methodologies available for screening potential anti-Acanthamoeba compounds, and the anti-Acanthamoeba activity of various azole antifungal agents.Expert opinion: While several biguanide and diamidine antimicrobial agents are available to clinicians to effectively treat Acanthamoeba keratitis, no singular treatment can effectively treat every Acanthamoeba keratitis case.Efforts to identify new anti-Acanthamoeba agents include trophozoite cell viability assays, which are amenable to high-throughput screening. Cysticidal assays remain largely manual and would benefit from further automation development. Additionally, the existing literature on the effectiveness of various azole antifungal agents for treating Acanthamoeba keratitis is incomplete or contradictory, suggesting the need for a systematic review of all azoles against different pathogenic Acanthamoeba strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Shing
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Division, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0685, La Jolla, CA 92093-0756, USA
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0756, La Jolla, CA 92093-0756, USA
| | - Mina Balen
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0756, La Jolla, CA 92093-0756, USA
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0346, La Jolla, CA 92093-0756, USA
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0756, La Jolla, CA 92093-0756, USA
| | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0756, La Jolla, CA 92093-0756, USA
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Bradley CS, Sicks LA, Pucker AD. Common Ophthalmic Preservatives in Soft Contact Lens Care Products: Benefits, Complications, and a Comparison to Non-Preserved Solutions. CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2021; 13:271-285. [PMID: 34522149 PMCID: PMC8434857 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s235679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Preservatives are essential for preventing contact lens (CL)-related microbial keratitis (MK). The purpose of this review is to summarize the current knowledge related to the use of common ophthalmic preservatives in CL care products with respect to both safety and efficacy. METHODS Manuscripts written in English were obtained by searching PubMed.gov with the term contact lens plus antimicrobial, benzalkonium chloride, biguanide, Aldox, polyquaternium, preservative, thimerosal, EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), chlorhexidine, or blister pack. RESULTS This review found that first-generation preservatives are no longer used in CL multipurpose solutions (MPS) due to their high levels of ocular toxicity. Modern, high-molecular-weight preservatives, including polyquaternium-1 (PQ-1) and biguanides (PHMB), are generally effective against bacteria, minimally effective against fungi, and not effective against Acanthamoeba. PQ-1 and PHMB are likely safe when used with CLs, but they may cause ocular adverse events, with roughly equal risk between the two preservatives. Some CL MPS contain both PQ-1 and PHMB, but no increased risk of adverse events has been reported when combining the two. Hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2) solutions are effective against all common ocular microbes, including Acanthamoeba, and they have been proven safe with proper compliance. Povidone-iodine (P-I) solutions are not currently commercially available in North America, but they have been shown in other countries to be safe and effective. CONCLUSION Patients should be monitored when using PQ-1 or PHMB-containing solutions since they have been associated with ocular adverse events. If events are detected, patients should be switched to an alternative solution. H2O2 or P-I solutions are preferred for any patient who may expose their CLs to water because they are the only solution categories effective against Acanthamoeba.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew D Pucker
- School of Optometry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Inactivation of Acanthamoeba Cysts in Suspension and on Contaminated Contact Lenses Using Non-Thermal Plasma. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9091879. [PMID: 34576774 PMCID: PMC8465664 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9091879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Water suspensions of cysts of a pathogenic clinical isolate of Acanthamoeba sp. were prepared, and the cysts were inactivated either in suspension or placed on the surface of contact lenses by the non-thermal plasma produced by the DC corona transient spark discharge. The efficacy of this treatment was determined by cultivation and the presence of vegetative trophozoites indicating non-inactivated cysts. The negative discharge appeared to be more effective than the positive one. The complete inactivation occurred in water suspension after 40 min and on contaminated lenses after 50 min of plasma exposure. The properties of lenses seem to not be affected by plasma exposure; that is, their optical power, diameter, curvature, water content and infrared and Raman spectra remain unchanged.
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Ahmed U, Anwar A, Ong SK, Anwar A, Khan NA. Applications of medicinal chemistry for drug discovery against Acanthamoeba infections. Med Res Rev 2021; 42:462-512. [PMID: 34472107 DOI: 10.1002/med.21851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba is a genus of free-living amoebae, pervasively found in the environment. Most of its pathogenic species are the causative agent of sight-threatening Acanthamoeba keratitis and fatal granulomatous amoebic encephalitis. Despite the advancements in the field of chemotherapy, treating Acanthamoeba infections is still challenging due to incomplete knowledge of the complicated pathophysiology. In case of infection, the treatment regimen for the patients is often ineffective due to delayed diagnosis, poor specificity, and side-effects. Besides the resistance of Acanthamoeba cysts to most of the drugs, the recurrence of infection further complicates the recovery. Thus, it is necessary to develop an effective treatment which can eradicate these rare, but serious infections. Based on various computational and in vitro studies, it has been established that the synthetic scaffolds such as heterocyclic compounds may act as potential drug leads for the development of antiamoebic drugs. In this review, we report different classes of synthetic compounds especially heterocyclic compounds which have shown promising results against Acanthamoeba. Moreover, the antiamoebic activities of synthetic compounds with their possible mode of actions against Acanthamoeba, have been summarized and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ayaz Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seng-Kai Ong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Areeba Anwar
- Faculty of Defence Science and Technology, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lampur, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Hoenes K, Wenzel U, Hessling M. Realisation and assessment of a low-cost LED device for contact lens disinfection by visible violet light. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 65:485-490. [PMID: 31809261 DOI: 10.1515/bmt-2019-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a device for efficient, low-cost and eye-friendly overnight disinfection of contact lenses by visible violet light as an alternative to disinfection with biocide-containing solutions. Bacterial solutions with one Pseudomonas and one Staphylococcus strain each were irradiated for up to 8 h in commercial transparent contact lens cases by the presented light-emitting diode (LED) device. Samples were taken at different intervals and distributed on agar plates. The surviving bacteria were determined by counting of colony-forming units and compared to the specific requirements of the stand-alone test for contact lens disinfection of the hygiene standard ISO 14729. The concentration of both microorganisms was reduced by three orders of magnitude after less than 4 h of irradiation. The LED current and intensity have not yet been at maximum and could be further increased if necessary for other microorganisms. The presented device fulfils the requirement of the stand-alone test of the contact lens hygienic standard ISO 14729 for the tested Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus strains. According to literature data, the inactivation of Serratia marcescens, Candida albicans and Fusarium solani seems also possible, but may require increased LED current and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hoenes
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulla Wenzel
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Hessling
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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Crary MJ, Walters R, Shannon P, Gabriel MM. Variables Affecting the Recovery of Acanthamoeba Trophozoites. Pathogens 2021; 10:221. [PMID: 33670669 PMCID: PMC7922685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
While the results of Acanthamoeba testing have been extensively published, laboratories conducting such testing are left to develop their own methods in the absence of a standardized methodology. The wide disparity of methods has resulted in equally inconsistent reported results for contact lens care (CLC) products. This study's objective was to determine the source of these discrepancies by evaluating basic Acanthamoeba biology and their impact on antimicrobial efficacy testing, including the ability of a recovery method to stimulate a single trophozoite to proliferate. Antimicrobial efficacy testing was conducted using well-published Acanthamoeba strains, storage conditions, and growth-based recovery methods. To identify variables that influence results, test solutions with low Acanthamoeba disinfection rates were utilized to prevent differences from being masked by high log reductions. In addition, single-cell proliferation assays were executed to understand the growth requirements to stimulate trophozoite propagation in two recovery methods. These studies indicated that both nutrient density (>106 CFU) and the length of plate incubation (at least 14 days) could significantly influence the accurate recovery of trophozoites. Together, this study emphasizes the need to understand how Acanthamoeba trophozoites biology can impact test methods to create divergent results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica J. Crary
- R&D Microbiology, Alcon Research, LLC, Fort Worth, TX 76134, USA; (R.W.); (P.S.); (M.M.G.)
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Establishment of an Acanthamoeba keratitis mouse model confirmed by amoebic DNA amplification. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4183. [PMID: 33603075 PMCID: PMC7892866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba castellanii, the causative agent of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), occurs mainly in contact lens users with poor eye hygiene. The findings of many in vitro studies of AK, as well as the testing of therapeutic drugs, need validation in in vivo experiments. BALB/c mice were used in this study to establish in vivo AK model. A. castellanii cell suspensions (equal mixtures of trophozoites and cysts) were loaded onto 2-mm contact lens pieces and inserted into mouse eyes that were scratched using an ophthalmic surgical blade under anesthesia and the eyelids of the mice were sutured. The AK signs were grossly observed and PCR was performed using P-FLA primers to amplify the Acanthamoeba 18S-rRNA gene from mouse ocular tissue. The experimental AK mouse model was characterized by typical hazy blurring and melting of the mouse cornea established on day 1 post-inoculation. AK was induced with at least 0.3 × 105 A. castellanii cells (optimal number, 5 × 104), and the infection persisted for two months. The PCR products amplified from the extracted mouse eye DNA confirmed the development of Acanthamoeba-induced keratitis during the infection periods. In conclusion, the present AK mouse model may serve as an important in vivo model for the development of various therapeutic drugs against AK.
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Henriquez FL, Mooney R, Bandel T, Giammarini E, Zeroual M, Fiori PL, Margarita V, Rappelli P, Dessì D. Paradigms of Protist/Bacteria Symbioses Affecting Human Health: Acanthamoeba species and Trichomonas vaginalis. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:616213. [PMID: 33488560 PMCID: PMC7817646 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.616213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the publication of the seminal paper by Lynn Margulis in 1967 proposing the theory of the endosymbiotic origin of organelles, the study of the symbiotic relationships between unicellular eukaryotes and prokaryotes has received ever-growing attention by microbiologists and evolutionists alike. While the evolutionary significance of the endosymbiotic associations within protists has emerged and is intensively studied, the impact of these relationships on human health has been seldom taken into account. Microbial endosymbioses involving human eukaryotic pathogens are not common, and the sexually transmitted obligate parasite Trichomonas vaginalis and the free-living opportunistic pathogen Acanthamoeba represent two unique cases in this regard, to date. The reasons of this peculiarity for T. vaginalis and Acanthamoeba may be due to their lifestyles, characterized by bacteria-rich environments. However, this characteristic does not fully explain the reason why no bacterial endosymbiont has yet been detected in unicellular eukaryotic human pathogens other than in T. vaginalis and Acanthamoeba, albeit sparse and poorly investigated examples of morphological identification of bacteria-like microorganisms associated with Giardia and Entamoeba were reported in the past. In this review article we will present the body of experimental evidences revealing the profound effects of these examples of protist/bacteria symbiosis on the pathogenesis of the microbial species involved, and ultimately their impact on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona L Henriquez
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Ronnie Mooney
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Bandel
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Elisa Giammarini
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Zeroual
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of West Scotland, Paisley, United Kingdom.,Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Fiori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Mediterrenean Center for Disease Control, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Margarita
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paola Rappelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Mediterrenean Center for Disease Control, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Dessì
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.,Mediterrenean Center for Disease Control, Sassari, Italy
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Hendiger EB, Padzik M, Sifaoui I, Reyes-Batlle M, López-Arencibia A, Rizo-Liendo A, Bethencourt-Estrella CJ, San Nicolás-Hernández D, Chiboub O, Rodríguez-Expósito RL, Grodzik M, Pietruczuk-Padzik A, Stępień K, Olędzka G, Chomicz L, Piñero JE, Lorenzo-Morales J. Silver Nanoparticles as a Novel Potential Preventive Agent against Acanthamoeba Keratitis. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050350. [PMID: 32380785 PMCID: PMC7281428 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Free living, cosmopolitan amoebae from Acanthamoeba genus present a serious risk to human health. As facultative human parasites, these amoebae may cause Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK). Acanthamoeba keratitis is a severe, vision-threatening corneal infection with non-specific symptoms. The number of reported AK cases worldwide has been increasing every year. Moreover, 90% of Acanthamoeba keratitis cases are related to contact lens use. Wearing and storage contact lenses not in accordance with the physicians and manufacturers recommendations are the primary key risk factors of this disease. Amoebae can easily adhere to the contact lens surface and transmit to the corneal epithelium. Preventing amoebae adhesion to the contact lens surface could significantly decrease the number of AK infections. Until now, the effective therapy against AK is still under development. Currently proposed therapies are mainly limited to the chlorhexidine digluconate combined with propamidine isethionate or hexamidine applications, which are insufficient and very toxic to the eye. Due to lack of effective treatment, looking for new potential preventive agents is crucial to decrease the number of Acanthamoeba keratitis infections, especially among contact lens users. Nanoparticles have been already included in several novel therapies against bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protist. However, their anti-amoebic potential has not been fully tested yet. The aim of this study was to assess silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) anti-amoebic activity and influence on the amoebae adhesion to the surface of four different groups of contact lenses-classified according to the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) guidelines. The obtained results show that both tested nanoparticles were effective against Acanthamoeba trophozoites and decreased the amoebae adhesion to the contact lens surface. AgNPs showed better anti-amoebic activity to cytotoxicity dependence and reduced amoebae adhesion in a wider spectrum of the tested contact lenses. Our studies also confirmed that ionization next to hydration of the contact lens material is a crucial parameter influencing the Acanthamoeba adhesion to the contact lens surface. In conclusion, silver nanoparticles might be considered as a novel preventive agent against Acanthamoeba keratitis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta B. Hendiger
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias and Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain; (E.B.H.); (I.S.); (M.R.-B.); (A.L.-A.); (A.R.-L.); (C.J.B.-E.); (D.S.N.-H.); (O.C.); (R.L.R.-E.); (J.E.P.); (J.L.-M.)
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (G.O.); (L.C.)
| | - Marcin Padzik
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (G.O.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-503-151-318
| | - Ines Sifaoui
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias and Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain; (E.B.H.); (I.S.); (M.R.-B.); (A.L.-A.); (A.R.-L.); (C.J.B.-E.); (D.S.N.-H.); (O.C.); (R.L.R.-E.); (J.E.P.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - María Reyes-Batlle
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias and Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain; (E.B.H.); (I.S.); (M.R.-B.); (A.L.-A.); (A.R.-L.); (C.J.B.-E.); (D.S.N.-H.); (O.C.); (R.L.R.-E.); (J.E.P.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Atteneri López-Arencibia
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias and Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain; (E.B.H.); (I.S.); (M.R.-B.); (A.L.-A.); (A.R.-L.); (C.J.B.-E.); (D.S.N.-H.); (O.C.); (R.L.R.-E.); (J.E.P.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Aitor Rizo-Liendo
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias and Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain; (E.B.H.); (I.S.); (M.R.-B.); (A.L.-A.); (A.R.-L.); (C.J.B.-E.); (D.S.N.-H.); (O.C.); (R.L.R.-E.); (J.E.P.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Carlos J. Bethencourt-Estrella
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias and Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain; (E.B.H.); (I.S.); (M.R.-B.); (A.L.-A.); (A.R.-L.); (C.J.B.-E.); (D.S.N.-H.); (O.C.); (R.L.R.-E.); (J.E.P.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Desirée San Nicolás-Hernández
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias and Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain; (E.B.H.); (I.S.); (M.R.-B.); (A.L.-A.); (A.R.-L.); (C.J.B.-E.); (D.S.N.-H.); (O.C.); (R.L.R.-E.); (J.E.P.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Olfa Chiboub
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias and Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain; (E.B.H.); (I.S.); (M.R.-B.); (A.L.-A.); (A.R.-L.); (C.J.B.-E.); (D.S.N.-H.); (O.C.); (R.L.R.-E.); (J.E.P.); (J.L.-M.)
- Laboratoire Matériaux-Molécules et Applications, La Marsa, University of Carthage, 2070 Carthage, Tunisia
| | - Rubén L. Rodríguez-Expósito
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias and Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain; (E.B.H.); (I.S.); (M.R.-B.); (A.L.-A.); (A.R.-L.); (C.J.B.-E.); (D.S.N.-H.); (O.C.); (R.L.R.-E.); (J.E.P.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology and Experimental Ecology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Pietruczuk-Padzik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.P.-P.); (K.S.)
| | - Karolina Stępień
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Centre for Preclinical Research and Technology (CePT), Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1B, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.P.-P.); (K.S.)
| | - Gabriela Olędzka
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (G.O.); (L.C.)
| | - Lidia Chomicz
- Department of Medical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Litewska 14/16, 00-575 Warsaw, Poland; (G.O.); (L.C.)
| | - José E. Piñero
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias and Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain; (E.B.H.); (I.S.); (M.R.-B.); (A.L.-A.); (A.R.-L.); (C.J.B.-E.); (D.S.N.-H.); (O.C.); (R.L.R.-E.); (J.E.P.); (J.L.-M.)
| | - Jacob Lorenzo-Morales
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de Canarias and Departamento de Obstetricia, Ginecología, Pediatría, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Toxicología, Medicina Legal y Forense y Parasitología, Universidad de La Laguna. Av. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez S/N, 38203 Tenerife, Spain; (E.B.H.); (I.S.); (M.R.-B.); (A.L.-A.); (A.R.-L.); (C.J.B.-E.); (D.S.N.-H.); (O.C.); (R.L.R.-E.); (J.E.P.); (J.L.-M.)
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14
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The Antimicrobial Activity of Multipurpose Disinfecting Solutions in the Presence of Different Organic Soils. Eye Contact Lens 2020; 46:201-207. [DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Hoffmann JP, Friedman JK, Wang Y, McLachlan JB, Sammarco MC, Morici LA, Roy CJ. In situ Treatment With Novel Microbiocide Inhibits Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Murine Wound Infection Model. Front Microbiol 2020; 10:3106. [PMID: 32038549 PMCID: PMC6990143 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance in skin and soft tissue infections is a concerning public health challenge currently facing medical science. A combinatory, broad spectrum biocidal antiseptic has been developed (“ASP”) as a topically applied solution to potential resistant and polymicrobial infected wounds that may be encountered in this context. The ASP-105 designate was evaluated in vitro by determining the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), against different strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), resulting estimates of which approximated the positive control (bacitracin). To evaluate in vivo microbicide efficacy, we utilized a murine full thickness wound model to study bacterial infection and wound healing kinetics. Mice were experimentally wounded dorsally and infected with bioluminescent MRSA. The infected wound was splinted, dressed and treated topically with either ASP-105, vehicle (-control), or bacitracin. Bacterial burden and wound healing was monitored using an in vivo imaging system and evaluation of biofilm formation using scanning electron microscopy of wound dressing. Treatment with ASP-105 significantly reduced bacterial burdens in the first 3 days of infection and inhibited MRSA biofilm formation on the surgical dressing. Notably, treatment with ASP-105 resulted in a sterilizing effect of any detectable MRSA in nearly all (80%; 4/5) of treatment group. All mice receiving vehicle control developed highly MRSA-luminescent and purulent wound beds as a result of experimental infection. The ASP-105 therapy facilitated natural healing in the absence of MRSA infection. Results of this study suggests that that the novel “ASP” combinatory topical antiseptic can be used directly in wounds as a potent, broad-spectrum microbicide against drug resistant S. aureus without injury to the wound bed and impediment of natural restorative processes associated with wound healing. Further studies are warranted to test the effectiveness of this biocidal formulation against other recalcitrant bacterial and fungal pathogens in the context of serious wound infections, and to assess utility of use in both clinical and self-treat scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Jessica K Friedman
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Yihui Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - James B McLachlan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Mimi C Sammarco
- Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Lisa A Morici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Chad J Roy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States.,Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, United States
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16
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Kang H, Sohn HJ, Seo GE, Seong GS, Ham AJ, Park AY, Jung SY, Lee SE, Cho SH, Shin HJ. Molecular detection of free-living amoebae from Namhangang (southern Han River) in Korea. Sci Rep 2020; 10:335. [PMID: 31942007 PMCID: PMC6962209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The free-living amoebae Naegleria spp. and Acanthamoeba spp. exist in the natural environment and are sometimes causal agents of lethal primary amoebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), amoebic keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE) in humans, respectively. To ascertain the existence of free-living amoebae in Korea, water samples were collected from the Korean hydrosphere, Namhangang (southern Han River), an active location for water skiing and recreation. Samples underwent two-step filtration and were cultured on non-nutrient agar medium with inactivated E. coli. The remaining samples were subjected to PCR for primarily the 18S small ribosomal RNA gene and gene sequencing. Similarities in 18S rDNA sequences, in comparison with various reference amoebae in GenBank, showed 86~99% homology with N. gruberi, N. philippinensis, N. clarki, A. polyphaga, A. castellannii, and Hartmannella (Vermamoeba) vermiformis. Therefore, this study will be useful for seasonal detection of free-living amoebae from various Korean hydrospheres in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heekyoung Kang
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Sohn
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Seo
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Sang Seong
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Jeong Ham
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - A-Young Park
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Yul Jung
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, Molecular Diagnostics Research Institute, School of Health and Medicine, Namseoul University, Cheonan, 31020, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Eun Lee
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Osong, 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Hyeong Cho
- Division of Vectors and Parasitic Diseases, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Osong, 363-951, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Joon Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, Republic of Korea.
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