Detection of genomic regions underlying resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in Australian sheep

Genetic diversity of United States Rambouillet, Katahdin and Dorper sheep

BACKGROUND

Managing genetic diversity is critically important for maintaining species fitness. Excessive homozygosity caused by the loss of genetic diversity can have detrimental effects on the reproduction and production performance of a breed. Analysis of genetic diversity can facilitate the identification of signatures of selection which may contribute to the specific characteristics regarding the health, production and physical appearance of a breed or population. In this study, breeds with well-characterized traits such as fine wool production (Rambouillet, N = 745), parasite resistance (Katahdin, N = 581) and environmental hardiness (Dorper, N = 265) were evaluated for inbreeding, effective population size (Ne), runs of homozygosity (ROH) and Wright's fixation index (FST) outlier approach to identify differential signatures of selection at 36,113 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

RESULTS

Katahdin sheep had the largest current Ne at the most recent generation estimated with both the GONe and NeEstimator software. The most highly conserved ROH Island was identified in Rambouillet with a signature of selection on chromosome 6 containing 202 SNPs called in an ROH in 50 to 94% of the individuals. This region contained the DCAF16, LCORL and NCAPG genes that have been previously reported to be under selection and have biological roles related to milk production and growth traits. The outlier regions identified through the FST comparisons of Katahdin with Rambouillet and Dorper contained genes with known roles in milk production and mastitis resistance or susceptibility, and the FST comparisons of Rambouillet with Katahdin and Dorper identified genes related to wool growth, suggesting these traits have been under natural or artificial selection pressure in these populations. Genes involved in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathways were identified in all FST breed comparisons, which indicates the presence of allelic diversity between these breeds in genomic regions controlling cytokine signaling mechanisms.

CONCLUSIONS

In this paper, we describe signatures of selection within diverse and economically important U.S. sheep breeds. The genes contained within these signatures are proposed for further study to understand their relevance to biological traits and improve understanding of breed diversity.

Genomic Characterization of Local Croatian Sheep Breeds-Effective Population Size, Inbreeding & Signatures of Selection

The Istrian (IS) and the Pag sheep (PS) are local Croatian breeds which provide significant income for the regional economy and have a cultural and traditional importance for the inhabitants. The aim of this study was to estimate some important population specific genetic parameters in IS (N = 1293) and PS (N = 2637) based on genome wide SNPs. Estimates of linkage disequilibrium effective population size (Ne) evidenced more genetic variability in PS (Ne = 838) compared to IS (Ne = 197), regardless of historical time (both recent and ancient genetic variability). The discrepancy in the recent genetic variability between these breeds was additionally confirmed by the estimates of genomic inbreeding (FROH), which was estimated to be notably higher in IS (FROH>2 = 0.062) than in PS (FROH>2 = 0.029). The average FROH2-4, FROH4-8, FROH8-16, and FROH>16 were 0.26, 1.65, 2.14, and 3.72 for IS and 0.22, 0.61, 0.75, and 1.58 for PS, thus evidencing a high contribution of recent inbreeding in the overall inbreeding. One ROH island with > 30% of SNP incidence in ROHs was detected in IS (OAR6; 34,253,440-38,238,124 bp) while there was no ROH islands detected in PS. Seven genes (CCSER1, HERC3, LCORL, NAP1L5, PKD2, PYURF, and SPP1) involved in growth, feed intake, milk production, immune responses, and resistance were associated with the found autozygosity. The results of this study represent the first comprehensive insight into genomic variability of these two Croatian local sheep breeds and will serve as a baseline for setting up the most promising strategy of genomic Optimum Contribution Selection.

Genomic Regions Associated with Resistance to Gastrointestinal Parasites in Australian Merino Sheep

The objective of this study was to identify genomic regions and genes associated with resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in Australian Merino sheep in Uruguay, using the single-step GWAS methodology (ssGWAS), which is based on genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) obtained from a combination of pedigree, genomic, and phenotypic data. This methodology converts GEBVs into SNP effects. The analysis included 26,638 animals with fecal egg count (FEC) records obtained in two independent parasitic cycles (FEC1 and FEC2) and 1700 50K SNP genotypes. The comparison of genomic regions was based on genetic variances (gVar(%)) explained by non-overlapping regions of 20 SNPs. For FEC1 and FEC2, 18 and 22 genomic windows exceeded the significance threshold (gVar(%) ≥ 0.22%), respectively. The genomic regions with strong associations with FEC1 were located on chromosomes OAR 2, 6, 11, 21, and 25, and for FEC2 on OAR 5, 6, and 11. The proportion of genetic variance attributed to the top windows was 0.83% and 1.9% for FEC1 and FEC2, respectively. The 33 candidate genes shared between the two traits were subjected to enrichment analysis, revealing a marked enrichment in biological processes related to immune system functions. These results contribute to the understanding of the genetics underlying gastrointestinal parasite resistance and its implications for other productive and welfare traits in animal breeding programs.

Characterization of the Hepatic Transcriptome for Divergent Immune-Responding Sheep Following Natural Exposure to Gastrointestinal Nematodes

Infections with gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) reduce the economic efficiency of sheep operations and compromise animal welfare. Understanding the host's response to GIN infection can help producers identify animals that are naturally resistant to infection. The objective of this study was to characterize the hepatic transcriptome of sheep that had been naturally exposed to GIN parasites. The hepatic transcriptome was studied using RNA-Sequencing technology in animals characterized as high (n = 5) or medium (n = 6) based on their innate immune acute-phase (AP) response phenotype compared with uninfected controls (n = 4), and with biased antibody-mediated (AbMR, n = 5) or cell-mediated (CMR, n = 5) adaptive immune responsiveness compared to uninfected controls (n = 3). Following the assessment of sheep selected for innate responses, 0, 136, and 167 genes were differentially expressed (DE) between high- and medium-responding animals, high-responding and uninfected control animals, and medium-responding and uninfected control animals, respectively (false discovery rate (FDR) < 0.05, and fold change |FC| > 2). When adaptive immune responses were assessed, 0, 53, and 57 genes were DE between antibody- and cell-biased animals, antibody-biased and uninfected control animals, and cell-biased and uninfected control animals, respectively (FDR < 0.05, |FC| > 2). Functional analyses identified enriched gene ontology (GO) terms and metabolic pathways related to the innate immune response and energy metabolism. Six functional candidate genes were identified for further functional and validation studies to better understand the underlying biological mechanisms of host responses to GINs. These, in turn, can potentially help improve decision making and management practices to increase the overall host immune response to GIN infection.

Putative SNPs in Ovar-DRB1 and GALNTL6 Genes Conferring Susceptibility to Natural Infection of Haemonchus Contortus in Southern Indian Sheep

AIM

To explore associations between phenotypic traits and polymorphisms in the DRB1 and GALNT6 gene in Nellore, Deccani and Kenguri sheep naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Blood and faecal samples were collected to evaluate fecal worm egg counts (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), eosinophilia and for DNA isolation.

RESULTS

Animals were grouped into susceptible and resistant groups based on EPG counts. FEC and circulating eosinophilia were higher in a susceptible group. Log FEC was negatively correlated (P < 0.01) with PCV, and Hb estimates. The second exon of DRB1 and intron variant of GALNTL6 genes were amplified from DNA samples of resistant and susceptible sheep. Characterization of Ovar-DRB1 amplicon by RFLP revealed two genotypes ('bb' and 'ab'). The genotype frequencies differed significantly between both groups (P < 0.05). The 'bb' genotypes had higher (P < 0.05) log FEC value than 'ab' genotypes and 'b' allele was linked with susceptibility to haemonchosis in sheep. The mean FEC of Nellore sheep was high indicating susceptibility of the breed and also in which the frequency of 'b' allele was more compared to the other two breeds. OVAR-DRB1 genotypes associated with FEC did not affect PCV and Hb. PCR-RFLP assay developed to determine the genotypes with respect to SNP rs424521894 of GALNTL6 revealed monomorphic nature at the locus in the breeds studied.

CONCLUSION

MHC polymorphism could be used as a genetic marker for the selection of sheep resistant to H. contortus. However, a more intensive study, involving controlled infections and other GALNTL6 SNPs may be enforced to make any decisive assertion.

Whole genome sequencing identified genomic diversity and candidated genes associated with economic traits in Northeasern Merino in China

Introduction: Northeast Merino (NMS) is a breed developed in Northeast China during the 1960s for wool and meat production. It exhibits excellent traits such as high wool yield, superior meat quality, rapid growth rate, robust disease resistance, and adaptability to cold climates. However, no studies have used whole-genome sequencing data to investigate the superior traits of NMS. Methods: In this study, we investigated the population structure, genetic diversity, and selection signals of NMS using whole-genome sequencing data from 20 individuals. Two methods (integrated haplotype score and composite likelihood ratio) were used for selection signal analysis, and the Fixation Index was used to explore the selection signals of NMS and the other two breeds, Mongolian sheep and South African meat Merino. Results: The results showed that NMS had low inbreeding levels, high genomic diversity, and a pedigree of both Merino breeds and Chinese local breeds. A total length of 14.09 Mb genomic region containing 287 genes was detected using the two methods. Further exploration of the functions of these genes revealed that they are mainly concentrated in wool production performance (IRF2BP2, MAP3K7, and WNT3), meat production performance (NDUFA9, SETBP1, ZBTB38, and FTO), cold resistance (DNAJC13, LPGAT1, and PRDM16), and immune response (PRDM2, GALNT8, and HCAR2). The selection signals of NMS and the other two breeds annotated 87 and 23 genes, respectively. These genes were also mainly focused on wool and meat production performance. Conclusion: These results provide a basis for further breeding improvement, comprehensive use of this breed, and a reference for research on other breeds.

Optimum timing for assessing phenotypic resistance against gastrointestinal nematodes in Pelibuey ewes

The objective was to identify the optimal stage of production to evaluate the resistance of Pelibuey ewes against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN). Faecal egg count (FEC) was used to classify the ewes as resistant, sensible or intermediate against GIN. Forty-seven ewes were mating during 30 d. The gestation was verified by ultrasonography, and the breeding date was used to calculate the productive stages. Faeces were taken weekly to determine the FEC. Blood samples were taken to determine the packed cell volume (PCV), the peripheral eosinophils count (PEC), plasma protein concentration (PP), and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) against Haemonchus contortus. The body condition score (BCS) was recorded at each visit. Six moments during the study (early, mid and late gestation; early, mid and late lactation) were considered. The ewes were classified according to FEC (mean FEC ± three standard errors). The higher FEC occurred during all lactation stages than during early and mid-gestation stages (P<0.05). PCV, PP, and BCS during early gestation stage were higher than shown during the lactation stages (P<0.01). The PEC and IgA were higher during all lactation stages than early and mid-gestation stages (P<0.05). Concerning the type of birth, double births showed higher FEC than single birth (P<0.01). The highest values of accuracy (100 %) and concordance (Youden's J = 1.0) were found during early lactation. Therefore, it is concluded that the optimal stage of production to evaluate phenotypic resistance against GIN infections in Pelibuey ewes was during the early lactation.

Genome-Wide Association Study to Identify QTL for Carcass Traits in Korean Hanwoo Cattle

This study aimed to identify genetic associations with carcass traits in Hanwoo cattle using a genome-wide association study. A total of 9302 phenotypes were analyzed, and all animals were genotyped using the Illumina Bovine 50K v.3 SNP chip. Heritabilities for carcass weight (CWT), eye muscle area (EMA), backfat thickness (BF), and marbling score (MS) were estimated as 0.42, 0.36, 0.36, and 0.47, respectively, using the GBLUP model, and 0.47, 0.37, 0.36, and 0.42, respectively, using the Bayes B model. We identified 129 common SNPs using DGEBV and 118 common SNPs using GEBV on BTA6, BTA13, and BTA14, suggesting their potential association with the traits of interest. No common SNPs were found between the GBLUP and Bayes B methods when using residuals as a response variable in GWAS. The most promising candidate genes for CWT included SLIT2, PACRGL, KCNIP4, RP1, XKR4, LYN, RPS20, MOS, FAM110B, UBXN2B, CYP7A1, SDCBP, NSMAF, TOX, CA8, LAP3, FAM184B, and NCAPG. For EMA, the genes IBSP, LAP3, FAM184B, LCORL, NCAPG, SLC30A9, and BEND4 demonstrated significance. Similarly, CYP7B1, ARMC1, PDE7A, and CRH were associated with BF, while CTSZ, GNAS, VAPB, and RAB22A were associated with MS. This finding offers valuable insights into genomic regions and molecular mechanisms influencing Hanwoo carcass traits, aiding efficient breeding strategies.

Genome-Wide Analysis of Sheep Artificially or Naturally Infected with Gastrointestinal Nematodes

The anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) poses a significant threat to sheep worldwide, but genomic selection can serve as an alternative to the use of chemical treatment as a solution for parasitic infection. The objective of this study is to conduct genome-wide association studies (GWASs) to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in Rambouillet (RA) and Dorper × White Dorper (DWD) lambs associated with the biological response to a GIN infection. All lambs were genotyped with a medium-density genomic panel with 40,598 markers used for analysis. Separate GWASs were conducted using fecal egg counts (FECs) from lambs (<1 year of age) that acquired their artificial infections via an oral inoculation of 10,000 Haemonchus contortus larvae (n = 145) or naturally while grazing on pasture (n = 184). A GWAS was also performed for packed cell volume (PCV) in artificially GIN-challenged lambs. A total of 26 SNPs exceeded significance and 21 SNPs were in or within 20 kb of genes such as SCUBE1, GALNT6, IGF1R, CAPZB and PTK2B. The ontology analysis of candidate genes signifies the importance of immune cell development, mucin production and cellular signaling for coagulation and wound healing following epithelial damage in the abomasal gastric pits via H. contortus during GIN infection in lambs. These results add to a growing body of the literature that promotes the use of genomic selection for increased sheep resistance to GINs.

Genetic polymorphism in European and African sheep breeds reared in Hungary based on 48 SNPs associated with resistance to gastrointestinal parasite infection using KASP-PCR technique

This pilot study used an alternative and economically efficient technique, the Kompetitive Allele-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction (KASP-PCR) to examine 48 SNPs from 11 parasite-resistance genes found on 8 chromosomes in 110 animals from five sheep breeds reared in Hungary; Hungarian Tsigai, White Dorper, Dorper, Ile de France, and Hungarian Merino. Allele and genotype frequencies, fixation index, observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity, F statistic, and their relationship with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (WHE) and the polymorphic information content (PIC) were determined, followed by principal component analysis (PCA). As much as 32 SNPs out of the 48 initially studied were successfully genotyped. A total of 9 SNPs, 4 SNPs in TLR5, 1 SNP in TLR8, and 4 SNPs in TLR2 genes, were polymorphic. The variable genotype and allele frequency of the TLRs gene indicated genetic variability among the studied sheep breeds, with the Hungarian Merino exhibiting the most polymorphisms, while Dorper was the population with the most SNPs departing from the HWE. According to the PIC value, the rs430457884-TLR2, rs55631273-TLR2, and rs416833129-TLR5 were found to be informative in detecting polymorphisms among individuals within the populations, whereas the rs429546187-TLR5 and rs424975389-TLR5 were found to have a significant influence in clustering the population studied. This study reported a moderate level of genetic variability and that a low to moderate within-breed diversity was maintained in the studied populations.

Genomic adaptation to extreme climate conditions in beef cattle as a consequence of cross-breeding program

BACKGROUND

Understanding the evolutionary forces related to climate changes that have been shaped genetic variation within species has long been a fundamental pursuit in biology. In this study, we generated whole-genome sequence (WGS) data from 65 cross-bred and 45 Mongolian cattle. Together with 62 whole-genome sequences from world-wide cattle populations, we estimated the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of cattle populations. In addition, we performed comparative population genomics analyses to explore the genetic basis underlying variation in the adaptation to cold climate and immune response in cross-bred cattle located in the cold region of China. To elucidate genomic signatures that underlie adaptation to cold climate, we performed three statistical measurements, fixation index (FST), log₂ nucleotide diversity (θπ ratio) and cross population composite likelihood ratio (XP-CLR), and further investigated the results to identify genomic regions under selection for cold adaptation and immune response-related traits.

RESULTS

By generating WGS data, we investigated the population genetic structure and phylogenetic relationship of studied cattle populations. The results revealed clustering of cattle groups in agreement with their geographic distribution. We detected noticeable genetic diversity between indigenous cattle ecotypes and commercial populations. Analysis of population structure demonstrated evidence of shared genetic ancestry between studied cross-bred population and both Red-Angus and Mongolian breeds. Among all studied cattle populations, the highest and lowest levels of linkage disequilibrium (LD) per Kb were detected in Holstein and Rashoki populations (ranged from ~ 0.54 to 0.73, respectively). Our search for potential genomic regions under selection in cross-bred cattle revealed several candidate genes related with immune response and cold shock protein on multiple chromosomes. We identified some adaptive introgression genes with greater than expected contributions from Mongolian ancestry into Molgolian x Red Angus composites such as TRPM8, NMUR1, PRKAA2, SMTNL2 and OXR1 that are involved in energy metabolism and metabolic homeostasis. In addition, we detected some candidate genes probably associated with immune response-related traits.

CONCLUSION

The study identified candidate genes involved in responses to cold adaptation and immune response in cross-bred cattle, including new genes or gene pathways putatively involved in these adaptations. The identification of these genes may clarify the molecular basis underlying adaptation to extreme environmental climate and as such they might be used in cattle breeding programs to select more efficient breeds for cold climate regions.

Interaction networks and pathway analysis of genetic resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep

Gastrointestinal nematode (GINs) infections are one of the causative agents of health and economic issues in sheep production systems worldwide. Considerable genetic variations in resistance or susceptibility in different sheep breeds are documented, but published results are conflicting. Recent advances obtained by high-throughput technologies such as commercial SNP chips, whole-genome sequencing, or whole transcriptome profiling provide new insights into breeding for host resistance or nematode control at the genetic levels. This study aimed to identify potential biomarkers associated with the resistance to ovine GINs through a network analysis approach. Comprehensive gene and protein interaction networks were reconstructed for candidate genes involved in the most related immune pathways associated with resistance to ovine GINs using data mining from literature. Generally, 30 genes including CD53, CHIA, RELN, HRH1, EPS15, LRP8, ATP2B1, IL4, IL5, IL13, IL2RA, IL23R, TNFα, IFNγ, TBX21, SH3RF1, HERC2, PTPN1, BIN1, HERC5, C3AR1, NOS2, STAT5B, STAT4, CCL1, CCL8, VIL1, CXCR1, CXCR2, and CXCR4 located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 19, and 20 have been found as containing effective regions with the most related pathways to nematode infections. The results obtained by network analysis showed two functional modules, belonging to the interleukins family (IL4, IL5, IL13, IL23R, and IL2RA) and chemokine receptors or ligands family (CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR4, CCL1, and CCL8). Interleukins are a group of cytokines that are expressed by white blood cells with a major role in the immune system. Chemokines are also a family of chemoattractant cytokines which play a vital role in cell migration that influence the immune system by a process known as chemotaxis. The results provide useful information for the functional annotation of candidate genes related to parasite resistance and add new information towards a consensus on quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to the incidence of nematode infections.

Genomic Regions Associated with Wool, Growth and Reproduction Traits in Uruguayan Merino Sheep

The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions and genes associated with the fiber diameter (FD), clean fleece weight (CFW), live weight (LW), body condition score (BCS), pregnancy rate (PR) and lambing potential (LP) of Uruguayan Merino sheep. Phenotypic records of approximately 2000 mixed-age ewes were obtained from a Merino nucleus flock. Genome-wide association studies were performed utilizing single-step Bayesian analysis. For wool traits, a total of 35 genomic windows surpassed the significance threshold (PVE ≥ 0.25%). The proportion of the total additive genetic variance explained by those windows was 4.85 and 9.06% for FD and CFW, respectively. There were 42 windows significantly associated with LWM, which collectively explained 43.2% of the additive genetic variance. For BCS, 22 relevant windows accounted for more than 40% of the additive genetic variance, whereas for the reproduction traits, 53 genomic windows (24 and 29 for PR and LP, respectively) reached the suggestive threshold of 0.25% of the PVE. Within the top 10 windows for each trait, we identified several genes showing potential associations with the wool (e.g., IGF-1, TGFB2R, PRKCA), live weight (e.g., CAST, LAP3, MED28, HERC6), body condition score (e.g., CDH10, TMC2, SIRPA, CPXM1) or reproduction traits (e.g., ADCY1, LEPR, GHR, LPAR2) of the mixed-age ewes.

Genomic Analysis of Gastrointestinal Parasite Resistance in Akkaraman Sheep

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been used as an effective tool to understand the genetics of complex traits such as gastrointestinal parasite (GIP) resistance. The aim of this study was to understand the genetics of gastrointestinal parasite (nematodes, Moniezia spp., Eimeria spp.) resistance in Akkaraman sheep by performing genomic heritability estimations and conducting GWAS to uncover responsible genomic regions. This is one of the first studies to examine the genetic resistance of Akkaraman sheep to the tapeworm parasite. The samples from 475 animals were genotyped using the Axiom 50K Ovine Genotyping Array. Genomic heritability estimates ranged from 0.00 to 0.34 for parasite resistance traits. This indicates that measured phenotypes have low to moderate heritability estimates. A total of two genome-wide significant SNP associated with TNEM3 and ATRNL1 genes and 10 chromosome-wide significant SNPs related with 10 genes namely NELL1, ST6GALNAC3, HIPK1, SYT1, ALK, ZNF596, TMCO5A, PTH2R, LARGE1, and SCG2 were suggested as candidates for parasite resistance traits. The majority of these candidate genes were involved in several basic biological processes that are essential and important for immune system functions and cellular growth; specifically, inflammatory responses, cellular transport, cell apoptosis, cell differentiation, histone de-acetylation, and endocytosis. These results have implications for animal breeding program studies due to the effect that the genetic background has on parasite resistance, which underlies many productive, health, and wellness-related traits.

Prevalence and resistance to gastrointestinal parasites in goats: A review

Gastrointestinal parasitism, particularly nematode infection, is a major health issue affecting goats worldwide, resulting in clinical diseases and productivity loss. Prevalent gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) affecting goats in South Africa are the Strongyloides papillosus, Eimeria spp., and Strongyles, especially the Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus spp. According to the issues discussed in this paper and by other authors, the prevalence and intensity of various GIPs vary with an animal's location, breed, age, sex, and season. Because GIPs easily develop resistance to chemical treatment, selecting and breeding genetically GIP-resistant animals would be a relatively simple and inexpensive strategy for reducing or eliminating the current reliance on chemotherapy. Potential phenotypic indicators for selecting GIP-resistant goats include parasitological, immunological, and pathological phenotypic markers. Synergistic use of these indicators should be encouraged for a more accurate simplified genotype selection of resistant animals. Genes with Mendelian inheritance, particularly those involved in immunoregulatory mechanisms, have been identified in goats. Exploring this knowledge base to develop cost-effective molecular tools that facilitate enhanced genetic improvement programs is a current challenge. Future statistical and biological models should investigate genetic variations within genomic regions and different candidate genes involved in immunoregulatory mechanisms, as well as the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms known to affect GIP infection levels.

Genome-Wide Association Study for Haemonchus contortus Resistance in Morada Nova Sheep

Among the gastrointestinal nematodes affecting sheep, Haemonchus contortus is the most prevalent and virulent, resulting in health problems and production losses. Therefore, selecting sheep resistant to H. contortus is a suitable and sustainable strategy for controlling endoparasites in flocks. Here, 287 lambs of the native Brazilian Morada Nova hair sheep breed were subjected to two consecutive artificial infections with H. contortus and assessed for fecal egg count (FEC), packed cell volume (PCV), and live weight (LW). Forty-four animals ranked as having extreme resistance phenotypes were genotyped using the Illumina OvineSNP50v3 chip. A case−control genome-wide association study (GWAS) detected 37 significant (p < 0.001) markers in 12 ovine chromosomes in regions harboring quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FEC, Trichostrongylus spp. adults and larvae, weight, and fat; and candidate genes for immune responses, mucins, hematological parameters, homeostasis, and growth. Four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP; OAR1_rs427671974, OAR2_rs419988472, OAR5_rs424070217, and OAR17_rs401006318) genotyped by qPCR followed by high-resolution melting (HRM) were associated with FEC and LW. Therefore, molecular markers detected by GWAS for H. contortus resistance in Morada Nova sheep may support animal selection programs aimed at controlling gastrointestinal nematode infections in flocks. Furthermore, genotyping of candidate genes using HRM qPCR may provide a rapid and efficient tool for animal identification.

Genomic integration to identify molecular biomarkers associated with indicator traits of gastrointestinal nematode resistance in sheep

This study aimed to integrate GWAS and structural variants to propose possible molecular biomarkers related to gastrointestinal nematode resistance traits in Santa Inês sheep. The phenotypic records FAMACHA, haematocrit, white blood cell count, red blood cell count, haemoglobin, platelets and egg counts per gram of faeces were collected from 700 naturally infected animals, belonging to four Brazilian flocks. A total of 576 animals were genotyped using the Ovine SNP12k BeadChip and were imputed using a reference population with Ovine SNP50 BeadChip. The GWAS approaches were based on SNPs, haplotypes, CNVs and ROH. The overlapping between the significant genomic regions detected from all approaches was investigated, and the results were integrated using a network analysis. Genes related to the immune system were found, such as ABCB1, IL6, WNT5A and IRF5. Genomic regions containing candidate genes and metabolic pathways involved in immune responses, inflammatory processes and immune cells affecting parasite resistance traits were identified. The genomic regions, biological processes and candidate genes uncovered could lead to biomarkers for selecting more resilient sheep and improving herd welfare and productivity. The results obtained are the start point to identify molecular biomarkers related to indicator traits of gastrointestinal nematode resistance in Santa Inês sheep.

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Effects on Lamb Fecal Egg Count Estimated Breeding Values in Progeny-Tested Katahdin Sires

Estimated breeding values (EBV) for fecal egg counts (FEC) at 42–90 days of age (WFEC) and 91–150 days of age (PFEC) for 84 progeny-tested Katahdin sires were used to identify associations of deregressed EBV with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) using 388,000 SNP with minor-allele frequencies ≥0.10 on an Illumina high-density ovine array. Associations between markers and FEC EBV were initially quantified by single-SNP linear regression. Effects of linkage disequilibrium (LD) were minimized by assigning SNP to 2,535 consecutive 1-Mb bins and focusing on the effect of the most significant SNP in each bin. Bonferroni correction was used to define bin-based (BB) genome- and chromosome-wide significance. Six bins on chromosome 5 achieved BB genome-wide significance for PFEC EBV, and three of those SNP achieved chromosome-wide significance after Bonferroni correction based on the 14,530 total SNP on chromosome 5. These bins were nested within 12 consecutive bins between 59 and 71 Mb on chromosome 5 that reached BB chromosome-wide significance. The largest SNP effects were at 63, 67, and 70 Mb, with LD among these SNP of r² ≤ 0.2. Regional heritability mapping (RHM) was then used to evaluate the ability of different genomic regions to account for additive variance in FEC EBV. Chromosome-level RHM indicated that one 500-SNP window between 65.9 and 69.9 Mb accounted for significant variation in PFEC EBV. Five additional 500-SNP windows between 59.3 and 71.6 Mb reached suggestive (p < 0.10) significance for PFEC EBV. Although previous studies rarely identified markers for parasite resistance on chromosome 5, the IL12B gene at 68.5 Mb codes for the p40 subunit of both interleukins 12 and 23. Other immunoregulatory genes are also located in this region of chromosome 5, providing opportunity for additive or associative effects.

Genome-wide analysis of runs of homozygosity in Italian Mediterranean buffalo

Runs of homozygosity (ROH) are a powerful tool to explore patterns of genomic inbreeding in animal populations and detect signatures of selection. The present study used ROH analysis to evaluate the genome-wide patterns of homozygosity, inbreeding levels, and distribution of ROH islands using the SNP data sets from 899 Mediterranean buffaloes. A total of 42,433 ROH segments were identified, with an average of 47.20 segments per individual. The ROH comprising mostly shorter segments (1-4 Mb) accounted for approximately 72.29% of all ROH. In contrast, the larger ROH (>8 Mb) class accounted for only 7.97% of all ROH segments. Estimated inbreeding coefficients from ROH (F_ROH) ranged from 0.0201 to 0.0371. Pearson correlations between F_ROH and genomic relationship matrix increased with the increase of ROH length. We identified ROH hotspots in 12 genomic regions, located on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 5, 17, and 19, harboring a total of 122 genes. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis revealed the clustering of these genes into 7 PPI networks. Many genes located in these regions were associated with different production traits. In addition, 5 ROH islands overlapped with cattle quantitative trait loci that were mainly associated with milk traits. These findings revealed the genome-wide autozygosity patterns and inbreeding levels in Mediterranean buffalo. Our study identified many candidate genes related to production traits that could be used to assist in selective breeding for genetic improvement of buffalo.

Variants Within Genes EDIL3 and ADGRB3 are Associated With Divergent Fecal Egg Counts in Katahdin Sheep at Weaning

Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) pose a severe threat to sheep production worldwide. Anthelmintic drug resistance coupled with growing concern regarding potential environmental effects of drug use have demonstrated the necessity of implementing other methods of GIN control. The aim of this study was to test for genetic variants associated with resistance or susceptibility to GIN in Katahdin sheep to improve the current understanding of the genetic mechanisms responsible for host response to GIN. Linear regression and case-control genome-wide association studies were conducted with high-density genotype data and cube-root transformed weaning fecal egg counts (tFEC) of 583 Katahdin sheep. The case-control GWAS identified two significant SNPs (P-values 1.49e-08 to 1.01e-08) within introns of the gene adhesion G protein-coupled receptor B3 (ADGRB3) associated with lower fecal egg counts. With linear regression, four significant SNPs (P-values 7.82e-08 to 3.34e-08) were identified within the first intron of the gene EGF-like repeats and discoidin domains 3 (EDIL3). These identified SNPs were in very high linkage disequilibrium (r² of 0.996–1), and animals with alternate homozygous genotypes had significantly higher median weaning tFEC phenotypes compared to all other genotypes. Significant SNPs were queried through public databases to identify putative transcription factor binding site (TFBS) and potential lncRNA differences between reference and alternate alleles. Changes in TFBS were predicted at two SNPs, and one significant SNP was found to be within a predicted lncRNA sequence with greater than 90% similarity to a known lncRNA in the bovine genome. The gene EDIL3 has been described in other species for its roles in the inhibition and resolution of inflammation. Potential changes of EDIL3 expression mediated through lncRNA expression and/or transcription factor binding may impact the overall immune response and reduce the ability of Katahdin sheep to control GIN infection. This study lays the foundation for further research of EDIL3 and ADGRB3 towards understanding genetic mechanisms of susceptibility to GIN, and suggests these SNPs may contribute to genetic strategies for improving parasite resistance traits in sheep.

Association analysis and functional annotation of imputed sequence data within genomic regions influencing resistance to gastro-intestinal parasites detected by an LDLA approach in a nucleus flock of Sarda dairy sheep

Background

Gastroinestinal nematodes (GIN) are one of the major health problem in grazing sheep. Although genetic variability of the resistance to GIN has been documented, traditional selection is hampered by the difficulty of recording phenotypes, usually fecal egg count (FEC). To identify causative mutations or markers in linkage disequilibrium (LD) to be used for selection, the detection of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FEC based on linkage disequilibrium-linkage analysis (LDLA) was performed on 4097 ewes (from 181 sires) all genotyped with the OvineSNP50 Beadchip. Identified QTL regions (QTLR) were imputed from whole-genome sequences of 56 target animals of the population. An association analysis and a functional annotation of imputed polymorphisms in the identified QTLR were performed to pinpoint functional variants with potential impact on candidate genes identified from ontological classification or differentially expressed in previous studies.

Results

After clustering close significant locations, ten QTLR were defined on nine Ovis aries chromosomes (OAR) by LDLA. The ratio between the ANOVA estimators of the QTL variance and the total phenotypic variance ranged from 0.0087 to 0.0176. QTL on OAR4, 12, 19, and 20 were the most significant. The combination of association analysis and functional annotation of sequence data did not highlight any putative causative mutations. None of the most significant SNPs showed a functional effect on genes’ transcript. However, in the most significant QTLR, we identified genes that contained polymorphisms with a high or moderate impact, were differentially expressed in previous studies, contributed to enrich the most represented GO process (regulation of immune system process, defense response). Among these, the most likely candidate genes were: TNFRSF1B and SELE on OAR12, IL5RA on OAR19, IL17A, IL17F, TRIM26, TRIM38, TNFRSF21, LOC101118999, VEGFA, and TNF on OAR20.

Conclusions

This study performed on a large experimental population provides a list of candidate genes and polymorphisms which could be used in further validation studies. The expected advancements in the quality of the annotation of the ovine genome and the use of experimental designs based on sequence data and phenotypes from multiple breeds that show different LD extents and gametic phases may help to identify causative mutations.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-021-00690-7.

Whole-genome sequence analysis unveils different origins of European and Asiatic mouflon and domestication-related genes in sheep

The domestication and subsequent development of sheep are crucial events in the history of human civilization and the agricultural revolution. However, the impact of interspecific introgression on the genomic regions under domestication and subsequent selection remains unclear. Here, we analyze the whole genomes of domestic sheep and their wild relative species. We found introgression from wild sheep such as the snow sheep and its American relatives (bighorn and thinhorn sheep) into urial, Asiatic and European mouflons. We observed independent events of adaptive introgression from wild sheep into the Asiatic and European mouflons, as well as shared introgressed regions from both snow sheep and argali into Asiatic mouflon before or during the domestication process. We revealed European mouflons might arise through hybridization events between a now extinct sheep in Europe and feral domesticated sheep around 6000-5000 years BP. We also unveiled later introgressions from wild sheep to their sympatric domestic sheep after domestication. Several of the introgression events contain loci with candidate domestication genes (e.g., PAPPA2, NR6A1, SH3GL3, RFX3 and CAMK4), associated with morphological, immune, reproduction or production traits (wool/meat/milk). We also detected introgression events that introduced genes related to nervous response (NEURL1), neurogenesis (PRUNE2), hearing ability (USH2A), and placental viability (PAG11 and PAG3) into domestic sheep and their ancestral wild species from other wild species.

Genome-Wide Association Studies for Milk Somatic Cell Score in Romanian Dairy Cattle

Mastitis is one of the most frequently encountered diseases in dairy cattle, negatively affecting animal welfare and milk production. For this reason, contributions to understanding its genomic architecture are of great interest. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified multiple loci associated with somatic cell score (SCS) and mastitis in cattle. However, most of the studies have been conducted in different parts of the world on various breeds, and none of the investigations have studied the genetic architecture of mastitis in Romanian dairy cattle breeds up to this point in time. In this study, we report the first GWAS for SCS in dairy cattle breeds from Romania. For GWAS, we used an Axiom Bovine v3 SNP-chip (>63,000 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism -SNPs) and 33,330 records from 690 cows belonging to Romanian Spotted (RS) and Romanian Brown (RB) cattle. The results found one SNP significantly associated with SCS in the RS breed and 40 suggestive SNPs with -log₁₀ (p) from 4 to 4.9 for RS and from 4 to 5.4 in RB. From these, 14 markers were located near 12 known genes (AKAP8, CLHC1, MEGF10, SATB2, GATA6, SPATA6, COL12A1, EPS8, LUZP2, RAMAC, IL12A and ANKRD55) in RB cattle, 3 markers were close to ZDHHC19, DAPK1 and MMP7 genes, while one SNP overlapped the HERC3 gene in RS cattle. Four genes (HERC3, LUZP2, AKAP8 and MEGF10) associated with SCS in this study were previously reported in different studies. The most significant SNP (rs110749552) associated with SCS was located within the HERC3 gene. In both breeds, the SNPs and position of association signals were distinct among the three parities, denoting that mastitis is controlled by different genes that are dependent according to parity. The current results contribute to an expansion in the body of knowledge regarding the proportion of genetic variability explained by SNPs for SCS in dairy cattle.

Detection and Visualization of Heterozygosity-Rich Regions and Runs of Homozygosity in Worldwide Sheep Populations

In this study, we chose 17 worldwide sheep populations of eight breeds, which were intensively selected for different purposes (meat, milk, or wool), or locally-adapted breeds, in order to identify and characterize factors impacting the detection of runs of homozygosity (ROH) and heterozygosity-rich regions (HRRs) in sheep. We also applied a business intelligence (BI) tool to integrate and visualize outputs from complementary analyses. We observed a prevalence of short ROH, and a clear distinction between the ROH profiles across populations. The visualizations showed a fragmentation of medium and long ROH segments. Furthermore, we tested different scenarios for the detection of HRR and evaluated the impact of the detection parameters used. Our findings suggest that HRRs are small and frequent in the sheep genome; however, further studies with higher density SNP chips and different detection methods are suggested for future research. We also defined ROH and HRR islands and identified common regions across the populations, where genes related to a variety of traits were reported, such as body size, muscle development, and brain functions. These results indicate that such regions are associated with many traits, and thus were under selective pressure in sheep breeds raised for different purposes. Interestingly, many candidate genes detected within the HRR islands were associated with brain integrity. We also observed a strong association of high linkage disequilibrium pattern with ROH compared with HRR, despite the fact that many regions in linkage disequilibrium were not located in ROH regions.

Genome Divergence and Dynamics in the Thin-Tailed Desert Sheep From Sudan

With climate change bound to affect food and feed production, emphasis will shift to resilient and adapted indigenous livestock to sustain animal production. However, indigenous livestock comprise several varieties, strains and ecotypes whose genomes are poorly characterized. Here, we investigated genomic variation in an African thin-tailed Desert Sheep sampled in Sudan, using 600K genotype data generated from 92 individuals representing five ecotypes. We included data from 18 fat-tailed and 45 thin-tailed sheep from China, to investigate shared ancestry and perform comparative genomic analysis. We observed a clear genomic differentiation between the African thin-tailed Desert Sheep and the Chinese thin-tailed and fat-tailed sheep, suggesting a broad genetic structure between the fat-tailed and thin-tailed sheep in general, and that at least two autosomal gene pools comprise the genome profile of the thin-tailed sheep. Further analysis detected two distinct genetic clusters in both the African thin-tailed Desert Sheep and the Chinese thin-tailed sheep, suggesting a fine-scale and complex genome architecture in thin-tailed sheep. Selection signature analysis suggested differences in adaptation, production, reproduction and morphology likely underly the fine-scale genetic structure in the African thin-tailed Desert Sheep. This may need to be considered in designing breeding programs and genome-wide association studies.

Detection of genomic regions underlying milk production traits in Valle del Belice dairy sheep using regional heritability mapping

The aim of this study was to identify genomic regions underlying milk production traits in the Valle del Belice dairy sheep using regional heritability mapping (RHM). Repeated measurements for milk yield (MY), fat percentage and yield (F% and FY) and protein percentage and yield (P% and PY), collected over a period of 6 years (2006–2012) on 481 Valle del Belice ewes, were used for the analysis. Animals were genotyped with the Illumina 50k SNP chip. Variance components, heritabilities and repeatabilities within and across lactations were estimated, fitting parity, litter size, season of lambing and fortnights in milk, as fixed; and additive genetic, permanent environment within and across lactations, flock by test‐day interaction and residual as random effects. For the RHM analysis, the model included the same fixed and random effects as before, plus an additional regional genomic additive effect (specific for the region being tested) as random. While the whole genomic additive effect was estimated using the genomic relationship matrix (GRM) constructed from all SNPs, the regional genomic additive effect was estimated from a GRM matrix constructed from the SNPs within each region. Heritability estimates ranged between 0.06 and 0.15, with repeatabilities being between 0.14 and 0.24 across lactations and between 0.23 and 0.39 within lactation for all milk production traits. A substantial effect of flock‐test‐day on milk production traits was also estimated. Significant genomic regions at either genome‐wide (p < .05) or suggestive (i.e., one false positive per genome scan) level were identified on chromosome (OAR) 2, 3 and 20 for F% and on OAR3 for P%, with the regions on OAR3 in common between the two traits. Our results confirmed the role of LALBA and AQP genes, on OAR3, as candidate genes for milk production traits in sheep.

The distribution of runs of homozygosity in the genome of river and swamp buffaloes reveals a history of adaptation, migration and crossbred events

Background

Water buffalo is one of the most important livestock species in the world. Two types of water buffalo exist: river buffalo (Bubalus bubalis bubalis) and swamp buffalo (Bubalus bubalis carabanensis). The buffalo genome has been recently sequenced, and thus a new 90 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) bead chip has been developed. In this study, we investigated the genomic population structure and the level of inbreeding of 185 river and 153 swamp buffaloes using runs of homozygosity (ROH). Analyses were carried out jointly and separately for the two buffalo types.

Results

The SNP bead chip detected in swamp about one-third of the SNPs identified in the river type. In total, 18,116 ROH were detected in the combined data set (17,784 SNPs), and 16,251 of these were unique. ROH were present in both buffalo types mostly detected (~ 59%) in swamp buffalo. The number of ROH per animal was larger and genomic inbreeding was higher in swamp than river buffalo. In the separated datasets (46,891 and 17,690 SNPs for river and swamp type, respectively), 19,760 and 10,581 ROH were found in river and swamp, respectively. The genes that map to the ROH islands are associated with the adaptation to the environment, fitness traits and reproduction.

Conclusions

Analysis of ROH features in the genome of the two water buffalo types allowed their genomic characterization and highlighted differences between buffalo types and between breeds. A large ROH island on chromosome 2 was shared between river and swamp buffaloes and contained genes that are involved in environmental adaptation and reproduction.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12711-021-00616-3.

Genome-Wide Analysis Revealed Homozygosity and Demographic History of Five Chinese Sheep Breeds Adapted to Different Environments

Homozygosity of long sequence genotypes are a result of parents transmitting identical haplotypes, which can be used to estimate their auto-zygosity. Therefore, we used high-density SNP Chip data to characterize the auto-zygosity of each breed according to the occurrence and distribution of runs of homozygosity (ROH). Subsequently, we identified the genomic regions with high runs of homozygosity frequencies within individuals of each breed. We selected 96 sheep samples from five local Chinese sheep breeds belonging to different geographical locations. We identified 3046 ROHs within the study breed individuals, among which the longer segments (>1–5 Mb) were dominant. On average, ROH segments covered about 12% of the genomes; the coverage rate of OAR20 was the lowest and that of OAR2 was the highest. The distribution analysis of runs of homozygosity showed that the detected ROH mainly distributed between >26 and 28 Mb. The Hetian and Hu sheep showed the lowest ROH distribution. The estimation of homozygosity level reflects the history of modern and ancient inbreeding, which may affect the genomes of Chinese indigenous sheep breeds and indicate that some animals have experienced recent self-pollination events (Yabuyi, Karakul and Wadi). In these sheep breeds, the genomic regions were assumed to be under selection signatures frequently in line with long ROH. These regions included candidate genes associated with disease resistance traits (5S_rRNA), the innate and adaptive immune response (HERC2 and CYFIP1), digestion and metabolism (CENPJ), growth (SPP1), body size and developments (GJB2 and GJA3). This study highlighted new insights into the ROH patterns and provides a basis for future breeding and conservation strategies of Chinese sheep breeds.

Signatures of selection reveal candidate genes involved in economic traits and cold acclimation in five Swedish cattle breeds

Background

Thousands of years of natural and artificial selection have resulted in indigenous cattle breeds that are well-adapted to the environmental challenges of their local habitat and thereby are considered as valuable genetic resources. Understanding the genetic background of such adaptation processes can help us design effective breeding objectives to preserve local breeds and improve commercial cattle. To identify regions under putative selection, GGP HD 150 K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays were used to genotype 106 individuals representing five Swedish breeds i.e. native to different regions and covering areas with a subarctic cold climate in the north and mountainous west, to those with a continental climate in the more densely populated south regions.

Results

Five statistics were incorporated within a framework, known as de-correlated composite of multiple signals (DCMS) to detect signatures of selection. The obtained p-values were adjusted for multiple testing (FDR < 5%), and significant genomic regions were identified. Annotation of genes in these regions revealed various verified and novel candidate genes that are associated with a diverse range of traits, including e.g. high altitude adaptation and response to hypoxia (DCAF8, PPP1R12A, SLC16A3, UCP2, UCP3, TIGAR), cold acclimation (AQP3, AQP7, HSPB8), body size and stature (PLAG1, KCNA6, NDUFA9, AKAP3, C5H12orf4, RAD51AP1, FGF6, TIGAR, CCND2, CSMD3), resistance to disease and bacterial infection (CHI3L2, GBP6, PPFIBP1, REP15, CYP4F2, TIGD2, PYURF, SLC10A2, FCHSD2, ARHGEF17, RELT, PRDM2, KDM5B), reproduction (PPP1R12A, ZFP36L2, CSPP1), milk yield and components (NPC1L1, NUDCD3, ACSS1, FCHSD2), growth and feed efficiency (TMEM68, TGS1, LYN, XKR4, FOXA2, GBP2, GBP5, FGD6), and polled phenotype (URB1, EVA1C).

Conclusions

We identified genomic regions that may provide background knowledge to understand the mechanisms that are involved in economic traits and adaptation to cold climate in cattle. Incorporating p-values of different statistics in a single DCMS framework may help select and prioritize candidate genes for further analyses.

Genomic Diversity, Population Structure, and Signature of Selection in Five Chinese Native Sheep Breeds Adapted to Extreme Environments

Through long term natural and artificial selection, domestic sheep (Ovis aries) have become adapted to a diverse range of agro-ecological environments and display multiple phenotypic traits. Characterization of diversity and selection signature is essential for genetic improvement, understanding of environmental adaptation, as well as utilization and conservation of sheep genetic resources. Here, we aimed to assess genomic diversity, population structure, and genomic selection among five Chinese native sheep breeds using 600K high density SNP genotypes. A total of 96 animals of the five breeds were selected from different geographical locations with extremely dry or humid conditions. We found a high proportion of informative SNPs, ranging from 93.3% in Yabuyi to 95.5% in Wadi, Hu, and Hetian sheep. The average pairwise population differentiation (F_ST) between the breeds was 0.048%, ranging from 0.022% to 0.054%, indicating their low to moderate differentiation. PCA, ADMIXTURE, and phylogenetic tree analyses revealed a clustering pattern of the five Chinese sheep breeds according to their geographical distribution, tail type, coat color, body size, and breeding history. The genomic regions under putative selection identified by F_ST and XP-EHH approaches frequently overlapped across the breeds, and spanned genes associated with adaptation to extremely dry or humid environments, innate and adaptive immune responses, and growth, wool, milk, and reproduction traits. The present study offers novel insight into genomic adaptation to dry and humid climates in sheep among other domestic animals and provides a valuable resource for further investigation. Moreover, it contributes useful information to sustainable utilization and conservation of sheep genetic resources.

Identification of potential functional variants underlying ovine resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infection by using RNA-Seq

In dairy sheep flocks from Mediterranean countries, replacement and adult ewes are the animals most affected by gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) infections. In this study, we have exploited the information derived from an RNA-Seq experiment with the aim of identifying potential causal mutations related to GIN resistance in sheep. Considering the RNA-Seq samples from 12 ewes previously classified as six resistant and six susceptible animals to experimental infection by Teladorsagia circumcincta, we performed a variant calling analysis pipeline using two different types of software, gatk version 3.7 and Samtools version 1.4. The variants commonly identified by the two packages (high-quality variants) within two types of target regions - (i) QTL regions previously reported in sheep for parasite resistance based on SNP-chip or sequencing technology studies and (ii) functional candidate genes selected from gene expression studies related to GIN resistance in sheep - were further characterised to identify mutations with a potential functional impact. Among the genes harbouring these potential functional variants (930 and 553 respectively for the two types of regions), we identified 111 immune-related genes in the QTL regions and 132 immune-related genes from the initially selected candidate genes. For these immune-related genes harbouring potential functional variants, the enrichment analyses performed highlighted significant GO terms related to apoptosis, adhesion and inflammatory response, in relation to the QTL related variants, and significant disease-related terms such as inflammation, adhesion and necrosis, in relation to the initial candidate gene list. Overall, the study provides a valuable list of potential causal mutations that could be considered as candidate causal mutations in relation to GIN resistance in sheep. Future studies should assess the role of these suggested mutations with the aim of identifying genetic markers that could be directly implemented in sheep breeding programmes considering not only production traits, but also functional traits such as resistance to GIN infections.